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Tan ML, Tew YL, Liew J, Bala G, Tye MR, Chang CK, Muhamad N. Assessment of solar geoengineering impact on precipitation and temperature extremes in the Muda River Basin, Malaysia using CMIP6 SSP and GeoMIP6 G6 simulations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174817. [PMID: 39019269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The concept of solar geoengineering remains a topic of debate, yet it may be an effective way for cooling the Earth's temperature. Nevertheless, the impact of solar geoengineering on regional or local climate patterns is an active area of research. This study aims to evaluate the impact of solar geoengineering on precipitation and temperature extremes of the Muda River Basin (MRB), a very important agricultural basin situated in the northern Peninsular Malaysia. The analysis utilized the multi-model ensemble mean generated by four models that contributed to the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP6). These models were configured to simulate the solar irradiance reduction (G6solar) and stratospheric sulfate aerosols (G6sulfur) strategies as well as the moderate (SSP245) and high emission (SSP585) experiments. Prior to the computation of extreme indices, a linear scaling approach was employed to bias correct the daily precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures. The findings show that the G6solar and G6sulfur experiments, particularly the latter, could be effective in holding the increases in both annual and monthly mean precipitation totals and temperature extremes close to the increases projected under SSP245. For example, both G6solar and G6sulfur experiments project increases of temperature over the basin of 2 °C at the end of the 21st century as compared to 3.5 °C under SSP585. The G6solar and G6sulfur experiments also demonstrate some reliability in modulating the increases in precipitation extreme indices associated with flooding to match those under SSP245. However, the G6sulfur experiment may exacerbate dry conditions in the basin, as monthly precipitation is projected to decrease during the dry months from January to May and consecutives dry days are expected to increase, particularly during the 2045-2064 and 2065-2084 periods. Increases dry spells could indirectly affect agricultural and freshwater supplies, and pose considerable challenges to farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mou Leong Tan
- GeoInformatic Unit, Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Yi Lin Tew
- GeoInformatic Unit, Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Juneng Liew
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Govindasamy Bala
- Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | - Mari R Tye
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Chun Kiat Chang
- River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Center (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Nurfashareena Muhamad
- Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Institute for Environment & Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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2
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Ullah F, Zhang X, Khan M, Mastoi MS, Munir HM, Flah A, Said Y. A comprehensive review of wind power integration and energy storage technologies for modern grid frequency regulation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30466. [PMID: 38756608 PMCID: PMC11096977 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrating wind power with energy storage technologies is crucial for frequency regulation in modern power systems, ensuring the reliable and cost-effective operation of power systems while promoting the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources. Power systems are changing rapidly, with increased renewable energy integration and evolving system architectures. These transformations bring forth challenges like low inertia and unpredictable behavior of generation and load components. As a result, frequency regulation (FR) becomes increasingly important to ensure grid stability. Energy Storage Systems (ESS) with their adaptable capabilities offer valuable solutions to enhance the adaptability and controllability of power systems, especially within wind farms. This research provides an updated analysis of critical frequency stability challenges, examines state-of-the-art control techniques, and investigates the barriers that hinder wind power integration. Moreover, it introduces emerging ESS technologies and explores their potential applications in supporting wind power integration. Furthermore, this paper offers suggestions and future research directions for scientists exploring the utilization of storage technologies in frequency regulation within power systems characterized by significant penetration of wind power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Ullah
- School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, PR China
| | - Xuexia Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, PR China
| | - Mansoor Khan
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Control Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Muhammad Shahid Mastoi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, PR China
| | - Hafiz Mudassir Munir
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, 65200, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Aymen Flah
- Energy Processes Environment and Electrical Systems Unit, National Engineering School of Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabès, 6029, Tunis, Tunisia
- MEU Research Unit, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan
- College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology (UBT), Jeddah, 21448, Saudi Arabia
- Private Higher School of Applied Sciences and Technology of Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabès, 6029, Tunisia
- ENET Centre, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, 11931, Jordan
| | - Yahia Said
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar, 91431, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Zhang X, Fleskens L, Huang Y, Huang Y. Cost, market, and policy constraints on mitigating climate change through afforestation in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108652. [PMID: 38657406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Afforestation is a promising nature-based climate solution for mitigating climate change, but it is subject to a complex web of biophysical, cost-benefit, market, and policy processes. Although its biophysical feasibility has been established, the cost, market, and policy constraints that affect climate change mitigation through afforestation are still unclear. Here, we estimate such cost, market, and policy constraints on the basis of biophysical feasibility. Our findings reveal that implementation costs are a more relevant constraint than opportunity costs on mitigating climate change through afforestation. The China Certified Emission Reduction market currently provides only a 0.308 % incentive for climate change mitigation through afforestation, due to market access constraints. The current market prices of China Certified Emission Reduction, China Carbon Emissions Trading Exchange, and Nature Based Carbon Offset in Voluntary Carbon Market constrain 88.15 %, 87.95 %, and 85.75 % of CO2 removal actions through afforestation, compared to the carbon price scenario (US$62.97 tCO2-1) of the EU Emissions Trading System. Moreover, land policy under the scenarios of prohibiting conversion of cultivated land to forest and forest restoration in degraded areas exhibit 8.87-29.59 % and 65.16-74.10 % constraints, respectively, on mitigating climate change through afforestation compared to land-use freedom conversion scenarios from 2020 to 2060. Thus, enhancing the incentive price of CO2 removal, addressing the market access barrier, strengthening cooperation between global carbon markets, and exploring carbon-neutral and food multi-oriented land policies can be valuable sources of mitigation efforts over the next 40 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, China; Wageningen University and Research, Soil Physics and Land Management Group, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Luuk Fleskens
- Wageningen University and Research, Soil Physics and Land Management Group, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Yingli Huang
- School of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, China.
| | - Yanan Huang
- Wageningen University and Research, Soil Physics and Land Management Group, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Technology Research Center of Water Science, 519087 Zhuhai, China.
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4
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Thimsen E. Planetary Energy Flow and Entropy Production Rate by Earth from 2002 to 2023. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:350. [PMID: 38785599 PMCID: PMC11119158 DOI: 10.3390/e26050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In this work, satellite data from the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments are analyzed to determine how the global absorbed sunlight and global entropy production rates have changed from 2002 to 2023. The data is used to test hypotheses derived from the Maximum Power Principle (MPP) and Maximum Entropy Production Principle (MEP) about the evolution of Earth's surface and atmosphere. The results indicate that both the rate of absorbed sunlight and global entropy production have increased over the last 20 years, which is consistent with the predictions of both hypotheses. Given the acceptance of the MPP or MEP, some peripheral extensions and nuances are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Thimsen
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
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5
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Feingold G, Ghate VP, Russell LM, Blossey P, Cantrell W, Christensen MW, Diamond MS, Gettelman A, Glassmeier F, Gryspeerdt E, Haywood J, Hoffmann F, Kaul CM, Lebsock M, McComiskey AC, McCoy DT, Ming Y, Mülmenstädt J, Possner A, Prabhakaran P, Quinn PK, Schmidt KS, Shaw RA, Singer CE, Sorooshian A, Toll V, Wan JS, Wood R, Yang F, Zhang J, Zheng X. Physical science research needed to evaluate the viability and risks of marine cloud brightening. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi8594. [PMID: 38507486 PMCID: PMC10954212 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Marine cloud brightening (MCB) is the deliberate injection of aerosol particles into shallow marine clouds to increase their reflection of solar radiation and reduce the amount of energy absorbed by the climate system. From the physical science perspective, the consensus of a broad international group of scientists is that the viability of MCB will ultimately depend on whether observations and models can robustly assess the scale-up of local-to-global brightening in today's climate and identify strategies that will ensure an equitable geographical distribution of the benefits and risks associated with projected regional changes in temperature and precipitation. To address the physical science knowledge gaps required to assess the societal implications of MCB, we propose a substantial and targeted program of research-field and laboratory experiments, monitoring, and numerical modeling across a range of scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lynn M. Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Will Cantrell
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Lebsock
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yi Ming
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Prasanth Prabhakaran
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica S. Wan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Fan Yang
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Xue Zheng
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
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6
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Sanita Lima M, Lubbe FC, Dias dos Santos SH, Saruhashi S, Maglov JM, Moreira do Nascimento J, Coulson SZ. Ecology, ethology, and evolution in the Anthropocene. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060175. [PMID: 38427427 PMCID: PMC10924215 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The 53rd Ontario Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution Colloquium (OE3C 2023) took place at Western University (London, Canada) on 25-27 May 2023, attracting 160 participants. This Meeting Review aims not only to recapitulate what was discussed during the event, but also to provide a brief synthesis of how biologists can move forward. The event was organised and run by graduate students and postdoctoral researchers from the Department of Biology at Western University. With three international keynote speakers, seventy talks, and fifty poster presentations, the OE3C 2023 spanned a wide range of contemporary research in Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution ("the 3 E's"). The colloquium theme was "Surviving the Anthropocene: future steps for the 3 E's under pressing planetary issues", which was complemented by illustrations depicting the fauna and flora of the "Canadian Anthropocene". Participants discussed what biologists and researchers can do regarding future climate and environmental catastrophes. The meeting culminated in a panel discussion comprising three climate change specialists who examined topics such as the Anthropocene and the Great acceleration, the living planet index, and carbon bombs. Although not exhaustive, these topics served as a starting point for the necessary discussions about how biologists can contribute to the fight for the survival of life on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederick Curtis Lubbe
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Dukelská 135, 37901, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | | | - Stefane Saruhashi
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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7
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Bauer P, Hoefler T, Stevens B, Hazeleger W. Digital twins of Earth and the computing challenge of human interaction. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 4:154-157. [PMID: 38532130 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-024-00599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bauer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Torsten Hoefler
- Computer Science Department, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Bjorn Stevens
- Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilco Hazeleger
- Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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8
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Reershemius T, Kelland ME, Jordan JS, Davis IR, D'Ascanio R, Kalderon-Asael B, Asael D, Suhrhoff TJ, Epihov DZ, Beerling DJ, Reinhard CT, Planavsky NJ. Initial Validation of a Soil-Based Mass-Balance Approach for Empirical Monitoring of Enhanced Rock Weathering Rates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19497-19507. [PMID: 37961896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a promising scalable and cost-effective carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy with significant environmental and agronomic co-benefits. A major barrier to large-scale implementation of ERW is a robust monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) framework. To successfully quantify the amount of carbon dioxide removed by ERW, MRV must be accurate, precise, and cost-effective. Here, we outline a mass-balance-based method in which analysis of the chemical composition of soil samples is used to track in situ silicate rock weathering. We show that signal-to-noise issues of in situ soil analysis can be mitigated by using isotope-dilution mass spectrometry to reduce analytical error. We implement a proof-of-concept experiment demonstrating the method in controlled mesocosms. In our experiment, a basalt rock feedstock is added to soil columns containing the cereal crop Sorghum bicolor at a rate equivalent to 50 t ha-1. Using our approach, we calculate rock weathering corresponding to an average initial CDR value of 1.44 ± 0.27 tCO2eq ha-1 from our experiments after 235 days, within error of an independent estimate calculated using conventional elemental budgeting of reaction products. Our method provides a robust time-integrated estimate of initial CDR, to feed into models that track and validate large-scale carbon removal through ERW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Reershemius
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mike E Kelland
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Jacob S Jordan
- Porecast Research, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Isabelle R Davis
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton SO14 3ZH, U.K
| | - Rocco D'Ascanio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Boriana Kalderon-Asael
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Dan Asael
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - T Jesper Suhrhoff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Dimitar Z Epihov
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - David J Beerling
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Christopher T Reinhard
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Noah J Planavsky
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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9
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Wang B, Jiang Z, Cheng D, Wang Z. Exploring public attention and sentiment toward carbon neutrality: evidence from Chinese social media Sina Weibo. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1200824. [PMID: 37359875 PMCID: PMC10285706 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1200824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exploring the public's cognition toward carbon neutrality is conducive to improving the quality and effectiveness of policymaking, and promoting the realization of carbon neutrality goals. This study aims to explore the public's attention and sentiment toward carbon neutrality from the perspective of social psychology. Methods Using posts on carbon neutrality from the Chinese social media platform Sina Weibo as the data source, this study uses statistical analysis, the Mann-Kendall method, keyword analysis, the BERT model, and the LDA model to explore public attention and sentiment. Results The results show that: (1) men, people living east of the Hu line (economically developed regions), and the public in the energy finance market are more concerned about carbon neutrality; (2) high public attention and great dynamic changes in public attention toward carbon neutrality could be trigged by highly credible government or international governmental organizations' information; (3) public sentiment toward carbon neutrality is mostly positive; however, specific topics affect public sentiment differently. Discussion The research results contribute to policymakers' better understanding of the trend of public attention and sentiment toward carbon neutrality, and support improvements in the quality and impact of policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- School of Humanities, Social Science & Law, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zixiao Jiang
- School of Humanities, Social Science & Law, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Dawei Cheng
- School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ziao Wang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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10
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Moses Büth C, Barbour N, Abdel-Aty M. Effectiveness of bicycle helmets and injury prevention: a systematic review of meta-analyses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8540. [PMID: 37237115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35728-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the risk of injuries, many countries recommend bicycle helmets. The current paper seeks to examine the effectiveness of bicycle helmets by performing a systematic review focusing on meta-analyses. First, the current paper explores the findings of studies that employ meta-analyses using bicycle crash data. Second, the results are discussed considering the findings from research analyzing bicycle helmet effectiveness in a laboratory using simulation, and then are complemented with key methodological papers that address cycling and the overall factors contributing to the injury severity. The examined literature confirms that wearing a helmet while cycling is beneficial, regardless of age, crash severity, or crash type. The relative benefit is found to be higher in high-risk situations and when cycling on shared roads and particularly preventing severe head injuries. The results from the studies performed in laboratories also suggest that the shape and size of the head itself play a role in the protective effects of helmets. However, concerns regarding the equitability of the test conditions were found as all reviewed studies used a fifty-percentile male head and body forms. Lastly, the paper discusses the literature findings in a broader societal context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Barbour
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Aty
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
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11
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Debnath R, Reiner DM, Sovacool BK, Müller-Hansen F, Repke T, Alvarez RM, Fitzgerald SD. Conspiracy spillovers and geoengineering. iScience 2023; 26:106166. [PMID: 36994188 PMCID: PMC10040962 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Geoengineering techniques such as solar radiation management (SRM) could be part of a future technology portfolio to limit global temperature change. However, there is public opposition to research and deployment of SRM technologies. We use 814,924 English-language tweets containing #geoengineering globally over 13 years (2009-2021) to explore public emotions, perceptions, and attitudes toward SRM using natural language processing, deep learning, and network analysis. We find that specific conspiracy theories influence public reactions toward geoengineering, especially regarding "chemtrails" (whereby airplanes allegedly spray poison or modify weather through contrails). Furthermore, conspiracies tend to spillover, shaping regional debates in the UK, USA, India, and Sweden and connecting with broader political considerations. We also find that positive emotions rise on both the global and country scales following events related to SRM governance, and negative and neutral emotions increase following SRM projects and announcements of experiments. Finally, we also find that online toxicity shapes the breadth of spillover effects, further influencing anti-SRM views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramit Debnath
- Cambridge Zero, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Division of Humanities and Social Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Centre for Climate Repair, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
- Energy Policy Research Group, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1AG, UK
- Corresponding author
| | - David M. Reiner
- Energy Policy Research Group, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1AG, UK
| | - Benjamin K. Sovacool
- University of Sussex Business School, Brighton BN1 9SN, UK
- Institute for Global Sustainability, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, 7400 Herning, Denmark
| | - Finn Müller-Hansen
- Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, 10829 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Repke
- Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, 10829 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Michael Alvarez
- Division of Humanities and Social Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Shaun D. Fitzgerald
- Centre for Climate Repair, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
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12
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D’Uggento AM, Piscitelli A, Ribecco N, Scepi G. Perceived climate change risk and global green activism among young people. STAT METHOD APPL-GER 2023; 32:1-29. [PMID: 36744217 PMCID: PMC9885933 DOI: 10.1007/s10260-023-00681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing number of natural disasters has raised concerns about the sustainability of our planet's future. As young people comprise the generation that will suffer from the negative effects of climate change, they have become involved in a new climate activism that is also gaining interest in the public debate thanks to the Fridays for Future (FFF) movement. This paper analyses the results of a survey of 1,138 young people in a southern Italian region to explore their perceptions of the extent of environmental problems and their participation in protests of green movements such as the FFF. The statistical analyses perform an ordinal classification tree using an original impurity measure considering both the ordinal nature of the response variable and the heterogeneity of its ordered categories. The results show that respondents are concerned about the threat of climate change and participate in the FFF to claim their right to a healthier planet and encourage people to adopt environmentally friendly practices in their lifestyles. Young people feel they are global citizens, connected through the Internet and social media, and show greater sensitivity to the planet's environmental problems, so they are willing to take effective action to demand sustainable policies from decision-makers. When planning public policies that will affect future generations, it is important for policymakers to know the demands and opinions of key stakeholders, especially young people, in order to plan the most appropriate measures, such as climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maria D’Uggento
- Department of Economics and Finance, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica, 53, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Alfonso Piscitelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nunziata Ribecco
- Department of Economics and Finance, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Germana Scepi
- Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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13
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Intended cycling frequency and the role of happiness and environmental friendliness after COVID-19. Sci Rep 2023; 13:636. [PMID: 36635315 PMCID: PMC9835736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to an increase in cycling in many countries worldwide, it is not yet known whether this increase becomes a long-lasting change in mobility. The current study explores this increase by analyzing data collected in a U.S. nationwide longitudinal survey. Using a total of 7421 observations, a mixed logit model with heterogeneity in the means of random parameters was estimated. In the resulting sample, nearly 14 percent of the respondents stated that they were planning to cycle more while only 4 percent of the respondents stated that they were planning to cycle less post COVID-19 pandemic. The estimation results provide insights into socio-demographic and psychological factors that play a role in planned cycling behavior post COVID-19. The study also establishes that age, race, employment status, gender, and household size impact intended cycling frequency. The model estimation results further indicate that workers (full time and part time), individuals with a high degree of life satisfaction, and individuals who are environmentally friendly all have higher cycling-frequency probabilities relative to others. The findings can be used to support policies that target sustainable mobility and further our understanding of the transportation, psychology, and well-being relationships.
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14
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A review on CO2 capture and sequestration in the construction industry: Emerging approaches and commercialised technologies. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Deruelle F. Are persistent aircraft trails a threat to the environment and health? REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2022; 37:407-421. [PMID: 34233386 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
According to most scientific studies, media and governments, the white trails that can be seen behind aircraft in flight, corresponding to condensation mixed with engine particulate emissions, only persist under specific atmospheric conditions. They are called condensation trails, and cirrus contrails when they remain for hours to reach several kilometers wide. The fact that they have gradually filled the skies over the last twenty years would be due to the increase in air traffic. However, other official documents link these persistent trails to a weather modification technology called solar geoengineering by stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI). These sprays would be mainly composed of metallic particles (Al, Ba, Sr, Fe, nanoparticles) and sulfur, which would considerably increase air, soil and water pollution. Many of the current environmental and health problems are consistent with those described in the literature on solar geoengineering by SAI if this method was employed. For example, metal particles used are well known environmental contaminants, ozone layer depletion, cardiorespiratory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, sunburn. The observations (whiter skies, less solar power) also correspond to the same risks as those described in the solar geoengineering works. Patents show that this weather modification technology has been known and mastered for a long time. In addition, some scientific papers as well as policy documents suggest that solar geoengineering by SAI has been used for many years. The amount of official information presented in this review is intended to open new ways of investigation, free of conflicts of interest, about the growing global pollution of persistent aircraft trails and their possible links with solar geoengineering by SAI.
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16
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Tsubonouchi Y, Hayasaka T, Wakai Y, Mohamed EA, Zahran ZN, Yagi M. Highly Efficient and Durable Electrocatalysis by a Molecular Catalyst with Long Alkoxyl Chains Immobilized on a Carbon Electrode for Water Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15154-15164. [PMID: 35319176 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A dinuclear Ru complex, proximal,proximal-[Ru2L(C8Otpy)2(OH)(OH2)]3+ (C8Otpy = 4'-octyloxy-2,2'; 6',2″-terpyridine) (1) with long alkoxyl chains, was synthesized to be immobilized on a carbon paper (CP) electrode via hydrophobic interactions between the long alkoxyl chains and the CP surface. The 1/CP electrode demonstrated efficient electrocatalytic water oxidation with a low overpotential (ηonset) of 0.26 V (based on the onset potential for water oxidation) in an aqueous medium at pH 7.0, which is compared advantageously with those of hitherto-reported molecular anodes for water oxidation. The active species of RuIIIRuIII(μ-OO) with a μ-OO bridge was involved in water oxidation at 0.95 V versus Ag/AgCl. As the applied potential increased to 1.40 V, water oxidation was promoted by participation of the more active species of RuIIIRuIV(μ-OO), and very durable electrocatalysis was gained for more than 35 h without elution of 1 into the electrolyte solution. The introduced long alkoxyl chains act as a dual role of the linker of 1 on the CP surface and decrease the η value. Theoretical investigation provides insights into the O-O bond formation mechanism and the activity difference between RuIIIRuIII(μ-OO) and RuIIIRuIV(μ-OO) for electrocatalytic water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsubonouchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
| | - Taichi Hayasaka
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
| | - Yuki Wakai
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
| | - Eman A Mohamed
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
| | - Zaki N Zahran
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yagi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
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17
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Computation of photovoltaic and stability properties of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites via convolutional neural networks. Theor Chem Acc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Li H, Cong X, Sui J, Jiang Z, Fu K, Huan Y, Cao R, Tian W, Feng Y. Baicalin enhances the thermotolerance of mouse blastocysts by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. Theriogenology 2022; 178:85-94. [PMID: 34808561 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress causes oxidative damage and induces excessive cell apoptosis and thus affects the development and/or even causes the death of preimplantation embryos. The effects of baicalin on the developmental competence of heat-stressed mouse embryos were investigated in this experiment. Two-cell embryos were cultured in the presence of baicalin and subjected to heat stress (42 °C for 1 h) at their blastocyst stage followed by continuous culture at 37 °C until examination. The results showed that heat stress (H group) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis and even embryo death, along with reductions in both mitochondrial activity and membrane potential (ΔΨm). Both heat stress (H group) and inhibition of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway (U group) led to significantly reduced expression levels of the genes c-fos, AP-1 and ERK2, and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and c-Fos, along with significantly increased c-Jun mRNA expression and phosphorylation levels. These negative effects of heat stress on the ERK1/2 signaling pathway were neutralized by baicalin treatment. To explore the signal transduction mechanism of baicalin in improving embryonic tolerance to heat stress, mitochondrial quality and apoptosis rate in the mouse blastocysts were also examined. Baicalin was found to up-regulate the expression of mtDNA and TFAM mRNA, increased mitochondria activity and ΔΨm, and improved the cellular mitochondria quality of mouse blastocysts undergoing heat stress. Moreover, baicalin decreased Bax transcript abundance in blastocyst, along with an increase in the blastocyst hatching rate, which were negatively affected by heat stress. Our findings suggest that baicalin improves the developmental capacity and quality of heat-stressed mouse embryos via a mechanism whereby mitochondrial quality is improved by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and inducing anti-cellular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huatao Li
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Cong
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxia Sui
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongling Jiang
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiqiang Fu
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Huan
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongfeng Cao
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenru Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanni Feng
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Yang J, Wang Y, Xue B, Li Y, Xiao X, Xia JC, He B. Contribution of urban ventilation to the thermal environment and urban energy demand: Different climate background perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148791. [PMID: 34237531 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization can lead to changes in urban morphology that alter the urban thermal environment and energy demand. Improving urban ventilation can alleviate the urban heat island effect and reduce urban energy demand. We categorized the ventilation conditions of 31 major cities in China into four levels based on the frontal area index and presented the natural ventilation effects for cities in five different climate zones. We found that the land surface temperature varies between 0.029 and 5.357 °C in areas under the same climate background. Improving ventilation can directly or indirectly contribute to reductions in urban energy consumption. The energy demand in well-ventilated areas can be reduced by up to 6.704%. The largest reduction in urban energy demand was achieved by improving ventilation within the temperate continental climate zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Urban Climate and Human Settlements Research' Lab, Jangho Architecture College, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China; Human Settlements Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China.
| | - Yichen Wang
- College of Resource Environment and Toursim, Captial Normal Unversity, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bing Xue
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yunfei Li
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research - PIK, Member of Leibniz Association, P.O. Box 60 12 03, Potsdam 14412, Germany; Institute for Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Xiangming Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Jianhong Cecilia Xia
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences (EPS), Curtin University, Perth 65630, Australia.
| | - Baojie He
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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20
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Galán-Martín Á, Vázquez D, Cobo S, Mac Dowell N, Caballero JA, Guillén-Gosálbez G. Delaying carbon dioxide removal in the European Union puts climate targets at risk. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6490. [PMID: 34764274 PMCID: PMC8586243 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will be essential to meet the climate targets, so enabling its deployment at the right time will be decisive. Here, we investigate the still poorly understood implications of delaying CDR actions, focusing on integrating direct air capture and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (DACCS and BECCS) into the European Union power mix. Under an indicative target of -50 Gt of net CO2 by 2100, delayed CDR would cost an extra of 0.12-0.19 trillion EUR per year of inaction. Moreover, postponing CDR beyond mid-century would substantially reduce the removal potential to almost half (-35.60 Gt CO2) due to the underused biomass and land resources and the maximum technology diffusion speed. The effective design of BECCS and DACCS systems calls for long-term planning starting from now and aligned with the evolving power systems. Our quantitative analysis of the consequences of inaction on CDR-with climate targets at risk and fair CDR contributions at stake-should help to break the current impasse and incentivize early actions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Galán-Martín
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.21507.310000 0001 2096 9837Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain ,grid.21507.310000 0001 2096 9837Center for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Daniel Vázquez
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.5268.90000 0001 2168 1800Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Alicante, PO 99, E-3080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Selene Cobo
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niall Mac Dowell
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 1NA UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - José Antonio Caballero
- grid.5268.90000 0001 2168 1800Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Alicante, PO 99, E-3080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Guillén-Gosálbez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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21
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Tsubonouchi Y, Takahashi D, Berber MR, Mohamed EA, Zahran ZN, Alenad AM, Althubiti NA, Yagi M. Highly selective electrocatalysis for carbon dioxide reduction to formic acid by a Co(II) complex with an equatorial N4 ligand. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Fan Y, Tjiputra J, Muri H, Lombardozzi D, Park CE, Wu S, Keith D. Solar geoengineering can alleviate climate change pressures on crop yields. NATURE FOOD 2021; 2:373-381. [PMID: 37117731 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00278-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Solar geoengineering (SG) and CO2 emissions reduction can each alleviate anthropogenic climate change, but their impacts on food security are not yet fully understood. Using an advanced crop model within an Earth system model, we analysed the yield responses of six major crops to three SG technologies (SGs) and emissions reduction when they provide roughly the same reduction in radiative forcing and assume the same land use. We found sharply distinct yield responses to changes in radiation, moisture and CO2, but comparable significant cooling benefits for crop yields by all four methods. Overall, global yields increase ~10% under the three SGs and decrease 5% under emissions reduction, the latter primarily due to reduced CO2 fertilization, relative to business as usual by the late twenty-first century. Relative humidity dominates the hydrological effect on yields of rainfed crops, with little contribution from precipitation. The net insolation effect is negligible across all SGs, contrary to previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Fan
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway.
- Center for the Environment, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jerry Tjiputra
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helene Muri
- Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chang-Eui Park
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Three Gorges Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - David Keith
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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23
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Modeling biomass allocation strategy of young planted Zelkova serrata trees in Taiwan with component ratio method and seemingly unrelated regressions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7536. [PMID: 33824372 PMCID: PMC8024256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Trees accumulate biomass by sequestrating atmospheric carbon and allocate it to different tree components. A biomass component ratio is the ratio of biomass in a tree component to total tree biomass. Modeling the ratios for Zelkova serrata, an important native reforestation tree species in Taiwan, helps in understanding its biomass allocation strategy to design effective silvicultural treatments. In this study, we applied Component Ratio Method (CRM) to relate biomass component ratios of main stem, large branch, twig, and foliage to tree attributes of Z. serrata from a 9-year-old plantation. Nonlinear and linear CRM models were fitted with Seemingly Unrelated Regression to account for model correlations. Linear CRM models with dbh as the predictor had the best fit with model correlations as high as 80%. About 46% and 40% of total tree biomass was allocated to main stem and large branch, respectively. However, main stem biomass decreased by 1.9% with every 1-cm increase in dbh, but large branch biomass increased by 2.2% instead. Results suggest that dominant Z. serrata trees tend to branch and fork, while smaller trees invest in larger main stem. An early pruning treatment should focus on dominant trees to maintain crown ratio and ensure wood quality.
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24
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Investigating the Investments Required to Transition New Zealand’s Heavy-Duty Vehicles to Hydrogen. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14061646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector is known to be an important contribution to climate change mitigation. Some parts of the transport sector are particularly difficult to decarbonize; this includes the heavy-duty vehicle sector, which is considered one of the “hard-to-abate” sectors of the economy. Transitioning from diesel trucks to hydrogen fuel cell trucks has been identified as a potential way to decarbonize the sector. However, the current and future costs and efficiencies of the enabling technologies remain unclear. In light of these uncertainties, this paper investigates the investments required to decarbonize New Zealand’s heavy-duty vehicle sector with green hydrogen. By combining system dynamics modelling literature and hydrogen transition modelling literature a customized methodology is developed for modelling hydrogen transitions with system dynamics modelling. Results are presented in terms of the investments required to purchase the hydrogen production capacity and the investments required to supply electricity to the hydrogen production systems. Production capacity investments are found to range between 1.59 and 2.58 billion New Zealand Dollars, and marginal electricity investments are found to range between 4.14 and 7.65 billion New Zealand Dollars. These investments represent scenarios in which 71% to 90% of the heavy-duty vehicle fleet are replaced with fuel cell trucks by 2050. The wide range of these findings reflects the large uncertainties in estimates of how hydrogen technologies will develop over the course of the next thirty years. Policy recommendations are drawn from these results, and a clear opportunity for future work is outlined. Most notably, the results from this study should be compared with research investigating the investments required to decarbonize the heavy-duty vehicle sectors with alternative technologies such as battery-electric trucks, biodiesel, and catenary systems. Such a comparison would ensure that the most cost effective decarbonization strategy is employed.
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25
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Yang Q, Zhou H, Bartocci P, Fantozzi F, Mašek O, Agblevor FA, Wei Z, Yang H, Chen H, Lu X, Chen G, Zheng C, Nielsen CP, McElroy MB. Prospective contributions of biomass pyrolysis to China's 2050 carbon reduction and renewable energy goals. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1698. [PMID: 33727563 PMCID: PMC7966788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognizing that bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) may still take years to mature, this study focuses on another photosynthesis-based, negative-carbon technology that is readier to implement in China: biomass intermediate pyrolysis poly-generation (BIPP). Here we find that a BIPP system can be profitable without subsidies, while its national deployment could contribute to a 61% reduction of carbon emissions per unit of gross domestic product in 2030 compared to 2005 and result additionally in a reduction in air pollutant emissions. With 73% of national crop residues used between 2020 and 2030, the cumulative greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction could reach up to 8620 Mt CO2-eq by 2050, contributing 13–31% of the global GHG emission reduction goal for BECCS, and nearly 4555 Mt more than that projected for BECCS alone in China. Thus, China’s BIPP deployment could have an important influence on achieving both national and global GHG emissions reduction targets. BIPP with biochar sequestration is a ready-to-implement negative emission technology in China. Here, the authors show that its national deployment could contribute to a 61% reduction of carbon emissions per GDP in 2030 compared to 2005, and contribute 13–31% of the global biomass-based negative emission goal by 2050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China. .,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China. .,China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Hewen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.,Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Pietro Bartocci
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Foster A Agblevor
- USTAR Bioenergy Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Zhiyu Wei
- Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.,China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Haiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.,Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.,China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hanping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China. .,Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China. .,China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Xi Lu
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guoqian Chen
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chuguang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.,Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chris P Nielsen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael B McElroy
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The remaining carbon budget for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius will probably be exhausted within this decade1,2. Carbon debt3 generated thereafter will need to be compensated by net-negative emissions4. However, economic policy instruments to guarantee potentially very costly net carbon dioxide removal (CDR) have not yet been devised. Here we propose intertemporal instruments to provide the basis for widely applied carbon taxes and emission trading systems to finance a net-negative carbon economy5. We investigate an idealized market approach to incentivize the repayment of previously accrued carbon debt by establishing the responsibility of emitters for the net removal of carbon dioxide through 'carbon removal obligations' (CROs). Inherent risks, such as the risk of default by carbon debtors, are addressed by pricing atmospheric CO2 storage through interest on carbon debt. In contrast to the prevailing literature on emission pathways, we find that interest payments for CROs induce substantially more-ambitious near-term decarbonization that is complemented by earlier and less-aggressive deployment of CDR. We conclude that CROs will need to become an integral part of the global climate policy mix if we are to ensure the viability of ambitious climate targets and an equitable distribution of mitigation efforts across generations.
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27
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Solar geoengineering may not prevent strong warming from direct effects of CO 2 on stratocumulus cloud cover. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30179-30185. [PMID: 33199624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003730117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussions of countering global warming with solar geoengineering assume that warming owing to rising greenhouse-gas concentrations can be compensated by artificially reducing the amount of sunlight Earth absorbs. However, solar geoengineering may not be fail-safe to prevent global warming because CO2 can directly affect cloud cover: It reduces cloud cover by modulating the longwave radiative cooling within the atmosphere. This effect is not mitigated by solar geoengineering. Here, we use idealized high-resolution simulations of clouds to show that, even under a sustained solar geoengineering scenario with initially only modest warming, subtropical stratocumulus clouds gradually thin and may eventually break up into scattered cumulus clouds, at concentrations exceeding 1,700 parts per million (ppm). Because stratocumulus clouds cover large swaths of subtropical oceans and cool Earth by reflecting incident sunlight, their loss would trigger strong (about 5 K) global warming. Thus, the results highlight that, at least in this extreme and idealized scenario, solar geoengineering may not suffice to counter greenhouse-gas-driven global warming.
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Stoffel M, Stephenson DB, Haywood JM. Antipyretic Medication for a Feverish Planet. EARTH SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 2020; 4:757-762. [PMID: 34723074 PMCID: PMC7603914 DOI: 10.1007/s41748-020-00182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Stoffel
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Dendrolab.ch, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, 13 rue des Maraîchers, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David B. Stephenson
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF UK
| | - Jim M. Haywood
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF UK
- Earth System and Mitigation Science, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, EX1 3PB UK
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Human Rights and Precautionary Principle: Limits to Geoengineering, SRM, and IPCC Scenarios. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12218858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
: Most scenarios on instruments limiting global warming in line with the 1.5 °C temperature limit of the Paris Agreement rely on overshooting the emissions threshold, thus requiring the application of negative emission technologies later on. Subsequently, the debate on carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and solar radiation management (SRM) (frequently subsumed under “geoengineering”) has been reinforced. Yet, it does not determine normatively whether those are legally valid approaches to climate protection. After taking a closer look at the scope of climate scenarios and SRM methods compiling current research and opinions on SRM, this paper analyses the feasibility of geoengineering and of SRM in particular under international law. It will be shown that from the perspective of human rights, the Paris Agreement, and precautionary principle the phasing-out of fossil fuels and the reduction in consumption of livestock products as well as nature-based approaches such as sustainable—and thus climate and biodiversity-smart—forest, peatland, and agricultural management strongly prevail before geoengineering and atmospheric SRM measures in particular. However, as all of the atmospheric SRM methods are in their development phase, governance options to effectively frame further exploration of SRM technologies are proposed, maintaining that respective technologies thus far are not a viable means of climate protection.
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Kim JH, Jobbágy EG, Richter DD, Trumbore SE, Jackson RB. Agricultural acceleration of soil carbonate weathering. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5988-6002. [PMID: 32511819 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Soil carbonates (i.e., soil inorganic carbon or SIC) represent more than a quarter of the terrestrial carbon pool and are often considered to be relatively stable, with fluxes significant only on geologic timescales. However, given the importance of climatic water balance on SIC accumulation, we tested the hypothesis that increased soil water storage and transport resulting from cultivation may enhance dissolution of SIC, altering their local stock at decadal timescales. We compared SIC storage to 7.3 m depth in eight sites, each having paired plots of native vegetation and rain-fed croplands, and half the sites having additional irrigated cropland plots. Rain-fed and irrigated croplands had 328 and 730 Mg C/ha less SIC storage, respectively, compared to their native vegetation (grassland or woodland) pairs, and irrigated croplands had 402 Mg C/ha less than their rain-fed pairs (p < .0001). SIC contents were negatively correlated with estimated groundwater recharge, suggesting that dissolution and leaching may be responsible for SIC losses observed. Under croplands, the remaining SIC had more modern radiocarbon and a δ13 C composition that was closer to crop inputs than under native vegetation, suggesting that cultivation has led to faster turnover and incorporation of recent crop carbon into the SIC pool (p < .0001). The losses occurred just 30-100 years after land-use changes, indicating SIC stocks that were stable for millennia can rapidly adjust to increased soil water flows. Large SIC losses (194-242 Mg C/ha) also occurred below 4.9 m deep under irrigated croplands, with SIC losses lagging behind the downward-advancing wetting front by ~30 years, suggesting that even deep SIC were affected. These observations suggest that the vertical distribution of SIC in dry ecosystems is dynamic on decadal timescales, highlighting its potential role as a carbon sink or source to be examined in the context of land use and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Esteban G Jobbágy
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, IMASL, Universidad Nacional de San Luis/CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Daniel D Richter
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Robert B Jackson
- School of Earth, Energy, and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Márquez A, Santiago S, Domínguez C, Muñoz‐Berbel X, Guirado G. Photoelectro‐Enzymatic Glucose Reusable Biosensor by Using Dithienylethene Mediators. Chemistry 2020; 26:8714-8719. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Márquez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC) Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193 Spain
| | - Sara Santiago
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193 Spain
| | - Carlos Domínguez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC) Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193 Spain
| | - Xavier Muñoz‐Berbel
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC) Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193 Spain
| | - Gonzalo Guirado
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193 Spain
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Yalcin SE, Legg BA, Yeşilbaş M, Malvankar NS, Boily JF. Direct observation of anisotropic growth of water films on minerals driven by defects and surface tension. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz9708. [PMID: 32832658 PMCID: PMC7439304 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the occurrences of water films on minerals is critical for global biogeochemical and atmospheric processes, including element cycling and ice nucleation. The underlying mechanisms controlling water film growth are, however, misunderstood. Using infrared nanospectroscopy, amplitude-modulated atomic force microscopy, and molecular simulations, we show how water films grow from water vapor on hydrophilic mineral nanoparticles. We imaged films with up to four water layers that grow anisotropically over a single face. Growth usually begins from the near edges of a face where defects preferentially capture water vapor. Thicker films produced by condensation cooling completely engulf nanoparticles and form thicker menisci over defects. The high surface tension of water smooths film surfaces and produces films of inhomogeneous thickness. Nanoscale topography and film surface energy thereby control anisotropic distributions and thicknesses of water films on hydrophilic mineral nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Ebru Yalcin
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Legg
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Merve Yeşilbaş
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nikhil S. Malvankar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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Satta M, Cartoni A, Catone D, Castrovilli MC, Bolognesi P, Zema N, Avaldi L. The Reaction of Sulfur Dioxide Radical Cation with Hydrogen and its Relevance in Solar Geoengineering Models. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1146-1156. [PMID: 32203633 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SO2 has been proposed in solar geoengineering as a precursor of H2 SO4 aerosol, a cooling agent active in the stratosphere to contrast climate change. Atmospheric ionization sources can ionize SO2 into excited states of S O 2 · + , which quickly reacts with trace gases in the stratosphere. In this work we explore the reaction of H 2 D 2 with S O 2 · + excited by tunable synchrotron radiation, leading to H S O 2 + + H ( D S O 2 + + D ), where H contributes to O3 depletion and OH formation. Density Functional Theory and Variational Transition State Theory have been used to investigate the dynamics of the title barrierless and exothermic reaction. The present results suggest that solar geoengineering models should test the reactivity of S O 2 · + with major trace gases in the stratosphere, such as H2 since this is a relevant channel for the OH formation during the nighttime when there is not OH production by sunlight. OH oxides SO2 , triggering the chemical reactions leading to H2 SO4 aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Satta
- ISMN (CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Chimica Sapienza Universita' di Roma, Pl.e Aldo Moro 5, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Cartoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Universitá di Roma, Pl.e Aldo Moro 5, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele Catone
- CNR-ISM, Area della Ricerca di Tor Vergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Paola Bolognesi
- CNR-ISM, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Nicola Zema
- CNR-ISM, Area della Ricerca di Tor Vergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- CNR-ISM, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
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Jobin M, Siegrist M. Support for the Deployment of Climate Engineering: A Comparison of Ten Different Technologies. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:1058-1078. [PMID: 32112448 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to the renewed increase in CO2 emissions seen in recent years, the deployment of climate engineering technologies might become necessary if the global temperature increase is to be kept within 1.5 °C. If climate engineering is to be deployed, however, public support is required. The present study hence compared public support for a broad range of climate engineering technologies. Further, the factors that drive public support were investigated and compared across the technologies. In an online survey conducted in Switzerland, respondents (n = 1,575) were randomly allocated to the description of 1 of 10 climate engineering technologies, of which 7 were specific carbon dioxide removal measures and 3 were solar radiation management measures. The results show that the level of public support for afforestation was the highest. The levels of public support for the other climate engineering technologies were relatively similar, although a tendency for solar radiation management to have a lower level of support was identified. Across all the investigated climate engineering technologies, the perceived benefits were an important driver of public support. Additionally, for all the technologies but afforestation, a higher level of trust in industry/science/government increased the level of public support, whereas the factor perceived risks and tampering with nature was found to be a negative predictor of support. The present findings suggest that there are opportunities available for the deployment of several climate engineering technologies in combination with other mitigation measures. Communicating the benefits of such technologies might be an effective strategy in terms of fostering increased support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou Jobin
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED), Universitätstrasse 22, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Siegrist
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED), Universitätstrasse 22, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Conde-Pueyo N, Vidiella B, Sardanyés J, Berdugo M, Maestre FT, de Lorenzo V, Solé R. Synthetic Biology for Terraformation Lessons from Mars, Earth, and the Microbiome. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E14. [PMID: 32050455 PMCID: PMC7175242 DOI: 10.3390/life10020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
What is the potential for synthetic biology as a way of engineering, on a large scale, complex ecosystems? Can it be used to change endangered ecological communities and rescue them to prevent their collapse? What are the best strategies for such ecological engineering paths to succeed? Is it possible to create stable, diverse synthetic ecosystems capable of persisting in closed environments? Can synthetic communities be created to thrive on planets different from ours? These and other questions pervade major future developments within synthetic biology. The goal of engineering ecosystems is plagued with all kinds of technological, scientific and ethic problems. In this paper, we consider the requirements for terraformation, i.e., for changing a given environment to make it hospitable to some given class of life forms. Although the standard use of this term involved strategies for planetary terraformation, it has been recently suggested that this approach could be applied to a very different context: ecological communities within our own planet. As discussed here, this includes multiple scales, from the gut microbiome to the entire biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Conde-Pueyo
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; (B.V.); (M.B.)
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, UPF-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blai Vidiella
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; (B.V.); (M.B.)
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, UPF-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Sardanyés
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Campus UAB Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain;
- Barcelona Graduate School of Mathematics (BGSMath), Campus UAB Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Berdugo
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; (B.V.); (M.B.)
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, UPF-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología and Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramon Margalef”, Universidad de Alicante, Carr. de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain;
| | - Fernando T. Maestre
- Departamento de Ecología and Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramon Margalef”, Universidad de Alicante, Carr. de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain;
| | - Victor de Lorenzo
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ricard Solé
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; (B.V.); (M.B.)
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, UPF-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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Abstract
During the last century, the human way of life has begun to transgress many of the Earth’s biophysical boundaries in an alarming way. The consequences of this are more dramatic and long lasting than ever before. Many researchers even argue that humanity has created a new geological epoch, which they call Anthropocene. Education, even in early childhood (EC), is often presented as a remedy for these complex problems. Yet, how can anyone prepare young children to deal with such tremendous changes? The primary aim of our study is to define and outline what the mission of early childhood education (ECE) might be in the epoch of the Anthropocene. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, we have tried to find answers about how the Anthropocene could be addressed in ECE. We have searched for answers in the natural science literature, policy documents, educational research articles and philosophy, and discuss the various standpoints we have identified. We argue that the Anthropocene demands a new, more authentic education; a change towards a more holistic, transformative, sustainability-oriented approach. At the same time, children, as always, have a right to a safe, positive and encouraging childhood.
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Climate engineering management: an emerging interdisciplinary subject. JOURNAL OF MODELLING IN MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/jm2-09-2019-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Climate engineering management (CEM) as an emerging and cross-disciplinary subject gradually draws the attention to researchers. This paper aims to focus on economic and social impacts on the technologies of climate engineering themselves. However, very few research concentrates on the management of climate engineering. Furthermore, scientific knowledge and a unified system of CEM are limited.
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the concept of CEM and its characteristics are proposed and elaborated. In addition, the framework of CEM is established based on management objectives, management processes and supporting theory and technology of management. Moreover, a multi-agent synergistic theory of CEM is put forward to guide efficient management of climate engineering, which is composed of time synergy, space synergy, and factor synergy. This theory is suitable for solving all problems encountered in the management of various climate engineering rather than a specific climate engineering. Specifically, the proposed CEM system aims to mitigate the impact of climate change via refining and summarizing the interrelationship of each component.
Findings
Overall, the six research frontiers and hotspots in the field of CEM are explored based on the current status of research.
Originality/value
In terms of the objectives listed above, this paper seeks to provide a reference for formulating the standards and norms in the management of various climate engineering, as well as contribute to policy implementation and efficient management.
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Potentials, Limitations, Co-Benefits, and Trade-Offs of Biochar Applications to Soils for Climate Change Mitigation. LAND 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/land8120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biochar is one of the most affordable negative emission technologies (NET) at hand for future large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR), which is typically found essential to stabilizing global temperature rise at relatively low levels. Biochar has also attracted attention as a soil amendment capable of improving yield and soil quality and of reducing soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this work, we review the literature on biochar production potential and its effects on climate, food security, ecosystems, and toxicity. We identify three key factors that are largely affecting the environmental performance of biochar application to agricultural soils: (1) production condition during pyrolysis, (2) soil conditions and background climate, and (3) field management of biochar. Biochar production using only forest or crop residues can achieve up to 10% of the required CDR for 1.5 ∘ C pathways and about 25% for 2 ∘ C pathways; the consideration of dedicated crops as biochar feedstocks increases the CDR potential up to 15–35% and 35–50%, respectively. A quantitative review of life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies of biochar systems shows that the total climate change assessment of biochar ranges between a net emission of 0.04 tCO 2 eq and a net reduction of 1.67 tCO 2 eq per tonnes feedstock. The wide range of values is due to different assumptions in the LCA studies, such as type of feedstock, biochar stability in soils, soil emissions, substitution effects, and methodological issues. Potential trade-offs between climate mitigation and other environmental impact categories include particulate matter, acidification, and eutrophication and mostly depend on the background energy system considered and on whether residues or dedicated feedstocks are used for biochar production. Overall, our review finds that biochar in soils presents relatively low risks in terms of negative environmental impacts and can improve soil quality and that decisions regarding feedstock mix and pyrolysis conditions can be optimized to maximize climate benefits and to reduce trade-offs under different soil conditions. However, more knowledge on the fate of biochar in freshwater systems and as black carbon emissions is required, as they represent potential negative consequences for climate and toxicity. Biochar systems also interact with the climate through many complex mechanisms (i.e., surface albedo, black carbon emissions from soils, etc.) or with water bodies through leaching of nutrients. These effects are complex and the lack of simplified metrics and approaches prevents their routine inclusion in environmental assessment studies. Specific emission factors produced from more sophisticated climate and ecosystem models are instrumental to increasing the resolution and accuracy of environmental sustainability analysis of biochar systems and can ultimately improve the characterization of the heterogeneities of varying local conditions and combinations of type feedstock, conversion process, soil conditions, and application practice.
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Anthropogenic aerosol drives uncertainty in future climate mitigation efforts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16538. [PMID: 31719591 PMCID: PMC6851092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2016 Paris agreement set a global mean surface temperature (GMST) goal of not more than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial. This is an ambitious goal that will require substantial decreases in emission rates of long-lived greenhouse gasses (GHG). This work provides a mathematical framework, based on current state of the art climate models, to calculate the GHG emissions consistent with prescribed GMST pathways that meet the Paris agreement goal. The unique capability of this framework, to start from a GMST timeseries and efficiently calculate the emissions required to meet that temperature pathway, makes it a powerful resource for policymakers. Our results indicate that aerosol emissions play a large role in determining the near-term allowable greenhouse gas emissions that will limit future warming to 2 °C, however in the long term, drastic GHG emissions reductions are required under any reasonable aerosol scenario. With large future aerosol emissions, similar to present day amounts, GHG emissions need to be reduced 8% by 2040 and 74% by 2100 to limit warming to 2 °C. Under a more likely low aerosol scenario, GHG emissions need to be reduced 36% and 80% by 2040 and 2100, respectively. The Paris agreement Intended Nationally Determined Contributions are insufficient to meet this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G. Lawrence
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Sciences and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Schäfer
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Potsdam, Germany
- Program on Science, Technology and Society, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society (InSIS), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Mishchenko MI, Dlugach JM, Lacis AA, Travis LD, Cairns B. Retrieval of volcanic and man-made stratospheric aerosols from orbital polarimetric measurements. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:A158-A170. [PMID: 30876057 PMCID: PMC6422165 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.00a158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stratospheric aerosols that are caused by a major volcanic eruption can serve as a valuable test of global climate models, as well as severely complicate tropospheric-aerosol monitoring from space. In either case, it is highly desirable to have accurate global information on the optical thickness, size, and composition of volcanic aerosols. We report sensitivity study results, which reveal the implications of making precise multi-angle photopolarimetric measurements in a 1.378-μm spectral channel residing within a strong water-vapor absorption band. We demonstrate that, under favorable conditions, such measurements would enable near-perfect retrievals of the optical thickness, effective radius, and refractive index of stratospheric aerosols. Besides enabling accurate retrievals of volcanic aerosols, such measurements can also be used to monitor man-made particulates injected in the stratosphere for geoengineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janna M. Dlugach
- Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 27 Zabolotny Str. 03680, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrew A. Lacis
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Larry D. Travis
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Brian Cairns
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA
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