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Liu X, Zheng M, Zhang H, Feng B, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhao N, Li C, Song N, Song B, Yang D, Chen J, Qi A, Zhao L, Luo C, Zang Y, Liu H, Li J, Zhang B, Zhou Y, Zheng J. Characterization and noncovalent inhibition of the K63-deubiquitinase activity of SARS-cov-2 PLpro. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105944. [PMID: 38914283 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) could facilitate viral replication and host immune evasion by respectively hydrolyzing viral polyprotein and host ubiquitin conjugates, thereby rendering itself as an important antiviral target. Yet few noncovalent PLpro inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported with improved directed towards pathogenic deubiquitinating activities inhibition. Herein, we report that coronavirus PLpro proteases have distinctive substrate bias and are conserved to deubiquitylate K63-linked polyubiquitination, thereby attenuating host type I interferon response. We identify a noncovalent compound specifically optimized towards halting the K63-deubiquitinase activity of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro, but not other coronavirus (CoV) counterparts or host deubiquitinase. Contrasting with GRL-0617, a SARS-CoV-1 PLpro inhibitor, SIMM-036 is 50-fold and 7-fold (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)) more potent to inhibit viral replication during SARS-CoV-2 infection and restore the host interferon-β (IFN-β) response in human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2)-HeLa cells, respectively. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis further reveals the importance of BL2 groove of PLpro, which could determine the selectivity of K63-deubiquitinase activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Miao Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hongqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chaoqiang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ning Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bin Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dongyuan Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ao Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linxiang Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi Zang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Shanghai Institute of Virology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Zhang X, Luo F, Zhang H, Guo H, Zhou J, Li T, Chen S, Song S, Shen M, Wu Y, Gao Y, Han X, Wang Y, Hu C, Zhao X, Guo H, Zhang D, Lu Y, Wang W, Wang K, Tang N, Jin T, Ding M, Luo S, Lin C, Lu T, Lu B, Tian Y, Yang C, Cheng G, Yang H, Jin A, Ji X, Gong R, Chiu S, Huang A. Prophylactic efficacy of an intranasal spray with 2 synergetic antibodies neutralizing Omicron. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e171034. [PMID: 38587080 PMCID: PMC11128199 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.171034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDAs Omicron is prompted to replicate in the upper airway, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) delivered through inhalation might inhibit early-stage infection in the respiratory tract. Thus, elucidating the prophylactic efficacy of NAbs via nasal spray addresses an important clinical need.METHODSThe applicable potential of a nasal spray cocktail containing 2 NAbs was characterized by testing its neutralizing potency, synergetic neutralizing mechanism, emergency protective and therapeutic efficacy in a hamster model, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) in human nasal cavity.RESULTSThe 2 NAbs displayed broad neutralizing efficacy against Omicron, and they could structurally compensate each other in blocking the Spike-ACE2 interaction. When administrated through the intranasal mucosal route, this cocktail demonstrated profound efficacy in the emergency prevention in hamsters challenged with authentic Omicron BA.1. The investigator-initiated trial in healthy volunteers confirmed the safety and the PK/PD of the NAb cocktail delivered via nasal spray. Nasal samples from the participants receiving 4 administrations over a course of 16 hours demonstrated potent neutralization against Omicron BA.5 in an ex vivo pseudovirus neutralization assay.CONCLUSIONThese results demonstrate that the NAb cocktail nasal spray provides a good basis for clinical prophylactic efficacy against Omicron infections.TRIAL REGISTRATIONwww.chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR2200066525.FUNDINGThe National Science and Technology Major Project (2017ZX10202203), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0507100), Guangzhou National Laboratory (SRPG22-015), Lingang Laboratory (LG202101-01-07), Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (YDZX20213100001556), and the Emergency Project from the Science & Technology Commission of Chongqing (cstc2021jscx-fyzxX0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feiyang Luo
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, and
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hangtian Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhui Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, and
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaohong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyi Song
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, and
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meiying Shen
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojian Han
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, and
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingming Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, and
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, and
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | - Yuchi Lu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | | | - Shuhui Luo
- Mindao Haoyue Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Cuicui Lin
- Mindao Haoyue Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | | | - Bingxia Lu
- Mindao Haoyue Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Mindao Haoyue Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | | | | | - Haitao Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Aishun Jin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, and
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, and
- Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sandra Chiu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Chen Z, Yuan Y, Hu Q, Zhu A, Chen F, Li S, Guan X, Lv C, Tang T, He Y, Cheng J, Zheng J, Hu X, Zhao J, Zhao J, Sun J. SARS-CoV-2 immunity in animal models. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:119-133. [PMID: 38238440 PMCID: PMC10806257 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, which was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a worldwide health crisis due to its transmissibility. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in severe respiratory illness and can lead to significant complications in affected individuals. These complications encompass symptoms such as coughing, respiratory distress, fever, infectious shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even multiple-organ failure. Animal models serve as crucial tools for investigating pathogenic mechanisms, immune responses, immune escape mechanisms, antiviral drug development, and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Currently, various animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as nonhuman primates (NHPs), ferrets, hamsters, and many different mouse models, have been developed. Each model possesses distinctive features and applications. In this review, we elucidate the immune response elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients and provide an overview of the characteristics of various animal models mainly used for SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the corresponding immune responses and applications of these models. A comparative analysis of transcriptomic alterations in the lungs from different animal models revealed that the K18-hACE2 and mouse-adapted virus mouse models exhibited the highest similarity with the deceased COVID-19 patients. Finally, we highlighted the current gaps in related research between animal model studies and clinical investigations, underscoring lingering scientific questions that demand further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Qingtao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Airu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Fenghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Shu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Xin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Chao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Tian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Yiyun He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jinling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China.
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China.
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518005, China.
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China.
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Nakamura A, Kotaki T, Nagai Y, Takazawa S, Tokunaga K, Kameoka M. Construction and evaluation of a self-replicative RNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 using yellow fever virus replicon. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274829. [PMID: 36264936 PMCID: PMC9584447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a global threat. To forestall the pandemic, developing safe and effective vaccines is necessary. Because of the rapid production and little effect on the host genome, mRNA vaccines are attractive, but they have a relatively low immune response after a single dose. Replicon RNA (repRNA) is a promising vaccine platform for safety and efficacy. RepRNA vaccine encodes not only antigen genes but also the genes necessary for RNA replication. Thus, repRNA is self-replicative and can play the role of an adjuvant by itself, which elicits robust immunity. This study constructed and evaluated a repRNA vaccine in which the gene encoding the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 was inserted into a replicon of yellow fever virus 17D strain. Upon electroporation of this repRNA into baby hamster kidney cells, the S protein and yellow fever virus protein were co-expressed. Additionally, the self-replication ability of repRNA vaccine was confirmed using qRT-PCR, demonstrating its potency as a vaccine. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with 1 μg of the repRNA vaccine induced specific T-cell responses but not antibody responses. Notably, the T-cell response induced by the repRNA vaccine was significantly higher than that induced by the nonreplicative RNA vaccine in our experimental model. In the future, it is of the essence to optimize vaccine administration methods and improve S protein expression, like protection of repRNA by nanoparticles and evasion of innate immunity of the host to enhance the immune-inducing ability of the repRNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akina Nakamura
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kotaki
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TK); (MK)
| | - Yurie Nagai
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shunta Takazawa
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Kameoka
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail: (TK); (MK)
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5
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Kim D, Han S, Ji Y, Moon S, Nam H, Lee JB. Multimeric RNAs for efficient RNA-based therapeutics and vaccines. J Control Release 2022; 345:770-785. [PMID: 35367477 PMCID: PMC8970614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in RNA therapeutics globally, and much progress has been made in this area, which has been further accelerated by the clinical applications of RNA-based vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Following these successful clinical trials, various technologies have been developed to improve the efficacy of RNA-based drugs. Multimerization of RNA therapeutics is one of the most attractive approaches to ensure high stability, high efficacy, and prolonged action of RNA-based drugs. In this review, we offer an overview of the representative approaches for generating repetitive functional RNAs by chemical conjugation, structural self-assembly, enzymatic elongation, and self-amplification. The therapeutic and vaccine applications of engineered multimeric RNAs in various diseases have also been summarized. By outlining the current status of multimeric RNAs, the potential of multimeric RNA as a promising treatment strategy is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajeong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangwoo Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonbin Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunghyun Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyangsu Nam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Bum Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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6
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Qin S, Li R, Zheng Z, Zeng X, Wang Y, Wang X. Review of selected animal models for respiratory coronavirus infection and its application in drug research. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3032-3042. [PMID: 35285034 PMCID: PMC9088459 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous viral pneumonia cases have been reported in Wuhan, Hubei in December 2019. The pathogen has been identified as a novel coronavirus, which was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). The biological characteristics and pathogenesis mechanism of SARS‐CoV‐2 are unclear and under progress. At present, no specific preventive and therapeutic drugs are available. Animal models can reproduce the viral replication cycle and the significant functions of respiratory coronavirus infection and are urgently needed to evaluate the efficacy of drugs and vaccines, the transmission route of respiratory coronavirus, clinical features, and so on. We reviewed the current animal models of respiratory coronavirus (SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, and SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and made a comparative analysis of the route of inoculation, virus replication, clinical signs, histopathology, application, advantages, and disadvantages. Animal models of respiratory coronavirus include susceptible animal models, genetically modified models, and various animal models of infected virus adaptation strains, such as nonhuman primates, mice, hamsters, ferrets, New Zealand rabbits, cats, and other animal models, all of which have distinct advantages and limitations. This review will provide relevant information and important insights for disease management and control. Animal models for coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengle Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, GuangdongChina
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, GuangdongChina
| | | | - Xuxin Zeng
- School of MedicineFoshan UniversityFoshanChina
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, GuangdongChina
| | - Xinhua Wang
- School of MedicineFoshan UniversityFoshanChina
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Da Costa CBP, Cruz ACDM, Penha JCQ, Castro HC, Da Cunha LER, Ratcliffe NA, Cisne R, Martins FJ. Using in vivo animal models for studying SARS-CoV-2. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:121-137. [PMID: 34727803 PMCID: PMC8567288 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.1995352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The search for an animal model capable of reproducing the physiopathology of the COVID-19, and also suitable for evaluating the efficacy and safety of new drugs has become a challenge for many researchers. AREAS COVERED This work reviews the current animal models for in vivo tests with SARS-CoV-2 as well as the challenges involved in the safety and efficacy trials. EXPERT OPINION Studies have reported the use of nonhuman primates, ferrets, mice, Syrian hamsters, lagomorphs, mink, and zebrafish in experiments that aimed to understand the course of COVID-19 or test vaccines and other drugs. In contrast, the assays with animal hyperimmune sera have only been used in in vitro assays. Finding an animal that faithfully reproduces all the characteristics of the disease in humans is difficult. Some models may be more complex to work with, such as monkeys, or require genetic manipulation so that they can express the human ACE2 receptor, as in the case of mice. Although some models are more promising, possibly the use of more than one animal model represents the best scenario. Therefore, further studies are needed to establish an ideal animal model to help in the development of other treatment strategies besides vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila B. P. Da Costa
- Technological Development and Innovation Laboratory of the Industrial Board, Instituto Vital Brazil, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Julio Cesar Q Penha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena C Castro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis E. R. Da Cunha
- Technological Development and Innovation Laboratory of the Industrial Board, Instituto Vital Brazil, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Norman A Ratcliffe
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biociences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Rafael Cisne
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Zhuang Z, Liu D, Sun J, Li F, Zhao J. Immune responses to human respiratory coronaviruses infection in mouse models. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 52:102-111. [PMID: 34906757 PMCID: PMC8665230 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory coronaviruses (HCoVs), including the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, potentially cause severe lung infections and multiple organ damages, emphasizing the urgent need for antiviral therapeutics and vaccines against HCoVs. Small animal models, especially mice, are ideal tools for deciphering the pathogenesis of HCoV infections as well as virus-induced immune responses, which is critical for antiviral drug development and vaccine design. In this review, we focus on the antiviral innate immune response, antibody response and T cell response in HCoV infected mouse models, and discuss the potential implications for understanding the anti-HCoV immunity and fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Donglan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510320, China.
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9
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Li T, Han X, Gu C, Guo H, Zhang H, Wang Y, Hu C, Wang K, Liu F, Luo F, Zhang Y, Hu J, Wang W, Li S, Hao Y, Shen M, Huang J, Long Y, Song S, Wu R, Mu S, Chen Q, Gao F, Wang J, Long S, Li L, Wu Y, Gao Y, Xu W, Cai X, Qu D, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Li N, Gao Q, Zhang G, He C, Wang W, Ji X, Tang N, Yuan Z, Xie Y, Yang H, Zhang B, Huang A, Jin A. Potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with protective efficacy against newly emerged mutational variants. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6304. [PMID: 34728625 PMCID: PMC8563728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein can increase the possibility of immune escape, challenging the present COVID-19 prophylaxis and clinical interventions. Here, 3 receptor binding domain (RBD) specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 58G6, 510A5 and 13G9, with high neutralizing potency blocking authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus display remarkable efficacy against authentic B.1.351 virus. Surprisingly, structural analysis has revealed that 58G6 and 13G9 both recognize the steric region S470–495 on the RBD, overlapping the E484K mutation presented in B.1.351. Also, 58G6 directly binds to another region S450–458 in the RBD. Significantly, 58G6 and 510A5 both demonstrate prophylactic efficacy against authentic SARS-CoV-2 and B.1.351 viruses in the transgenic mice expressing human ACE2 (hACE2), protecting weight loss and reducing virus loads. Together, we have evidenced 2 potent neutralizing Abs with unique mechanism targeting authentic SARS-CoV-2 mutants, which can be promising candidates to fulfill the urgent needs for the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic. Neutralizing antibodies are currently one versatile strategy to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, Li et al. characterize three monoclonal antibodies neutralizing authentic virus infection in vitro and in vivo by targeting the receptor binding domain as evidenced by Cryo-EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xiaojian Han
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Chenjian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hangtian Guo
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yingming Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Fengjiang Liu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Feiyang Luo
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Shenglong Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yanan Hao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Meiying Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yingyi Long
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Shuyi Song
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ruixin Wu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Song Mu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Fengxia Gao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Shunhua Long
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Luo Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Di Qu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zherui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingzhu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Guiji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Changlong He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of life sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.,Institute of life sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Haitao Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Aishun Jin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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10
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Li JQ, Zhang ZR, Zhang HQ, Zhang YN, Zeng XY, Zhang QY, Deng CL, Li XD, Zhang B, Ye HQ. Intranasal delivery of replicating mRNA encoding neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:369. [PMID: 34697295 PMCID: PMC8543430 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is the prophylaxis target against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and neutralizing antibodies are a leading class of biological products against various infectious viral pathogen. In this study, we develop a safe and cost-effective platform to express neutralizing antibody in the lung with replicating mRNA basing on alphavirus replicon particle (VRP) delivery system, to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections. First, a modified VEEV replicon with two subgenomic (sg) promoters was engineered to translate the light and heavy chains of antibody simultaneously, for expression and assembly of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody CB6. Second, the feasibility and protective efficacy of replicating mRNA against SARS-CoV-2 infection were demonstrated through both in vitro and in vivo assays. The lung target delivery with the help of VRP system resulted in efficiently block SARS-CoV-2 infection with reducing viral titer and less tissue damage in the lung of mice. Overall, our data suggests that expressing neutralizing antibodies in the lungs with the help of self-replicating mRNA could potentially be a promising prophylaxis approach against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yue Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Li
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, 410081, Changsha, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Han-Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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11
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Shou S, Liu M, Yang Y, Kang N, Song Y, Tan D, Liu N, Wang F, Liu J, Xie Y. Animal Models for COVID-19: Hamsters, Mouse, Ferret, Mink, Tree Shrew, and Non-human Primates. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:626553. [PMID: 34531831 PMCID: PMC8438334 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.626553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus causing acute respiratory tract infection in humans. The virus has the characteristics of rapid transmission, long incubation period and strong pathogenicity, and has spread all over the world. Therefore, it is of great significance to select appropriate animal models for antiviral drug development and therapeutic effect evaluation. Here, we review and compare the current animal models of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Shou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Song
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Chen Y, Zhang YN, Yan R, Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhang ZR, Li Y, Ou J, Chu W, Liang Z, Wang Y, Chen YL, Chen G, Wang Q, Zhou Q, Zhang B, Wang C. ACE2-targeting monoclonal antibody as potent and broad-spectrum coronavirus blocker. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:315. [PMID: 34433803 PMCID: PMC8385704 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, makes broad-spectrum coronavirus preventional or therapeutical strategies highly sought after. Here we report a human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-targeting monoclonal antibody, 3E8, blocked the S1-subunits and pseudo-typed virus constructs from multiple coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 mutant variants (SARS-CoV-2-D614G, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.1, and P.1), SARS-CoV and HCoV-NL63, without markedly affecting the physiological activities of ACE2 or causing severe toxicity in ACE2 “knock-in” mice. 3E8 also blocked live SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in a prophylactic mouse model of COVID-19. Cryo-EM and “alanine walk” studies revealed the key binding residues on ACE2 interacting with the CDR3 domain of 3E8 heavy chain. Although full evaluation of safety in non-human primates is necessary before clinical development of 3E8, we provided a potentially potent and “broad-spectrum” management strategy against all coronaviruses that utilize ACE2 as entry receptors and disclosed an anti-coronavirus epitope on human ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Chen
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Renhong Yan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, and Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guifeng Wang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, and Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe-Rui Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yaning Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxia Ou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wendi Chu
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijuan Liang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Li Chen
- Dartsbio Pharmaceuticals, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China.,Fudan University, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Ganjun Chen
- Dartsbio Pharmaceuticals, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, and Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chunhe Wang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,Dartsbio Pharmaceuticals, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China. .,Fudan University, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Xia B, Shen X, He Y, Pan X, Liu FL, Wang Y, Yang F, Fang S, Wu Y, Duan Z, Zuo X, Xie Z, Jiang X, Xu L, Chi H, Li S, Meng Q, Zhou H, Zhou Y, Cheng X, Xin X, Jin L, Zhang HL, Yu DD, Li MH, Feng XL, Chen J, Jiang H, Xiao G, Zheng YT, Zhang LK, Shen J, Li J, Gao Z. SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like pathological damages and constitutes an antiviral target. Cell Res 2021; 31:847-860. [PMID: 34112954 PMCID: PMC8190750 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine storm and multi-organ failure are the main causes of SARS-CoV-2-related death. However, the origin of excessive damages caused by SARS-CoV-2 remains largely unknown. Here we show that the SARS-CoV-2 envelope (2-E) protein alone is able to cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like damages in vitro and in vivo. 2-E proteins were found to form a type of pH-sensitive cation channels in bilayer lipid membranes. As observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, heterologous expression of 2-E channels induced rapid cell death in various susceptible cell types and robust secretion of cytokines and chemokines in macrophages. Intravenous administration of purified 2-E protein into mice caused ARDS-like pathological damages in lung and spleen. A dominant negative mutation lowering 2-E channel activity attenuated cell death and SARS-CoV-2 production. Newly identified channel inhibitors exhibited potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and excellent cell protective activity in vitro and these activities were positively correlated with inhibition of 2-E channel. Importantly, prophylactic and therapeutic administration of the channel inhibitor effectively reduced both the viral load and secretion of inflammation cytokines in lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE-2). Our study supports that 2-E is a promising drug target against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xurui Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng-Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feipu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sui Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zilei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoli Zuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuqing Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangrui Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao Chi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangqu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Xin
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hai-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dan-Dan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Li Feng
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiekai Chen
- Center for Cell Fate and Lineage (CCLA), Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Joint School of Life Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Lei-Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Jingshan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jia Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Zhongshan Institute of Drug Discovery, Institution for Drug Discovery Innovation, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhaobing Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Zhongshan Institute of Drug Discovery, Institution for Drug Discovery Innovation, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a major public health threat worldwide. Insight into protective and pathogenic aspects of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses is critical to work out effective therapeutics and develop vaccines for controlling the disease. Here, we review the present literature describing the innate and adaptive immune responses including innate immune cells, cytokine responses, antibody responses and T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 in human infection, as well as in AEC2-humanized mouse infection. We also summarize the now known and unknown about the role of the SARS-CoV-2 immune responses. By better understanding the mechanisms that drive the immune responses, we can tailor treatment strategies at specific disease stages and improve our response to this worldwide public health threat.
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15
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Rosa RB, Dantas WM, do Nascimento JCF, da Silva MV, de Oliveira RN, Pena LJ. In Vitro and In Vivo Models for Studying SARS-CoV-2, the Etiological Agent Responsible for COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2021; 13:379. [PMID: 33673614 PMCID: PMC7997194 DOI: 10.3390/v13030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and rapid worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has prompted the scientific community to rapidly develop in vitro and in vivo models that could be applied in COVID-19 research. In vitro models include two-dimensional (2D) cultures of immortalized cell lines or primary cells and three-dimensional (3D) cultures derived from lung, alveoli, bronchi, and other organs. Although cell-based systems are economic and allow strict control of experimental variables, they do not always resemble physiological conditions. Thus, several in vivo models are being developed, including different strains of mice, hamsters, ferrets, dogs, cats, and non-human primates. In this review, we summarize the main models of SARS-CoV-2 infection developed so far and discuss their advantages, drawbacks and main uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael B. Rosa
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (R.B.R.); (J.C.F.d.N.)
- Rodents Animal Facilities Complex, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, Brazil;
| | - Willyenne M. Dantas
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, Brazil; (W.M.D.); (R.N.d.O.)
| | - Jessica C. F. do Nascimento
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (R.B.R.); (J.C.F.d.N.)
| | - Murilo V. da Silva
- Rodents Animal Facilities Complex, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, Brazil;
| | - Ronaldo N. de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, Brazil; (W.M.D.); (R.N.d.O.)
| | - Lindomar J. Pena
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (R.B.R.); (J.C.F.d.N.)
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16
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Wang ZJ, Zhang HJ, Lu J, Xu KW, Peng C, Guo J, Gao XX, Wan X, Wang WH, Shan C, Zhang SC, Wu J, Yang AN, Zhu Y, Xiao A, Zhang L, Fu L, Si HR, Cai Q, Yang XL, You L, Zhou YP, Liu J, Pang DQ, Jin WP, Zhang XY, Meng SL, Sun YX, Desselberger U, Wang JZ, Li XG, Duan K, Li CG, Xu M, Shi ZL, Yuan ZM, Yang XM, Shen S. Low toxicity and high immunogenicity of an inactivated vaccine candidate against COVID-19 in different animal models. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:2606-2618. [PMID: 33241728 PMCID: PMC7733911 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1852059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is causing huge impact on health, life, and global economy, which is characterized by rapid spreading of SARS-CoV-2, high number of confirmed cases and a fatality/case rate worldwide reported by WHO. The most effective intervention measure will be to develop safe and effective vaccines to protect the population from the disease and limit the spread of the virus. An inactivated, whole virus vaccine candidate of SARS-CoV-2 has been developed by Wuhan Institute of Biological Products and Wuhan Institute of Virology. The low toxicity, immunogenicity, and immune persistence were investigated in preclinical studies using seven different species of animals. The results showed that the vaccine candidate was well tolerated and stimulated high levels of specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies. Low or no toxicity in three species of animals was also demonstrated in preclinical study of the vaccine candidate. Biochemical analysis of structural proteins and purity analysis were performed. The inactivated, whole virion vaccine was characterized with safe double-inactivation, no use of DNases and high purity. Dosages, boosting times, adjuvants, and immunization schedules were shown to be important for stimulating a strong humoral immune response in animals tested. Preliminary observation in ongoing phase I and II clinical trials of the vaccine candidate in Wuzhi County, Henan Province, showed that the vaccine is well tolerant. The results were characterized by very low proportion and low degree of side effects, high levels of neutralizing antibodies, and seroconversion. These results consistent with the results obtained from preclinical data on the safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Jun Zhang
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Lu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang-Wei Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Gao
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wan
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Shan
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Cai Zhang
- JOINN Laboratories (Beijing), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Na Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Xiao
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lie Fu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Rui Si
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Cai
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei You
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhou
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Qing Pang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ping Jin
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Xia Sun
- JOINN Laboratories (Beijing), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jun-Zhi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Guo Li
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Duan
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Gui Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ming Yuan
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,China National Biotec Group Company Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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17
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Liang Y, Li H, Li J, Yang ZN, Li JL, Zheng HW, Chen YL, Shi HJ, Guo L, Liu LD. Role of neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL5 in SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced lung inflammatory innate immune response in an in vivo hACE2 transfection mouse model. Zool Res 2020; 41:621-631. [PMID: 33045777 PMCID: PMC7671918 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and clarifying antiviral immunity in hosts are critical aspects for the development of vaccines and antivirals. Mice are frequently used to generate animal models of infectious diseases due to their convenience and ability to undergo genetic manipulation. However, normal adult mice are not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we developed a viral receptor (human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, hACE2) pulmonary transfection mouse model to establish SARS-CoV-2 infection rapidly in the mouse lung. Based on the model, the virus successfully infected the mouse lung 2 days after transfection. Viral RNA/protein, innate immune cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokine expression, and pathological changes in the infected lungs were observed after infection. Further studies indicated that neutrophils were the first and most abundant leukocytes to infiltrate the infected lungs after viral infection. In addition, using infected CXCL5-knockout mice, chemokine CXCL5 was responsible for neutrophil recruitment. CXCL5 knockout decreased lung inflammation without diminishing viral clearance, suggesting a potential target for controlling pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Heng Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Ze-Ning Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Jia-Li Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Hui-Wen Zheng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Yan-Li Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Hai-Jing Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China. E-mail:
| | - Long-Ding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China. E-mail:
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18
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Kumar V. Understanding the complexities of SARS-CoV2 infection and its immunology: A road to immune-based therapeutics. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106980. [PMID: 33182073 PMCID: PMC7843151 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases always pose a threat to humans along with plant and animal life. SARS-CoV2 is the recently emerged viral infection that originated from Wuhan city of the Republic of China in December 2019. Now, it has become a pandemic. Currently, SARS-CoV2 has infected more than 27.74 million people worldwide, and taken 901,928 human lives. It was named first 'WH 1 Human CoV' and later changed to 2019 novel CoV (2019-nCoV). Scientists have established it as a zoonotic viral disease emerged from Chinese horseshoe bats, which do not develop a severe infection. For example, Rhinolophus Chinese horseshoe bats harboring severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) or SARSr-Rh-BatCoV appear healthy and clear the virus within 2-4 months period. The article introduces first the concept of EIDs and some past EIDs, which have affected human life. Next section discusses mysteries regarding SARS-CoV2 origin, its evolution, and human transfer. Third section describes COVID-19 clinical symptoms and factors affecting susceptibility or resistance. The fourth section introduces the SARS-CoV2 entry in the host cell, its replication, and the establishment of productive infection. Section five describes the host's immune response associated with asymptomatic, symptomatic, mild to moderate, and severe COVID-19. The subsequent seventh and eighth sections mention the immune status in COVID-19 convalescent patients and re-emergence of COVID-19 in them. Thereafter, the eighth section describes viral strategies to hijack the host antiviral immune response and generate the "cytokine storm". The ninth section describes about transgenic humane ACE2 (hACE2) receptor expressing mice to study immunity, drugs, and vaccines. The article ends with the development of different immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutics strategies, including vaccines waiting for their approval in humans as prophylaxis or treatment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
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