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Chen X, Wong JW, Low JT, Lok TJ, Xue Y, Zeng Z, Zhang K, Shen Y, Li S, Zhou H, Zhao Q, Wong TW, Li T, Yang W. Intrinsic Permanent Shape Reconfigurable Semicrystalline Biopolyester Thermoset. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:1037-1042. [PMID: 39078044 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Catalyst-free, volatile organic solvent (VOC)-free synthesis of biobased cross-linked polymers is an important sustainable feature in polyesterification. To date, these polyesters have been extensively studied for their fundamental sustainability across various uses. The ultimate potential sustainability for these materials, however, is constrained to static structural parts due to their intractable rigid three-dimensional (3D) network. Here, we reveal intrinsic dynamic exchangeable bonds within this type of cross-linked semicrystalline network, poly(1,8-octanediol-co-1,12-docanedioate-co-citrate) (PODDC), enabling permanent shape reconfigurability. Annealing at slightly above melting-transition temperature (Tm) allows for shape reconfigurability up to nine times, comparable in performance to the existing bond-exchange systems. No reagents are involved from synthesis to shape reconfiguration, suggesting an exciting feature exhibited by this sustainable cross-linked material without the need for further chemical modification. We further extend this benefit of reconfigurability to enable flexible shape design in a smart shape-memory polymer (SMP), showing it as one of its potential applications. After its applications, it can undergo hydrolytic degradation. We envision that such multifaceted sustainability for the material will attract interest in environmentally friendly applications such as fabricating external part of soft robots and shape-morphing devices with reduced environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Chen
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Wei Wong
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Tee Low
- Sustainable and Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Malaysia
| | - Tow-Jie Lok
- Sustainable and Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Malaysia
| | - Yaoting Xue
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zehao Zeng
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaihang Zhang
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Shen
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyang Li
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haofei Zhou
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tuck-Whye Wong
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
- Sustainable and Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Malaysia
| | - Tiefeng Li
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
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Islam MS, Kedziora G, Lee J, Stafford A, Varshney V, Nepal D, Baldwin LA, Roy AK. Efficiency and Mechanism of Catalytic Siloxane Exchange in Vitrimer Polymers: Modeling and Density Functional Theory Investigations. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5627-5636. [PMID: 38957945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Of late, siloxane-containing vitrimers have gained significant interest due to their fast dynamic characteristics over a reasonable temperature range (180-220 °C), making them well-suited for diverse applications. The exchange reaction pathway in the siloxane vitrimers is accountable for the covalent adaptive network, with the reaction's effectiveness being regulated by either organic or organometallic catalysts. However, directly studying the exchange reaction pathway in the bulk phase using experimental approaches is challenging because of the intricate and interconnected structure of these vitrimers. Here, we perform comprehensive density functional theory (DFT) and experimental investigations to discover the detailed catalytic efficacy of siloxane exchange and provide direction for the reaction process using a 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) catalyst. The calculated transition barrier energy and catalytic efficiency of hexamethyldisiloxane and dihydroxy-dimethylsilane exchange derived from the nudged elastic band with transition-state calculations strongly agree with the experimental findings. In addition, Fukui indices, along with partial charges, are employed to evaluate the nucleophilic and electrophilic behaviors of silanol and siloxane molecules. Our analysis revealed that by utilizing the Fukui indices of both the acid and the base, we can make an approximate estimation of the respective kinetics of the SN2 process in the siloxane exchange reaction mechanism. These findings establish a foundation for comprehending a crucial aspect of the exchange mechanism in siloxane vitrimer systems and could aid in the development of novel catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sherajul Islam
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- Spectral Energies, LLC, Dayton, Ohio 45430, United States
| | - Gary Kedziora
- Inu Teq, LLC, NASA Ames Supercomputing Division, Moffet Field, Mountain View, California 94035, United States
- GDIT, AFRL/RC, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Jonghoon Lee
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- ARCTOS Technology Solutions, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Alex Stafford
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Vikas Varshney
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Luke A Baldwin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Ajit K Roy
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
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Leanza S, Wu S, Sun X, Qi HJ, Zhao RR. Active Materials for Functional Origami. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2302066. [PMID: 37120795 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, origami has been explored to aid in the design of engineering structures. These structures span multiple scales and have been demonstrated to be used toward various areas such as aerospace, metamaterial, biomedical, robotics, and architectural applications. Conventionally, origami or deployable structures have been actuated by hands, motors, or pneumatic actuators, which can result in heavy or bulky structures. On the other hand, active materials, which reconfigure in response to external stimulus, eliminate the need for external mechanical loads and bulky actuation systems. Thus, in recent years, active materials incorporated with deployable structures have shown promise for remote actuation of light weight, programmable origami. In this review, active materials such as shape memory polymers (SMPs) and alloys (SMAs), hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), magnetic soft materials (MSMs), and covalent adaptable network (CAN) polymers, their actuation mechanisms, as well as how they have been utilized for active origami and where these structures are applicable is discussed. Additionally, the state-of-the-art fabrication methods to construct active origami are highlighted. The existing structural modeling strategies for origami, the constitutive models used to describe active materials, and the largest challenges and future directions for active origami research are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Leanza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiaohao Sun
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - H Jerry Qi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ruike Renee Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Liu Y, Wang S, Dong J, Huo P, Zhang D, Han S, Yang J, Jiang Z. External Stimuli-Induced Welding of Dynamic Cross-Linked Polymer Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:621. [PMID: 38475305 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermosets have been crucial in modern engineering for decades, finding applications in various industries. Welding cross-linked components are essential in the processing of thermosets for repairing damaged areas or fabricating complex structures. However, the inherent insolubility and infusibility of thermoset materials, attributed to their three-dimensional network structure, pose challenges to welding development. Incorporating dynamic chemical bonds into highly cross-linked networks bridges the gap between thermosets and thermoplastics presenting a promising avenue for innovative welding techniques. External stimuli, including thermal, light, solvent, pH, electric, and magnetic fields, induce dynamic bonds' breakage and reformation, rendering the cross-linked network malleable. This plasticity facilitates the seamless linkage of two parts to an integral whole, attracting significant attention for potential applications in soft actuators, smart devices, solid batteries, and more. This review provides a comprehensive overview of dynamic bonds employed in welding dynamic cross-linked networks (DCNs). It extensively discusses the classification and fabrication of common epoxy DCNs and acrylate DCNs. Notably, recent advancements in welding processes based on DCNs under external stimuli are detailed, focusing on the welding dynamics among covalent adaptable networks (CANs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jidong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuaiyuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zaixing Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150040, China
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5
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Peng W, Mu H, Liang X, Zhang X, Zhao Q, Xie T. Digital Laser Direct Writing of Internal Stress in Shape Memory Polymer for Anticounterfeiting and 4D Printing. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1698-1704. [PMID: 38039381 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a type of smart shape-shifting material that can respond to various stimuli. Their shape recovery pathway is determined by the internal stress stored in the temporary shapes. Thus, manipulating the internal stress is key to the potential applications of SMPs. This is commonly achieved by the types of deformation forces applied during the programming stage. In contrast, we present here a digital laser direct writing method to selectively induce thermal relaxation of internal stress stored in the two-dimensional (2D) shape of a thermoplastic SMP. The internal stress field, while invisible under natural light, can be visualized under polarized light. Consequently, the digital stress pattern can be used for anticounterfeiting. In addition, further uniform heating induces the release of the programmed internal stress within the 2D film. This triggers its transformation into a three-dimensional (3D) shape, enabling 4D printing. The simplicity and versatility of our approach in manipulating internal stress and shape-shifting make it attractive for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Hongfeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xin Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Kageyama K, Oohora K, Hayashi T. A polyacrylamide gel containing an engineered hexameric hemoprotein as a cross-linking unit toward redox-responsive materials. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34610-34617. [PMID: 38024977 PMCID: PMC10680017 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05897b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels containing synthetic polymers and supramolecular cross-linking units are expected to exhibit unique functions and properties. The heme-heme pocket interaction in hemeproteins may be useful for development of a cross-linking unit because heme binding depends on the redox states of the iron center. In this work, hexameric tyrosine-coordinated hemoprotein (HTHP) is employed as a cross-linking unit in a polyacrylamide gel to create redox-responsive hydrogels. First, redox-dependent stability of the heme-heme pocket interaction in HTHP was evaluated, and it was found that the heme affinity dramatically decreases in the Fe(ii) state. Second, the polymerization of acrylamide and engineered HTHP possessing acryloyl group-tethering heme moieties provided a polyacrylamide gel containing HTHP as a cross-linking unit. A reduction-triggered gel-sol transition in the presence of apomyoglobin was observed. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the gels containing the engineered HTHP and methylene bisacrylamide were evaluated by a tensile test, and the Young's modulus value was determined to be 14 kPa, which is higher than that of the control gel containing only methylene bisacrylamide (8.5 kPa). Compression tests of the gels revealed redox-responsive mechanical behavior, resulting in a decrease in the compressive modulus upon the addition of a reductant. This behavior is qualitatively consistent with the redox-responsive heme binding of HTHP in a solution state. This finding is expected to contribute to the development of redox-responsive materials for biomedical and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kageyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Koji Oohora
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita 565-0871 Japan
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Hu Z, Hu F, Deng L, Yang Y, Xie Q, Gao Z, Pan C, Jin Y, Tang J, Yu G, Zhang W. Reprocessible Triketoenamine-Based Vitrimers with Closed-Loop Recyclability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306039. [PMID: 37314932 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Development of thermosets that can be repeatedly recycled via both chemical route (closed-loop) and thermo-mechanical process is attractive and remains an imperative task. In this work, we reported a triketoenamine based dynamic covalent network derived from 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol and secondary amines. The resulting triketoenamine based network does not have intramolecular hydrogen bonds, thus reducing its π-electron delocalization, lowering the stability of the tautomer structure, and enabling its dynamic feature. By virtue of the highly reversible bond exchange, this novel dynamic covalent bond enables the easy construction of highly crosslinked and chemically reprocessable networks from commercially available monomers. The as-made polymer monoliths exhibit high mechanical properties (tensile strength of 79.4 MPa and Young's modulus of 571.4 MPa) and can undergo a monomer-network-monomer (yields up to 90 %) recycling mediated by an aqueous solution, with the new-generation polymer capable of restoring the material strength to its original state. In addition, owing to its dynamic nature, a catalyst-free and low-temperature reprogrammable covalent adaptable network (vitrimer) was achieved. The design concept reported herein can be applied to the development of other novel vitrimers with high repressibility and recyclability, and sheds light on future design of sustainable polymers with minimal environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyou Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Fan Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Lifeng Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yumin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qiujian Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zhu Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Chunyue Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Juntao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Guipeng Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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Zhao J, Meng F. Modeling Viscoelasticity and Dynamic Nematic Order of Exchangeable Liquid Crystal Elastomers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:068101. [PMID: 37625059 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.068101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Exchangeable liquid crystal elastomers (XLCEs), an emerging class of recyclable polymer materials, consist of liquid crystalline polymers which are dynamically crosslinked. We develop a macroscopic continuum model by incorporating the microscopic dynamic features of the cross-links, which can be utilized to understand the viscoelasticity of the materials together with the dynamic nematic order. As applications of the model, we study the rheological responses of XLCEs in three cases: stress relaxation, strain ramp, and creep compliance, where the materials show interesting rheology as an interplay between the dynamic nematic order of the mesogenic units, the elasticity from the network structure, and the dissipation due to chain exchange reactions. Not only being useful in understanding the physical mechanism underlying the fascinating characteristics of XLCEs, this work can also guide their future fabrications with desired rheological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fanlong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
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Rashid MA, Hasan MN, Kafi MA. Synthesis of novel vanillin-amine hardeners fully derived from renewable bio feedstocks and their curing with epoxy resins to produce recyclable reprocessable vitrimers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16062. [PMID: 37215916 PMCID: PMC10196524 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biobased epoxy vitrimers have reached intense interest in recent decades. The triggerable reverse bonds can be introduced into these crosslinked epoxy vitrimers through epoxy resins or hardeners. This study synthesized two imine hardeners, such as vanillin-butanediamine (V-BDA) and vanillin-hexanediamine (V-HDA), using biobased vanillin, butanediamine, and hexanediamine and their chemical structures were ensured by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and TOF-MS. The two novel hardeners were used to cure epoxy resins, rendering vitrimers with good reprocessability, self-healing, recyclability, and solvent resistance due to the reversible imine bonds. The flexural strengths and modulus of these cured resins were consistent with those of epoxy resins that were hardened with traditional amine-based hardeners. The cured resins maintained 100% of their Tg and flexural properties after being reprocessed up to three times. It was revealed that the cured epoxy vitrimers could be degraded entirely in a particular acidic solution capable of bond-exchanging reactions within 12 h at 50 ᵒC, allowing the thermoset matrix to be chemically recycled and the monomers regenerated. This versatile recyclability, combined with the use of fully biobased feedstocks to prepare the hardeners, provides an attractive approach to help achieve a sustainable circular composite economy.
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Liang H, Zhang S, Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Xu H, Wei Y, Ji Y. Merging the Interfaces of Different Shape-Shifting Polymers Using Hybrid Exchange Reactions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2202462. [PMID: 36325655 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sophisticated shape-shifting structures and integration of advanced functions often call for different-chemistry-based polymers (such as epoxy and polyurethane) in a unified system. However, permanent cross-links pose crucial obstacles to be seamless. Here, merging interfaces via hybrid exchange reactions among different dynamic covalent bonds (including ester, urethane, thiourethane, boronic-ester, and oxime-ester linkages) is proposed, breaking the long-lasting restriction that these widely used bonds only undergo self-exchange reactions. Model compound studies are conducted to verify that hybrid exchange reactions occur. As demonstrations, different liquid crystal elastomers are tenaciously joined into coherent assemblies, with the desired biomimetic structures (e.g., flying fish containing stiff and flexible parts) and rare deformation modes (e.g., flower blooming upon both heating and cooling). Besides connecting polymers, hybrid exchange reactions also facilitate the creation of new materials through cross-fusion of different polymers. In addition to the polymers used in this work, hybrid exchange reactions can be adapted to other polymers based on similar mechanisms and beyond. Besides shape-shifting-related areas (e.g., soft robots, flexible electronics, and biomedical devices), it may also foster innovation in other fields involving general polymers, as well as promote deeper understanding of dynamic covalent chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yawen Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yubai Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yahe Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongtu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology and Institute of Biomedical Technology, Chung-Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, 32023, China
| | - Yan Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Yimyai T, Pena-Francesch A, Crespy D. Transparent and self-healing elastomers for reconfigurable 3D materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200554. [PMID: 35996274 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transparent soft materials have been widely used in applications ranging from packaging to flexible displays, wearable devices, and optical lenses. Nevertheless, soft materials are susceptible to mechanical damages, leading to functional failure and premature disposal. Herein, we introduce a transparent self-healing elastomer that is able to repair the polymer network via exchange reactions of dynamic disulfide bonds. Due to its self-healing ability, the mechanical properties of the elastomer can be recovered, as well as its transparency after multiple cycles of abrasion and healing. The self-healing polymer is fabricated into three-dimensional (3D) structures by folding or modular origami assembly of planar self-healing polymer sheets. The 3D polymer objects are employed as storage containers of solid and liquid substances, reactors for photopolymerization, and cuvettes for optical measurements (exhibiting superior properties to those of commercial cuvettes). These dynamic polymers show outstanding mechanical, optical, and recycling properties that could potentially be further adapted in adaptive smart packaging, reconfigurable materials, optical devices, and recycling of elastomers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiwa Yimyai
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Abdon Pena-Francesch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Robotics Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
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12
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Fang X, Wen J, Cheng L, Yu D, Zhang H, Gumbsch P. Programmable gear-based mechanical metamaterials. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:869-876. [PMID: 35681063 PMCID: PMC9345786 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Elastic properties of classical bulk materials can hardly be changed or adjusted in operando, while such tunable elasticity is highly desired for robots and smart machinery. Although possible in reconfigurable metamaterials, continuous tunability in existing designs is plagued by issues such as structural instability, weak robustness, plastic failure and slow response. Here we report a metamaterial design paradigm using gears with encoded stiffness gradients as the constituent elements and organizing gear clusters for versatile functionalities. The design enables continuously tunable elastic properties while preserving stability and robust manoeuvrability, even under a heavy load. Such gear-based metamaterials enable excellent properties such as continuous modulation of Young's modulus by two orders of magnitude, shape morphing between ultrasoft and solid states, and fast response. This allows for metamaterial customization and brings fully programmable materials and adaptive robots within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jihong Wen
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dianlong Yu
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Hongjia Zhang
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Peter Gumbsch
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM, Freiburg, Germany.
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13
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Yang H, Hu K, Wang D. Using Nanosphere Embedding to Probe the Surface and Bulk Relaxation in Vitrimers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6174-6179. [PMID: 35503978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The relaxation behavior of vitrimers that is dominated by chemical exchange reactions plays a critical role in vitrimer processing and applications such as self-healing, welding, and others involving the dynamic nature of the vitrimers. Here, we use atomic force microscopy to image embedding of gold nanospheres into epoxy-based vitrimers to assess the surface and bulk relaxation in this material. The results show that even at temperatures well below the bulk topology freezing transition temperature, the nanospheres embed into the vitrimers. The activation energy for the relaxation at the surface and in bulk were estimated in the single measurement, and the former is found to be much lower than the latter. The increase in the surface relaxation is attributed to a combination of an acceleration effect on relaxation by network defects and a decrease in the number of intermolecular exchanges at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaili Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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14
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Li Y, Liu T, Ambrogi V, Rios O, Xia M, He W, Yang Z. Liquid Crystalline Elastomers Based on Click Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14842-14858. [PMID: 35319184 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) have emerged as an important class of functional materials that are suitable for a wide range of applications, such as sensors, actuators, and soft robotics. The unique properties of LCEs originate from the combination between liquid crystal and elastomeric network. The control of macroscopic liquid crystalline orientation and network structure is crucial to realizing the useful functionalities of LCEs. A variety of chemistries have been developed to fabricate LCEs, including hydrosilylation, free radical polymerization of acrylate, and polyaddition of epoxy and carboxylic acid. Over the past few years, the use of click chemistry has become a more robust and energy-efficient way to construct LCEs with desired structures. This article provides an overview of emerging LCEs based on click chemistries, including aza-Michael addition between amine and acrylate, radical-mediated thiol-ene and thiol-yne reactions, base-catalyzed thiol-acrylate and thiol-epoxy reactions, copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, and Diels-Alder cycloaddition. The similarities and differences of these reactions are discussed, with particular attention focused on the strengths and limitations of each reaction for the preparation of LCEs with controlled structures and orientations. The compatibility of these reactions with the traditional and emerging processing techniques, such as surface alignment and additive manufacturing, are surveyed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using click chemistry for the design of LCEs with advanced functionalities and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tuan Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli 80125, Italy
| | - Orlando Rios
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Min Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanli He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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15
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Hu WH, Ji M, Chen TT, Wang S, Tenjimbayashi M, Sekiguchi Y, Watanabe I, Sato C, Naito M. Light-Induced Topological Patterning toward 3D Shape-Reconfigurable Origami. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107078. [PMID: 35187814 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shape-reconfigurable materials are crucial in many engineering applications. However, because of their isotropic deformability, they often require complex molding equipment for shaping. A polymeric origami structure that follows predetermined deformed and non-deformed patterns at specific temperatures without molding is demonstrated. It is constructed with a heterogeneous (dynamic and static) network topology via light-induced programming. The corresponding spatio-selective thermal plasticity creates varied deformability within a single polymer. The kinematics of site-specific deformation allows guided origami deployment in response to external forces. Moreover, the self-locking origami can fix its geometry in specific states without pressurization. These features enable the development of shape-reconfigurable structures that undergo on-demand geometry changes without requiring bulky or heavy equipment. The concept enriches polymer origamis, and could be applied with other polymers having similar chemistries. Overall, it is a versatile material for artificial muscles, origami robotics, and non-volatile mechanical memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsun Hu
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Ming Ji
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midoriku Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ta-Te Chen
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Siqian Wang
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tenjimbayashi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yu Sekiguchi
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midoriku Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ikumu Watanabe
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sato
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midoriku Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Masanobu Naito
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
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16
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Saed M, Gablier A, Terentjev EM. Exchangeable Liquid Crystalline Elastomers and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4927-4945. [PMID: 33596647 PMCID: PMC8915166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This Review presents and discusses the current state of the art in "exchangeable liquid crystalline elastomers", that is, LCE materials utilizing dynamically cross-linked networks capable of reprocessing, reprogramming, and recycling. The focus here is on the chemistry and the specific reaction mechanisms that enable the dynamic bond exchange, of which there is a variety. We compare and contrast these different chemical mechanisms and the key properties of their resulting elastomers. In the conclusion, we discuss the most promising applications that are enabled by dynamic cross-linking and present a summary table: a library of currently available materials and their main characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohand
O. Saed
- Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Alexandra Gablier
- Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Eugene M. Terentjev
- Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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17
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Hu WH, Chen TT, Tamura R, Terayama K, Wang S, Watanabe I, Naito M. Topological alternation from structurally adaptable to mechanically stable crosslinked polymer. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:66-75. [PMID: 35125966 PMCID: PMC8812728 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.2025426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers with complicated but controllable shape-morphing behaviors are critically desirable in several engineering fields. Among the various shape-morphing materials, cross-linked polymers with exchangeable bonds in dynamic network topology can undergo on-demand geometric change via solid-state plasticity while maintaining the advantageous properties of cross-linked polymers. However, these dynamic polymers are susceptible to creep deformation that results in their dimensional instability, a highly undesirable drawback that limits their service longevity and applications. Inspired by the natural ice strategy, which realizes creep reduction using crystal structure transformation, we evaluate a dynamic cross-linked polymer with tunable creep behavior through topological alternation. This alternation mechanism uses the thermally triggered disulfide-ene reaction to convert the network topology - from dynamic to static - in a polymerized bulk material. Thus, such a dynamic polymer can exhibit topological rearrangement for thermal plasticity at 130°C to resemble typical dynamic cross-linked polymers. Following the topological alternation at 180°C, the formation of a static topology reduces creep deformation by more than 85% in the same polymer. Owing to temperature-dependent selectivity, our cross-linked polymer exhibits a shape-morphing ability while enhancing its creep resistance for dimensional stability and service longevity after sequentially topological alternation. Our design enriches the design of dynamic covalent polymers, which potentially expands their utility in fabricating geometrically sophisticated multifunctional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsun Hu
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ta-Te Chen
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Tamura
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kei Terayama
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Siqian Wang
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ikumu Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masanobu Naito
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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18
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He E, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Ji Y. Reprocessing of Vitrimer. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Xu X, Hao X, Hu J, Gao W, Ning N, Yu B, Zhang L, Tian M. Recyclable silicone elastic light-triggered actuator with a reconfigurable Janus structure and self-healable performance. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01632f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A recyclable silicone elastic light-triggered actuator with reconfigurable Janus structure and self-healable performance is reported, which was fabricated via heterogeneous crosslinking induced by a gradient intensity of UV light due to CNTs accretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinyue Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weisheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- China National Petroleum & Chemical Planning Institute, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Nanying Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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20
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Zhang C, Lu X, Wang Z, Xia H. Progress in Utilizing Dynamic Bonds to Fabricate Structurally Adaptive Self-Healing, Shape Memory, and Liquid Crystal Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100768. [PMID: 34964192 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive structurally dynamic polymers are capable of mimicking the biological systems to adapt themselves to the surrounding environmental changes and subsequently exhibiting a wide range of responses ranging from self-healing to complex shape-morphing. Dynamic self-healing polymers (SHPs), shape-memory polymers (SMPs) and liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), which are three representative examples of stimuli-responsive structurally dynamic polymers, have been attracting broad and growing interest in recent years because of their potential applications in the fields of electronic skin, sensors, soft robots, artificial muscles, and so on. We review recent advances and challenges in the developments towards dynamic SHPs, SMPs and LCEs, focusing on the chemistry strategies and the dynamic reaction mechanisms that enhance the performances of the materials including self-healing, reprocessing and reprogramming. We compare and discuss the different dynamic chemistries and their mechanisms on the enhanced functions of the materials, where three summary tables are presented: a library of dynamic bonds and the resulting characteristics of the materials. Finally, we provide a critical outline of the unresolved issues and future perspectives on the emerging developments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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21
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Quadrini F, Bellisario D, Iorio L, Santo L, Pappas P, Koutroumanis N, Anagnostopoulos G, Galiotis C. Shape Memory Composite Sandwich Structures with Self-Healing Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183056. [PMID: 34577957 PMCID: PMC8470463 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Polyurea/Formaldehyde (PUF) microcapsules containing Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) as a healing substance were fabricated in situ and mixed at relatively low concentrations (<2 wt%) with a thermosetting polyurethane (PU) foam used in turn as the core of a sandwich structure. The shape memory (SM) effect depended on the combination of the behavior of the PU foam core and the shape memory polymer composite (SMPC) laminate skins. SMPC laminates were manufactured by moulding commercial carbon fiber-reinforced (CFR) prepregs with a SM polymer interlayer. At first, PU foam samples, with and without microcapsules, were mechanically tested. After, PU foam was inserted into the SMPC sandwich structure. Damage tests were carried out by compression and bending to deform and break the PU foam cells, and then assess the structure self-healing (SH) and recovery capabilities. Both SM and SH responses were rapid and thermally activated (120 °C). The CFR-SMPC skins and the PU foam core enable the sandwich to exhibit excellent SM properties with a shape recovery ratio up to 99% (initial configuration recovery). Moreover, the integration of microcapsules (0.5 wt%) enables SH functionality with a structural restoration up to 98%. This simple process makes this sandwich structure ideal for different industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Quadrini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.I.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: (F.Q.); (D.B.); Tel.: +39-0672597167 (F.Q.)
| | - Denise Bellisario
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.I.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: (F.Q.); (D.B.); Tel.: +39-0672597167 (F.Q.)
| | - Leandro Iorio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.I.); (L.S.)
| | - Loredana Santo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.I.); (L.S.)
| | - Panagiotis Pappas
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, University of Patras, Stadiou Str., Rio, GR 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.P.); (N.K.); (G.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Nikolaos Koutroumanis
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, University of Patras, Stadiou Str., Rio, GR 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.P.); (N.K.); (G.A.); (C.G.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, University Campus, GR 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - George Anagnostopoulos
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, University of Patras, Stadiou Str., Rio, GR 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.P.); (N.K.); (G.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Costas Galiotis
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, University of Patras, Stadiou Str., Rio, GR 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.P.); (N.K.); (G.A.); (C.G.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, University Campus, GR 26504 Patras, Greece
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22
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Xu Y, Dai S, Bi L, Jiang J, Zhang H, Chen Y. Catalyst-Free Self-Healing Bio-Based Polymers: Robust Mechanical Properties, Shape Memory, and Recyclability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9338-9349. [PMID: 34347466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The poor mechanical properties and disadvantages of catalysts limit the application of self-healing materials. To address these issues, catalyst-free self-healing bio-based polymers (AESO-EMPA polymers) with robust mechanical properties were prepared using epoxidized maleopimaric anhydride (EMPA) and aminated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). The AESO-EMPA polymers are recyclable and exhibit self-healing and shape memory because of the dual-dynamic network of multiple H-bonds and dynamic ester bonds in the structure. Under the synergistic catalysis of the tertiary amines and hydroxyl groups originated from the polymers, the polymers in this study achieve network rearrangement without the need for additional catalysts. The polymers also exhibit excellent mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 29.1 ± 0.25 MPa and a Tg of 80.2 °C owing to the unique rigid backbone of rosin and the dual-dynamic network. The AESO-EMPA polymers can be used as reusable adhesives and exhibit excellent shear strength and repair rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Xu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical UtilizationNanjing 210042, China
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Songlin Dai
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical UtilizationNanjing 210042, China
| | - Liangwu Bi
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical UtilizationNanjing 210042, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical UtilizationNanjing 210042, China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical UtilizationNanjing 210042, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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23
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Tang ZH, Zeng H, Wei SQ, Wu SW, Guo BC. Structural Manipulation of Aminal-crosslinked Polybutadiene for Recyclable and Healable Elastomers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Hou K, Yang C, Shi J, Kuang B, Tian B. Nano- and Microscale Optical and Electrical Biointerfaces and Their Relevance to Energy Research. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100165. [PMID: 34142435 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Different research fields in energy sciences, such as photovoltaics for solar energy conversion, supercapacitors for energy storage, electrocatalysis for clean energy conversion technologies, and materials-bacterial hybrid for CO2 fixation have been under intense investigations over the past decade. In recent years, new platforms for biointerface designs have emerged from the energy conversion and storage principles. This paper reviews recent advances in nano- and microscale materials/devices for optical and electrical biointerfaces. First, a connection is drawn between biointerfaces and energy science, and how these two distinct research fields can be connected is summarized. Then, a brief overview of current available tools for biointerface studies is presented. Third, three representative biointerfaces are reviewed, including neural, cardiac, and bacterial biointerfaces, to show how to apply these tools and principles to biointerface design and research. Finally, two possible future research directions for nano- and microscale biointerfaces are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chuanwang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jiuyun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Boya Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Deng H, Zhang C, Sattari K, Ling Y, Su JW, Yan Z, Lin J. 4D Printing Elastic Composites for Strain-Tailored Multistable Shape Morphing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12719-12725. [PMID: 33326205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) morphing structures with multistable shapes that can be quantitatively and reversibly altered are highly desired in many potential applications ranging from soft robots to wearable electronics. In this study, we present a 4D printing method for fabricating multistable shape-morphing structures that can be quantitatively controlled by the applied strains. The structures are printed by a two-nozzle 3D printer that can spatially distribute phase change wax microparticles (MPs) in the elastomer matrix. The wax MPs can retain the residual strain after the prestrained elastomer composite is relaxed because of the solid-liquid phase change. Thanks to high design freedom of the 3D printing, spatial distribution of the wax MPs can be programmed, leading to an anisotropic stress field in the elastomer composite. This causes the out-of-plane deformations such as curling, folding, and buckling. These deformations are multistable and can be reprogrammed because of the reversible phase change of the wax MPs. What's more, characteristics of deformations such as curvatures and folding angles are linearly dependent on the applied strains, suggesting that these deformations are quantitatively controllable. Finally, the applications of the strained-tailored multistable shape morphing 3D structures in the assembly of 3D electronics and adaptive wearable sensors were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jheng-Wun Su
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania 16057, United States
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Bhusal S, Oh C, Kang Y, Varshney V, Ren Y, Nepal D, Roy A, Kedziora G. Transesterification in Vitrimer Polymers Using Bifunctional Catalysts: Modeled with Solution-Phase Experimental Rates and Theoretical Analysis of Efficiency and Mechanisms. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2411-2424. [PMID: 33635079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, thermoset vitrimer polymers have shown significant promise for structural applications because of their ability to be reshaped and remolded due to their covalent adaptive network (CAN). In these vitrimers, the transesterification reaction is responsible for the CAN, where the efficiency of the reaction is controlled either by organic or by organometallic catalysts. Understanding the mechanism of the transesterification reaction in the bulk phase using direct experimental techniques is extremely difficult due to the highly cross-linked complex structure of thermosetting vitrimers. Therefore, we use solution-phase experiments to investigate the catalytic efficiency and to guide density functional theory (DFT) simulations of the transesterification reaction mechanism with catalysts triazabicyclodecene (TBD), zinc acetate (Zn(OAc)2), 1-methylimidazole (1-MI), and dibutyltin oxide (DBTO). The estimated catalytic efficiency from the detailed DFT reaction path calculations follows the order TBD ≳ DBTO ≳ Zn(OAc)2 > 1-MI, which agrees with the experimental results. In addition to reaction path modeling, the mechanism and the relative rates of the transesterification reaction are analyzed with the assistance of Fukui indices as a measure of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of atomic sites and with partial charges. It was found that the sum of the nucleophilicity index of the base and the electrophilicity index of the acid of the bifunctional catalysts correlates with the SN2 transition state and tetrahedral intermediate energies, which are related to the barrier of the rate-limiting step. This correlation provides a hypothesis for computational prescreening of potentially better catalysts that have an index in a range of values. These results provide a basis for understanding an important part of the mechanism of transesterification in vitrimer systems and may assist with designing new catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusil Bhusal
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States.,Universal Technology Corporation, 1270 N Fairfield Rd., Beavercreek, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Changjun Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Vikas Varshney
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Yixin Ren
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States.,Universal Technology Corporation, 1270 N Fairfield Rd., Beavercreek, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Ajit Roy
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Gary Kedziora
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Department of Engineering Physics, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
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Islam S, Alfaruqi MH, Putro DY, Park S, Kim S, Lee S, Ahmed MS, Mathew V, Sun Y, Hwang J, Kim J. In Situ Oriented Mn Deficient ZnMn 2O 4@C Nanoarchitecture for Durable Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002636. [PMID: 33643793 PMCID: PMC7887583 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn)-based cathode materials have garnered huge research interest for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) due to the abundance and low cost of manganese and the plentiful advantages of manganese oxides including their different structures, wide range of phases, and various stoichiometries. A novel in situ generated Mn-deficient ZnMn2O4@C (Mn-d-ZMO@C) nanoarchitecture cathode material from self-assembly of ZnO-MnO@C for rechargeable AZIBs is reported. Analytical techniques confirm the porous and crystalline structure of ZnO-MnO@C and the in situ growth of Mn deficient ZnMn2O4@C. The Zn/Mn-d-ZMO@C cell displays a promising capacity of 194 mAh g-1 at a current density of 100 mA g-1 with 84% of capacity retained after 2000 cycles (at 3000 mA g-1 rate). The improved performance of this cathode originates from in situ orientation, porosity, and carbon coating. Additionally, first-principles calculations confirm the high electronic conductivity of Mn-d-ZMO@C cathode. Importantly, a good capacity retention (86%) is obtained with a year-old cell (after 150 cycles) at 100 mA g-1 current density. This study, therefore, indicates that the in situ grown Mn-d-ZMO@C nanoarchitecture cathode is a promising material to prepare a durable AZIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiful Islam
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringChonnam National UniversityGwangju500‐757South Korea
| | - Muhammad Hilmy Alfaruqi
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringChonnam National UniversityGwangju500‐757South Korea
- Department of Metallurgical EngineeringSumbawa University of TechnologyOlat MarasSumbawaWest Nusa Tenggara84371Indonesia
| | - Dimas Yunianto Putro
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringChonnam National UniversityGwangju500‐757South Korea
| | - Sohyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringChonnam National UniversityGwangju500‐757South Korea
| | - Seokhun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringChonnam National UniversityGwangju500‐757South Korea
| | - Seulgi Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringChonnam National UniversityGwangju500‐757South Korea
| | | | - Vinod Mathew
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringChonnam National UniversityGwangju500‐757South Korea
| | - Yang‐Kook Sun
- Department of Energy EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul133‐791Republic of Korea
| | - Jang‐Yeon Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringChonnam National UniversityGwangju500‐757South Korea
| | - Jaekook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringChonnam National UniversityGwangju500‐757South Korea
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28
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Zheng N, Xu Y, Zhao Q, Xie T. Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks: A Molecular Platform for Designing Functions beyond Chemical Recycling and Self-Healing. Chem Rev 2021; 121:1716-1745. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Chellattoan R, Yudhanto A, Lubineau G. Low-Voltage-Driven Large-Amplitude Soft Actuators Based on Phase Transition. Soft Robot 2020; 7:688-699. [DOI: 10.1089/soro.2019.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ragesh Chellattoan
- COHMAS Laboratory, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arief Yudhanto
- COHMAS Laboratory, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gilles Lubineau
- COHMAS Laboratory, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Wang TX, Chen HM, Salvekar AV, Lim J, Chen Y, Xiao R, Huang WM. Vitrimer-Like Shape Memory Polymers: Characterization and Applications in Reshaping and Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2330. [PMID: 33053813 PMCID: PMC7601385 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape memory effect (SME) refers to the ability of a material to recover its original shape, but only in the presence of a right stimulus. Most polymers, either thermo-plastic or thermoset, can have the SME, although the actual shape memory performance varies according to the exact material and how the material is processed. Vitrimer, which is between thermoset and thermo-plastic, is featured by the reversible cross-linking. Vitrimer-like shape memory polymers (SMPs) combine the vitrimer-like behavior (associated with dissociative covalent adaptable networks) and SME, and can be utilized to achieve many novel functions that are difficult to be realized by conventional polymers. In the first part of this paper, a commercial polymer is used to demonstrate how to characterize the vitrimer-like behavior based on the heating-responsive SME. In the second part, a series of cases are presented to reveal the potential applications of vitrimer-like SMPs and their composites. It is concluded that the vitrimer-like feature not only enables many new ways in reshaping polymers, but also can bring forward new approaches in manufacturing, such as, rapid 3D printing in solid state on space/air/sea missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xi Wang
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, China;
| | - Hong Mei Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Abhijit Vijay Salvekar
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (A.V.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Junyi Lim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (A.V.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Yahui Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Wei Min Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (A.V.S.); (J.L.)
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31
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Qiu X, Guo Q, Wang Y, Huang X, Cao J, Zheng Z, Zhang X. Self-Healing and Reconfigurable Actuators Based on Synergistically Cross-Linked Supramolecular Elastomer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:41981-41990. [PMID: 32835472 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive soft actuators show great potential in intelligent robot systems for their various virtues, such as arbitrary shape morphing, outstanding adaptability to environment, and multidegrees of freedom. However, it is extremely challenging to achieve a combination of excellent actuating performance and robust mechanical strength as well as self-healing property. Herein we report a near-infrared light-responsive soft actuator based on the synergistic effects of a crystalline physical cross-linked network and a hydrogen bonding supramolecular network. The actuator exhibits outstanding comprehensive performance including fast and reliable light-responsive behavior (bending angle over 90° within 1.6 s), robust mechanical strength (12.52 MPa), superfast self-healing speed (2 s), and satisfactory self-healing efficiency in both mechanical (87.68%) and actuating (99.50%) performance. In addition, it is convenient to fabricate and reconfigure the actuators by a mild-temperature molding strategy to acquire various three-dimensional structures, thus achieving diverse actuating locomotion. This work provides a powerful and facile strategy to prepare soft actuators with intriguing performance, allowing significant progress in broadening their practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Quanquan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhuo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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32
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The crucial role of external force in the estimation of the topology freezing transition temperature of vitrimers by elongational creep measurements. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Wang S, Gao Y, Wei A, Xiao P, Liang Y, Lu W, Chen C, Zhang C, Yang G, Yao H, Chen T. Asymmetric elastoplasticity of stacked graphene assembly actualizes programmable untethered soft robotics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4359. [PMID: 32868779 PMCID: PMC7459344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ever-increasing interest yet grand challenge in developing programmable untethered soft robotics. Here we address this challenge by applying the asymmetric elastoplasticity of stacked graphene assembly (SGA) under tension and compression. We transfer the SGA onto a polyethylene (PE) film, the resulting SGA/PE bilayer exhibits swift morphing behavior in response to the variation of the surrounding temperature. With the applications of patterned SGA and/or localized tempering pretreatment, the initial configurations of such thermal-induced morphing systems can also be programmed as needed, resulting in diverse actuation systems with sophisticated three-dimensional structures. More importantly, unlike the normal bilayer actuators, our SGA/PE bilayer, after a constrained tempering process, will spontaneously curl into a roll, which can achieve rolling locomotion under infrared lighting, yielding an untethered light-driven motor. The asymmetric elastoplasticity of SGA endows the SGA-based bi-materials with great application promise in developing untethered soft robotics with high configurational programmability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, 518057, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Anran Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chinyin Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Guilin Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Haimin Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, 518057, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Gao T, Xu G, Wen Y, Cheng H, Li C, Qu L. An intelligent film actuator with multi-level deformation behaviour. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1226-1232. [PMID: 32608437 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00268b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Smart materials with simply reversible deformation or reconfigurability have shown great potential in artificial muscles, robots, controlled displays, etc. However, the combination of reversible and reconfigured functions in responsive materials, which can endow them with mature and complex actuation performance similar to that of living things, is still a great challenge. In this regard, we report an intelligent graphene oxide (GO)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film with reconfigured structures resulting from inner plastic deformation after treatment at elevated temperature (40-80 °C), which simultaneously expresses basically and secondarily reversible deformation ability of its original and reconfigured states in response to external stimuli (e.g. IR light and moisture), respectively. As a result, this film achieves unique multi-level actuation behaviour by combining reversible and reconfigured functions. Based on this, an "Artificial Pupil" with two switchable light penetration modes under the different reconfigured states was designed and developed. Furthermore, many special and reconfigured 3D structures (e.g. cubic boxes, pyramids) have been well explored, which is promising for applications in future materials engineering and biomimetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Gao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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35
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Lahikainen M, Zeng H, Priimagi A. Design principles for non-reciprocal photomechanical actuation. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5951-5958. [PMID: 32542246 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00624f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-reciprocal motions are a sequence of movements exhibiting time-reversal asymmetry. Such movements are common among various natural species, being adopted as a typical strategy for achieving efficient locomotion. Generally, the realization of non-reciprocal motions in man-made robotic devices requires synchronous control of at least two individual actuators, hence posing challenges to soft micro-robotics where the miniaturization limits integration of different mechanical components and the possibility of using onboard batteries. Here, we introduce general concepts for achieving non-reciprocal movements in wirelessly controlled soft actuators made of photomechanically responsive liquid crystal networks. The monolithic actuators are composed of two segments that can be actuated photochemically and photothermally, and the non-reciprocal motion is obtained by a control sequence that temporally modulates light sources of different wavelengths. Through proper selection of photoactive compounds, the number of modulated light sources can be decreased, from three to two, and eventually to one. Finally, we demonstrate non-reciprocal self-oscillation by self-shadowing effect in a flexible strip under a constant light field with no temporal modulation. This study provides general guidelines to light-controlled non-reciprocal actuation, offering new strategies for the control of wireless soft micro-robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lahikainen
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P. O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
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36
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Lee JH, Choi JC, Won S, Lee JW, Lee JG, Kim HR, Wie JJ. Light-driven complex 3D shape morphing of glassy polymers by resolving spatio-temporal stress confliction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10840. [PMID: 32616756 PMCID: PMC7331612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmable 3D shape morphing of hot-drawn polymeric sheets has been demonstrated using photothermal local shrinkage of patterned hinges. However, the hinge designs have been limited to simple linear hinges used to generate in-plane local folding or global curvature. Herein, we report an unprecedented design strategy to realize localized curvature engineering in 3D structures employing radial hinges and stress-releasing facets on 2D polymeric sheets. The shape and height of the 3D structures are readily controlled by varying the number of radial patterns. Moreover, they are numerically predictable by finite elemental modeling simulation with consideration of the spatio-temporal stress distribution, as well as of stress competition effects. Localized curvature engineering provides programming capabilities for various designs including soft-turtle-shell, sea-shell shapes, and saddle architectures with the desired chirality. The results of local curvilinear actuation with quantifiable stress implies options to advance the applicability of self-folded architectures embodying coexisting curved and linear geometric surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyeok Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Chan Choi
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukyoung Won
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gyeong Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Rin Kim
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Jae Wie
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Eugenol-derived reconfigurable high-performance epoxy resin for self-deployable smart 3D structures. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Dynamic transfer auto-catalysis of epoxy vitrimers enabled by the carboxylic acid/epoxy ratio based on facilely synthesized trifunctional monoesterified cyclic anhydrides. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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39
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Gablier A, Saed MO, Terentjev EM. Rates of transesterification in epoxy-thiol vitrimers. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5195-5202. [PMID: 32469024 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00742k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vitrimers, an important subset of dynamically crosslinked polymer networks, have many technological applications for their excellent properties, and the ability to be re-processed through plastic flow above the so-called vitrification temperature. We report a simple and efficient method of generating such adaptive crosslinked networks relying on transesterification for their bond exchange by utilising the 'click' chemistry of epoxy and thiols, which also has the advantage of a low glass transition temperature. We vary the chemical structure of thiol spacers to probe the effects of concentration and the local environment of ester groups on the macroscopic elastic-plastic transition. The thermal activation energy of transesterification bond exchange is determined for each chemical structure, and for a varying concentration of catalyst, establishing the conditions for the optimal, and for the suppressed bond exchange. However, we also discover that the temperature of elastic-plastic transition is strongly affected by the stiffness (dynamic rubber modulus) of the network, with softer networks having a much lower vitrification temperature even when their bond-exchange activation energy is higher. This combination of chemical and physical control factors should help optimise the processability of vitrimer plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gablier
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Mohand O Saed
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Eugene M Terentjev
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
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Sinawang G, Osaki M, Takashima Y, Yamaguchi H, Harada A. Supramolecular self-healing materials from non-covalent cross-linking host-guest interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4381-4395. [PMID: 32249859 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00672f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of non-covalent bonds is effective for achieving self-healing properties because they can be controlled reversibly. One approach to introduce these bonds into supramolecular materials is use of host-guest interactions. This feature article summarizes the development of supramolecular materials constructed by non-covalent cross-linking through several approaches, such as host-guest interactions between host polymers and guest polymers, 1 : 2-type host-guest interactions, and host-guest interactions from the polymerization of host-guest inclusion complexes. Host-guest interactions show self-healing functions while also enabling stimuli-responsiveness (redox, pH, and temperature). The self-healing function of supramolecular materials is achieved by stress dispersion arising from host-guest interactions when stress is applied. Reversible bonds based on host-guest interactions have tremendous potential to expand the variety of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Sinawang
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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41
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Liu T, Zhao B, Zhang J. Recent development of repairable, malleable and recyclable thermosetting polymers through dynamic transesterification. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang H, Yang Y, Zhang M, Wang Q, Xia K, Yin Z, Wei Y, Ji Y, Zhang Y. Electricity-Triggered Self-Healing of Conductive and Thermostable Vitrimer Enabled by Paving Aligned Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:14315-14322. [PMID: 32134257 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conducting films are important for the development of modern electronics. However, most of these conducting films become susceptible to structure fractures under complex deformations or accidental damages, causing the devices to fail to work. Inspired by the self-healing capability of creatures, we developed a self-healing, thermostable, and electrically conducting film that can be healed by electricity by paving aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets onto the surface of liquid crystal elastomer composite films. The aligned CNT sheets make the composites conductive, so the composites can be healed not only by light but also by electricity after breaking. The scratches on the self-healing film can be healed easily under a voltage of 1.18 V/mm because of the electro-thermal effect of aligned CNT sheets. The healed film has almost the same mechanical properties compared to the pristine sample. The electrical and mechanical self-healing of the film is derived from the electrical reconnection of carbon nanotubes and transesterification-induced topology change of the network, respectively. We further demonstrated soft actuators and high-performance supercapacitors based on the prepared self-healing conducting films. This method for preparing self-healing conducting films enables the development of self-healing electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Yin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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43
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Memon H, Liu H, Rashid MA, Chen L, Jiang Q, Zhang L, Wei Y, Liu W, Qiu Y. Vanillin-Based Epoxy Vitrimer with High Performance and Closed-Loop Recyclability. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafeezullah Memon
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Muhammad A. Rashid
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qiuran Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wanshuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
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Altuna FI, Casado U, dell'Erba IE, Luna L, Hoppe CE, Williams RJJ. Epoxy vitrimers incorporating physical crosslinks produced by self-association of alkyl chains. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitrimers synthesized from epoxy-carboxylic acid-alkylamine (Cn) formulations exhibit tunable mechanical properties and stress relaxation without using external catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. I. Altuna
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA)
- University of Mar del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET)
- 7600 Mar del Plata
- Argentina
| | - U. Casado
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA)
- University of Mar del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET)
- 7600 Mar del Plata
- Argentina
| | - I. E. dell'Erba
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA)
- University of Mar del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET)
- 7600 Mar del Plata
- Argentina
| | - L. Luna
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA)
- University of Mar del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET)
- 7600 Mar del Plata
- Argentina
| | - C. E. Hoppe
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA)
- University of Mar del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET)
- 7600 Mar del Plata
- Argentina
| | - R. J. J. Williams
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA)
- University of Mar del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET)
- 7600 Mar del Plata
- Argentina
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Abstract
Advances in polymer actuators containing covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are summarized and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahe Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yan Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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46
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47
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Miao JT, Ge M, Peng S, Zhong J, Li Y, Weng Z, Wu L, Zheng L. Dynamic Imine Bond-Based Shape Memory Polymers with Permanent Shape Reconfigurability for 4D Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40642-40651. [PMID: 31577114 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymer (SMP)-based 4D printing combines the advantages of SMP and 3D printing to form active materials with delicate structure. Nowadays, studies of SMP-based 4D printing materials mainly focus on cross-linked (meth)acrylate of which the permanent shape cannot be changed for their covalent linkage, limiting the usage of 4D printing materials. In this paper, a novel (meth)acrylate monomer with an aldehyde group (2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl 4-formylbenzoate, MEFB) and hyperbranched cross-linker (HPASi) are synthesized to build (meth)acrylate systems (IEMSis) with dynamic imine bonds for 4D printing. The flexible chain structure of HPASi significantly enhances the toughness of IEMSis, which is 33-97-fold higher than that of the one without HPASi (IEM). The addition of HPASi also endows IEMSis good shape memory properties, and the shape fixity and shape recovery ratios of them are 97.5-97.6 and 91.4-93.7%, respectively. At the same time, IEMSis can undergo a stress relaxation process by dynamic exchanges of imine bonds under relatively mild conditions without a catalyst to acquire an ability of permanent shape reconfiguration. The shape retention ratio of IEMSi3 is 84.3%. In addition, the 4D-printed structures displayed here indicate that these 4D printing systems have a myriad of potential applications including aerospace structures, soft robotic grippers, smart electron switches, and intelligent packaging, while the reconfigurability shown by IEMSi3 will expand the scope of application fields of 4D printing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tao Miao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Meiying Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqiang Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuewei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zixiang Weng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Longhui Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , People's Republic of China
- Fujian Universities and Colleges Engineering Research Center of Soft Plastic Packaging Technology for Food , Fuzhou 350300 , People's Republic of China
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Kaiser S, Wurzer S, Pilz G, Kern W, Schlögl S. Stress relaxation and thermally adaptable properties in vitrimer-like elastomers from HXNBR rubber with covalent bonds. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:6062-6072. [PMID: 31298258 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00856j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Widening the scope of skeletons in the chemistry of vitrimer(-like) high molecular weight rubbers, the present study highlights the preparation of vitrimer-like elastomers based on a technically relevant rubber that is characterised by high thermal and oxidation stability. In particular, we prepared covalently crosslinked hydrogenated carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (HXNBR) networks that can rearrange their topology due to the exchangeable nature of the crosslinks. By crosslinking with a di-functional epoxide, β-hydroxyl ester linkages are incorporated into the rubber, enabling thermo-activated transesterifications in the presence of the catalyst triazabicyclodecene. At moderate temperatures, the covalent linkages ensure good mechanical properties as well as chemical and thermal stability of the rubber, which is essential for most applications. In addition, bond exchange reactions allow for fast and distinctive stress relaxation at elevated temperatures. Due to the enhanced network mobility above the vitrification transition temperature, the materials exhibit thermally adaptable properties. A comparative study throughout all experiments with catalyst-free samples serving as a reference is made. Shape change experiments reveal a certain malleability of the HXNBR elastomers and improved adhesion properties are shown by means of lap shear tests. In the presence of catalyst, the failure mechanism changes from adhesive to cohesive failure proving the weldability of the material. Furthermore, the samples exhibit thermally triggered repair capabilities as demonstrated by stress-rupture tests. In general, it is shown that already low quantities of exchangeable crosslinks of associative nature impart a promising thermal adaptability into high molecular weight HXNBR rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Stefan Wurzer
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Gerald Pilz
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kern
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria. and Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
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Niu X, Wang F, Kui X, Zhang R, Wang X, Li X, Chen T, Sun P, Shi A. Dual Cross‐linked Vinyl Vitrimer with Efficient Self‐Catalysis Achieving Triple‐Shape‐Memory Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900313. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Niu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Fenfen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Xing Kui
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Rongchun Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST)South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsTianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Tiehong Chen
- Institute of New Catalytic Materials ScienceSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE)Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Pingchuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - An‐Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and AstronomyMcMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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50
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Giebler M, Radl S, Ules T, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Photopatternable Epoxy-Based Thermosets. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2350. [PMID: 31344852 PMCID: PMC6695657 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present work provides a comparative study on the photopatterning of epoxy-based thermosets as a function of network structure and network mobility. Local switching of solubility properties by light of a defined wavelength is achieved by exploiting versatile o-nitrobenzyl ester (o-NBE) chemistry. o-NBE derivatives with terminal epoxy groups are synthetized and thermally cured with different types of cycloaliphatic anhydrides via nucleophilic ring opening reaction. By varying the structure of the anhydride, glass transition temperature (Tg) and surface hardness are adjusted over a broad range. Once the network has been formed, the photolysis of the o-NBE groups enables a well-defined degradation of the 3D network. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy studies demonstrate that cleavage rate and cleavage yield increase with rising mobility of the network, which is either facilitated by inherent network properties (Tg below room temperature) or a simultaneous heating of the thermosets above their Tg. The formation of soluble species is evidenced by sol-gel analysis, revealing that low-Tg networks are prone to secondary photoreactions at higher exposure doses, which lead to a re-crosslinking of the cleaved polymer chains. The change in solubility properties is exploited to inscribe positive tone micropatterns within the thermosets by photolithographic techniques. Contrast curves show that the resist performance of rigid networks is superior to flexible ones, with a contrast of 1.17 and a resolution of 8 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giebler
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Simone Radl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Ules
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
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