1
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Kodalle T, Byranvand MM, Goudreau M, Das C, Roy R, Kot M, Briesenick S, Zohdi M, Rai M, Tamura N, Flege JI, Hempel W, Sutter-Fella CM, Saliba M. An Integrated Deposition and Passivation Strategy for Controlled Crystallization of 2D/3D Halide Perovskite Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309154. [PMID: 38415385 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
This work introduces a simplified deposition procedure for multidimensional (2D/3D) perovskite thin films, integrating a phenethylammonium chloride (PEACl)-treatment into the antisolvent step when forming the 3D perovskite. This simultaneous deposition and passivation strategy reduces the number of synthesis steps while simultaneously stabilizing the halide perovskite film and improving the photovoltaic performance of resulting solar cell devices to 20.8%. Using a combination of multimodal in situ and additional ex situ characterizations, it is demonstrated that the introduction of PEACl during the perovskite film formation slows down the crystal growth process, which leads to a larger average grain size and narrower grain size distribution, thus reducing carrier recombination at grain boundaries and improving the device's performance and stability. The data suggests that during annealing of the wet film, the PEACl diffuses to the surface of the film, forming hydrophobic (quasi-)2D structures that protect the bulk of the perovskite film from humidity-induced degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kodalle
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Mahdi Malekshahi Byranvand
- Institute for Photovoltaics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group FRONTRUNNER IEK5-Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Meredith Goudreau
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Chittaranjan Das
- Institute for Photovoltaics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group FRONTRUNNER IEK5-Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Institute for Photovoltaics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Kot
- Chair of Applied Physics and Semiconductor Spectroscopy, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, 03046, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Simon Briesenick
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montrèal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Mohammadreza Zohdi
- Institute for Photovoltaics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Monika Rai
- Institute for Photovoltaics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nobumichi Tamura
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Jan Ingo Flege
- Chair of Applied Physics and Semiconductor Spectroscopy, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, 03046, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Wolfram Hempel
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carolin M Sutter-Fella
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Michael Saliba
- Institute for Photovoltaics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group FRONTRUNNER IEK5-Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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2
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Chen S, Fang D, Zhou Z, Dai Z, Shi J. Theoretical study of the nitrogen reduction reaction catalyzed by a B-doped MoO 2 six-membered ring. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13405-13411. [PMID: 38647034 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05342c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, two potential catalysts with double-B atom-doped atomic MoO2 (B2/MoO2) and single-B atom-doped atomic MoO2 (B/MoO2) were designed and constructed. The thermodynamics and selectivity of two catalysts in the nitrogen fixation reaction were analyzed by a DFT calculation method. The results show that B2/MoO2 shows better adsorption activation and reduction and can effectively activate nitrogen molecules by two adjacent boron atoms. It achieves an extremely low overpotential of -0.18 V and rapid NRR kinetics through an enzymatic mechanism. Therefore, B2/MoO2 is a very promising NRR candidate catalyst. This research shows that doping with diatomic B (as an active site) results in an excellent NRR catalytic activity, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the preparation of high-performance NRR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaona Chen
- School of Transportation, Fujian University of Technology, No. 3, Xueyuan Road, 350000 Fuzhou City, Fujian, China.
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China.
| | - Demiao Fang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China.
| | - Zhangyu Zhou
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China.
| | - Zhongxu Dai
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China.
| | - Jinjin Shi
- School of Transportation, Fujian University of Technology, No. 3, Xueyuan Road, 350000 Fuzhou City, Fujian, China.
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3
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Cui Q, Zhang D, Gao Y, Fan C, Cai Q, Li H, Wu X, Zhu M, Si J, Dai X, He H, Ye Z. Controlling Interfacial Amidation Reaction Rate to Regulate Crystal Growth toward High-Performance FAPbBr 3-Based Inverted Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10609-10617. [PMID: 38569090 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Controlling interfacial reactions is critical for zinc oxide (ZnO)-based inverted perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs), boosting the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the near-infrared device to above 20%. However, violent interfacial reactions between the bromine-based perovskites and ZnO-based films severely limit the performance of inverted green PeLEDs, whose efficiency and stability lag far behind those of their near-infrared counterparts. Here, a controllable interfacial amidation between the bromine-based perovskites and magnesium-doped ZnO (ZnMgO) film utilizing caprylyl sulfobetaine (SFB) is realized. The SFB molecules strongly interact with formamidinium bromide, decelerating the amidation reaction between formamidinium and carboxylate groups on the ZnMgO film, thus regulating the crystallization of FAPbBr3. Combined with the passivation of benzylamine, a FAPbBr3 bulk film directly deposited on a ZnMgO substrate with single-crystal characteristics is obtained, exhibiting a high photoluminescence quantum yield of above 80%. The resultant PeLEDs demonstrate a peak EQE of exceeding 20% at a high luminance of 120,000 cd m-2 and a half lifetime of 26 min at 11,000 cd m-2, representing the state-of-the-art inverted green electroluminescence. This work resolves the crucial issues of violent interfacial reactions and provides a strategy toward inverted green PeLEDs with outstanding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaopeng Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dingshuo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yun Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chao Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano Materials and Engineering Research Centre of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Qiuting Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hongjin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Meiyi Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano Materials and Engineering Research Centre of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Junjie Si
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Xingliang Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano Materials and Engineering Research Centre of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Haiping He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano Materials and Engineering Research Centre of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Zhizhen Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano Materials and Engineering Research Centre of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi 030000, China
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4
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Yang B, Suo J, Bogachuk D, Kaiser W, Baretzky C, Er-Raji O, Loukeris G, Alothman AA, Mosconi E, Kohlstädt M, Würfel U, De Angelis F, Hagfeldt A. A universal ligand for lead coordination and tailored crystal growth in perovskite solar cells. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2024; 17:1549-1558. [PMID: 38384422 PMCID: PMC10877579 DOI: 10.1039/d3ee02344c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Chemical environment and precursor-coordinating molecular interactions within a perovskite precursor solution can lead to important implications in structural defects and crystallization kinetics of a perovskite film. Thus, the opto-electronic quality of such films can be boosted by carefully fine-tuning the coordination chemistry of perovskite precursors via controllable introduction of additives, capable of forming intermediate complexes. In this work, we employed a new type of ligand, namely 1-phenylguanidine (PGua), which coordinates strongly with the PbI2 complexes in the perovskite precursor, forming new intermediate species. These strong interactions effectively retard the perovskite crystallization process and form homogeneous films with enlarged grain sizes and reduced density of defects. In combination with an interfacial treatment, the resulted champion devices exhibit a 24.6% efficiency with outstanding operational stability. Unprecedently, PGua can be applied in various PSCs with different perovskite compositions and even in both configurations: n-i-p and p-i-n, highlighting the universality of this ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University SE-75120 Uppsala Sweden
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jiajia Suo
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University SE-75120 Uppsala Sweden
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Bogachuk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Waldemar Kaiser
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Clemens Baretzky
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Oussama Er-Raji
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-str. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Georgios Loukeris
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Asma A Alothman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Markus Kohlstädt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Uli Würfel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University 440-746 Suwon Korea
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University SE-75120 Uppsala Sweden
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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5
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Bensekhria A, Asuo IM, Ka I, Nechache R, Rosei F. Improved Performance of Air-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells via the Combination of Chlorine Precursors and Potassium Thiocyanate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:56413-56423. [PMID: 38058107 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to their low cost and high efficiency, hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown the most outstanding competitiveness among third-generation photovoltaic (PV) devices. However, several challenges remain unresolved, among which the limited stability is arguably the main. Chlorine (Cl) has been widely employed to yield PV performances, but the Cl-doping mechanism and its role in mixed-halide PSCs are not entirely understood. Here, we investigate the effect of Cl-doping using different precursors such as formamidinium chloride (FACl), cesium chloride (CsCl), and lead chloride (PbCl2), which lead to the incorporation of Cl at different sites of the perovskite crystal. We demonstrate that the stability and efficiency of air-processed PSCs are strongly affected by Cl bonding into the cationic chloride precursor. Furthermore, adding potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) leads to the maximum efficiency of 18.1%, improving the operational stability with only 18% PCE loss after 520 h, stored under ambient conditions. Incorporating CsCl and KSCN presents an effective approach to further boost the performance and thermal stability of PSCs by tailoring the composition of the perovskite's composition. Finally, we used the slot-die method to demonstrate that our strategy is scalable for large-area devices that have shown similar performance. Our results show that fully air-processed and stable PSCs with high efficiency for large production and commercialization are achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bensekhria
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique INRS-Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications,1650, Blvd. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Ivy M Asuo
- Pi-Sol Technologies Inc., 275 Bd Armand-Frappier Suite 2A, Laval, Québec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Ibrahima Ka
- Pi-Sol Technologies Inc., 275 Bd Armand-Frappier Suite 2A, Laval, Québec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Riad Nechache
- Pi-Sol Technologies Inc., 275 Bd Armand-Frappier Suite 2A, Laval, Québec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique INRS-Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications,1650, Blvd. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
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6
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Takahashi S, Uchida S, Segawa H. Effect of Chloride Incorporation on the Intermediate Phase and Film Morphology of Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskites. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:42711-42721. [PMID: 38024716 PMCID: PMC10652270 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of chloride integration on perovskite film deposition, encompassing both the structures of intermediate phases and the properties of the final films, was explored. Our methodology involved the fabrication of perovskite intermediate-phase films with varying concentrations of methylammonium chloride (MACl). Subsequently, we conducted an analysis employing X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement, incorporating the March-Dollase correction, to gain insights into how chloride-induced intermediate phases impact film morphology. Remarkably, a distinct preferred orientation was observed in the (020) lattice plane perpendicular to the substrate surface, and this orientation was found to be directly correlated to the MACl concentration. This distinctive arrangement of chloride-induced intermediate-phase complexes facilitated controlled crystallization, leading to highly oriented crystals and an improved film morphology. As a consequence, perovskite solar cell devices incorporating chloride-containing methylammonium lead iodide achieved a power conversion efficiency exceeding 20%. These findings suggest a crucial link between the preferred orientation observed in the final chlorine-derived perovskite films and the intermediate-phase structure formed during the initial stages of perovskite formation. These results suggest a profound impact of intermediate phase compositions and crystal structures on perovskite formation, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive understanding of these factors to enable precise control over ideal structures and the subsequent transformation into high-quality perovskite films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saemi Takahashi
- Research
Association for Technology Innovation of Organic Photovoltaics (RATO), Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
- Department
of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Research
Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Segawa
- Research
Association for Technology Innovation of Organic Photovoltaics (RATO), Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
- Research
Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
- Department
of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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7
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Park J, Kim J, Yun HS, Paik MJ, Noh E, Mun HJ, Kim MG, Shin TJ, Seok SI. Controlled growth of perovskite layers with volatile alkylammonium chlorides. Nature 2023; 616:724-730. [PMID: 36796426 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 353.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the crystallinity and surface morphology of perovskite layers by methods such as solvent engineering1,2 and methylammonium chloride addition3-7 is an effective strategy for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. In particular, it is essential to deposit α-formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite thin films with few defects due to their excellent crystallinity and large grain size. Here we report the controlled crystallization of perovskite thin films with the combination of alkylammonium chlorides (RACl) added to FAPbI3. The δ-phase to α-phase transition of FAPbI3 and the crystallization process and surface morphology of the perovskite thin films coated with RACl under various conditions were investigated through in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. RACl added to the precursor solution was believed to be easily volatilized during coating and annealing owing to dissociation into RA0 and HCl with deprotonation of RA+ induced by RA⋯H+-Cl- binding to PbI2 in FAPbI3. Thus, the type and amount of RACl determined the δ-phase to α-phase transition rate, crystallinity, preferred orientation and surface morphology of the final α-FAPbI3. The resulting perovskite thin layers facilitated the fabrication of perovskite solar cells with a power-conversion efficiency of 26.08% (certified 25.73%) under standard illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewang Park
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jongbeom Kim
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sung Yun
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea
| | - Min Jae Paik
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea
| | - Eunseo Noh
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Mun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min Gyu Kim
- Beamline Research Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea.
| | - Sang Il Seok
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea.
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8
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Szostak R, de Souza Gonçalves A, de Freitas JN, Marchezi PE, de Araújo FL, Tolentino HCN, Toney MF, das Chagas Marques F, Nogueira AF. In Situ and Operando Characterizations of Metal Halide Perovskite and Solar Cells: Insights from Lab-Sized Devices to Upscaling Processes. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3160-3236. [PMID: 36877871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance and stability of metal halide perovskite solar cells strongly depend on precursor materials and deposition methods adopted during the perovskite layer preparation. There are often a number of different formation pathways available when preparing perovskite films. Since the precise pathway and intermediary mechanisms affect the resulting properties of the cells, in situ studies have been conducted to unravel the mechanisms involved in the formation and evolution of perovskite phases. These studies contributed to the development of procedures to improve the structural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties of the films and to move beyond spin-coating, with the use of scalable techniques. To explore the performance and degradation of devices, operando studies have been conducted on solar cells subjected to normal operating conditions, or stressed with humidity, high temperatures, and light radiation. This review presents an update of studies conducted in situ using a wide range of structural, imaging, and spectroscopic techniques, involving the formation/degradation of halide perovskites. Operando studies are also addressed, emphasizing the latest degradation results for perovskite solar cells. These works demonstrate the importance of in situ and operando studies to achieve the level of stability required for scale-up and consequent commercial deployment of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Szostak
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-100 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo de Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jilian Nei de Freitas
- Center for Information Technology Renato Archer (CTI), 13069-901 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Marchezi
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Francineide Lopes de Araújo
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio Cesar Nogueira Tolentino
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-100 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Ana Flavia Nogueira
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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9
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Control of perovskite film crystallization and growth direction to target homogeneous monolithic structures. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6655. [PMCID: PMC9636165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGetting performant organo-metal halide perovskite films for various application remains challenging. Here, we show the behavior of solvent and perovskite elements for four different perovskites families and nine different initial precursor solution systems in the case of the most popular preparation process which includes an anti-solvent dripping-assisted spin coating of a precursor solution and a subsequent thermal annealing. We show how the initial solution composition affects, first, the film formed by spin coating and anti-solvent dripping and, second, the processes occurring upon thermal annealing, including crystal domain evolution and the grain growth mechanism. We propose a universal typology which distinguishes three types for the growth direction of perovskite crystals: downward (Type I), upward (Type II) and lateral (Type III). The latter results in large, monolithic grains and we show that this mode must be targeted for the preparation of efficient perovskite light absorber thin films of solar cells.
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10
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Mundt LE, Schelhas LT, Stone KH. Accurately Quantifying Stress during Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Film Formation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27791-27798. [PMID: 35670721 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of strain in metal halide perovskite (MHP) solar cells is still under investigation, showing both beneficial and detrimental effects on the device performance and stability. One crucial component to elucidating the impact of strain in the MHP absorber is a robust method of quantifying the amount of strain in the material. Here, we present a parametric refinement approach based on grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and demonstrate its use on quantifying strain during thermal annealing and subsequent cooling as a function of substrate and processing route. We use the analysis to reveal the impact of the cubic-to-tetragonal phase transition during cooling on the material's strain and discuss texture formation as a potential strain-relief mechanism. Thereby we present both a robust approach to quantify strain in MHPs and potential mechanisms to control strain in the film, opening the path for further investigations of strain in MHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Mundt
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Laura T Schelhas
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kevin H Stone
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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11
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Lohmann K, Motti SG, Oliver RDJ, Ramadan AJ, Sansom HC, Yuan Q, Elmestekawy KA, Patel JB, Ball JM, Herz LM, Snaith HJ, Johnston MB. Solvent-Free Method for Defect Reduction and Improved Performance of p-i-n Vapor-Deposited Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2022; 7:1903-1911. [PMID: 35719271 PMCID: PMC9199003 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As perovskite-based photovoltaics near commercialization, it is imperative to develop industrial-scale defect-passivation techniques. Vapor deposition is a solvent-free fabrication technique that is widely implemented in industry and can be used to fabricate metal-halide perovskite thin films. We demonstrate markably improved growth and optoelectronic properties for vapor-deposited [CH(NH2)2]0.83Cs0.17PbI3 perovskite solar cells by partially substituting PbI2 for PbCl2 as the inorganic precursor. We find the partial substitution of PbI2 for PbCl2 enhances photoluminescence lifetimes from 5.6 ns to over 100 ns, photoluminescence quantum yields by more than an order of magnitude, and charge-carrier mobility from 46 cm2/(V s) to 56 cm2/(V s). This results in improved solar-cell power conversion efficiency, from 16.4% to 19.3% for the devices employing perovskite films deposited with 20% substitution of PbI2 for PbCl2. Our method presents a scalable, dry, and solvent-free route to reducing nonradiative recombination centers and hence improving the performance of vapor-deposited metal-halide perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian
B. Lohmann
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia G. Motti
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. J. Oliver
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra J. Ramadan
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Harry C. Sansom
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Qimu Yuan
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Karim A. Elmestekawy
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Jay B. Patel
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Ball
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Herz
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Advanced Study, Technical University
of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse
2a, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Henry J. Snaith
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B. Johnston
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
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12
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Mrkyvkova N, Held V, Nádaždy P, Subair R, Majkova E, Jergel M, Vlk A, Ledinsky M, Kotlár M, Tian J, Siffalovic P. Combined in Situ Photoluminescence and X-ray Scattering Reveals Defect Formation in Lead-Halide Perovskite Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10156-10162. [PMID: 34637618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lead-halide perovskites have established a firm foothold in photovoltaics and optoelectronics due to their steadily increasing power conversion efficiencies approaching conventional inorganic single-crystal semiconductors. However, further performance improvement requires reducing defect-assisted, nonradiative recombination of charge carriers in the perovskite layers. A deeper understanding of perovskite formation and associated process control is a prerequisite for effective defect reduction. In this study, we analyze the crystallization kinetics of the lead-halide perovskite MAPbI3-xClx during thermal annealing, employing in situ photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy complemented by lab-based grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). In situ GIWAXS measurements are used to quantify the transition from a crystalline precursor to the perovskite structure. We show that the nonmonotonous character of PL intensity development reflects the perovskite phase volume, as well as the occurrence of the defects states at the perovskite layer surface and grain boundaries. The combined characterization approach enables easy determination of defect kinetics during perovskite formation in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Mrkyvkova
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Held
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Nádaždy
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Riyas Subair
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Majkova
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Jergel
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Aleš Vlk
- Laboratory of Thin Films, Institute of Physics, ASCR, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ledinsky
- Laboratory of Thin Films, Institute of Physics, ASCR, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mário Kotlár
- Center for Nano-diagnostics, Slovak University of Technology, Vazovova 5, 81243 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jianjun Tian
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Peter Siffalovic
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
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13
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Abdelsamie M, Li T, Babbe F, Xu J, Han Q, Blum V, Sutter-Fella CM, Mitzi DB, Toney MF. Mechanism of Additive-Assisted Room-Temperature Processing of Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13212-13225. [PMID: 33689282 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells have received substantial attention due to their potential for low-cost photovoltaic devices on flexible or rigid substrates. Thiocyanate (SCN)-containing additives, such as MASCN (MA = methylammonium), have been shown to control perovskite film crystallization and the film microstructure to achieve effective room-temperature perovskite absorber processing. Nevertheless, the crystallization pathways and mechanisms of perovskite formation involved in MASCN additive processing are far from clear. Using in situ X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence, we investigate the crystallization pathways of MAPbI3 and reveal the mechanisms of additive-assisted perovskite formation during spin coating and subsequent N2 drying. We confirm that MASCN induces large precursor aggregates in solution and, during spin coating, promotes the formation of the perovskite phase with lower nucleation density and overall larger initial nuclei size, which forms upon reaching supersaturation in solution, in addition to intermediate solvent-complex phases. Finally, during the subsequent N2 drying, MASCN facilitates the dissociation of these precursor aggregates and the solvate phases, leading to further growth of the perovskite crystals. Our results show that the nature of the intermediate phases and their formation/dissociation kinetics determine the nucleation and growth of the perovskite phase, which subsequently impact the film microstructure. These findings provide mechanistic insights underlying room-temperature, additive-assisted perovskite processing and help guide further development of such facile room-temperature synthesis routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Abdelsamie
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park 94025, California, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, California, United States
| | - Tianyang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham 27708, North Carolina, United States
| | - Finn Babbe
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, California, United States
| | - Junwei Xu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park 94025, California, United States
| | - Qiwei Han
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham 27708, North Carolina, United States
| | - Volker Blum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham 27708, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham 27708, North Carolina, United States
| | - Carolin M Sutter-Fella
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, California, United States
| | - David B Mitzi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham 27708, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham 27708, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park 94025, California, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
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14
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Pineda De La O E, Alhazmi N, Ebbens SJ, Dunbar ADF. Influence of Additives on the In Situ Crystallization Dynamics of Methyl Ammonium Lead Halide Perovskites. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2021; 4:1398-1409. [PMID: 33644699 PMCID: PMC7903675 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c02625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the kinetics of the crystallization process for organometal halide perovskite formation is critical in determining the crystalline, nanoscale morphology and therefore the electronic properties of the films produced during thin film formation from solution. In this work, in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and optical microscopy measurements are used to investigate the processes of nucleation and growth of pristine mixed halide perovskite (MAPbI3-x Cl x ) crystalline films deposited by bar coating at 60 °C, with and without additives in the solution. A small amount of 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) and hydriodic acid (HI) added to MAPbI3-x Cl x is shown to increase the numbers of nucleation centers promoting heterogeneous nucleation and accelerate and modify the size of nuclei during nucleation and growth. A generalized formation mechanism is derived from the overlapping parameters obtained from real-time GISAXS and optical microscopy, which revealed that during nucleation, perovskite precursors cluster before becoming the nuclei that function as elemental units for subsequent formation of perovskite crystals. Additive-free MAPbI3-x Cl x follows reaction-controlled growth, in contrast with when DIO and HI are present, and it is highly possible that the growth then follows a hindered diffusion-controlled mechanism. These results provide important details of the crystallization mechanisms occurring and will help to develop greater control over perovskite films produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Pineda De La O
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Noura Alhazmi
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Ebbens
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Alan D. F. Dunbar
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
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15
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Wu T, Wang J. Deep Mining Stable and Nontoxic Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites for Photovoltaics via Progressive Machine Learning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:57821-57831. [PMID: 33325688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As promising new-generation sunlight-harvesting materials, hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have attracted a great deal of attention because of their outstanding advantage of high-power conversion efficiency and low-cost experimental synthesis. Tremendous chemical space and complexity of HOIPs, however, seriously hinder the applications of traditional trial-and-error and high-throughput density functional theory (HT-DFT) methods. Although the machine learning methods successfully accelerate the discovery of new stable and nontoxic HOIPs for photovoltaics, the performance of the current machine learning strategy is still severely limited by the quality of training input database, resulting in a large chemical space for further exploration. A progressive machine learning strategy is therefore introduced in the current study to investigate the impact of an input database enriched by a previous machine learning study, aiming to provide a more reliable and accurate approach to deep mining of the hidden HOIPs for sunlight harvesting. Enhancement in the performance indicators of a progressive machine learning strategy indicates that the data set generated by the previous round of machine learning study could dramatically enrich the training input database and improve its quality. Further DFT validations confirm that 96 out of 209 machine learning selected candidates have promising band gaps for light harvesting, so the prediction success rate of the current work is significantly enhanced compared to that of the previous work. Current study thence successfully verifies the feasibility of a progressive machine learning strategy for accurate and deep mining of hidden novel functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmin Wu
- Department of Physics and HKU-UCAS Joint Institute for Theoretical and Computational Physics at Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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16
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Thampy V, Stone KH. Solution-Phase Halide Exchange and Targeted Annealing Kinetics in Lead Chloride Derived Hybrid Perovskites. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:13364-13370. [PMID: 32880451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid perovskites are a promising class of materials for a range of optoelectronic applications. Many material properties are dictated by the details of the synthetic process, yet a mechanistic understanding is lacking for the majority of these materials. We have studied the formation of methylammonium lead iodide films derived from a lead chloride precursor to understand both the casting solution chemistry and its influence on the final, largely chlorine-free, film. Using solution-phase extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we observe a halide exchange with the primary solution plumbate species identified as PbI2.5Cl0.33. The mixed halide plumbate solution species leads to formation of the crystalline intermediate phase of (CH3NH3)2PbI3Cl. Using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction, we show that compositional control of the casting solution can control the annealing kinetics of film formation. Our study demonstrates the importance of solution-phase chemistry and its impact on lead halide perovskite synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Thampy
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Kevin H Stone
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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17
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Dutta NS, Noel NK, Arnold CB. Crystalline Nature of Colloids in Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Precursor Inks Revealed by Cryo-Electron Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5980-5986. [PMID: 32633521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites have generated interest across many fields for the impressive optoelectronic properties achievable in films produced using facile solution-processing techniques. Previous research has revealed the colloidal nature of perovskite precursor inks and established a relationship between the colloid distribution and the film optoelectronic quality. Yet, the identity of colloids remains unknown, hindering our understanding of their role in perovskite crystallization. Here, we investigate precursor inks of the prototypical methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and show, for the first time, that the colloids are neither amorphous nor undissolved lead iodide, as previously speculated, but are a crystalline, non-perovskite material. We identify this as a perovskite precursor phase and discuss this as a potential means to understanding the role of chloride in processing. This work establishes cryo-EM as a viable technique to elucidate the nature of colloids in perovskite inks, a vital step toward a fundamental understanding of thin-film crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Dutta
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nakita K Noel
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Craig B Arnold
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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18
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Li C, Zhu Z, Niu B, Yang F, Chen X, Ren Y, Zhong P, Hayase S, Cui T, Yang R. Interdiffusion Stomatal Movement in Efficient Multiple-Cation-Based Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35105-35112. [PMID: 32662270 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The composition and crystallization process are essential for high-quality perovskite films. Cesium (Cs) and methylammonium chlorine (MACl) were found to affect the crystallization kinetics of perovskite, and the performance and stability of corresponding devices were greatly improved. We adopted an ion exchange method to remove MACl vapor and add Cs to form a multiple-cation-based perovskite film. With the increase of annealing time, Cl- from cesium chloride (CsCl) and MA from methylammonium bromide (MABr) formed gradually MACl vapor, and the porosity of surface morphology improved accordingly. The highly crystallized and compact CsyMAx - yFA1 - xPbI3 - xBrx perovskite film with different compositions was eventually obtained. The effects of the amount of MABr on the property of perovskite films and on the performance of the corresponding perovskite solar cells (PerSCs) were systematically studied. The PerSCs derived from 12 mg of MABr exhibit the best photovoltaic performance with a power conversion efficiency of 21.57% under 1 sun illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
| | - Zhinan Zhu
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
| | - Bingqiang Niu
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
| | - Fu Yang
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Xinpeng Chen
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
| | - Yingke Ren
- College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Peng Zhong
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
| | - Shuzi Hayase
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Tianhong Cui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55445, United States
| | - Rusen Yang
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
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19
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Alhazmi N, Pineda E, Rawle J, Howse JR, Dunbar ADF. Perovskite Crystallization Dynamics during Spin-Casting: An In Situ Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Study. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2020; 3:6155-6164. [PMID: 32905480 PMCID: PMC7469239 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.9b02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In situ wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) has been measured during the spin coating process used to make the precursor films required for the formation of thin films of perovskite. A customized hollow axis spin coater was developed to permit the scattered X-rays to be collected in transmission geometry during the deposition process. Spin coating is the technique most commonly used in laboratories to make thin perovskite films. The dynamics of spin-casting MAPbI3-x Cl x and FAPbI3-x Cl x films have been investigated and compared to investigate the differences between the dynamics of MAPbI3-x Cl x and FAPbI3-x Cl x film formation. In particular, we focus on the crystallization dynamics of the precursor film formation. When casting MAPbI3-x Cl x , we observed relatively fast 1D crystallization of the intermediate product MA2PbI3Cl. There was an absence of the desired perovskite phase formed directly; it only appeared after an annealing step that converted the MA2PbI3Cl to MAPbI3. In contrast, slower crystallization via a 3D precursor was observed for FAPbI3-x Cl x film formation compared to MAPbI3-x Cl x . Another important finding was that some FAPbI3-x Cl x perovskite was generated directly during spin-casting before annealing. These findings indicate that there are significant differences between the crystallization pathways for these two perovskite materials. These are likely to explain the differences in the lifetimes of the resulting perovskite solar cell devices produced using FA and MA cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Alhazmi
- Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Edwin Pineda
- Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | | | - Jonathan R. Howse
- Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Alan D. F. Dunbar
- Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
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20
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A Comparison of the Structure and Properties of Opaque and Semi-Transparent NIP/PIN-Type Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13153794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For over a decade, single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have experienced an unprecedent increase in efficiencies and even offer opportunities to surpass the Shockley–Queisser limit in multijunction configuration. There is consequently an intense need for easily processable semi-transparent PSCs as a basis of affordable tandems. The current study reports the comparison of negative-intrinsic-positive (NIP) and positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) architectures based on CH3NH3PbI3{Cl}-based perovskite. Both devices could be prepared with the same N-type (SnO2 nanoparticles) and P-type (poly-triarylamine (PTAA) polymer) materials. Each layer (except for electrodes) was deposited using solvent-based low temperature processes, contrasting with other literature studies, especially SnO2 for PIN-type purposes. A thorough experimental comparison of the two architectures reveals rather similar optical and structural properties for perovskites, whether deposited on an N- or P-type underlayer, with also comparable efficiencies in the final devices. A compatible deposition process for sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) as a semi-transparent electrode was then performed for both architectures. Upon varying the illuminated devices’ side, the semi-transparent cells exhibited different photocurrent behaviors, the magnitude of which depended on the device’s architecture. In conclusion, despite slightly better efficiencies for the semi-transparent NIP-type devices, the semi-transparent PIN-type counterparts also appear to be optically attractive for (two-terminal) tandem applications.
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Influence of Chloride/Iodide Ratio in MAPbI3-xClx Perovskite Solar Devices: Case of Low Temperature Processable AZO Sub-Layer. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13081927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A significant current challenge for perovskite solar technology is succeeding in designing devices all by low temperature processes. This could help for both rigid devices industrialisation and flexible devices development. The depositions of nanoparticles from colloidal suspensions consequently emerge as attractive approaches, especially due to their potential for low temperature curing not only for the photoactive perovskite layer but also for charge transporting layers. Here, NIP solar cells based on aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO) electron transport layer were fabricated using a low temperature compatible process for AZO deposition. For the extensively studied perovskites based on methylammonium lead halides (MAPbI3-xClx), the chloride/iodide equation is widely proposed to follow an optimal value corresponding to an introduced MAI:PbCl2 ratio of 3:1. However, the perovskite formulation should be considered as a key parameter for the optimization of power conversion efficiency when exploring new perovskite sub-layers. We here propose a systematic method for the structural determination of the optimal ratio. It may depend on the sublayer and results from structural changes around the optimal value. The functional properties gradually increase with the addition of chlorine as long as it remains intercalated in a single phase. Above the optimal ratio, the appearance of two phases degrades the system.
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Tan WL, Choo YY, Huang W, Jiao X, Lu J, Cheng YB, McNeill CR. Oriented Attachment as the Mechanism for Microstructure Evolution in Chloride-Derived Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:39930-39939. [PMID: 31532193 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites with appealing optoelectronic properties have attracted significant interest for photovoltaic application. The use of chloride (Cl-)-containing species to induce improved perovskite thin-film microstructures and improved optoelectronic properties is well-established. However, the mechanism for the formation of perovskite films with highly textured, micron-sized grains in the presence of Cl- is not well established. Using synchrotron-based in situ two-dimensional grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering complemented by scanning electron microscopy imaging, we present an oriented attachment mechanism via mineral bridge formation for the microstructural evolution of perovskite films post-treated with methylammonium chloride. We have identified the crucial role of the chlorine-containing intermediate phase as the mineral bridge, which enables the reorientation of primary, nanoscale perovskite grains followed by fusion into uniaxial oriented quasi-single crystal grains. The resulting perovskite films exhibit micron-sized grains with preferential orientation of the tetragonal (110) direction perpendicular to the substrate, resulting in improved solar cell efficiency attributed to improved charge collection. Our findings help to understand the fundamental mechanisms of microstructure evolution via soft processing in hybrid perovskite films.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xuechen Jiao
- Australian Synchrotron (ANSTO) , 800 Blackburn Road , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | | | - Yi-Bing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
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Dunlap-Shohl WA, Zhou Y, Padture NP, Mitzi DB. Synthetic Approaches for Halide Perovskite Thin Films. Chem Rev 2018; 119:3193-3295. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiley A. Dunlap-Shohl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Nitin P. Padture
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - David B. Mitzi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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