1
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Zhang T, Yang D, Tang L, Hu Y. Current development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 neutralizing antibodies (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 30:148. [PMID: 38940338 PMCID: PMC11228696 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) seriously affected global public health security. Studies on vaccines, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and small molecule antiviral drugs are currently ongoing. In particular, NAbs have emerged as promising therapeutic agents due to their well‑defined mechanism, high specificity, superior safety profile, ease of large‑scale production and simultaneous application for both prevention and treatment of viral infection. Numerous NAb therapeutics have entered the clinical research stages, demonstrating promising therapeutic and preventive effects. These agents have been used for outbreak prevention and control under urgent authorization processes. The present review summarizes the molecular targets of SARS‑CoV‑2‑associated NAbs and screening and identification techniques for NAb development. Moreover, the current shortcomings and challenges that persist with the use of NAbs are discussed. The aim of the present review is to offer a reference for the development of NAbs for any future emergent infectious diseases, including SARS‑CoV‑2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Liang Tang
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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2
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Cornish K, Huo J, Jones L, Sharma P, Thrush JW, Abdelkarim S, Kipar A, Ramadurai S, Weckener M, Mikolajek H, Liu S, Buckle I, Bentley E, Kirby A, Han X, Laidlaw SM, Hill M, Eyssen L, Norman C, Le Bas A, Clarke J, James W, Stewart JP, Carroll M, Naismith JH, Owens RJ. Structural and functional characterization of nanobodies that neutralize Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. Open Biol 2024; 14:230252. [PMID: 38835241 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Omicron strains of SARS-CoV-2 pose a significant challenge to the development of effective antibody-based treatments as immune evasion has compromised most available immune therapeutics. Therefore, in the 'arms race' with the virus, there is a continuing need to identify new biologics for the prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Here, we report the isolation of nanobodies that bind to the Omicron BA.1 spike protein by screening nanobody phage display libraries previously generated from llamas immunized with either the Wuhan or Beta spike proteins. The structure and binding properties of three of these nanobodies (A8, H6 and B5-5) have been characterized in detail providing insight into their binding epitopes on the Omicron spike protein. Trimeric versions of H6 and B5-5 neutralized the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern BA.5 both in vitro and in the hamster model of COVID-19 following nasal administration. Thus, either alone or in combination could serve as starting points for the development of new anti-viral immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Cornish
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus , Didcot, UK
| | - Jiandong Huo
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus , Didcot, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Luke Jones
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph W Thrush
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus , Didcot, UK
| | - Sahar Abdelkarim
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus , Didcot, UK
| | - Anja Kipar
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Siva Ramadurai
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus , Didcot, UK
| | - Miriam Weckener
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus , Didcot, UK
| | | | - Sai Liu
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Imogen Buckle
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus , Didcot, UK
| | - Eleanor Bentley
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
| | - Adam Kirby
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
| | - Ximeng Han
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen M Laidlaw
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Michelle Hill
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Lauren Eyssen
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus , Didcot, UK
| | - Chelsea Norman
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus , Didcot, UK
| | - Audrey Le Bas
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus , Didcot, UK
| | - John Clarke
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus , Didcot, UK
| | - William James
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - James P Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - James H Naismith
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus , Didcot, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus , Didcot, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
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3
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Yang Y, Li F, Du L. Therapeutic nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic human coronaviruses. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:304. [PMID: 38822339 PMCID: PMC11140877 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies, single-domain antibodies derived from variable domain of camelid or shark heavy-chain antibodies, have unique properties with small size, strong binding affinity, easy construction in versatile formats, high neutralizing activity, protective efficacy, and manufactural capacity on a large-scale. Nanobodies have been arisen as an effective research tool for development of nanobiotechnologies with a variety of applications. Three highly pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs), SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, have caused serious outbreaks or a global pandemic, and continue to post a threat to public health worldwide. The viral spike (S) protein and its cognate receptor-binding domain (RBD), which initiate viral entry and play a critical role in virus pathogenesis, are important therapeutic targets. This review describes pathogenic human CoVs, including viral structures and proteins, and S protein-mediated viral entry process. It also summarizes recent advances in development of nanobodies targeting these CoVs, focusing on those targeting the S protein and RBD. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to improve the efficacy of nanobodies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and other CoVs with pandemic potential. It will provide important information for rational design and evaluation of therapeutic agents against emerging and reemerging pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/therapeutic use
- Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry
- Humans
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Animals
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- Pandemics
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Center for Coronavirus Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Lanying Du
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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4
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Kumar A, Tripathi P, Kumar P, Shekhar R, Pathak R. From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:459. [PMID: 38793710 PMCID: PMC11125746 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is crucial to comprehending disease progression and the significance of vaccine and therapeutic development. The emergence of highly contagious variants poses a significant challenge to humoral immunity, underscoring the necessity of grasping the intricacies of specific antibodies. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of antibodies in shaping immune responses and their implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. It delves into the kinetics and characteristics of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 and explores current antibody-based diagnostics, discussing their strengths, clinical utility, and limitations. Furthermore, we underscore the therapeutic potential of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, discussing various antibody-based therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, anti-cytokines, convalescent plasma, and hyperimmunoglobulin-based therapies. Moreover, we offer insights into antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, emphasizing the significance of neutralizing antibodies in order to confer immunity to SARS-CoV-2, along with emerging variants of concern (VOCs) and circulating Omicron subvariants. We also highlight challenges in the field, such as the risks of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and shed light on the challenges associated with the original antigenic sin (OAS) effect and long COVID. Overall, this review intends to provide valuable insights, which are crucial to advancing sensitive diagnostic tools, identifying efficient antibody-based therapeutics, and developing effective vaccines to combat the evolving threat of SARS-CoV-2 variants on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida 201309, India
| | - Prajna Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Prashant Kumar
- R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ritu Shekhar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rajiv Pathak
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
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5
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Wang J, Shi B, Chen H, Yu M, Wang P, Qian Z, Hu K, Wang J. Engineered Multivalent Nanobodies Efficiently Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants BA.1, BA.4/5, XBB.1 and BQ.1.1. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:417. [PMID: 38675799 PMCID: PMC11054741 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Most available neutralizing antibodies are ineffective against highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. Therefore, it is crucial to develop potent and broad-spectrum alternatives to effectively manage Omicron subvariants. Here, we constructed a high-diversity nanobody phage display library and identified nine nanobodies specific to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD). Five of them exhibited cross-neutralization activity against the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type (WT) strain and the Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.4/5, and one nanobody demonstrated marked efficacy even against the Omicron subvariants BQ.1.1 and XBB.1. To enhance the therapeutic potential, we engineered a panel of multivalent nanobodies with increased neutralizing potency and breadth. The most potent multivalent nanobody, B13-B13-B13, cross-neutralized all tested pseudoviruses, with a geometric mean of the 50% inhibitory concentration (GM IC50) value of 20.83 ng/mL. An analysis of the mechanism underlying the enhancement of neutralization breadth by representative multivalent nanobodies demonstrated that the strategic engineering approach of combining two or three nanobodies into a multivalent molecule could improve the affinity between a single nanobody and spike, and could enhance tolerance toward escape mutations such as R346T and N460K. Our engineered multivalent nanobodies may be promising drug candidates for treating and preventing infection with Omicron subvariants and even future variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bingjie Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hanyi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengyuan Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhaohui Qian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Keping Hu
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Andes Antibody Technology Hengshui LL Company, Hengshui 053000, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518118, China
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6
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Zheng L, Wang H, Liu X, Xu C, Tian M, Shi G, Bai C, Li Z, Wang J, Liu S. A panel of multivalent nanobodies broadly neutralizing Omicron subvariants and recombinant. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29528. [PMID: 38501378 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The emerging Omicron subvariants have a remarkable ability to spread and escape nearly all current monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatments. Although the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 has now diminished, it remains a significant threat to public health due to its high transmissibility and susceptibility to mutation. Therefore, it is urgent to develop broad-acting and potent therapeutics targeting current and emerging Omicron variants. Here, we identified a panel of Omicron BA.1 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD)-targeted nanobodies (Nbs) from a naive alpaca VHH library. This panel of Nbs exhibited high binding affinity to the spike RBD of wild-type, Alpha B.1.1.7, Beta B.1.351, Delta plus, Omicron BA.1, and BA.2. Through multivalent Nb construction, we obtained a subpanel of ultrapotent neutralizing Nbs against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BF.7 and even emerging XBB.1.5, and XBB.1.16 pseudoviruses. Protein structure prediction and docking analysis showed that Nb trimer 2F2E5 targets two independent RBD epitopes, thus minimizing viral escape. Taken together, we obtained a panel of broad and ultrapotent neutralizing Nbs against Omicron BA.1, Omicron BA.2, BF.7, XBB.1.5, and XBB.1.16. These multivalent Nbs hold great promise for the treatment against SARS-CoV-2 infection and could possess a superwide neutralizing breadth against novel omicron mutants or recombinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhai Zheng
- Department of Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueyan Liu
- Department of Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengchao Xu
- Department of Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Chronic Diseases, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Assurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxiong Tian
- School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangwei Shi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongzhi Bai
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Assurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Sun M, Sun Y, Yang Y, Zhao M, Cao D, Zhang M, Xia D, Wang T, Gao Y, Wang S, Wang H, Cai X, An T. Multivalent nanobody-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for sensitive detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128896. [PMID: 38143067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused huge economic losses and continues to threaten the swine industry worldwide. Nucleocapsid protein (N protein) is the primary antigen of PRRSV for development of sensitive diagnostic assays. Two high affinity nanobodies against N protein, Nb12 and Nb35, were selected and employed to develop a sandwich ELISA. Further we improved the ELISA method to obtain greater sensitivity, a trivalent nanobody (3 × Nb35) and a bivalent nanobody-HRP fusion protein (2 × Nb12-HRP) were expressed and used. This modified ELISA was found to have high sensitivity for detecting PRRSV, with a detection limit of 10 TCID50/ml (median tissue culture infectious dose), which was approximately 200-fold greater than the single-copy nanobody-based sandwich ELISA. The developed assay shows high specificity and can detect almost all circulating lineages of PRRSV-2 in China. This study provides suggestions for reforming nanobodies and for the further development of multivalent nanobody-based ELISAs for other various viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yongbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Man Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Soybean Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Minmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Dasong Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yanfei Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Shanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Heilongjiang Research Center of Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China.
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8
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Li D, Sun C, Zhuang P, Mei X. Revolutionizing SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant detection: Towards faster and more reliable methods. Talanta 2024; 266:124937. [PMID: 37481886 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the highly contagious Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has inflicted significant damage during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This new variant's significant sequence changes and mutations in both proteins and RNA have rendered many existing rapid detection methods ineffective in identifying it accurately. As the world races to control the spread of the virus, researchers are urgently exploring new diagnostic strategies to specifically detect Omicron variants with high accuracy and sensitivity. In response to this challenge, we have compiled a comprehensive overview of the latest reported rapid detection techniques. These techniques include strategies for the simultaneous detection of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants and methods for selectively distinguishing Omicron variants. By categorizing these diagnostic techniques based on their targets, which encompass protein antigens and nucleic acids, we aim to offer a comprehensive understanding of the utilization of various recognition elements in identifying these targets. We also highlight the advantages and limitations of each approach. Our work is crucial in providing a more nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities in detecting Omicron variants and emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
| | - Cai Sun
- AECC Shenyang Liming Aero-Engine Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Pengfei Zhuang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
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9
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Zeng W, Jia X, Chi X, Zhang X, Li E, Wu Y, Liu Y, Han J, Ni K, Ye X, Hu X, Ma H, Yu C, Chiu S, Jin T. An engineered bispecific nanobody in tetrameric secretory IgA format confers broad neutralization against SARS-CoV-1&2 and most variants. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126817. [PMID: 37690653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a type of respiratory virus, has exerted a great impact on global health and economy over the past three years. Antibody-based therapy was initially successful but later failed due to the accumulation of mutations in the spike protein of the virus. Strategies that enable antibodies to resist virus escape are therefore of great significance. Here, we engineer a bispecific SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing nanobody in secretory Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) format, named S2-3-IgA2m2, which shows broad and potent neutralization against SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern (VOCs) including XBB and BQ.1.1. S2-3-IgA2m2 is ∼1800-fold more potent than its parental IgG counterpart in neutralizing XBB. S2-3-IgA2m2 is stable in mouse lungs at least for three days when administrated by nasal delivery. In hamsters infected with BA.5, three intranasal doses of S2-3-IgA2m2 at 1 mg/kg significantly reduce viral RNA loads and completely eliminate infectious particles in the trachea and lungs. Notably, even at single dose of 1 mg/kg, S2-3-IgA2m2 prophylactically administered through the intranasal route drastically reduces airway viral RNA loads and infectious particles. This study provides an effective weapon combating SARS-CoV-2, proposes a new strategy overcoming the virus escape, and lays strategic reserves for rapid response to potential future outbreaks of "SARS-CoV-3".
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Xiaoying Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiangyang Chi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xinghai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Entao Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jin Han
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Kang Ni
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaodong Ye
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Changming Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Sandra Chiu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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10
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Yao H, Wang H, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Xiong X, Wang Y, Wang Z, Yang H, Zhao J, Xu W. A potent and broad-spectrum neutralizing nanobody for SARS-CoV-2 viruses, including all major Omicron strains. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e397. [PMID: 37901798 PMCID: PMC10600506 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 viruses are highly transmissible and immune evasive. It is critical to develop broad-spectrum prophylactic and therapeutic antibodies for potential future pandemics. Here, we used the phage display method to discover nanobodies (Nbs) for neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 viruses especially Omicron strains. The leading nanobody (Nb), namely, Nb4, with excellent physicochemical properties, can neutralize Delta and Omicron subtypes, including BA.1, BA.1.1 (BA.1 + R346K), BA.2, BA.5, BQ.1, and XBB.1. The crystal structure of Nb4 in complex with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of BA.1 Spike protein reveals that Nb4 interacts with an epitope on the RBD overlapping with the receptor-binding motif, and thus competes with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding. Nb4 is expected to be effective for neutralizing most recent Omicron variants, since the epitopes are evolutionarily conserved among them. Indeed, trivalent Nb4 interacts with the XBB1.5 Spike protein with low nM affinity and competes for ACE2 binding. Prophylactic and therapeutic experiments in mice indicated that Nb4 could reduce the Omicron virus loads in the lung. In particular, in prophylactic experiments, intranasal administration of multivalent Nb4 completely protected mice from Omicron infection. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Nb4 could serve as a potent and broad-spectrum prophylactic and therapeutic Nb for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebang Yao
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hongyang Wang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institute of Respiratory HealthThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yuchi Lu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinyi Xiong
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institute of Respiratory HealthThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- GMU‐GIBH Joint School of Life SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Haitao Yang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institute of Respiratory HealthThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- Guangzhou LaboratoryBio‐IslandGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Institute of Infectious DiseaseGuangzhou Eighth People's Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Institute for HepatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Wenqing Xu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
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11
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Yang J, Lin S, Chen Z, Yang F, Guo L, Wang L, Duan Y, Zhang X, Dai Y, Yin K, Yu C, Yuan X, Sun H, He B, Cao Y, Ye H, Dong H, Liu X, Chen B, Li J, Zhao Q, Lu G. Development of a bispecific nanobody conjugate broadly neutralizes diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants and structural basis for its broad neutralization. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011804. [PMID: 38033141 PMCID: PMC10688893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with increased transmissibility and profound immune-escape capacity makes it an urgent need to develop broad-spectrum therapeutics. Nanobodies have recently attracted extensive attentions due to their excellent biochemical and binding properties. Here, we report two high-affinity nanobodies (Nb-015 and Nb-021) that target non-overlapping epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD. Both nanobodies could efficiently neutralize diverse viruses of SARS-CoV-2. The neutralizing mechanisms for the two nanobodies are further delineated by high-resolution nanobody/S-RBD complex structures. In addition, an Fc-based tetravalent nanobody format is constructed by combining Nb-015 and Nb-021. The resultant nanobody conjugate, designated as Nb-X2-Fc, exhibits significantly enhanced breadth and potency against all-tested SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron sub-lineages. These data demonstrate that Nb-X2-Fc could serve as an effective drug candidate for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, deserving further in-vivo evaluations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zimin Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fanli Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liyan Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Duan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xindan Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yushan Dai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Keqing Yin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chongzhang Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Honglu Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Disaster Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoyu Ye
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haohao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianbo Liu
- CHENGDU NB BIOLAB CO., LTD, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Chen
- CHENGDU NB BIOLAB CO., LTD, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangwen Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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12
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhuang X, Zhang S, Chen Z, Zou Y, Sheng J, Li T, Tai W, Yu J, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Tong L, Yu X, Wu L, Chen D, Zhang R, Jin N, Shen W, Zhao J, Tian M, Wang X, Cheng G. Inactivated vaccine-elicited potent antibodies can broadly neutralize SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2179. [PMID: 37069158 PMCID: PMC10107573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A full understanding of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine-mediated antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants will inform vaccine effectiveness and vaccination development strategies. Here, we offer insights into the inactivated vaccine-induced antibody responses after prime-boost vaccination at both the polyclonal and monoclonal levels. We characterized the VDJ sequence of 118 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and found that 20 neutralizing mAbs showed varied potency and breadth against a range of variants including XBB.1.5, BQ.1.1, and BN.1. Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) based on nonoverlapping mAbs exhibited enhanced neutralizing potency and breadth against the most antibody-evasive strains, such as XBB.1.5, BQ.1.1, and BN.1. The passive transfer of mAbs or their bsAb effectively protected female hACE2 transgenic mice from challenge with an infectious Delta or Omicron BA.2 variant. The neutralization mechanisms of these antibodies were determined by structural characterization. Overall, a broad spectrum of potent and distinct neutralizing antibodies can be induced in individuals immunized with the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine BBIBP-CorV, suggesting the application potential of inactivated vaccines and these antibodies for preventing infection by SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinyu Zhuang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Zhicheng Chen
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Tianpeng Li
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Wanbo Tai
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Jinfang Yu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Zhaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Liangqin Tong
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Linjuan Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Renli Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China.
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China.
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
| | - Xinquan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China.
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13
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Bhattacharya M, Chatterjee S, Lee SS, Chakraborty C. Therapeutic applications of nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections: Current update. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:70-80. [PMID: 36586649 PMCID: PMC9797221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last two years, the world encountered the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is still dominating the population due to the absence of a viable treatment. To eradicate the global pandemic, scientists, doctors, and researchers took an exceptionally significant initiative towards the development of effective therapeutics to save many lifes. This review discusses about the single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), also called nanobodies, their structure, and their types against the infections of dreadful SARS-CoV-2 virus. A precise description highlights the nanobodies and their therapeutic application against the other selected viruses. It aims to focus on the extraordinary features of these antibodies compared to the conventional therapeutics like mAbs, convalescent plasma therapy, and vaccines. The stable structure of these nanobodies along with the suitable mechanism of action also confers greater resistance to the evolving variants with numerous mutations. The nanobodies developed against SARS-CoV-2 and its mutant variants have shown the greater neutralization potential than the primitive ones. Engineering of these specialized antibodies by modern biotechnological approaches will surely be more beneficial in treating this COVID-19 pandemic along with certain other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Srijan Chatterjee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India.
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14
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Wang W, Hu Y, Li B, Wang H, Shen J. Applications of nanobodies in the prevention, detection, and treatment of the evolving SARS-CoV-2. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115401. [PMID: 36592707 PMCID: PMC9801699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Global health and economy are deeply influenced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its newly emerging variants. Nanobodies with nanometer-scale size are promising for the detection and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants because they are superior to conventional antibodies in terms of cryptic epitope accessibility, tissue penetration, cost, formatting adaptability, and especially protein stability, which enables their aerosolized specific delivery to lung tissues. This review summarizes the progress in the prevention, detection, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 using nanobodies, as well as strategies to combat the evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants. Generally, highly efficient generation of potent broad-spectrum nanobodies targeting conserved epitopes or further construction of multivalent formats targeting non-overlapping epitopes can promote neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants and suppress immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Wang
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China,Corresponding author
| | - Yue Hu
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Bohan Li
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Huanan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 990th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, PR China
| | - Jinhua Shen
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
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15
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Wang Y, Yan A, Song D, Dong C, Rao M, Gao Y, Qi R, Ma X, Wang Q, Xu H, Liu H, Han J, Duan M, Liu S, Yu X, Zong M, Feng J, Jiao J, Zhang H, Li M, Yu B, Wang Y, Meng F, Ni X, Li Y, Shen Z, Sun B, Shao X, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Li R, Zhang Y, Du G, Lu J, You C, Jiang H, Zhang L, Wang L, Dou C, Liu Z, Zhao J. Biparatopic antibody BA7208/7125 effectively neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants including Omicron BA.1-BA.5. Cell Discov 2023; 9:3. [PMID: 36609558 PMCID: PMC9822811 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants have demonstrated extensive evasion from monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed for clinical use, which raises an urgent need to develop new broad-spectrum mAbs. Here, we report the isolation and analysis of two anti-RBD neutralizing antibodies BA7208 and BA7125 from mice engineered to produce human antibodies. While BA7125 showed broadly neutralizing activity against all variants except the Omicron sublineages, BA7208 was potently neutralizing against all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants (including Omicron BA.1-BA.5) except Mu. By combining BA7208 and BA7125 through the knobs-into-holes technology, we generated a biparatopic antibody BA7208/7125 that was able to neutralize all tested circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. Cryo-electron microscopy structure of these broad-spectrum antibodies in complex with trimeric Delta and Omicron spike indicated that the contact residues are highly conserved and had minimal interactions with mutational residues in RBD of current variants. In addition, we showed that administration of BA7208/7125 via the intraperitoneal, intranasal, or aerosol inhalation route showed potent therapeutic efficacy against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 in hACE2-transgenic and wild-type mice and, separately, effective prophylaxis. BA7208/7125 thus has the potential to be an effective candidate as an intervention against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Wang
- grid.470124.4State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China ,grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - An Yan
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Cryo-electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Deyong Song
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chuangchuang Dong
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Muding Rao
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanzhu Gao
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Cryo-electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Ruxi Qi
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Cryo-electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Cryo-electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Qiaoping Wang
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hongguang Xu
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Han
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Maoqin Duan
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Mengqi Zong
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jianxia Feng
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Jiao
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Min Li
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Beibei Yu
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | - Ying Li
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenduo Shen
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Baiping Sun
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Shao
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Li
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Guangying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chunna You
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Health and Quarantine Laboratory, Guangzhou Customs District Technology Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lan Wang
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Changlin Dou
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Cryo-electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- grid.470124.4State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China ,Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China ,grid.413419.a0000 0004 1757 6778Institute of Infectious disease, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China ,grid.440637.20000 0004 4657 8879Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China ,grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital; The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
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16
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Du W, Janssens R, Mykytyn AZ, Li W, Drabek D, van Haperen R, Chatziandreou M, Rissmann M, van der Lee J, van Dortmondt M, Martin IS, van Kuppeveld FJM, Hurdiss DL, Haagmans BL, Grosveld F, Bosch BJ. Avidity engineering of human heavy-chain-only antibodies mitigates neutralization resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111385. [PMID: 36895554 PMCID: PMC9990171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have accrued mutations within the spike protein rendering most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against COVID-19 ineffective. Hence there is an unmet need for broad-spectrum mAb treatments for COVID-19 that are more resistant to antigenically drifted SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here we describe the design of a biparatopic heavy-chain-only antibody consisting of six antigen binding sites recognizing two distinct epitopes in the spike protein NTD and RBD. The hexavalent antibody showed potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern, including the Omicron sub-lineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5, whereas the parental components had lost Omicron neutralization potency. We demonstrate that the tethered design mitigates the substantial decrease in spike trimer affinity seen for escape mutations for the hexamer components. The hexavalent antibody protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hamster model. This work provides a framework for designing therapeutic antibodies to overcome antibody neutralization escape of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Du
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rick Janssens
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna Z Mykytyn
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rien van Haperen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marianthi Chatziandreou
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joline van der Lee
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melissa van Dortmondt
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Itziar Serna Martin
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel L Hurdiss
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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17
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A bispecific nanobody dimer broadly neutralizes SARS-CoV-1 & 2 variants of concern and offers substantial protection against Omicron via low-dose intranasal administration. Cell Discov 2022; 8:132. [PMID: 36494344 PMCID: PMC9734137 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants impose a heavy burden on global health systems by evading immunity from most developed neutralizing antibodies and vaccines. Here, we identified a nanobody (aSA3) that strongly cross-reacts with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of both SARS-CoV-1 and wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2. The dimeric construct of aSA3 (aSA3-Fc) tightly binds and potently neutralizes both SARS-CoV-1 and WT SARS-CoV-2. Based on X-ray crystallography, we engineered a bispecific nanobody dimer (2-3-Fc) by fusing aSA3-Fc to aRBD-2, a previously identified broad-spectrum nanobody targeting an RBD epitope distinct from aSA3. 2-3-Fc exhibits single-digit ng/mL neutralizing potency against all major variants of concerns including BA.5. In hamsters, a single systemic dose of 2-3-Fc at 10 mg/kg conferred substantial efficacy against Omicron infection. More importantly, even at three low doses of 0.5 mg/kg, 2-3-Fc prophylactically administered through the intranasal route drastically reduced viral RNA loads and completely eliminated infectious Omicron particles in the trachea and lungs. Finally, we discovered that 2(Y29G)-3-Fc containing a Y29G substitution in aRBD-2 showed better activity than 2-3-Fc in neutralizing BA.2.75, a recent Omicron subvariant that emerged in India. This study expands the arsenal against SARS-CoV-1, provides potential therapeutic and prophylactic candidates that fully cover major SARS-CoV-2 variants, and may offer a simple preventive approach against Omicron and its subvariants.
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18
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Chen YL, Lin JJ, Ma H, Zhong N, Xie XX, Yang Y, Zheng P, Zhang LJ, Jin T, Cao MJ. Screening and Characterization of Shark-Derived VNARs against SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810904. [PMID: 36142819 PMCID: PMC9502636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the major target for antibody therapeutics. Shark-derived variable domains of new antigen receptors (VNARs) are the smallest antibody fragments with flexible paratopes that can recognize protein motifs inaccessible to classical antibodies. This study reported four VNARs binders (JM-2, JM-5, JM-17, and JM-18) isolated from Chiloscyllium plagiosum immunized with SARS-CoV-2 RBD. Biolayer interferometry showed that the VNARs bound to the RBD with an affinity KD ranging from 38.5 to 2720 nM, and their Fc fusions had over ten times improved affinity. Gel filtration chromatography revealed that JM-2-Fc, JM-5-Fc, and JM-18-Fc could form stable complexes with RBD in solution. In addition, five bi-paratopic VNARs, named JM-2-5, JM-2-17, JM-2-18, JM-5-18, and JM-17-18, were constructed by fusing two VNARs targeting distinct RBD epitopes based on epitope grouping results. All these bi-paratopic VNARs except for JM-5-18 showed higher RBD binding affinities than its component VNARs, and their Fc fusions exhibited further enhanced binding affinities, with JM-2-5-Fc, JM-2-17-Fc, JM-2-18-Fc, and JM-5-18-Fc having KD values lower than 1 pM. Among these Fc fusions of bi-paratopic VNARs, JM-2-5-Fc, JM-2-17-Fc, and JM-2-18-Fc could block the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 wildtype, Delta, Omicron, and SARS-CoV, with inhibition rates of 48.9~84.3%. Therefore, these high-affinity VNAR binders showed promise as detectors and therapeutics of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jin-Jin Lin
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Huan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230007, China
| | - Ning Zhong
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xin-Xin Xie
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yunru Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230007, China
| | - Peiyi Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230007, China
| | - Ling-Jing Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230007, China
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (M.-J.C.); Tel.: +86-551-6360-0720 (T.J.); +86-592-618-3955 (M.-J.C.)
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (M.-J.C.); Tel.: +86-551-6360-0720 (T.J.); +86-592-618-3955 (M.-J.C.)
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