1
|
Moldovan L, Song CH, Chen YC, Wang HJ, Ju LA. Biomembrane force probe (BFP): Design, advancements, and recent applications to live-cell mechanobiology. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20230004. [PMID: 37933233 PMCID: PMC10624387 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play a vital role in biological processes at molecular and cellular levels, significantly impacting various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19. Recent advancements in dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) techniques have enabled the application and measurement of forces and displacements with high resolutions, providing crucial insights into the mechanical pathways underlying these diseases. Among DFS techniques, the biomembrane force probe (BFP) stands out for its ability to measure bond kinetics and cellular mechanosensing with pico-newton and nano-meter resolutions. Here, a comprehensive overview of the classical BFP-DFS setup is presented and key advancements are emphasized, including the development of dual biomembrane force probe (dBFP) and fluorescence biomembrane force probe (fBFP). BFP-DFS allows us to investigate dynamic bond behaviors on living cells and significantly enhances the understanding of specific ligand-receptor axes mediated cell mechanosensing. The contributions of BFP-DFS to the fields of cancer biology, thrombosis, and inflammation are delved into, exploring its potential to elucidate novel therapeutic discoveries. Furthermore, future BFP upgrades aimed at improving output and feasibility are anticipated, emphasizing its growing importance in the field of cell mechanobiology. Although BFP-DFS remains a niche research modality, its impact on the expanding field of cell mechanobiology is immense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moldovan
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Caroline Haoran Song
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano)The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Yiyao Catherine Chen
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Haoqing Jerry Wang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano)The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano)The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou H, Pan Y, Chen W, Suo Y, Yan H, Meng X, Zhao X, Liu L, Li H, Wang Y. Smokers with Elevated Glycated Albumin Could Not Benefit from Dual Antiplatelet Therapy after Minor Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 53:144-151. [PMID: 37263240 PMCID: PMC11014462 DOI: 10.1159/000531349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of smoking on dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) under different glycated albumin (GA) levels. METHODS We analyzed data from the Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial. A subgroup of 3,044 patients with baseline GA levels was included and categorized by smoking status and GA levels. The primary efficacy outcome was a new stroke within 90 days. The safety outcome was any bleeding event at 90 days. The interaction of smoking status with antiplatelet therapy was calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS In patients with GA levels ≤15.5%, the proportion of smokers was 37.7% (719/1,908), while in patients with GA levels >15.5%, it was 51.6% (586/1,136). During the 3-month follow-up period, 299 (9.9%) patients had a new stroke occurrence. In patients with elevated GA levels, both smokers and nonsmokers could not benefit from dual antiplatelet therapy (smokers, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42-1.17; nonsmokers, adjusted HR 0.82, 95% CI: 0.57-1.18). In patients with normal GA levels, dual antiplatelet therapy reduced the risk of stroke recurrence in smokers by 72% (adjusted HR 0.28, 95% CI: 0.14-0.56) and in nonsmokers by 53% (adjusted HR 0.47, 95% CI: 0.26-0.86). However, whether the GA level was elevated or normal, there was no significant interaction between smoking status and antiplatelet therapy. CONCLUSIONS Smokers with elevated GA levels could not benefit from dual antiplatelet therapy after minor stroke or TIA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,
| | - Yuesong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Suo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyi Yan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingquan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Du R, Li L, Ji J, Fan Y. Receptor-Ligand Binding: Effect of Mechanical Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109062. [PMID: 37240408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining insight into the in situ receptor-ligand binding is pivotal for revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological and pathological processes and will contribute to drug discovery and biomedical application. An important issue involved is how the receptor-ligand binding responds to mechanical stimuli. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the effect of several representative mechanical factors, such as tension, shear stress, stretch, compression, and substrate stiffness on receptor-ligand binding, wherein the biomedical implications are focused. In addition, we highlight the importance of synergistic development of experimental and computational methods for fully understanding the in situ receptor-ligand binding, and further studies should focus on the coupling effects of these mechanical factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruotian Du
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zainal Abidin NA, Timofeeva M, Szydzik C, Akbaridoust F, Lav C, Marusic I, Mitchell A, Hamilton JR, Ooi AS, Nesbitt WS. A microfluidic method to investigate platelet mechanotransduction under extensional strain. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100037. [PMID: 36846647 PMCID: PMC9944983 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood platelets have evolved a complex mechanotransduction machinery to rapidly respond to hemodynamic conditions. A variety of microfluidic flow-based approaches have been developed to explore platelet mechanotransduction; however, these experimental models primarily focus on the effects of increased wall shear stress on platelet adhesion events and do not consider the critical effects of extensional strain on platelet activation in free flow. Objectives We report the development and application of a hyperbolic microfluidic assay that allows for investigation of platelet mechanotransduction under quasi-homogenous extensional strain rates in the absence of surface adhesions. Methods Using a combined computational fluid dynamic and experimental microfluidic approach, we explore 5 extensional strain regimes (geometries) and their effect on platelet calcium signal transduction. Results We demonstrate that in the absence of canonical adhesion, receptor engagement platelets are highly sensitive to both initial increase and subsequent decrease in extensional strain rates within the range of 747 to 3319/s. Furthermore, we demonstrate that platelets rapidly respond to the rate of change in extensional strain and define a threshold of ≥7.33 × 106/s/m, with an optimal range of 9.21 × 107 to 1.32 × 108/s/m. In addition, we demonstrate a key role of both the actin-based cytoskeleton and annular microtubules in the modulation of extensional strain-mediated platelet mechanotransduction. Conclusion This method opens a window onto a novel platelet signal transduction mechanism and may have potential diagnostic utility in the identification of patients who are prone to thromboembolic complications associated with high-grade arterial stenosis or are on mechanical circulatory support systems, for which the extensional strain rate is a predominant hemodynamic driver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul A. Zainal Abidin
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mariia Timofeeva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Crispin Szydzik
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Farzan Akbaridoust
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chitrarth Lav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Scuderia AlphaTauri F1, Bicester, UK
| | - Ivan Marusic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justin R. Hamilton
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S.H. Ooi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warwick S. Nesbitt
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Correspondence Warwick S. Nesbitt, The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peng C, Yang LJ, Zhang C, Jiang Y, Shang LWX, He JB, Zhou ZW, Tao X, Tie L, Chen AF, Xie HH. Low-dose nifedipine rescues impaired endothelial progenitor cell-mediated angiogenesis in diabetic mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:44-57. [PMID: 35882957 PMCID: PMC9813355 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00948-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is of great clinical significance to develop potential novel strategies to prevent diabetic cardiovascular complications. Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) dysfunction is a key contributor to diabetic vascular complications. In the present study we evaluated whether low-dose nifedipine could rescue impaired EPC-mediated angiogenesis and prevent cardiovascular complications in diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in mice by five consecutive injections of streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.p.). Diabetic mice were treated with low-dose nifedipine (1.5 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) for six weeks. Then, circulating EPCs in the peripheral blood were quantified, and bone marrow-derived EPCs (BM-EPCs) were prepared. We showed that administration of low-dose nifedipine significantly increased circulating EPCs, improved BM-EPCs function, promoted angiogenesis, and reduced the cerebral ischemic injury in diabetic mice. Furthermore, we found that low-dose nifedipine significantly increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and intracellular NO levels, and decreased the levels of intracellular O2.- and thrombospondin-1/2 (TSP-1/2, a potent angiogenesis inhibitor) in BM-EPCs of diabetic mice. In cultured BM-EPCs, co-treatment with nifedipine (0.1, 1 μM) dose-dependently protected against high-glucose-induced impairment of migration, and suppressed high-glucose-induced TSP-1 secretion and superoxide overproduction. In mice with middle cerebral artery occlusion, intravenous injection of diabetic BM-EPCs treated with nifedipine displayed a greater ability to promote local angiogenesis and reduce cerebral ischemic injury compared to injection of diabetic BM-EPCs treated with vehicle, and the donor-derived BM-EPCs homed to the recipient ischemic brain. In conclusion, low-dose nifedipine can enhance EPCs' angiogenic potential and protect against cerebral ischemic injury in diabetic mice. It is implied that chronic treatment with low-dose nifedipine may be a safe and economic manner to prevent ischemic diseases (including stroke) in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- School of Public Health and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- School of Public Health and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Liu-Wen-Xin Shang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jia-Bei He
- School of Public Health and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhen-Wei Zhou
- School of Public Health and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xia Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Lu Tie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Alex F Chen
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - He-Hui Xie
- School of Public Health and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dupuy A, Ju LA, Chiu J, Passam FH. Mechano-Redox Control of Integrins in Thromboinflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:1072-1093. [PMID: 35044225 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: How mechanical forces and biochemical cues are coupled remains a miracle for many biological processes. Integrins, well-known adhesion receptors, sense changes in mechanical forces and reduction-oxidation reactions (redox) in their environment to mediate their adhesive function. The coupling of mechanical and redox function is a new area of investigation. Disturbance of normal mechanical forces and the redox balance occurs in thromboinflammatory conditions; atherosclerotic plaques create changes to the mechanical forces in the circulation. Diabetes induces redox changes in the circulation by the production of reactive oxygen species and vascular inflammation. Recent Advances: Integrins sense changes in the blood flow shear stress at the level of focal adhesions and respond to flow and traction forces by increased signaling. Talin, the integrin-actin linker, is a traction force sensor and adaptor. Oxidation and reduction of integrin disulfide bonds regulate their adhesion. A conserved disulfide bond in integrin αlpha IIb beta 3 (αIIbβ3) is directly reduced by the thiol oxidoreductase endoplasmic reticulum protein 5 (ERp5) under shear stress. Critical Issues: The coordination of mechano-redox events between the extracellular and intracellular compartments is an active area of investigation. Another fundamental issue is to determine the spatiotemporal arrangement of key regulators of integrins' mechanical and redox interactions. How thromboinflammatory conditions lead to mechanoredox uncoupling is relatively unexplored. Future Directions: Integrated approaches, involving disulfide bond biochemistry, microfluidic assays, and dynamic force spectroscopy, will aid in showing that cell adhesion constitutes a crossroad of mechano- and redox biology, within the same molecule, the integrin. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 1072-1093.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dupuy
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, Australia
| | - Joyce Chiu
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,ACRF Centenary Cancer Research Centre, The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Freda H Passam
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reversible Platelet Integrin αIIbβ3 Activation and Thrombus Instability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012512. [PMID: 36293367 PMCID: PMC9604507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin αIIbβ3 activation is essential for platelet aggregation and, accordingly, for hemostasis and arterial thrombosis. The αIIbβ3 integrin is highly expressed on platelets and requires an activation step for binding to fibrinogen, fibrin or von Willebrand factor (VWF). A current model assumes that the process of integrin activation relies on actomyosin force-dependent molecular changes from a bent-closed and extended-closed to an extended-open conformation. In this paper we review the pathways that point to a functional reversibility of platelet αIIbβ3 activation and transient aggregation. Furthermore, we refer to mouse models indicating that genetic defects that lead to reversible platelet aggregation can also cause instable thrombus formation. We discuss the platelet agonists and signaling pathways that lead to a transient binding of ligands to integrin αIIbβ3. Our analysis points to the (autocrine) ADP P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptor signaling via phosphoinositide 3-kinases and Akt as principal pathways linked to reversible integrin activation. Downstream signaling events by protein kinase C, CalDAG-GEFI and Rap1b have not been linked to transient integrin activation. Insight into the functional reversibility of integrin activation pathways will help to better understand the effects of antiplatelet agents.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zainal Abidin NA, Poon EKW, Szydzik C, Timofeeva M, Akbaridoust F, Brazilek RJ, Tovar Lopez FJ, Ma X, Lav C, Marusic I, Thompson PE, Mitchell A, Ooi ASH, Hamilton JR, Nesbitt WS. An extensional strain sensing mechanosome drives adhesion-independent platelet activation at supraphysiological hemodynamic gradients. BMC Biol 2022; 20:73. [PMID: 35331224 PMCID: PMC8944166 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Supraphysiological hemodynamics are a recognized driver of platelet activation and thrombosis at high-grade stenosis and in blood contacting circulatory support devices. However, whether platelets mechano-sense hemodynamic parameters directly in free flow (in the absence of adhesion receptor engagement), the specific hemodynamic parameters at play, the precise timing of activation, and the signaling mechanism(s) involved remain poorly elucidated. Results Using a generalized Newtonian computational model in combination with microfluidic models of flow acceleration and quasi-homogenous extensional strain, we demonstrate that platelets directly mechano-sense acute changes in free-flow extensional strain independent of shear strain, platelet amplification loops, von Willebrand factor, and canonical adhesion receptor engagement. We define an extensional strain sensing “mechanosome” in platelets involving cooperative Ca2+ signaling driven by the mechanosensitive channel Piezo1 (as the primary strain sensor) and the fast ATP gated channel P2X1 (as the secondary signal amplifier). We demonstrate that type II PI3 kinase C2α activity (acting as a “clutch”) couples extensional strain to the mechanosome. Conclusions Our findings suggest that platelets are adapted to rapidly respond to supraphysiological extensional strain dynamics, rather than the peak magnitude of imposed wall shear stress. In the context of overall platelet activation and thrombosis, we posit that “extensional strain sensing” acts as a priming mechanism in response to threshold levels of extensional strain allowing platelets to form downstream adhesive interactions more rapidly under the limiting effects of supraphysiological hemodynamics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01274-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul A Zainal Abidin
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Eric K W Poon
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Crispin Szydzik
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,School of Engineering, RMIT University, La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Mariia Timofeeva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Farzan Akbaridoust
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Rose J Brazilek
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | | | - Xiao Ma
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Chitrarth Lav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,CFD Methodology Group, Scuderia AlphaTauri F1, Bicester, OX26 4LD, UK
| | - Ivan Marusic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Andrew S H Ooi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Warwick S Nesbitt
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Su S, Ling Y, Fang Y, Wu J. Force-enhanced biophysical connectivity of platelet β3 integrin signaling through Talin is predicted by steered molecular dynamics simulations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4605. [PMID: 35301368 PMCID: PMC8931153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet β3-integrin signaling through Talin is crucial in platelet transmembrane signaling, activation, adhesion, spreading and aggregation, and remains unclear in mechano-microenvironments. In order to examine Talin-β3 integrin biophysical connectivity, a series of “ramp-clamp” steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations were performed on complex of F3 domain of Talin and cytoplasmic tail of β3 integrin to imitate different force-loads in platelet. Pull-induced allostery of the hydrophobic pocket in F3 domain might markedly enhance complex rupture-force (> 150pN) and slow down breakage of the complex; the complex should mechano-stable for its conformational conservation under loads (≤ 80pN); increasing force below 60pN would decrease the complex dissociation probability, and force-induced extension of β5 strand on Talin and binding site residues, ASP740 and ALA742 as well as Asn744, on β3-integrin were responsible for the force-enhanced linkage of the Talin-β3 integrin. Force might enhance biophysical connectivity of β3-integrin signaling through Talin by a catch bond mechanism, which be mediated by the force-induced allostery of complex at clamped stage. This work provides a novel insight into the force-regulated transmembrane β3-integrin signaling and its molecular basis for platelet activation, and exhibited a potential power of the present computer strategy in predicting mechanical regulation on ligand-receptor interaction under loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuixiu Su
- Institute of Biomechanics/School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingchen Ling
- Institute of Biomechanics/School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Fang
- Institute of Biomechanics/School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Institute of Biomechanics/School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Y, Jiang F, Chen Y, Ju LA. Platelet Mechanobiology Inspired Microdevices: From Hematological Function Tests to Disease and Drug Screening. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:779753. [PMID: 35126120 PMCID: PMC8811026 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.779753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet function tests are essential to profile platelet dysfunction and dysregulation in hemostasis and thrombosis. Clinically they provide critical guidance to the patient management and therapeutic evaluation. Recently, the biomechanical effects induced by hemodynamic and contractile forces on platelet functions attracted increasing attention. Unfortunately, the existing platelet function tests on the market do not sufficiently incorporate the topical platelet mechanobiology at play. Besides, they are often expensive and bulky systems that require large sample volumes and long processing time. To this end, numerous novel microfluidic technologies emerge to mimic vascular anatomies, incorporate hemodynamic parameters and recapitulate platelet mechanobiology. These miniaturized and cost-efficient microfluidic devices shed light on high-throughput, rapid and scalable platelet function testing, hematological disorder profiling and antiplatelet drug screening. Moreover, the existing antiplatelet drugs often have suboptimal efficacy while incurring several adverse bleeding side effects on certain individuals. Encouraged by a few microfluidic systems that are successfully commercialized and applied to clinical practices, the microfluidics that incorporate platelet mechanobiology hold great potential as handy, efficient, and inexpensive point-of-care tools for patient monitoring and therapeutic evaluation. Hereby, we first summarize the conventional and commercially available platelet function tests. Then we highlight the recent advances of platelet mechanobiology inspired microfluidic technologies. Last but not least, we discuss their future potential of microfluidics as point-of-care tools for platelet function test and antiplatelet drug screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Fengtao Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- The Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lining Arnold Ju,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hosseini E, Solouki A, Haghshenas M, Ghasemzadeh M, Schoenwaelder SM. Agitation-dependent biomechanical forces modulate GPVI receptor expression and platelet adhesion capacity during storage. Thromb J 2022; 20:3. [PMID: 35022046 PMCID: PMC8756730 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-021-00359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous agitation during storage slows down the platelet storage lesions. However, in special circumstances, manual-mixing can be alternatively used to store products for short time periods without compromising platelet quality. Based on this finding, and given the role of shear stress in modulating receptor expression, we were interested in comparing the levels of platelet adhesion receptor, GPVI and platelet adhesion capacity under each storage condition. METHODS Platelet concentrates (PCs) were divided into three groups: continuously-agitated PCs (CAG-PCs) with or without PP2 (Src kinase inhibitor) and manually-mixed PCs (MM-PCs). Platelet count/MPV, swirling, GPVI and P-selectin expression, GPVI shedding, platelet adhesion/spreading to collagen were examined during 5 days of storage. RESULTS While MM- and CAG-PCs showed similar levels of P-selectin expression, GPVI expression was significantly elevated in MM-PCs with lower GPVI shedding/expression ratios, enhanced platelet adhesion/spreading and swirling in manually-mixed PCs. Of note, CAG-PCs treated with PP2 also demonstrated lower P-selectin expression and GPVI shedding, higher GPVI expression and attenuated swirling and spreading capability. CONCLUSION Given the comparable platelet activation state in MM and CAG-PCs as indicated by P-selectin expression, enhanced platelet adhesion/spreading in MM-PCs, along with relatively higher GPVI expression here, supports previous studies demonstrating a role for biomechanical forces in modulating GPVI-dependent function. Thus, lower GPVI expression in CAG-PCs may be due to shear forces induced by agitation, which keeps this receptor down-regulated while also attenuating platelet adhesion/spreading capacities during storage. Low platelet function in PP2-CAG-PCs also highlights the importance of Src-kinases threshold activity in maintaining platelets quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehteramolsadat Hosseini
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Solouki
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Haghshenas
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Ghasemzadeh
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Simone M Schoenwaelder
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ju LA, Kossmann S, Zhao YC, Moldovan L, Zhang Y, De Zoysa Ramasundara S, Zhou F, Lu H, Alwis I, Schoenwaelder SM, Yuan Y, Jackson SP. Microfluidic post method for 3-dimensional modeling of platelet–leukocyte interactions. Analyst 2022; 147:1222-1235. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00270a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
These studies demonstrate the versatility and relevance of a novel ‘platelet post’ model to examine the adhesive interactions between platelets and neutrophils under 3D disturbed flow conditions relevant to thromboinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lining Arnold Ju
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sabine Kossmann
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yunduo Charles Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
| | - Laura Moldovan
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
| | - Savindi De Zoysa Ramasundara
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fangyuan Zhou
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Imala Alwis
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Simone M. Schoenwaelder
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yuping Yuan
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Shaun P. Jackson
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MERU-Roon Research Center on Vascular Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zheng X, Chen L, Zeng W, Liao W, Wang Z, Tian X, Fang R, Sun Y, Zhou T. Antibacterial and Anti-biofilm Efficacy of Chinese Dragon's Blood Against Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Infected Wounds. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:672943. [PMID: 34149659 PMCID: PMC8213214 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.672943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese dragon’s blood (CDB), a characteristic red resin, is an important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and empiric therapy of infected wounds with CDB is performed in clinical settings. For the first time, we herein report the antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy of CDB against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, growth curve assay, time-kill curve assay, crystal violet biofilm assay, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, cell membrane tests, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used for this purpose. The results suggested that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of CDB against S. aureus ranged from 32 to 128 μg/mL. Growth curves and time-kill curves confirmed that CDB could inhibit the growth of S. aureus. The biofilm formation ability and the expression levels of saeR, saeS, and hla of S. aureus in the presence and absence of CDB were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The results of SEM analysis and cell membrane tests revealed that exposure to CDB had some destructive effects on S. aureus cells. In conclusion, CDB exhibits positive antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Moreover, CDB could reduce the biofilm formation and the virulence factors of S. aureus by downregulating the expression levels of saeR, saeS, and hla genes. These findings indicated that CDB has immense potential to serve as a viable alternative for the treatment of infected wounds caused by S. aureus in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkuo Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lijiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Zeng
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenli Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhongyong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuebin Tian
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Renchi Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tieli Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Significant differences in single-platelet biophysics exist across species but attenuate during clot formation. Blood Adv 2021; 5:432-437. [PMID: 33496738 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Human, canine, ovine, and porcine platelets exhibit disparate biophysical signatures, whereas human and murine platelets are similar. Multiple biophysical parameters integrate during clot formation, measured by bulk clot contraction, and attenuate biophysical differences.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hemodynamic analysis for stenosis microfluidic model of thrombosis with refined computational fluid dynamics simulation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6875. [PMID: 33767279 PMCID: PMC7994556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed blood flow has been increasingly recognized for its critical role in platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Microfluidics with hump shaped contractions have been developed to mimic microvascular stenosis and recapitulate the prothrombotic effect of flow disturbance. However the physical determinants of microfluidic hemodynamics are not completely defined. Here, we report a refined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation approach to map the shear rate (γ) and wall shear stress (τ) distribution in the stenotic region at high accuracy. Using ultra-fine meshing with sensitivity verification, our CFD results show that the stenosis level (S) is dominant over the bulk shear rate (γ0) and contraction angle (α) in determining γ and τ distribution at stenosis. In contrast, α plays a significant role in governing the shear rate gradient (γ′) distribution while it exhibits subtle effects on the peak γ. To investigate the viscosity effect, we employ a Generalized Power-Law model to simulate blood flow as a non-Newtonian fluid, showing negligible difference in the γ distribution when compared with Newtonian simulation with water medium. Together, our refined CFD method represents a comprehensive approach to examine microfluidic hemodynamics in three dimensions and guide microfabrication designs. Combining this with hematological experiments promises to advance understandings of the rheological effect in thrombosis and platelet mechanobiology.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang L, Tang C. Targeting Platelet in Atherosclerosis Plaque Formation: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249760. [PMID: 33371312 PMCID: PMC7767086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their role in hemostasis and thrombosis, it has become increasingly clear that platelets are also involved in many other pathological processes of the vascular system, such as atherosclerotic plaque formation. Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease, which preferentially develops at sites under disturbed blood flow with low speeds and chaotic directions. Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension are all risk factors for atherosclerosis. When the vascular microenvironment changes, platelets can respond quickly to interact with endothelial cells and leukocytes, participating in atherosclerosis. This review discusses the important roles of platelets in the plaque formation under pro-atherogenic factors. Specifically, we discussed the platelet behaviors under disturbed flow, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia conditions. We also summarized the molecular mechanisms involved in vascular inflammation during atherogenesis based on platelet receptors and secretion of inflammatory factors. Finally, we highlighted the studies of platelet migration in atherogenesis. In general, we elaborated an atherogenic role of platelets and the aspects that should be further studied in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-512-6588-0899
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Drakopoulou M, Soulaidopoulos S, Oikonomou G, Stathogiannis K, Latsios G, Synetos A, Tousoulis D, Toutouzas K. Novel Perspective for Antithrombotic Therapy in TAVI. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2789-2803. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200413083746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
:
While surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) was for years the only available treatment for symptomatic
aortic stenosis, the introduction of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in 2002 and the improvement
of its technical aspects in the following years, has holistically changed the synchronous therapeutic
approach of aortic valve stenosis. Recent evidence has expanded the indication of TAVI from high to lower surgical
risk populations with symptomatic aortic stenosis. The administration of antithrombotic therapy periprocedurally
and its maintenance after a successful TAVI is crucial for the prevention of complications and affects
postprocedural survival. Randomized controlled trials investigating the appropriate combination and the
duration of antithrombotic treatment after TAVI are for the moment scarce. This review article sheds light on the
underlying pathogenetic mechanisms contributing in periprocedural TAVI thrombotic complications and discuss
the efficacy of current antithrombotic policies as evaluated in randomized trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Drakopoulou
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School of Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Soulaidopoulos
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School of Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - George Oikonomou
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School of Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Stathogiannis
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School of Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - George Latsios
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School of Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Synetos
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School of Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School of Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Toutouzas
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School of Athens University, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Oshinowo O, Lambert T, Sakurai Y, Copeland R, Hansen CE, Lam WA, Myers DR. Getting a good view: in vitro imaging of platelets under flow. Platelets 2020; 31:570-579. [PMID: 32106734 PMCID: PMC7332395 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1732320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As the anucleate cells responsible for hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are exposed to a myriad of biophysical and biochemical stimuli within vasculature and heterogeneous blood clots. Highly controlled, reductionist in vitro imaging studies have been instrumental in providing a detailed and quantitative understanding of platelet biology and behavior, and have helped elucidate some surprising functions of platelets. In this review, we highlight the tools and approaches that enable visualization of platelets in conjunction with precise control over the local biofluidic and biochemical microenvironment. We also discuss next generation tools that add further control over microenvironment cell stiffness or enable visualization of the interactions between platelets and endothelial cells. Throughout the review, we include pragmatic knowledge on imaging systems, experimental conditions, and approaches that have proved to be useful to our in vitro imaging studies of platelets under flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwamayokun Oshinowo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tamara Lambert
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yumiko Sakurai
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Renee Copeland
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Caroline E. Hansen
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David R. Myers
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen Y, Ju LA. Biomechanical thrombosis: the dark side of force and dawn of mechano-medicine. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2020; 5:185-197. [PMID: 32606086 PMCID: PMC7337368 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2019-000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is in part contributed by excessive platelet aggregation, which can lead to blood clotting and subsequent heart attack and stroke. Platelets are sensitive to the haemodynamic environment. Rapid haemodynamcis and disturbed blood flow, which occur in vessels with growing thrombi and atherosclerotic plaques or is caused by medical device implantation and intervention, promotes platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. In such situations, conventional antiplatelet drugs often have suboptimal efficacy and a serious side effect of excessive bleeding. Investigating the mechanisms of platelet biomechanical activation provides insights distinct from the classic views of agonist-stimulated platelet thrombus formation. In this work, we review the recent discoveries underlying haemodynamic force-reinforced platelet binding and mechanosensing primarily mediated by three platelet receptors: glycoprotein Ib (GPIb), glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) and glycoprotein VI (GPVI), and their implications for development of antithrombotic 'mechano-medicine' .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chen
- Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Heart Research Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Diabetes and Hyperglycemia Affect Platelet GPIIIa Expression. Effects on Adhesion Potential of Blood Platelets from Diabetic Patients under In Vitro Flow Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093222. [PMID: 32370146 PMCID: PMC7247361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood platelets play a crucial role in the early stages of atherosclerosis development. The process is believed to require firm adhesion of platelets to atherosclerosis-prone sites of the artery. However, little evidence exists regarding whether the blood platelets of individuals with pathological conditions associated with atherosclerosis have higher potential for adhesion. This process is to a large extent dependent on receptors present on the platelet membrane. Therefore, the aim of the presented study was to determine whether blood platelets from diabetic patients have higher capacity of adhesion under flow conditions and how diabetes affects one of the crucial platelet receptors involved in the process of adhesion-GPIIIa. The study compares the ability of platelets from non-diabetic and diabetic humans to interact with fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor, two proteins found in abundance on an inflamed endothelium, under flow conditions. The activation and reactivity of the blood platelets were also characterized by flow cytometry. Platelets from diabetic patients did not demonstrate enhanced adhesion to either studied protein, although they presented increased basal activation and responsiveness towards low concentrations of agonists. Platelets from diabetic patients were characterized by lower expression of GPIIIa, most likely due to an enhanced formation of platelet-derived microparticles PMPs, as supported by the observation of elevated concentration of this integrin and of GPIIIa-positive PMPs in plasma. We conclude that altered functionality of blood platelets in diabetes does not increase their adhesive potential. Increased glycation and decrease in the amount of GPIIIa on platelets may be partially responsible for this effect. Therefore, higher frequency of interactions of platelets with the endothelium, which is observed in animal models of diabetes, is caused by other factors. A primary cause may be a dysfunctional vascular wall.
Collapse
|
21
|
Michael M, Parsons M. New perspectives on integrin-dependent adhesions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 63:31-37. [PMID: 31945690 PMCID: PMC7262580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that connect the extracellular matrix environment to the actin cytoskeleton via adaptor molecules through assembly of a range of adhesion structures. Recent advances in biochemical, imaging and biophysical methods have enabled a deeper understanding of integrin signalling and their associated regulatory processes. The identification of the consensus integrin-based 'adhesomes' within the last 5 years has defined common core components of adhesion complexes and associated partners. These approaches have also uncovered unexpected adhesion protein behaviour and molecules recruited to adhesion sites that have expanded our understanding of the molecular and physical control of integrin signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene Michael
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Cam, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Cam, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen Y, Ju LA, Zhou F, Liao J, Xue L, Su QP, Jin D, Yuan Y, Lu H, Jackson SP, Zhu C. An integrin α IIbβ 3 intermediate affinity state mediates biomechanical platelet aggregation. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:760-769. [PMID: 30911119 PMCID: PMC6586518 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are membrane receptors that mediate cell adhesion and mechanosensing. The structure-function relationship of integrins remains incompletely understood, despite the extensive studies carried out because of its importance to basic cell biology and translational medicine. Using a fluorescence dual biomembrane force probe, microfluidics and cone-and-plate rheometry, we applied precisely controlled mechanical stimulations to platelets and identified an intermediate state of integrin αIIbβ3 that is characterized by an ectodomain conformation, ligand affinity and bond lifetimes that are all intermediate between the well-known inactive and active states. This intermediate state is induced by ligand engagement of glycoprotein (GP) Ibα via a mechanosignalling pathway and potentiates the outside-in mechanosignalling of αIIbβ3 for further transition to the active state during integrin mechanical affinity maturation. Our work reveals distinct αIIbβ3 state transitions in response to biomechanical and biochemical stimuli, and identifies a role for the αIIbβ3 intermediate state in promoting biomechanical platelet aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chen
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MERU-Roon Research Center on Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fangyuan Zhou
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jiexi Liao
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lingzhou Xue
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Qian Peter Su
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuping Yuan
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shaun P Jackson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MERU-Roon Research Center on Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
lncRNA MALAT1 Accelerates Wound Healing of Diabetic Mice Transfused with Modified Autologous Blood via the HIF-1α Signaling Pathway. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:504-515. [PMID: 31344658 PMCID: PMC6658834 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Impaired wound healing is a debilitating complication of diabetes. The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) has been recognized to be differentially expressed in various diseases. However, its underlying mechanism in diabetes has not been fully understood. Notably, we aim to examine the expression of MALAT1 in diabetic mice and its role in wound healing involving the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) signaling pathway with a modified autologous blood preservative solution reported. A mouse model of diabetes was established. MALAT1 was identified to promote the activation of the HIF-1α signaling pathway and to be enriched in autologous blood through modified preservation, which might facilitate the improvement of physiological function of blood cells. Through gain- or loss-of-function approaches, viability of fibroblasts cultured in high glucose, wound healing of mice, and collagen expression in wound areas were enhanced by MALAT1 and HIF-1α. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that the physiological status of mouse blood was effectively improved by modified autologous blood preservation, which exhibited upregulated MALAT1, thereby accelerating the fibroblast activation and wound healing in diabetic mice via the activation of the HIF-1α signaling pathway. The upregulation of MALAT1 activating the HIF-1α signaling pathway provides a novel insight into drug targets against diabetes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Passam FJ, Chiu J. Allosteric disulphide bonds as reversible mechano-sensitive switches that control protein functions in the vasculature. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:419-430. [PMID: 31090016 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Disulphide bonds are covalent linkages of two cysteine residues (R-S-S-R') in proteins. Unlike peptide bonds, disulphide bonds are reversible in nature allowing cleaved bonds to reform. Disulphide bonds are important structural elements that stabilise protein conformation. They can be of catalytic function found in enzymes that facilitate redox reactions in the cleavage/formation of disulphide bonds in their substrates. Emerging evidence also indicates that disulphide bonds can be of regulatory function which alter protein activity when they are cleaved or formed. This class of regulatory disulphide bonds is known as allosteric disulphide bonds. Allosteric disulphide bonds are mechano-sensitive, and stretching or twisting the sulphur-sulphur bond by mechanical force can make it easier or harder to be cleaved. This makes allosteric disulphide bonds an ideal type of mechano-sensitive switches for regulating protein functions in the vasculature where cells are continuously subjected to fluid shear force. This review will discuss the chemistry and biophysical properties of allosteric disulphide bonds and how they emerge to be mechano-sensitive switches in regulating platelet function and clot formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freda J Passam
- Heart Research Institute and Charles Perkins centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Joyce Chiu
- The Centenary Institute, NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen Y, Li Z, Ju LA. Tensile and compressive force regulation on cell mechanosensing. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:311-318. [PMID: 31073958 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing plays critical roles in cell spreading, migration, growth, and survival. Dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) techniques have recently been advanced to visualize such processes, which allow the concurrent examination of molecular binding dynamics and cellular response to mechanical stimuli on single living cells. Notably, the live-cell DFS is able to manipulate the force "waveforms" such as tensile versus compressive, ramped versus clamped, static versus dynamic, and short versus long lasting forces, thereby deriving correlations of cellular responses with ligand binding kinetics and mechanical stimulation profiles. Here, by differentiating extracellular mechanical stimulations into two major categories, tensile force and compressive force, we review the latest findings on receptor-mediated mechanosensing mechanisms that are discovered by the state-of-the-art live-cell DFS technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MERU-Roon Research Center on Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhiyong Li
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia. .,School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Darlington, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dupuy A, Ju LA, Passam FH. Straight Channel Microfluidic Chips for the Study of Platelet Adhesion under Flow. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3195. [PMID: 33654994 PMCID: PMC7854274 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have become an integral method of cardiovascular research as they enable the study of shear force in biological processes, such as platelet function and thrombus formation. Furthermore, microfluidic chips offer the benefits of ex vivo testing of platelet adhesion using small amounts of blood or purified platelets. Microfluidic chips comprise flow channels of varying dimensions and geometries which are connected to a syringe pump. The pump draws blood or platelet suspensions through the channel(s) allowing for imaging of platelet adhesion and thrombus formation by fluorescence microscopy. The chips can be fabricated from various blood-compatible materials. The current protocol uses commercial plastic or in-house polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips. Commercial biochips offer the advantage of standardization whereas in-house chips offer the advantage of decreased cost and flexibility in design. Microfluidic devices are a powerful tool to study the biorheology of platelets and other cell types with the potential of a diagnostic and monitoring tool for cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dupuy
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Freda H Passam
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Przygodzki T, Kassassir H, Talar M, Siewiera K, Watala C. Effects of three-month streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice on blood platelet reactivity, COX-1 expression and adhesion potential. Int J Exp Pathol 2019; 100:41-48. [PMID: 30811756 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This is partially attributed to an altered activation status of blood platelets in this disease. Previously, alterations have been shown in COX-1 and protease activated receptor (PAR)-3 receptor expression in platelets in two animal models of diabetes, there have not been studies which address expression of these proteins in mice with long-term streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. We have also addressed the effect of diabetes on platelet adhesion under flow conditions. With the use of flow cytometry, we have shown that certain markers of platelet basal activation, such as active form of αII b β3 and of CD40L were increased in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Platelets from STZ-induced diabetic mice were also more reactive when stimulated with PAR-4 activating peptide as revealed by higher expression of active form of αII b β3 , membrane-bound on vWillebrand Factor and binding of exogenous fluorescein isothyanate-labelled fibrinogen. Expression of COX-1 and production of thromboxane A2 in platelets of STZ-induced diabetic mice were higher than in control animals. We observed no effect of diabetes on ability of platelets to form stable adhesions with fibrinogen in flow conditions. We conclude that although certain similarities exist between patterns of activation of platelets in animal models of diabetes, the differences should also be taken into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Przygodzki
- Department of Haemostatic Disorders, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Hassan Kassassir
- Department of Haemostatic Disorders, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Talar
- Department of Haemostatic Disorders, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Siewiera
- Department of Haemostatic Disorders, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Cezary Watala
- Department of Haemostatic Disorders, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ranasinghe MP, Peter K, McFadyen JD. Thromboembolic and Bleeding Complications in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Insights on Mechanisms, Prophylaxis and Therapy. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020280. [PMID: 30823621 PMCID: PMC6406714 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as an important alternative to surgical aortic valve repair (SAVR) for patients with severe aortic stenosis. This rapidly advancing field has produced new-generation devices being delivered with small delivery sheaths, embolic protection devices and improved retrieval features. Despite efforts to reduce the rate of thrombotic complications associated with TAVI, valve thrombosis and cerebral ischaemic events post-TAVI continue to be a significant issue. However, the antithrombotic treatments utilised to prevent these dreaded complications are based on weak evidence and are associated with high rates of bleeding, which in itself is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Recently, experimental data has shed light on the unique mechanisms, particularly the complex haemodynamic changes at sites of TAVI, that underpin the development of post-TAVI thrombosis. These new insights regarding the drivers of TAVI-associated thrombosis, coupled with the ongoing development of novel antithrombotics which do not cause bleeding, hold the potential to deliver newer, safer therapeutic paradigms to prevent post-TAVI thrombotic and bleeding complications. This review highlights the major challenge of post-TAVI thrombosis and bleeding, and the significant issues surrounding current antithrombotic approaches. Moreover, a detailed discussion regarding the mechanisms of post-TAVI thrombosis is provided, in addition to an appraisal of current antithrombotic guidelines, past and ongoing clinical trials, and how novel therapeutics offer the hope of optimizing antithrombotic strategies and ultimately improving patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Ranasinghe
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Heart Centre, The Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - James D McFadyen
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Department of Clinical Haematology, The Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ju L. Dynamic Force Spectroscopy Analysis on the Redox States of Protein Disulphide Bonds. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1967:115-131. [PMID: 31069767 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9187-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An emerging concept in chemical biology is that protein function that can be regulated by the redox state of disulphide bonds. This chapter describes the dynamic force spectroscopy method for analyzing redox regulation of receptor-ligand interactions at the surface of living cells. The main method described in this chapter is the biomembrane force probe (BFP), in which an ultrasoft human red blood cell is used as an ultrasensitive mechanical force probe. The BFP uses a high-speed camera and real-time imaging tracking techniques to characterize a single molecular bond with ~1 pN (10-12 N), ~3 nm (10-9 m), and ~0.5 ms (10-3 s) in force, spatial, and temporal resolution. As a test bed model, we use the BFP to examine the autoregulation of von Willebrand factor function by a disulphide bond switch in its A2 domain. With the survival frequency analysis on measured bond lifetimes, we can identify distinct states of VWF binding kinetics and correlate with redox states of its A2 disulphide bond validated by mass spectrometry. The methodologies and analytical frameworks can be used to study other membrane receptor-ligand interactions under redox regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lining Ju
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Su QP, Ju LA. Biophysical nanotools for single-molecule dynamics. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1349-1357. [PMID: 30121743 PMCID: PMC6233351 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of the cell biology field is now shifting from characterizing cellular activities to organelle and molecular behaviors. This process accompanies the development of new biophysical visualization techniques that offer high spatial and temporal resolutions with ultra-sensitivity and low cell toxicity. They allow the biology research community to observe dynamic behaviors from scales of single molecules, organelles, cells to organoids, and even live animal tissues. In this review, we summarize these biophysical techniques into two major classes: the mechanical nanotools like dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) and the optical nanotools like single-molecule and super-resolution microscopy. We also discuss their applications in elucidating molecular dynamics and functionally mapping of interactions between inter-cellular networks and intra-cellular components, which is key to understanding cellular processes such as adhesion, trafficking, inheritance, and division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peter Su
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia.
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Charles Perkins Centre and Heart Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xu XR, Wang Y, Adili R, Ju L, Spring CM, Jin JW, Yang H, Neves MAD, Chen P, Yang Y, Lei X, Chen Y, Gallant RC, Xu M, Zhang H, Song J, Ke P, Zhang D, Carrim N, Yu SY, Zhu G, She YM, Cyr T, Fu W, Liu G, Connelly PW, Rand ML, Adeli K, Freedman J, Lee JE, Tso P, Marchese P, Davidson WS, Jackson SP, Zhu C, Ruggeri ZM, Ni H. Apolipoprotein A-IV binds αIIbβ3 integrin and inhibits thrombosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3608. [PMID: 30190457 PMCID: PMC6127106 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet αIIbβ3 integrin and its ligands are essential for thrombosis and hemostasis, and play key roles in myocardial infarction and stroke. Here we show that apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) can be isolated from human blood plasma using platelet β3 integrin-coated beads. Binding of apoA-IV to platelets requires activation of αIIbβ3 integrin, and the direct apoA-IV-αIIbβ3 interaction can be detected using a single-molecule Biomembrane Force Probe. We identify that aspartic acids 5 and 13 at the N-terminus of apoA-IV are required for binding to αIIbβ3 integrin, which is additionally modulated by apoA-IV C-terminus via intra-molecular interactions. ApoA-IV inhibits platelet aggregation and postprandial platelet hyperactivity. Human apoA-IV plasma levels show a circadian rhythm that negatively correlates with platelet aggregation and cardiovascular events. Thus, we identify apoA-IV as a novel ligand of αIIbβ3 integrin and an endogenous inhibitor of thrombosis, establishing a link between lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. Activation of integrin αIIbβ3 at the surface of platelets is required for their aggregation and for thrombus formation. Here Xu et al. identify apolipoprotein A-IV as a novel ligand for platelet αIIbβ3 integrin, and find it inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Ruby Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8.,Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China, 510120.,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China, 510000
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8.,Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2M1
| | - Reheman Adili
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8
| | - Lining Ju
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30332.,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30332.,Heart Research Institute, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia, 2006
| | - Christopher M Spring
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8
| | - Joseph Wuxun Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8.,Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2M1
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8.,Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2M1
| | - Miguel A D Neves
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8
| | - Pingguo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8.,Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2M1
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8.,Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2M1
| | - Xi Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30332.,Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30332
| | - Reid C Gallant
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8
| | - Jina Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8.,Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2M1
| | - Peifeng Ke
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China, 510000.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China, 510120
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8.,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China, 510000
| | - Naadiya Carrim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8.,Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2M1
| | - Si-Yang Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410011
| | - Guangheng Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8
| | - Yi-Min She
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0M2
| | - Terry Cyr
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0M2
| | - Wenbin Fu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China, 510120.,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China, 510000
| | - Guoqing Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China, 100083
| | - Philip W Connelly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8
| | - Margaret L Rand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1.,Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X8
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1.,Program in Molecular Structure & Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X8
| | - John Freedman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 45219
| | - Patrizia Marchese
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92037
| | - W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 45219
| | - Shaun P Jackson
- Heart Research Institute, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia, 2006.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92037
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30332.,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30332.,Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30332
| | - Zaverio M Ruggeri
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92037
| | - Heyu Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1W8. .,Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2M1. .,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1.
| |
Collapse
|