1
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Renner A, Stahringer A, Ruppel KE, Fricke S, Koehl U, Schmiedel D. Development of KoRV-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors for efficient gene transfer into freshly isolated immune cells. Gene Ther 2024:10.1038/s41434-024-00454-0. [PMID: 38684788 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-024-00454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Allogeneic cell therapies, such as those involving macrophages or Natural Killer (NK) cells, are of increasing interest for cancer immunotherapy. However, the current techniques for genetically modifying these cell types using lenti- or gamma-retroviral vectors present challenges, such as required cell pre-activation and inefficiency in transduction, which hinder the assessment of preclinical efficacy and clinical translation. In our study, we describe a novel lentiviral pseudotype based on the Koala Retrovirus (KoRV) envelope protein, which we identified based on homology to existing pseudotypes used in cell therapy. Unlike other pseudotyped viral vectors, this KoRV-based envelope demonstrates remarkable efficiency in transducing freshly isolated primary human NK cells directly from blood, as well as freshly obtained monocytes, which were differentiated to M1 macrophages as well as B cells from multiple donors, achieving up to 80% reporter gene expression within three days post-transduction. Importantly, KoRV-based transduction does not compromise the expression of crucial immune cell receptors, nor does it impair immune cell functionality, including NK cell viability, proliferation, cytotoxicity as well as phagocytosis of differentiated macrophages. Preserving immune cell functionality is pivotal for the success of cell-based therapeutics in treating various malignancies. By achieving high transduction rates of freshly isolated immune cells before expansion, our approach enables a streamlined and cost-effective automated production of off-the-shelf cell therapeutics, requiring fewer viral particles and less manufacturing steps. This breakthrough holds the potential to significantly reduce the time and resources required for producing e.g. NK cell therapeutics, expediting their availability to patients in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Renner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Stahringer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Eva Ruppel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases, CIMD, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases, CIMD, Leipzig, Deutschland
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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2
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Segets D, Andronescu C, Apfel UP. Accelerating CO 2 electrochemical conversion towards industrial implementation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7950. [PMID: 38040758 PMCID: PMC10692087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in CO2 conversion field, there remains a significant gap between fundamental research and the industrial demands. This Comment discusses key performance parameters for industrial applications and outlines current limitations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Segets
- Institute for Energy and Materials Processes-Particle Science and Technology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Str. 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Carl-Benz-Str. 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Carl-Benz-Str. 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
- Chemical Technology III, Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelderstraße 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany.
- Inorganic Chemistry I-Technical Electrochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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3
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Conlon LO, Vogl T, Marciniak CD, Pogorelov I, Yung SK, Eilenberger F, Berry DW, Santana FS, Blatt R, Monz T, Lam PK, Assad SM. Approaching optimal entangling collective measurements on quantum computing platforms. Nat Phys 2023; 19:351-357. [PMID: 36942094 PMCID: PMC10020085 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-022-01875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement is a fundamental feature of quantum mechanics and holds great promise for enhancing metrology and communications. Much of the focus of quantum metrology so far has been on generating highly entangled quantum states that offer better sensitivity, per resource, than what can be achieved classically. However, to reach the ultimate limits in multi-parameter quantum metrology and quantum information processing tasks, collective measurements, which generate entanglement between multiple copies of the quantum state, are necessary. Here, we experimentally demonstrate theoretically optimal single- and two-copy collective measurements for simultaneously estimating two non-commuting qubit rotations. This allows us to implement quantum-enhanced sensing, for which the metrological gain persists for high levels of decoherence, and to draw fundamental insights about the interpretation of the uncertainty principle. We implement our optimal measurements on superconducting, trapped-ion and photonic systems, providing an indication of how future quantum-enhanced sensing networks may look.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcán O. Conlon
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Tobias Vogl
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Simon K. Yung
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Falk Eilenberger
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck School of Photonics, Jena, Germany
| | - Dominic W. Berry
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Rainer Blatt
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Monz
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Innsbruck, Austria
- Alpine Quantum Technologies (AQT), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ping Koy Lam
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Australia
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore
| | - Syed M. Assad
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Australia
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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4
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Jaeger B, Schupp JC, Plappert L, Terwolbeck O, Artysh N, Kayser G, Engelhard P, Adams TS, Zweigerdt R, Kempf H, Lienenklaus S, Garrels W, Nazarenko I, Jonigk D, Wygrecka M, Klatt D, Schambach A, Kaminski N, Prasse A. Airway basal cells show a dedifferentiated KRT17 highPhenotype and promote fibrosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5637. [PMID: 36163190 PMCID: PMC9513076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease with limited treatment options. In this study, we focus on the properties of airway basal cells (ABC) obtained from patients with IPF (IPF-ABC). Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of bronchial brushes revealed extensive reprogramming of IPF-ABC towards a KRT17high PTENlow dedifferentiated cell type. In the 3D organoid model, compared to ABC obtained from healthy volunteers, IPF-ABC give rise to more bronchospheres, de novo bronchial structures resembling lung developmental processes, induce fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition in co-culture. Intratracheal application of IPF-ABC into minimally injured lungs of Rag2-/- or NRG mice causes severe fibrosis, remodeling of the alveolar compartment, and formation of honeycomb cyst-like structures. Connectivity MAP analysis of scRNAseq of bronchial brushings suggested that gene expression changes in IPF-ABC can be reversed by SRC inhibition. After demonstrating enhanced SRC expression and activity in these cells, and in IPF lungs, we tested the effects of saracatinib, a potent SRC inhibitor previously studied in humans. We demonstrate that saracatinib modified in-vitro and in-vivo the profibrotic changes observed in our 3D culture system and novel mouse xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Jaeger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonas Christian Schupp
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Linda Plappert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Terwolbeck
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nataliia Artysh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gian Kayser
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peggy Engelhard
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Taylor Sterling Adams
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Kempf
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Garrels
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Irina Nazarenko
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Denise Klatt
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Antje Prasse
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
- German Center for Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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5
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Abstract
Elastic properties of classical bulk materials can hardly be changed or adjusted in operando, while such tunable elasticity is highly desired for robots and smart machinery. Although possible in reconfigurable metamaterials, continuous tunability in existing designs is plagued by issues such as structural instability, weak robustness, plastic failure and slow response. Here we report a metamaterial design paradigm using gears with encoded stiffness gradients as the constituent elements and organizing gear clusters for versatile functionalities. The design enables continuously tunable elastic properties while preserving stability and robust manoeuvrability, even under a heavy load. Such gear-based metamaterials enable excellent properties such as continuous modulation of Young's modulus by two orders of magnitude, shape morphing between ultrasoft and solid states, and fast response. This allows for metamaterial customization and brings fully programmable materials and adaptive robots within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jihong Wen
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dianlong Yu
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Hongjia Zhang
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, College of Intelligent Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Peter Gumbsch
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM, Freiburg, Germany.
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6
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Rogal J, Binder C, Kromidas E, Roosz J, Probst C, Schneider S, Schenke-Layland K, Loskill P. WAT-on-a-chip integrating human mature white adipocytes for mechanistic research and pharmaceutical applications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6666. [PMID: 32313039 PMCID: PMC7170869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its numerous adverse health consequences have taken on global, pandemic proportions. White adipose tissue (WAT) - a key contributor in many metabolic diseases - contributes about one fourth of a healthy human's body mass. Despite its significance, many WAT-related pathophysiogical mechanisms in humans are still not understood, largely due to the reliance on non-human animal models. In recent years, Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms have developed into promising alternatives for animal models; these systems integrate engineered human tissues into physiological microenvironment supplied by a vasculature-like microfluidic perfusion. Here, we report the development of a novel OoC that integrates functional mature human white adipocytes. The WAT-on-a-chip is a multilayer device that features tissue chambers tailored specifically for the maintenance of 3D tissues based on human primary adipocytes, with supporting nourishment provided through perfused media channels. The platform's capability to maintain long-term viability and functionality of white adipocytes was confirmed by real-time monitoring of fatty acid uptake, by quantification of metabolite release into the effluent media as well as by an intact responsiveness to a therapeutic compound. The novel system provides a promising tool for wide-ranging applications in mechanistic research of WAT-related biology, in studying of pathophysiological mechanisms in obesity and diabetes, and in R&D of pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rogal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carina Binder
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Elena Kromidas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Roosz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christopher Probst
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, MRL 3645, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Loskill
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Gonglach S, Paul S, Haas M, Pillwein F, Sreejith SS, Barman S, De R, Müllegger S, Gerschel P, Apfel UP, Coskun H, Aljabour A, Stadler P, Schöfberger W, Roy S. Molecular cobalt corrole complex for the heterogeneous electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3864. [PMID: 31455766 PMCID: PMC6711975 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical conversion of CO2 to alcohols is one of the most challenging methods of conversion and storage of electrical energy in the form of high-energy fuels. The challenge lies in the catalyst design to enable its real-life implementation. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis and characterization of a cobalt(III) triphenylphosphine corrole complex, which contains three polyethylene glycol residues attached at the meso-phenyl groups. Electron-donation and therefore reduction of the cobalt from cobalt(III) to cobalt(I) is accompanied by removal of the axial ligand, thus resulting in a square-planar cobalt(I) complex. The cobalt(I) as an electron-rich supernucleophilic d8-configurated metal centre, where two electrons occupy and fill up the antibonding dz2 orbital. This orbital possesses high affinity towards electrophiles, allowing for such electronically configurated metals reactions with carbon dioxide. Herein, we report the potential dependent heterogeneous electroreduction of CO2 to ethanol or methanol of an immobilized cobalt A3-corrole catalyst system. In moderately acidic aqueous medium (pH = 6.0), the cobalt corrole modified carbon paper electrode exhibits a Faradaic Efficiency (FE%) of 48 % towards ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gonglach
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Shounik Paul
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, 741246, West Bengal, India
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Felix Pillwein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Sreekumar S Sreejith
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, 741246, West Bengal, India
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Soumitra Barman
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, 741246, West Bengal, India
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ratnadip De
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, 741246, West Bengal, India
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Stefan Müllegger
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Philipp Gerschel
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum NC 3/74, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum NC 3/74, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Halime Coskun
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Linz Institute of Organic Solar Cells, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Abdalaziz Aljabour
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Linz Institute of Organic Solar Cells, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Philipp Stadler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Linz Institute of Organic Solar Cells, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schöfberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
| | - Soumyajit Roy
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, 741246, West Bengal, India.
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, P. R. China.
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