Sanshool improves UVB-induced skin photodamage by targeting JAK2/STAT3-dependent autophagy

A Simple and Rapid High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Preparation and Content Detection of the Mainly Numbing Taste Substances of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim

As the characteristic numbing taste substances, hydroxyl-α-sanshool (HAS) and hydroxyl-β-sanshool (HBS) were considered vital indicators to evaluate the quality of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. However, it is very difficult to obtain their high-purity monomers individually, as the only difference between HAS and HBS is that C-6 cis-trans isomerism. In our study, a simple and rapid Ag +-HPLC method was developed to pure the standard chemicals of Z. bungeanum with numbing taste, and 1H NMR and 13C NMR were employed to determine the purity and structure. Moreover, an HPLC method was established to determine the content of numbing taste components of 16 varieties of Z. bungeanum from different regions. The analytical methods were validated for accuracy, precision, and linearity, respectively. The validated method was accurate (spiked recoveries 0.94-1.10), precise in terms of peak area (intra-day RSDs <1.25% and inter-day RSDs <1.61%), and linear (r2 ≥ 0.999). It was found that there were significant differences in the content of HAS and HBS among different types of Z. bungeanum, with HAS content ranging from 60.06 ± 1.14 to 164.13 ± 3.28 mg/g and HBS ranging from 7.81 ± 0.36 to 21.11 ± 0.75 mg/g. The RSDs of HAS range were 1.73-3.80% and that of HBS range 2.03-4.73% (RSDs ≤5%), which indicated that the measurements of HAS and HBS were reliable.

miR-1246-overexpressing exosomes improve UVB-induced photoaging by activating autophagy via suppressing GSK3β

Stem cell paracrine has shown potential application in skin wound repair and photoaging treatment. Our previous study demonstrated that miR-1246-overexpressing Exosomes (OE-EXs) isolated from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) showed superior photo-protecting effects on UVB-induced photoaging than that of the vector, however, the underlying mechanism was unclear. The simultaneous bioinformatics analysis indicated that miR-1246 showed potential binding sites with GSK3β which acted as a negative regulator for autophagy. This study was aimed to explore whether OE-EXs ameliorate skin photoaging by activating autophagy via targeting GSK3β. The results demonstrated that OE-EXs significantly decreased GSK3β expression, enhanced autophagy flux and autophagy-related proteins like LC3II, while suppressed p62 expression. Meanwhile, OE-EXs markedly reversed the levels of intracellular ROS, MMP-1, procollagen type I and DNA damage in human skin fibroblasts caused by UVB irradiation, but the ameliorating effects were significantly inhibited when 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) was introduced to block the autophagy pathway. Further, OE-EXs could reverse UVB-induced wrinkles, epidermal hyperplasia, and collagen fibers reduction in Kunming mice, nevertheless, the therapeutical effects of OE-EXs were attenuated when it was combinative treated with 3-MA. In conclusion, OE-EXs could cure UVB induced skin photoaging by activating autophagy via targeting GSK3β.

CircRNA LOC729852 promotes bladder cancer progression by regulating macrophage polarization and recruitment via the miR-769-5p/IL-10 axis

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) function as tumour promoters or suppressors in bladder cancer (BLCA) by regulating genes involved in macrophage recruitment and polarization. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the biological role of circLOC729852 in BLCA. CircLOC729852 was upregulated in BLCA tissues and correlated with increased proliferation, migration and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of BCLA cells. MiR-769-5p was identified as a target for circLOC729852, which can upregulate IL-10 expression by directly binding to and suppressing miR-769-5p. Furthermore, our results indicated that the circLOC729852/miR-769-5p/IL-10 axis modulates autophagy signalling in BLCA cells and promotes the recruitment and M2 polarization of TAMs by activating the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway. In addition, circLOC729852 also promoted the growth of BLCA xenografts and M2 macrophage infiltration in vivo. Thus, circLOC729852 functions as an oncogene in BLCA by inducing secretion of IL-10 by the M2 TAMs, which then facilitates tumour cell growth and migration. Taken together, circLOC729852 is a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for BLCA.

Polyphenolic Platform Ameliorated Sanshool for Skin Photoprotection

Natural evolution has nurtured a series of active molecules that play vital roles in physiological systems, but their further applications have been severely limited by rapid deactivation, short cycle time, and potential toxicity after isolation. For instance, the instability of structures and properties has greatly descended when sanshool is derived from Zanthoxylum xanthoxylum. Herein, natural polyphenols are employed to boost the key properties of sanshool by fabricating a series of nanoparticles (NPs). The intracellular evaluation and in vivo animal model are conducted to demonstrate the decreased photodamage score and skin-fold thickness of prepared NPs, which can be attributed to the better biocompatibility, improved free radical scavenging, down-regulated apoptosis ratios, and reduced DNA double-strand breaks compared to naked sanshool. This work proposes a novel strategy to boost the key properties of naturally occurring active molecules with the assistance of natural polyphenol-based platforms.

Protective autophagy enhances antistress ability through AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway in human immortalized keratinocytes

Keratinocytes, located in the outermost layer of human skin, are pivotal cells to resist environmental damage. Cellular autophagy plays a critical role in eliminating damaged organelles and maintaining skin cell homeostasis. Low-dose 5-Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) has been demonstrated to enhance skin's antistress ability; however, the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in keratinocytes remain unclear. In this study, we treated immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) with low-dose ALA-PDT (0.5 mmol/L, 3 J/cm2 ). Through RNA-sequencing analysis, we identified that low-dose ALA-PDT modulated autophagy-related pathways in keratinocytes and pinpointed Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) as a key gene involved. Western blot results revealed that low-dose ALA-PDT treatment upregulated the expression of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. Notably, low-dose ALA-PDT regulated autophagy by inducing an appropriate level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), transiently reducing mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreasing adenosine triphosphate production; all these processes functioned on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/ULK1 pathway to activate autophagy. Finally, we simulated external environmental damage using ultraviolet B (UVB) at a dose of 60 mJ/cm2 and observed that low-dose ALA-PDT mitigated UVB-induced cell apoptosis; however, this protective effect was reversed when using the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. Overall, these findings highlight how low-dose ALA-PDT enhances antistress ability in HaCaT cells through controlling ROS generation and activating the AMPK/ULK1 pathway to arouse cellular autophagy.

M2 macrophages independently promote beige adipogenesis via blocking adipocyte Ets1

Adipose tissue macrophages can promote beige adipose thermogenesis by altering local sympathetic activity. Here, we perform sympathectomy in mice and further eradicate subcutaneous adipose macrophages and discover that these macrophages have a direct beige-promoting function that is independent of sympathetic system. We further identify adipocyte Ets1 as a vital mediator in this process. The anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages suppress Ets1 expression in adipocytes, transcriptionally activate mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as suppress mitochondrial clearance, thereby increasing the mitochondrial numbers and promoting the beiging process. Male adipocyte Ets1 knock-in mice are completely cold intolerant, whereas male mice lacking Ets1 in adipocytes show enhanced energy expenditure and are resistant to metabolic disorders caused by high-fat-diet. Our findings elucidate a direct communication between M2 macrophages and adipocytes, and uncover a function for Ets1 in responding to macrophages and negatively governing mitochondrial content and beige adipocyte formation.

Myconoside and Calceolarioside E Restrain UV-Induced Skin Photoaging by Activating NRF2-Mediated Defense Mechanisms

Chronic and excessive ultraviolet (UVA/UVB) irradiation exposure is known as a major contributor to premature skin aging, which leads to excessive reactive oxygen species generation, disturbed extracellular matrix homeostasis, DNA damage, and chronic inflammation. Sunscreen products are the major preventive option against UVR-induced photodamage, mostly counteracting the acute skin effects and only mildly counteracting accelerated aging. Therefore, novel anti-photoaging and photopreventive compounds are a subject of increased scientific interest. Our previous investigations revealed that the endemic plant Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. (HRE) activates the antioxidant defense through an NRF2-mediated mechanism in neutrophiles. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the photoprotective potential of HRE and two of its specialized compounds-the phenylethanoid glycosides myconoside (MYC) and calceolarioside E (CAL)-in UVA/UVB-stimulated human keratinocytes in an in vitro model of photoaging. The obtained data demonstrated that the application of HRE, MYC, and CAL significantly reduced intracellular ROS formation in UVR-exposed HaCaT cells. The NRF2/PGC-1α and TGF-1β/Smad/Wnt signaling pathways were pointed out as having a critical role in the observed CAL- and MYC-induced photoprotective effect. Collectively, CAL is worth further evaluation as a potent natural NRF2 activator and a promising photoprotective agent that leads to the prevention of UVA/UVB-induced premature skin aging.

The effect of aspartame on accelerating caspase-dependent apoptosis of pancreatic islet via ZIPK/STAT3/caspase 3 signaling pathway

Aspartame (ASP) as an important sugar substitute is widely used in pharmaceutical and food processing. Here, we compared the effects of ASP and sucrose on mice pancreatic islet cells in vivo and observed that ASP with the condition of high concentration and long-term exposure (HASP) could cause insulin secretion (500 mg/kg for 1 month). Next, we conducted iTRAQ mass spectrometry to profile the global phosphoproteome and found that phosphorylation of zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) in murine pancreatic islet tissues were induced at Thr197, Thr242, Thr282, and Ser328 by high-sucrose (HS) treatment, but only induced at Thr197 and Ser328 by HASP treatment. Simultaneously, phosphorylation of STAT3 could be induced at Tyr705 and Ser727 by HS but not by HASP. Furthermore, presence of activated STAT3 accompanied with autophagy was observed in HS treatment. In turn, the inactivation of STAT3 as well as enhanced expression of caspase 3 was observed in HASP treatment. We generated Thr242APro and Thr282Pro on ZIPK using CRISPR-Cas9 in β-TC3 cells and found the weakened interaction with STAT3 as well as the reduced phosphorylation of STAT3 even under HS stimulation. Finally, we observed that ankyrin repeat domain containing 11 (ANKRD11) could interact with ZIPK and play an inhibitory role in the phosphorylation of Thr242APro and Thr282Pro of ZIPK. However, HASP can induce the retention of ANKRD11 in the cytoplasm by phenylpyruvic acid (the metabolite of ASP). Taken together, this study determined that ASP with high concentration and long-term exposure could lead to caspase-dependent apoptosis of pancreatic islet cells through ANKRD11/ZIPK/STAT3 inhibition. Our results give evidence of adverse effects of aspartame on islet cells in some extreme conditions, which might help people to reconsider the biosafety of non-nutritive sweeteners.

The Protective Effect of a Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Supernatant on UVB-Induced Skin Photodamage

The skin is constantly exposed to a range of environmental stressors, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can cause damage to the skin. Repairing UV-damaged skin has been a major focus of research in recent years. The therapeutic potential of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) exhibits anti-photoaging properties. In this study, we developed a strategy for concentrating an HUCMSC supernatant, and examined the protective effects of CHS on UVB exposure in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that CHS repairs UVB exposure by promoting cell viability and migration and reducing senescent and apoptosis cells. We further found that the photoprotective effect of CHS is due to autophagy activation. Moreover, CHS reduces wrinkles and senescent cells, increases collagen expression, and improves immune function in UVB exposure-induced skin damage. In summary, our study provides a new approach for repairing cell damage, and suggests that CHS might be a potential candidate for preventing UVB-induced skin photodamage.

Exosomes in skin photoaging: biological functions and therapeutic opportunity

Exosomes are tiny extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types, which are filled with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (non-coding RNAs, mRNA, DNA), can be released by donor cells to subsequently modulate the function of recipient cells. Skin photoaging is the premature aging of the skin structures over time due to repeated exposure to ultraviolet (UV) which is evidenced by dyspigmentation, telangiectasias, roughness, rhytides, elastosis, and precancerous changes. Exosomes are associated with aging-related processes including, oxidative stress, inflammation, and senescence. Anti-aging features of exosomes have been implicated in various in vitro and pre-clinical studies. Stem cell-derived exosomes can restore skin physiological function and regenerate or rejuvenate damaged skin tissue through various mechanisms such as decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), increased collagen and elastin production, and modulation of intracellular signaling pathways as well as, intercellular communication. All these evidences are promising for the therapeutic potential of exosomes in skin photoaging. This review aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms and the effects of exosomes in photoaging.

Mechanistic elucidation of the degradation and transformation of hydroxy-α-sanshool and its conformers as the pungent dietary components in Sichuan pepper: A DFT study

To better understand the structural changes of sanshool pungent dietary components during the process and preservation of Sichuan pepper and pungent foods, the mechanistic insights into the intrinsic degradation and transformation of 16 hydroxy-α-sanshool conformers have been explored computationally. Our results have revealed that increasing the cis-CC bond numbers in the most stable all-trans hydroxy-β-sanshool structure causes the maximum 34.21 kJ/mol conformational energetic difference, and the existent probability of C2nnn would be lower than that of C1nnn (n = 1,2). The isomerization between the conformers could be much easier when they are excited by light radiation, as the strength of the CC bonds and their connected CC bonds becomes significantly close, and the relative energies among conformers are largely reduced. Besides, the different combination of cis/trans-CC bonds changes the delocalization degree of molecular Frontier orbitals, which consequently causes the different photochemical stability. Finally, the possible molecular oxidation degradation mechanism is proposed.

WGX50 mitigates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through inhibition of mitochondrial ROS and ferroptosis

BACKGROUND

Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) is a major impediment to its clinical application. It is indispensable to explore alternative treatment molecules or drugs for mitigating DIC. WGX50, an organic extract derived from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant biological activity, however, its function and mechanism in DIC remain unclear.

METHODS

We established DOX-induced cardiotoxicity models both in vitro and in vivo. Echocardiography and histological analyses were used to determine the severity of cardiac injury in mice. The myocardial damage markers cTnT, CK-MB, ANP, BNP, and ferroptosis associated indicators Fe2+, MDA, and GPX4 were measured using ELISA, RT-qPCR, and western blot assays. The morphology of mitochondria was investigated with a transmission electron microscope. The levels of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial ROS, and lipid ROS were detected using JC-1, MitoSOX™, and C11-BODIPY 581/591 probes.

RESULTS

Our findings demonstrate that WGX50 protects DOX-induced cardiotoxicity via restraining mitochondrial ROS and ferroptosis. In vivo, WGX50 effectively relieves doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction, cardiac injury, fibrosis, mitochondrial damage, and redox imbalance. In vitro, WGX50 preserves mitochondrial function by reducing the level of mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing mitochondrial ATP production. Furthermore, WGX50 reduces iron accumulation and mitochondrial ROS, increases GPX4 expression, and regulates lipid metabolism to inhibit DOX-induced ferroptosis.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, WGX50 protects DOX-induced cardiotoxicity via mitochondrial ROS and the ferroptosis pathway, which provides novel insights for WGX50 as a promising drug candidate for cardioprotection.

Plant Extracts as Skin Care and Therapeutic Agents

Natural ingredients have been used for centuries for skin treatment and care. Interest in the health effects of plants has recently increased due to their safety and applicability in the formulation of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Long-known plant materials as well as newly discovered ones are increasingly being used in natural products of plant origin. This review highlights the beneficial effects of plants and plant constituents on the skin, including moisturizing (e.g., Cannabis sativa, Hydrangea serrata, Pradosia mutisii and Carthamus tinctorius), anti-aging (e.g., Aegopodium podagraria, Euphorbia characias, Premna odorata and Warburgia salutaris), antimicrobial (e.g., Betula pendula and Epilobium angustifolium), antioxidant (e.g., Kadsura coccinea, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rubus idaeus and Spatholobus suberectus), anti-inflammatory (e.g., Antidesma thwaitesianum, Helianthus annuus, Oenanthe javanica, Penthorum chinense, Ranunculus bulumei and Zanthoxylum bungeanum), regenerative (e.g., Aloe vera, Angelica polymorpha, Digitaria ciliaris, Glycyrrihza glabra and Marantodes pumilum), wound healing (e.g., Agrimonia eupatoria, Astragalus floccosus, Bursera morelensis, Jatropha neopauciflora and Sapindus mukorossi), photoprotective (e.g., Astragalus gombiformis, Calea fruticose, Euphorbia characias and Posoqueria latifolia) and anti-tyrosinase activity (e.g., Aerva lanata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Dodonaea viscosa, Lonicera japonica and Schisandra chinensis), as well as their role as excipients in cosmetics (coloring (e.g., Beta vulgaris, Centaurea cyanus, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Rubia tinctiorum), protective and aromatic agents (e.g., Hyssopus officinalis, Melaleuca alternifolia, Pelargonium graveolens and Verbena officinalis)).

Beneficial effect of ζ-carotene-like compounds on acute UVB irradiation by alleviating inflammation and regulating intestinal flora

ζ-Carotene is a key intermediate in the carotenoid pathway, but owing to its low content and difficulties in isolation, its application is restricted. In this study, three genes (pnCrtE, pnCrtB, and pnCrtP) in the carotenoid pathway of Antarctic moss were identified, recombined, and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21(DE3). The expression product was identified as one of the ζ-carotenes by UV absorbance spectrum, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and super-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrum (UPLC-MS), and was called a ζ-carotene-like compound (CLC). Excessive exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation is one of the main risk factors for skin photodamage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the preventive and therapeutic effects of CLC on UVB-induced skin photodamage in mice. In this paper, through histological examinations (hematoxylin-eosin, HE; Masson and TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling, Tunel), biochemical index detection (reactive oxygen species, ROS; inflammatory factors; cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers, CPDs and hyaluronic acid, HA), quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry and intestinal content flora, etc., it is concluded that CLC has the potential to enhance skin antioxidant capacity by activating the nuclear transcription factor/antioxidant reaction element (Nrf2/ARE) pathway and also reduce skin inflammation and aging by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Moreover, the regulation of intestinal flora may potentially mitigate skin damage induced by UVB radiation. This research not only developed a green and sustainable platform for the efficient synthesis of CLC but also laid a foundation for its application in functional food and medicine for skin resistance against UVB damage.

Sodium Alginate/Chitosan-Coated Liposomes for Oral Delivery of Hydroxy-α-Sanshool: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

BACKGROUND

Hydroxy-α-Sanshool (HAS) possesses various pharmacological properties, such as analgesia and regulating gastrointestinal function. However, the low oral bioavailability of HAS has limited its oral delivery in clinical application.

METHODS AND RESULTS

To enhance its oral bioavailability, a nanocomposite delivery system based on chitosan (CH, as the polycation) and sodium alginate (SA, as the polyanion) was prepared using a layer-by-layer coating technique. The morphology, thermal behavior and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) showed that the obtained sodium alginate/chitosan-coated HAS-loaded liposomes (SA/CH-HAS-LIP) with core-shell structures have been successfully covered with polymers. When compared with HAS-loaded liposomes (HAS-LIP), SA/CH-HAS-LIP displayed obvious pH sensitivity and a sustained-release behavior in in vitro studies, which fitted well to Weibull model. In vivo, the half-life of HAS from SA/CH-HAS-LIP remarkably extended after oral administration compared to the free drug. Additionally, it allowed a 4.6-fold and 4.2-fold increase in oral bioavailability, respectively, compared with free HAS and HAS-LIP.

CONCLUSIONS

SA/CH-HAS-LIP could be a promising release vehicle for the oral delivery of HAS to increase its oral bioavailability.

Handelin protects human skin keratinocytes against ultraviolet B-induced photodamage via autophagy activation by regulating the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway

Handelin is a natural ingredient extracted from Chrysanthemum boreale flowers that has been shown to decrease stress-related cell death, prolong lifespan, and promote anti-photoaging. However, whether handelin inhibits ultraviolet (UV) B stress-induced photodamage remains unclear. In the present study, we investigate whether handelin has protective properties on skin keratinocytes under UVB irradiation. Human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT keratinocytes) were pretreated with handelin for 12 h before UVB irradiation. The results indicated that handelin protects keratinocytes against UVB-induced photodamage by activating autophagy. However, the photoprotective effect of handelin was suppressed by an autophagic inhibitor (wortmannin) or the transfection of keratinocytes with a small interfering RNA targeting ATG5. Notably, handelin reduced mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity in UVB-irradiated cells in a manner similar to that shown by the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity was also induced by handelin in UVB-damaged keratinocytes. Finally, certain effects of handelin, including autophagy induction, mTOR activity inhibition, AMPK activation, and reduction of cytotoxicity, were suppressed by an AMPK inhibitor (compound C). Our data suggest that handelin effectively prevents photodamage by protecting skin keratinocytes against UVB-induced cytotoxicity via the regulation of AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy. These findings provide novel insights that can aid the development of therapeutic agents against UVB-induced keratinocyte photodamage.

Alkylamides from Zanthoxylum armatum DC. and their neuroprotective activity

Zanthoxylum armatum DC. is an important medicinal plant, and its pericarps are commonly used as a natural spice in Asian countries. In this study, fifteen alkylamides were isolated and elucidated from the pericarps of Z. armatum, including five undescribed alkylamides (1-5) and ten known compounds (6-15). The molecular structures of all compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis and mass spectrometry, among which the absolute configuration of compound 15 was determined by the Mo₂(OAc)₄-induced circular dichroism method. Moreover, all compounds were screened for their neuroprotective activity against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells for the evaluation of their neuroprotective activity. Especially, compounds 2-4 expressed potential neuroprotective activity, and further research showed that the cell viability was significantly enhanced in a concentration dependent manner when the cells were treated for 6 h. Moreover, compounds 2-4 could decrease reactive oxygen species accumulation. This paper enriched structure types of alkylamides in Zanthoxylum armatum.

Role of PI3K-AKT Pathway in Ultraviolet Ray and Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage and Its Repair by Grain Ferments

UV and external environmental stimuli can cause oxidative damage to skin cells. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in cell damage have not been systematically and clearly elucidated. In our study, an RNA-seq technique was used to determine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the UVA/H₂O₂-induced model. Gene Oncology (GO) clustering and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway analysis were performed to determine the core DEGs and key signaling pathway. The PI3K-AKT signaling pathway was selected as playing a part in the oxidative process and was verified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). We selected three kinds of Schizophyllum commune fermented actives to evaluate whether the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway also plays a role in the resistance of active substances to oxidative damage. Results indicated that DEGs were mainly enriched in five categories: external stimulus response, oxidative stress, immunity, inflammation, and skin barrier regulation. S. commune-grain ferments can effectively reduce cellular oxidative damage through the PI3K-AKT pathway at both the cellular and molecular levels. Some typical mRNAs (COL1A1, COL1A2, COL4A5, FN1, IGF2, NR4A1, and PIK3R1) were detected, and the results obtained were consistent with those of RNA-seq. These results may give us a common set of standards or criteria for the screen of anti-oxidative actives in the future.

Five Rutaceae family ethanol extracts alleviate H2O2 and LPS-induced inflammation via NF-κB and JAK-STAT3 pathway in HaCaT cells

This study was designed to investigate the effects of five Rutaceae family ethanol extracts (FRFEE): Citrus medica Linn (CML), Citrus aurantium L. Cv. Daidai (CAD), Citrus medica Linn. var. sarcodactylis (Noot.) Swingle (CMS),Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck (CSO) and Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim (ZBM) on retarding the progression of H₂O₂ and LPS-induced HaCaT cells. Cell inflammatory injury model was established by H₂O₂ and LPS. The alleviative effects of FRFEE were evaluated by detecting the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The inflammatory signaling pathways of NF-κB and JAK-STAT3 were detected by Western blotting, the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors and skin barrier factors were detected by RT-PCR. 50% ethanol extracts of five medicinal and food homologous herbs of Rutaceae family showed different levels of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The FRFEE effectively improved SOD and GSH content and decreased ROS levels. Meanwhile, FRFEE strongly suppressed two inflammatory signaling pathways NF-κB and JAK-STAT3. The RT-PCR examination of inflammatory factors and skin barrier factor revealed significant anti-inflammatory effects of FRFEE. It was worth noting that among the five extracts, Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim extract had the best anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation effects. In addition, it could strongly inhibit the expression of psoriasis factor CCL20. In summary, these results suggested that Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim extract could be used as an anti-psoriatic agent in the treatment of psoriasis among FRFEE.

Targeting oncogenic transcription factors in skin malignancies: An update on cancer stemness and therapeutic outcomes

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and prone to various diseases, including cancer; thus, provides the first line of defense against exogenous biological and non-biological agents. Skin cancer, a complex and heterogenic process, with steep incidence rate often metastasizes due to poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis and clinical challenges. Indeed, accumulating evidence indicates that deregulation of transcription factors (TFs) due to genetic, epigenetic and signaling distortions plays essential role in the development of cutaneous malignancies and therapeutic challenges including cancer stemness features and reprogramming. This review highlights the recent developments exploring underlying mechanisms how deregulated TFs (e.g., NF-κB, AP-1, STAT etc.,) orchestrates cutaneous onco-pathogenesis, reprogramming, stemness and poor clinical outcomes. Along this line, bioactive drugs, and their derivatives from natural and or synthetic origin has gained attention due to their multitargeting potential, potentially safer and effective therapeutic outcome for human malignancies. We also discussed therapeutic importance of targeting aberrantly expressed TFs in skin cancers with bioactive natural products and or synthetic agents.

Polygalaxanthone III, an Active Ingredient in Polygala japonica Houtt., Repaired Malassezia-Stimulated Skin Injury via STAT3 Phosphorylated Activation

Malassezia is a genus of commensal and lipid-dependent yeasts in human skin which also have a pathogenic lifestyle associated with several common skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis and eczema. Symptoms include red, itchy, and inflamed skin. We studied the growth characteristics and biochemical analyses of M. furfur which showed that the protein contents were greater in extracts taken at 24 h. These were then used to infect C57BL/6 mice, resulting in skin rupture. Polygalaxanthone III (POL), a more effective anti-inflammatory ingredient in Polygala japonica Houtt., was applied externally to the ulceration and successfully healed the wounds quickly. POL could not inhibit Malassezia activity as tested by the inhibition zone test, but affected the formation of lipid droplets in HaCaT cells. The wound-healing molecular mechanisms may be involved in the STAT3 pathway according to the Western blot results of skin tissues. Malassezia’s role in skin health is far from certain, and there is no clear solution, so understanding the development of Malassezia-associated skin diseases in general and seeking solutions are very important.

Photoprotective Effects of Cannabidiol against Ultraviolet-B-Induced DNA Damage and Autophagy in Human Keratinocyte Cells and Mouse Skin Tissue

Cannabidiol (CBD) has emerged as a phytocannabinoid with various beneficial effects for the skin, including anti-photoaging effects, but its mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated. The study assessed CBD’s photoprotective effects against acute ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced damage in HaCaT human keratinocyte cells and murine skin tissue. CBD (8 μM) alleviated UVB-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and G2/M cell cycle arrest in HaCaT cells. The contents of γH2AX and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers were decreased after CBD treatment. CBD reduced the production of reactive oxygen species and modulated the expression of antioxidant-related proteins such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in UVB-stimulated HaCaT cells. Furthermore, CBD mitigated the UVB-induced cytotoxicity by activating autophagy. In addition, a cream containing 5% CBD showed effectiveness against UVB-induced photodamage in a murine model. The CBD cream improved the skin’s condition by lowering the photodamage scores, reducing abnormal skin proliferation, and decreasing expression of the inflammation-related protein cyclooxygenase-2 in UVB-irradiated skin tissue. These findings indicate that CBD might be beneficial in alleviating UVB-induced skin damage in humans. The photoprotective effects of CBD might be attributed to its modulatory effects on redox homeostasis and autophagy.

Activation of the JNKs/ATM-p53 axis is indispensable for the cytoprotection of dermal fibroblasts exposed to UVB radiation

Although UVB radiation is mainly absorbed by the epidermis, ~5-10% of its photons reach and affect the upper part of the dermis. Physiologically relevant UVB doses, able to provoke erythema, induce apoptosis in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro, as well as in the dermis of SKH-1 mice. Given the sparse and even contradictory existing information on the effect of UVB radiation on dermal fibroblasts' viability, aim of this work was to unravel the crucial signaling pathways regulating the survival of UVB-treated human dermal fibroblasts. We found that UVB radiation immediately stimulates the phosphorylation of MAPK family members, as well as Akt, and is genotoxic leading to the delayed ATM-p53 axis activation. Akt phosphorylation after UVB radiation is EGFR-mediated and EGFR inhibition leads to a further decrease of viability, while the Akt activator SC79 rescues fibroblasts to an extent by a mechanism involving Nrf2 activation. The known Nrf2 activator sulforaphane also exerts a partial protective effect, although by acting in a distinct mechanism from SC79. On the other hand, inhibition of JNKs or of the ATM-p53 axis leads to a complete loss of viability after UVB irradiation. Interestingly, JNKs activation is necessary for p53 phosphorylation, while the ATM-p53 pathway is required for the long-term activation of JNKs and Akt, reassuring the protection from UVB. Although UVB radiation results in intense and prolonged increase of intracellular ROS levels, classical anti-oxidants, such as Trolox, are unable to affect Akt, JNKs, or p53 phosphorylation and to reverse the loss of fibroblasts' viability. Collectively, here we provide evidence that the main viability-regulating UVB-triggered biochemical pathways act synergistically towards the protection of human dermal fibroblasts, with EGFR/Akt and Nrf2 serving as auxiliary anti-apoptotic machineries, while JNKs/ATM-p53 activation and interplay being overriding and indispensable for the perpetuation of cellular defense and the maintenance of cell viability.

Single-cell RNA-seq of UVB-radiated skin reveals landscape of photoaging-related inflammation and protection by vitamin D

Ultraviolet rays are a potential threat to nature. It can accelerate skin aging by causing skin damage, cell infiltration, and inflammation. The present study investigated UV-irradiated mouse skin through single-cell sequencing. We observed that UV-irradiated mouse skin mainly induced inflammation of fibroblasts and demonstrated differential gene expression. Cell prediction revealed the significance of macrophages in tissue repair. Furthermore, cell culture studies substantiated vitamin D-induced inhibitory effect on skin inflammation. These findings thus indicate some references for skin photo-protection.

Analisis Senyawa Aktif Trigeminal Andaliman dengan Variasi Metode Pengeringan dengan Pendekatan GC-MS

Sanshool compounds are the trigeminal active compounds in andaliman (Zanthoxylum acantho-podium DC) with a numbing and tingling sensation. The analysis of such compounds is usually done through HPLC approach; however, limited studies have reported that the analysis of such compounds could be conducted with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). This method could save research time and funding by analyzing both sanshools and volatiles simultaneously, which would describe the complete profile of andaliman flavor compounds. This study aimed to confirm the potency of GC-MS in analyzing sanshool compounds and to utilize this method in studying the impact of different drying methods towards andaliman trigeminal active compounds. Andaliman was dried with five drying methods (sun, sunshade, air, oven, and freeze-drying) and was macerated with chloroform, concentrated, and analyzed with GC-MS. The results of this study showed that GC-MS was able to analyze sanshool compounds efficiently. Drying had no statistically significant impact on sanshool quantities extracted from andaliman. Fresh andaliman contained 0.69 % (dry weight basis) of α-sanshool, the main sanshool in andaliman. On the other hand, dried andaliman contained 0.80-1.08% of α-sanshool (dry weight basis). As oven drying managed to produce andaliman with a similar concentration of α-sanshool at a faster time and more affordable cost than other drying methods, oven drying was suggested as the ideal drying method to extend the shelf life of andaliman.

Chloroquine modulates the sulforaphane anti-obesity mechanisms in a high-fat diet model: Role of JAK-2/ STAT-3/ SOCS-3 pathway

The phytochemical sulforaphane (SFN) has been studied for its potential anti-obesity effect, but neither its molecular targets nor its interaction with the antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ) has been fully delineated. Therefore, high-fat diet (HFD) obese rats were randomly allocated into one of five groups and were left untreated or gavaged orally with SFN (0.5 or 1 mg/kg), CQ (5 mg/kg), or their combination (0.5/5 mg/kg) for six successive weeks to assess their potential interaction and the enrolled mechanisms. SFN effectively reduced the HFD-induced weight gain, blood glucose, and serum leptin levels, and improved lipid profile. On the molecular level, SFN inhibited the lipogenesis-related enzymes, namely sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in both liver and visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT) of HFD obese rats. SFN also turned off the inflammatory pathway conserved Janus kinase/signaling transducers and activators of transcription/suppressor of cytokine signaling (JAK-2/STAT-3/SOCS-3) in these tissues, as well as the inflammatory markers nuclear factor-kappa (NF-κ) B and interleukin (IL)-22 in serum. In contrast, SFN downregulated the gene expression of microRNA (miR-200a), while significantly increasing the autophagic parameters; viz., beclin-1, autophagy-related protein (ATG)-7, and microtubule-associated protein 2 light chain 3 (LC3-II) in both liver and vWAT. On most of the parameters mentioned above, treatment with CQ solely produced a satisfactory effect and intensified the low dose of SFN in the combination regimen. These findings demonstrated the beneficial effects of using CQ as an add-on anti-obesity medicine to SFN.

Which cell death modality wins the contest for photodynamic therapy of cancer?

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered more than 100 years ago. Since then, many protocols and agents for PDT have been proposed for the treatment of several types of cancer. Traditionally, cell death induced by PDT was categorized into three types: apoptosis, cell death associated with autophagy, and necrosis. However, with the discovery of several other regulated cell death modalities in recent years, it has become clear that this is a rather simple understanding of the mechanisms of action of PDT. New observations revealed that cancer cells exposed to PDT can pass through various non-conventional cell death pathways, such as paraptosis, parthanatos, mitotic catastrophe, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. Nowadays, immunogenic cell death (ICD) has become one of the most promising ways to eradicate tumor cells by activation of the T-cell adaptive immune response and induction of long-term immunological memory. ICD can be triggered by many anti-cancer treatment methods, including PDT. In this review, we critically discuss recent findings on the non-conventional cell death mechanisms triggered by PDT. Next, we emphasize the role and contribution of ICD in these PDT-induced non-conventional cell death modalities. Finally, we discuss the obstacles and propose several areas of research that will help to overcome these challenges and lead to the development of highly effective anti-cancer therapy based on PDT.

Gypenosides regulate autophagy through Sirt1 pathway and the anti-inflammatory mechanism of mitochondrial autophagy in systemic lupus erythematosus

To study the mechanism of gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins (GpS) regulating mitochondrial autophagy and anti-inflammatory through Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). JURKAT cells were cultured in vitro, RT-PCR and western blotting (WB) were utilized to identify the expression of related-proteins in Sirt1 pathway and global autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy markers in JURKAT before and after GpS treatment induced by ultraviolet B (UVB), and the related-mechanism of GpS regulation of autophagy was analyzed. The SLE model was established to analyze the alleviating effects of GpS on various symptoms of lupus mice. Sirt1/AMPK/mTOR pathway was activated in UVB induced JURKAT cells. After the addition of GpS, WB revealed that the phosphorylation of AMPK decreased, the phosphorylation of mTOR increased, the expression of Sirt1 protein decreased, and the activation of the pathway was inhibited. Moreover, autophagy of JURKAT cells wasinhibited. In order to further verify the role of Sirt1 pathway, we activated Sirt1 expression in cells by constructing lentiviral vectors, and the therapeutic effect of GpS was significantly reduced. These results indicate GpS can exert autophagy regulation by inhibiting the activity of Sirt1 pathway. To treat SLE. GpS can significantly reduce the level of autoantibodies, kidney inflammation, immune complex deposition and urinary protein excretion, improve kidney function in lupus-prone mice. GpS can regulate autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy through Sirt1 pathway, which may be a potential mechanism for GpS to reduce the level of autoantibodies, kidney inflammation, immune complex deposition and urinary protein excretion, improve kidney function in lupus-prone mice.

Telocinobufagin Has Antitumor Effects in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer by Inhibiting STAT3 Signaling

Non-small-cell lung carcer (NSCLC), the main histological subtype of lung cancer, is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Telocinobufagin, an active compound of the Chinese traditional medicine ChanSu, has antitumor effects, but its mechanism of action remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of telocinobufagin on NSCLC growth and metastasis and its possible mechanism of action, in vitro and in vivo. Cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were measured by methyl thiazol tetrazolium assay, colony formation, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation, Transwell migration, wound healing, and flow cytometry analysis. A mouse xenograft model was used to evaluate tumor formation in vivo. Telocinobufagin was found to suppress proliferation and metastasis and induce apoptosis in human NSCLC cells. Moreover, telocinobufagin was able to significantly inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 (Y⁷⁰⁵) and its downstream targets. Additionally, telocinobufagin also impaired the IL-6-induced nuclear translocation of STAT3. Consistent with the in vitro experiments, telocinobufagin reduced the A549 xenograft tumor burden and the levels of P-STAT3^Y705, MCL1, BCL2, and cleaved PARP1 in vivo. These results support telocinobufagin as a promising STAT3 signaling inhibitor candidate for the treatment of NSCLC patients.

Reparative Effects of Dandelion Fermentation Broth on UVB-Induced Skin Inflammation

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of the dandelion fermentation broth in repairing UVB-induced skin inflammation.

Methods

Detection of active ingredients in dandelion fermentation broth and water extract. The antioxidant capacity of dandelion fermentation broth was investigated by in vitro antioxidant experiments. The influence of the broth on the content of inflammatory factors interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), in human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) is discussed on the basis of a UVB-induced HaCaT damage model. The effects of the broth on the contents of skin barrier-related proteins kallikrein-7 (KLK-7), filaggrin (FLG) and aquaporin (AQP3) in the UVB-induced damage and repair of the HaCaT mechanism are also comprehensively discussed. The effect of DF on the activation of MAPK pathway proteins was detected by PCR. A chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane test is used to explore the safety of the dandelion fermentation broth.

Results

The results show that the dandelion fermentation broth is rich inTotal sugar, with good free radical scavenging ability and antioxidant effects; it can regulate the MAPK pathway, reduce the expression of inflammatory factors, adjust the skin barrier factors and good safety.

Conclusion

Dandelion fermentation broth exhibits repairing effect on UVB-induced skin inflammation.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor as an Immediate-Early Activator of Ultraviolet-Induced Skin Injury

The negative health consequences of acute ultraviolet (UV) exposure are evident, with reports of 30,000 emergency room visits annually to treat the effects of sunburn in the United States alone. The acute effects of sunburn include erythema, edema, severe pain, and chronic overexposure to UV radiation, leading to skin cancer. Whereas the pain associated with the acute effects of sunburn may be relieved by current interventions, existing post-sunburn treatments are not capable of reversing the cumulative and long-term pathological effects of UV exposure, an unmet clinical need. Here we show that activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway is a direct and immediate consequence of acute UV exposure, and activation of VEGF signaling is necessary for initiating the acute pathological effects of sunburn. In UV-exposed human subjects, VEGF signaling is activated within hours. Topical delivery of VEGF pathway inhibitors, targeted against the ligand VEGF-A (gold nanoparticles conjugated with anti-VEGF antibodies) and small-molecule antagonists of VEGF receptor signaling, prevent the development of erythema and edema in UV-exposed mice. These findings collectively suggest targeting VEGF signaling may reduce the subsequent inflammation and pathology associated with UV-induced skin damage, revealing a new postexposure therapeutic window to potentially inhibit the known detrimental effects of UV on human skin. It is essential to emphasize that these preclinical studies must not be construed as suggesting in any way the use of VEGF inhibitors as a sunburn treatment in humans because warranted future clinical studies and appropriate agency approval are essential in that regard.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Pyrano[2,3-c]-pyrazole-Based RalA Inhibitors Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The activation of Ras small GTPases, including RalA and RalB, plays an important role in carcinogenesis, tumor progress, and metastasis. In the current study, we report the discovery of a series of 6-sulfonylamide-pyrano [2,3-c]-pyrazole derivatives as novel RalA inhibitors. ELISA-based biochemical assay results indicated that compounds 4k–4r suppressed RalA/B binding capacities to their substrates. Cellular proliferation assays indicated that these RalA inhibitors potently inhibited the proliferation of HCC cell lines, including HepG2, SMMC-7721, Hep3B, and Huh-7 cells. Among the evaluated compounds, 4p displayed good inhibitory capacities on RalA (IC₅₀ = 0.22 μM) and HepG2 cells (IC₅₀ = 2.28 μM). Overall, our results suggested that a novel small-molecule RalA inhibitor with a 6-sulfonylamide-pyrano [2, 3-c]-pyrazole scaffold suppressed autophagy and cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma, and that it has potential for HCC-targeted therapy.

Icaritin alleviates docetaxel-induced skin injury by suppressing reactive oxygen species via estrogen receptors

Background

Docetaxel (DTX) exhibits antitumor effects against breast cancer by stabilizing microtubules and increasing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). DTX extravasation during infusion often causes skin injury. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of icaritin (ICT) on DTX‐induced skin injury.

Methods

The effects of ICT on the viability and apoptosis of HaCaT cells were measured by SRB assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Endogenous LC3 puncta and microtubules were determined by immunofluorescence. The number of mitochondria was measured by MitoTracker orange staining. ROS were determined by dihydroethidium staining. The expression of markers of ROS and autophagy were measured by western blotting. Chloroquine, compound D, and tamoxifen were employed as the inhibitor for autophagy and AMPK, estrogen receptors (ERs) modulator, respectively.

Results

DTX inhibited the viability and decreased apoptosis of HaCaT cells, which can be rescued by ICT. ICT decreased microtubule bundles, increased the number of mitochondria, and attenuated ROS of HaCaT cells induced by DTX. ICT blocks autophagy and the autophagic flux. Compound C or tamoxifen diminished the protection effects of ICT on DTX‐treated HaCaT cells.

Conclusion

ICT alleviates DTX‐induced skin injury by suppressing ROS, reducing microtubule bundles, and blocking autophagy via ERs. Our study indicated that ICT may be a potential candidate for DTX‐induced skin injury.

Oncostatin M sensitizes keratinocytes to UVB-induced inflammation via GSDME-mediated pyroptosis

BACKGROUND

Oncostatin M (OSM), an interleukin-6 (IL-6) family proinflammatory cytokine, plays a critical role in inflammatory skin diseases, but its mechanism of action is not well understood.

OBJECTIVE

To demonstrate the mechanism of OSM induced pyropotosis in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells).

METHODS

NHEKs and HaCaT cells were treated with OSM. Knockout of OSM receptor (OSMR) with CRISPR/Cas9 system, knockdown of GSDME with small interfering RNA and primary keratinocytes from Osmr-/- and Gsdme-/- mice were used to study the effect of OSMR and GSDME. After treatment of OSM, NHEKs and HaCaT cells were irradiated with UVB. The mRNA was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and RNA sequencing, protein level was detected by Western Blotting, Elisa and immunofluorescence. Cell death was examined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) releasing.

RESULTS

Here we found that OSM induced pyropotosis in NHEKs and HaCaT cells, but knockout of OSMR abolished pyropotosis. RNA sequencing revealed an upregulation of several key genes involved in NLRP3 inflammasome activation following OSM treatment, among which NLRP3, GSDME, and IL-1β were confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western Blotting. Knockdown of GSDME alleviated OSM-induced pyropotosis. Pretreatment of OSM boosted UVB-induced pyroptosis and inflammation in NHEKs and HaCaT cells, and this priming function was lost in keratinocytes of Osmr-/- and Gsdme-/- mice. Similar results were obtained in a 3-dimensional culture of human epidermis.

CONCLUSION

OSM functions as a priming cytokine to enhance UVB-induced inflammation in keratinocytes, providing insight into the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.

Autophagy inhibition facilitates wound closure partially dependent on the YAP/IL-33 signaling in a mouse model of skin wound healing

Autophagy is a self-phagocytic and highly evolutionarily conserved intracellular lysosomal catabolic system, which plays a vital role in a variety of trauma models, including skin wound healing (SWH). However, the roles and potential mechanisms of autophagy in SWH are still controversial. We firstly investigated the role of autophagy in SWH-induced wound closure rate, inflammatory response, and histopathology, utilizing an inhibitor of autophagy 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and its agonist rapamycin (RAP). As expected, we found 3-MA treatment remarkably increased the wound closure rate, combated inflammation response, and mitigated histopathological changes, while RAP delivery aggravated SWH-induced pathological damage. To further exploit the underlying mechanism of autophagy regulating inflammation, the specific inhibitors of yes-associated protein (YAP), Verteporfin, and Anti-IL-33 were applied. Herein, treating with 3-MA markedly suppressed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6, promoted that of IL-10, IL-33, and ST2, while RAP administration reverted SWH-induced the up-regulation of these inflammatory cytokines mentioned above. Importantly, Verteporfin administration not only down-regulated the expression levels of YAP, TNF-α, and IL-6 but also up-regulated that of IL-33 and IL-10. Unexpectedly, 3-MA or RAP retreatment did not have any impact on the changes in IL-33 among these inflammatory indicators. Furthermore, elevated expression of IL-33 promoted wound closure and alleviated the pathological damage, whereas, its antagonist Anti-IL-33 treatment overtly reversed the above-mentioned effects of IL-33. Moreover, 3-MA in combination with anti-IL-33 treatment reversed the role of 3-MA alone in mitigated pathological changes, but they failed to revert the effect of anti-IL-33 alone on worsening pathological damage. In sum, emerging data support the novel contribution of the YAP/IL-33 pathway in autophagy inhibition against SWH-induced pathological damage, and highlight that the autophagy/YAP/IL-33 signal axis is expected to become a new therapeutic target for SWH.

Quantitative structure-pungency landscape of sanshool dietary components from Zanthoxylum species

The molecular basis of the pungency of sanshool dietary components from the Zanthoxylum species has been firstly addressed by constructing the statistically significant and highly predictive quantitative structure-pungency relationship models along with the pharmacophore models. The important pungent structural characters in the isobutylamide moiety and linear carbon chains were elucidated in this study that maintained the suitable spatial packing and electrostatic interactions with their receptors. Our results also revealed that the amide moiety, N-isobutyl moiety with suitable bulky and restricted electronegative substituents, and the relatively long straight carbon chains with suitable (conjugated) CC bonds or heteroatoms at regular intervals were essential for the high pungency. The pungency of 42 new sanshools was predicted, compared with the rough experimental data, and ultimately classified into weak, medium and strong types. Most of these sanshools were found to have good oral bioavailability and acceptable pharmacokinetic properties.

Broadening Drug Design and Targets to Tumor Microenvironment? Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Marker Expression in Cancers and Relevance for Survival Outcomes

Solid tumors have complex biology and structure comprising cancer cells, stromal cells, and the extracellular matrix. While most therapeutics target the cancer cells, recent data suggest that cancer cell behavior and response to treatment are markedly influenced by the tumor microenvironment (TME). In particular, the cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant stromal cells, and play a significant contextual role in shaping tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. CAFs have therefore emerged as part of the next-generation cancer drug design and discovery innovation strategy. We report here new findings on differential expression and prognostic significance of CAF markers in several cancers. We utilized two publicly available resources: The Cancer Genomic Atlas and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis. We examined the expression of CAF markers, ACTA2, S100A4, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta [PDGFR-β], CD10, and fibroblast activation protein-alpha (FAP-α), in tumor tissues versus the adjacent normal tissues. We found that CAF markers were differentially expressed in various different tumors such as colon, breast, and esophageal cancers and melanoma. No CAF marker is expressed in the same pattern in all cancers, however. Importantly, we report that patients with colon adenocarcinoma and esophageal carcinoma expressing high FAP-α and CD10, respectively, had significantly shorter overall survival, compared with those with low levels of these CAF markers (p < 0.05). We call for continued research on TME biology and clinical evaluation of the CAF markers ACTA2, S100A4, PDGFR-β, CD10, and FAP-α in relation to prognosis of solid cancers in large population samples. An effective cancer drug design and discovery roadmap in the 21st century ought to be broadly framed, and include molecular targets informed by both cancer cell and TME variations.

Platelet-rich plasma protects human melanocytes from oxidative stress and ameliorates melanogenesis induced by UVB irradiation

To investigate the role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from different sources in alleviating oxidative stress and ameliorating melanogenesis in UVB-irradiated PIG1 cells, PIG1 cells were irradiated with 80 mJ/cm2 UVB prior to 1% PRP application and the following experiments were taken: the viability of UVB-irradiated PIG1 cells, cellular malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Western blotting was utilized to detect the expression level of proteins associated with melanin synthesis, apoptosis, and DNA lesions. We found that PRP intervention promoted cell proliferation, reduced MDA and ROS content, increased the activities of series of antioxidant enzymes, and alleviated DNA damages in UVB-damaged PIG1 cells. It is important to note that PRP treatment inhibited UVB-induced melanogenesis via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signal pathway. Therefore, we suppose PRP treatment exerts a protective role through their antioxidation effect on UVB-damaged PIG1 cells and hinders melanogenesis induced by UVB irradiation.

The Role of Autophagy in Skin Fibroblasts, Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, and Epidermal Stem Cells

Human skin acts as a barrier to protect our bodies from UV rays and external pathogens and to prevent water loss. Phenotypes of aging, or natural aging due to chronic damage, include wrinkles and the reduction of skin thickness that occur because of a loss of skin cell function. The dysregulation of autophagy, a lysosome-related degradation pathway, can lead to cell senescence, cancer, and various human diseases due to abnormal cellular homeostasis. Here, we discuss the roles and molecular mechanisms of autophagy involved in the anti-aging effects of autophagy and the relationship between autophagy and aging in skin cells.

Triptolide inhibits JAK2/STAT3 signaling and induces lethal autophagy through ROS generation in cisplatin‑resistant SKOV3/DDP ovarian cancer cells

Advanced and recurrent ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis and is frequently resistant to numerous therapeutics; thus, safe and effective drugs are needed to combat this disease. Previous studies have demonstrated that triptolide (TPL) exhibits anticancer and sensitization effects against cisplatin (DDP)-resistant ovarian cancer both in vitro and in vivo by inducing apoptosis; however, the involvement of autophagy induced by TPL in resistant ovarian carcinoma remains unclear. In the present study, the results revealed that TPL induced autophagy to facilitate SKOV3/DDP ovarian cancer cell death. The xenograft experiment revealed that the autophagy inhibitor CQ significantly reduced TPL-mediated chemosensitization and tumor growth inhibition. Mechanically, TPL-induced autophagy in SKOV3/DDP cells was associated with the induction of ROS generation and inhibition of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) pathway. The inhibitory effect of TPL on the JAK2/STAT3 pathway could be restored in the presence of the antioxidant NAC. Furthermore, it was further determined that TPL disrupted the interaction between Mcl-1 and Beclin1, which was prevented by the JAK2/STAT3 signaling activator IL-6. Overall, the present results revealed a novel molecular mechanism whereby TPL induced lethal autophagy through the ROS-JAK2/STAT3 signaling cascade in SKOV3/DDP cells. The present study has provided the groundwork for future application of TPL in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate S100A9 expression by sponging miR-196a-5p in rosacea

BACKGROUND

Rosacea is a complex, chronic, and recurrent dermatologic condition that adversely affects quality of life and self-esteem. However, clinical relevance and molecular mechanisms underlying NEAT1 influence in rosacea remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

The present study aims to investigate the dynamics and influences of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in rosacea patients, and to explore the impacts of NEAT1 treatments on miR-196a-5p and S100A9 expression in LL37-treated HaCaT cells.

METHODS

RNA-sequencing of skin tissues from rosacea patients and integrative analyses facilitated comprehensive exploration of lncRNA, mRNA, and miRNA networks. We identified differentially expressed lncRNAs in paired rosacea afflicted and non-lesioned tissues by hub lncRNAs in the ceRNA network. The role of NEAT1 in LL37-treated HaCaT cells was identified by in vitro experiments.

RESULTS

There were 237 lncRNAs, 38 miRNAs, and 1784 mRNAs in lesioned skin compared to non-lesioned skin in six rosacea patients. NEAT1 was upregulated in rosacea skin and in LL37-treated HaCaT cells. Moreover, inflammatory damage was able to be reduced in vitro after knockdown of NEAT1. Finally, NEAT1 was able to directly interact with miR-196a-5p, and downregulating miR-196a-5p was efficient in reversing the influence of NEAT1 siRNA on S100A9.

CONCLUSION

We have completed the first genome-wide lncRNA profiling of paired lesioned and non-lesioned samples from rosacea afflicted patients. The NEAT1/miR-196a-5p/S100A9 axis may have played an important role in the dynamics underlying inflammatory responses of rosacea. NEAT1 may have functioned as a competing endogenous RNA which regulated inflammatory responses in rosacea by sponging miR-196a-5p and upregulating S100A9 expression.

A novel amphibian-derived peptide alleviated ultraviolet B-induced photodamage in mice

Although the application potential of amphibian skin-derived active peptides in alleviating ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced damage has attracted increasing attention, research remains in its infancy. In this study, a new peptide (OM-GL15, GLLSGHYGRASPVAC) was identified from the skin of the green odorous frog (Odorrana margaretae). Results showed that OM-GL15 scavenged free radicals (2,2'-diazo-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine) and reduced Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺. Moreover, topical administration of OM-GL15 significantly alleviated UVB-induced skin photodamage in mice. Exploration of the underlying mechanisms further showed that OM-GL15 exerted antioxidant potency. Specifically, the peptide reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde and protected epidermal cells from UVB-induced apoptosis by inhibiting DNA damage via down-regulation of p53, caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax and up-regulation of Bcl-2. Our results highlight the potential application of amphibian skin-derived peptides in protection against UVB-induced photodamage and provide a novel peptide candidate for the development of anti-photodamage agents.

Effect of Zanthoxylum alkylamides on lipid metabolism and its mechanism in rats fed with a high-fat diet

This research aimed at exploring the effect of Zanthoxylum alkylamides on lipid metabolism and its potential mechanisms using high-fat diet rat model. Treatment with Zanthoxylum alkylamides for 6 weeks, food efficiency and atherogenic index of the low, medium, and high doses of Zanthoxylum alkylamides-treated groups were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, the histopathological structure of the livers showed that hepatic steatosis in the groups treated with Zanthoxylum alkylamides was reduced, particularly the HD group. Moreover, the related genes were studied, such as, liver X receptor (LXR), cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), hepatic 3-hydroxyl-2-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2), ileal bile acid-binding protein (IBABP), sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), and transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype1 (TRPV1). These results demonstrated that Zanthoxylum alkylamides could ameliorate abnormal lipid metabolism in rats fed with a high-fat diet. The underlying mechanism may be the downregulation of the expression levels of cholesterol synthesis and bile acid reabsorption-related genes, reduction of endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and increase in bile acid and neutral sterol excretion. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: High-energy diet is a potential risk of lipid metabolic disorder. Many studies have shown that hyperlipidemia can lead to atherosclerosis and even hemangioma, cerebral thrombosis, coronary heart disease, and other diseases, which seriously threaten human health. Therefore, seeking an effective and safe way to prevent the obesity-related disease is necessary. This research found that Zanthoxylum alkylamide could ameliorate abnormal lipid metabolism in rats fed with a high-fat diet. The underlying mechanism may be the downregulation of the expression levels of cholesterol synthesis and ileal absorption of bile acid genes, reduction of endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and increase in bile acid and neutral sterol excretion. Therefore, Zanthoxylum alkylamide has the potential for preventing or alleviating high-energy intake-related obesity.

Zanthoxylum alkylamides improve amino acid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats

To investigate the effect of Zanthoxylum alkylamides (ZA) on amino acid metabolism of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the present study was performed with T2DM rats model induced with high fat and sugar fodder combined with low-dose of streptozotocin. ZA were fed to rats at three different doses of 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg for 28 days and metformin was fed to rats at 135 mg/kg as positive control. The results showed that compared with the normal control, the amino acid levels and the expression of related carrier genes were disordered in T2DM rats. Compared with the model, different doses of ZA could significantly resist (p < .05) the decrease in body weight of T2DM rats and improve hyperglycemia, with the best result observed with the high dose (8 mg/kg). Different doses of ZA could ameliorate the levels of 19 kinds of amino acid in the plasma, jejunum, liver, and skeletal muscle of T2DM rats by regulating the expression of related amino acid transporters including LAT1, SNAT2, CAT1, et al. to thereby ameliorating amino acid metabolism disorder in T2DM rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Previous studies showed that Zanthoxylum alkylamides (ZA) could promote the amino acid metabolism in the jejunum of healthy SD rats, improve protein metabolism disorder of type 1 diabetic rats, and also reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome in fat rats model. Herein, we investigated the effect of ZA on amino acid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. The results indicated that ZA could remarkably improve the abnormal expression of amino acid carriers in the jejunum, liver, and skeletal muscle, thereby ameliorating the disorder of amino acid metabolism in the plasma, jejunum, liver, and skeletal muscle of T2DM rats. Therefore, ZA are potential antidiabetic food/medicine product for the T2DM treatment.

Pre-mRNA processing factor 3 enhances the progression of keratinocyte-derived cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by regulating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway

The precise role of pre-mRNA processing factors (PRPs) in human tumorigenesis has not been yet explored. The object of the present study was to explore the effects of PRP3 in a common metastatic skin cancer, keratinocyte-derived cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCCs). RT-qPCR and western blotting were conducted to measure the expression levels of PRP3 in various cSCC cell lines and cSCC tissues. A benign epidermal keratinocyte cell line was transfected with a eukaryotic expression plasmid to overexpress PRP3. In addition, the endogenous expression level of PRP3 in cSCC cells was silenced using a short hairpin RNA method, and the role of PRP3 on cell proliferation and migration was examined by Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, wound healing assay and Transwell assays following knockdown in cSCC cells, and overexpression in keratinovcyte cells. Elevated levels of PRP3 mRNA and protein were noted in cSCC cell lines or cSCC tissues compared with actinic keratosis (AK) or benign epidermal keratinocyte cell line, respectively. Upregulation of PRP3 expression was found to be associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with cSCCs. The upregulation of PRP3 promoted cell viability, metastasis and the activity of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in epidermal keratinocyte cells. Interestingly, loss of PRP3 had no obvious impact on cell viability and migration in benign epidermal keratinocyte cells. Functionally, the inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway reversed the increased cell viability and migration of cSCC cells induced by PRP3. Taken together, the present observations indicated that PRP3 served as a tumor active factor in cSCCs by targeting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Moreover, it is implied that impeding the PRP3 activity may selectively constrain cancer cell growth and migration with limited effect on normal skin cells.

Novel HSP90-PI3K Dual Inhibitor Suppresses Melanoma Cell Proliferation by Interfering with HSP90-EGFR Interaction and Downstream Signaling Pathways

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, and its incidence has continuously increased over the past 20 years. Therefore, the discovery of a novel targeted therapeutic strategy for melanoma is urgently needed. In our study, MTT-based cell proliferation assay, cell cycle, and apoptosis assays through flow cytometry, protein immunoblotting, protein immunoprecipitation, designing of melanoma xenograft models, and immunohistochemical/immunofluorescent assays were carried out to determine the detailed molecular mechanisms of a novel HSP90-PI3K dual inhibitor. Our compound, named DHP1808, was found to suppress A375 cell proliferation through apoptosis induction by activating the Fas/FasL signaling pathway; it also induced cell-cycle arrest and inhibited the cell migration and invasion of A375 cells by interfering with Hsp90-EGFR interactions and downstream signaling pathways. Our results indicate that DHP1808 could be a promising lead compound for the Hsp90/PI3K dual inhibitor.

Discovery of novel akt1 inhibitor induces autophagy associated death in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

In this study, a series of thieno [2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as novel AKT1 inhibitors. In vitro antitumor assay results showed that compounds 9d-g and 9i potently suppressed the enzymatic activities of AKT1 and potently inhibited the proliferation of HepG2, Hep3B, Huh-7 and SMMC-7721 cancer cell lines. Among these derivatives, the compound 9f demonstrated the best inhibitory activities on AKT1 (IC50 = 0.034 μM) and Huh-7 cell (IC50 = 0.076 μM). A panel of biological assays showed that compound 9f suppressed the cellular proliferation of Huh-7 through Akt/mTOR signaling pathway mediated autophagy mechanism. Furthermore, the antitumor capacity of 9f was validated in the subcutaneous Huh-7 xenograft models. Together, our results demonstrate that a novel small-molecule Akt1 inhibitor induces autophagy associated death in hepatocellular carcinoma, which may afford a potential drug candidate for targeted cancer therapy.

Shikonin induces colorectal carcinoma cells apoptosis and autophagy by targeting galectin-1/JNK signaling axis

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor pathology worldwide. Despite progress in surgical procedures and therapy options, CRC is still a considerable cause of cancer-related mortality. In this study, we tested the antitumor effects of shikonin in CRC and tried to identify its potential mechanism. The potential target, molecular mechanism as well as in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of shikonin in CRC cells were determined by an integrative protocol including quantitative proteomics, RT-PCR, western blotting, RNA interference and overexpression, apoptosis and autophagy assays, etc. Galectin-1 was a potential target of shikonin from the iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis in shikonin-treated SW620 cell. The overexpression and RNA silencing of galectin-1 in two CRC cells suggested that the shikonin sensitivity was correlation to galectin-1 levels. The ROS accumulation induced by shikonin was important to the formation of galectin-1 dimers. Dimer galectin-1 was found to be associated with the activation of JNK and downstream apoptosis or autophagy. Moreover, through functional in vitro studies, we showed that differences in galectin-1 level affected tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In summary, shikonin induced CRC cells apoptosis and autophagy by targeting galectin-1 and JNK signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo, which suggested a potential novel therapy target for CRC.

Competing endogenous network analysis identifies lncRNA Meg3 activates inflammatory damage in UVB induced murine skin lesion by sponging miR-93-5p/epiregulin axis

In this study, we obtained the RNA expression data of murine skin tissues of control, and UVB irradiated groups. After the re-annotation of lncRNAs, a gene expression similarity analysis was done by WGCNA. The target mRNA prediction of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and ceRNA regulatory networks were constructed by five lncRNAs, 14 miRNAs and 54 mRNAs, respectively. Based on the ceRNA network of UVB-induced skin lesions, it was evident that the dysregulation of Meg3 has critical effects on the UVB-induced inflammatory lesion of murine skin tissues. The overexpression of Meg3 after UVB irradiation was observed in primary murine skin fibroblasts, and the up-regulated Meg3 expression was related to the activation of the inflammatory cytokines. These functional experiments demonstrated that the RNA silencing of Meg3 in murine skin fibroblasts could suppress the expression of the cytokines (in vitro) and UVB-induced skin lesions (in vivo). Moreover, the Meg3 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) that acted as a sponge for miR-93-5p and thereby modulated the expression of Epiregulin (Ereg). Our results proved that Meg3 was involved in UVB-induced skin inflammation and that the ceRNA networks, which includes miR-93-5p and Ereg, could prove to be a potential therapeutic target for UVB-induced skin damage.

Aconitine induces cardiomyocyte damage by mitigating BNIP3-dependent mitophagy and the TNFα-NLRP3 signalling axis

Objectives

Aconitine, the natural product extracted from Aconitum species, is widely used for the treatment of various diseases, including rheumatism, arthritis, bruises, fractures and pains. However, many studies have reported cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity caused by aconitine, but the detailed mechanism underlying aconitine's effect on these processes remains unclear.

Materials and methods

The effects of aconitine on the inflammation, apoptosis and viability of H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry, Western blot, RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis.

Results

Aconitine suppressed cardiomyocyte proliferation and induced inflammation and apoptosis in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. These inflammatory damages could be reversed by a TNFα inhibitor and BNIP3‐mediated mitophagy. Consistent with the in vitro results, overexpression of BNIP3 in heart tissue partially suppressed the cardiotoxicity of aconitine by inhibiting apoptosis and the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Conclusions

Our findings lay a foundation for the application of a TNFα inhibitor and BNIP3 to aconitine‐induced cardiac toxicity prevention and therapy, thereby demonstrating potential for further investigation.