1
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Earle K, Valero C, Conn DP, Vere G, Cook PC, Bromley MJ, Bowyer P, Gago S. Pathogenicity and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Virulence 2023; 14:2172264. [PMID: 36752587 PMCID: PMC10732619 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2172264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections caused by the mould pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Compromised lung defences arising from immunosuppression, chronic respiratory conditions or more recently, concomitant viral or bacterial pulmonary infections are recognised risks factors for the development of pulmonary aspergillosis. In this review, we will summarise our current knowledge of the mechanistic basis of pulmonary aspergillosis with a focus on emerging at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Earle
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Clara Valero
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel P. Conn
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - George Vere
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter C. Cook
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael J. Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Gago
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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2
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Liu H, Lin J, Phan QT, Gravelat FN, Sheppard DC, Filler SG. Use of a human small airway epithelial cell line to study the interactions of Aspergillus fumigatus with pulmonary epithelial cells. mSphere 2023; 8:e0031423. [PMID: 37578262 PMCID: PMC10597448 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00314-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the initiation of invasive aspergillosis, inhaled Aspergillus fumigatus conidia are deposited on the epithelial cells lining the bronchi, terminal bronchioles, and alveoli. While the interactions of A. fumigatus with bronchial and type II alveolar cell lines have been investigated in vitro, little is known about the interactions of this fungus with terminal bronchiolar epithelial cells. Using the HSAEC1-KT human small airway epithelial (HSAE) cell line, we developed an in vitro model to study the interaction of two strains of A. fumigatus with these cells. We then compared the interactions of A. fumigatus with the A549 type II alveolar epithelial cell line and the HSAE cell line. We found that A. fumigatus conidia were poorly endocytosed by A549 cells, but avidly endocytosed by HSAE cells. A. fumigatus germlings invaded both cell types by induced endocytosis, but not by active penetration. A549 cell endocytosis of A. fumigatus was independent of fungal viability, more dependent on host microfilaments than microtubules, and induced by A. fumigatus CalA interacting with host cell integrin α5β1. By contrast, HSAE cell endocytosis required fungal viability, was more dependent on microtubules than microfilaments, and did not require CalA or integrin α5β1. HSAE cells were more susceptible than A549 cells to damage caused by direct contact with killed A. fumigatus germlings and by secreted fungal products. In response to A. fumigatus infection, A549 cells secreted a broader profile of cytokines and chemokines than HSAE cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that studies of HSAE cells provide complementary data to A549 cells and thus represent a useful model for probing the interactions of A. fumigatus with bronchiolar epithelial cells in vitro. Importance During the initiation of invasive aspergillosis, Aspergillus fumigatus interacts with the epithelial cells that line the airways and alveoli. Previous studies of A. fumigatus-epithelial cell interactions in vitro used either large airway epithelial cell lines or the A549 type II alveolar epithelial cell line; the interactions of fungi with terminal bronchiolar epithelial cells were not investigated. Using the TERT-immortalized human small airway epithelial HSAEC1-KT (HSAE) cell line, we developed an in vitro model of the interactions of A. fumigatus with bronchiolar epithelial cells. We discovered that A. fumigatus invades and damages A549 and HSAE cell lines by distinct mechanisms. Also, the proinflammatory responses of the cell lines to A. fumigatus are different. These results provide insight into how A. fumigatus interacts with different types of epithelial cells during invasive aspergillosis and demonstrate that HSAE cells are useful in vitro model for investigating the interactions of this fungus with bronchiolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Jianfeng Lin
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Quynh T. Phan
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Fabrice N. Gravelat
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Donald C. Sheppard
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Scott G. Filler
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Denning DW, Pfavayi LT. Poorly controlled asthma - Easy wins and future prospects for addressing fungal allergy. Allergol Int 2023; 72:493-506. [PMID: 37544851 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poorly controlled asthma is especially common in low resource countries. Aside from lack of access to, or poor technique with, inhaled beta-2 agonists and corticosteroids, the most problematic forms of asthma are frequently associated with both fungal allergy and exposure, especially in adults leading to more asthma exacerbations and worse asthma. The umbrella term 'fungal asthma' describes many disorders linked to fungal exposure and/or allergy to fungi. One fungal asthma endotype, ABPA, is usually marked by a very high IgE and its differential diagnosis is reviewed. Both ABPA and fungal bronchitis in bronchiectasis are marked by thick excess airway mucus production. Dermatophyte skin infection can worsen asthma and eradication of the skin infection improves asthma. Exposure to fungi in the workplace, home and schools, often in damp or water-damaged buildings worsens asthma, and remediation improves symptom control and reduces exacerbations. Antifungal therapy is beneficial for fungal asthma as demonstrated in nine of 13 randomised controlled studies, reducing symptoms, corticosteroid need and exacerbations while improving lung function. Other useful therapies include azithromycin and some biologics approved for the treatment of severe asthma. If all individuals with poorly controlled and severe asthma could be 'relieved' of their fungal allergy and infection through antifungal therapy without systemic corticosteroids, the health benefits would be enormous and relatively inexpensive, improving the long term health of over 20 million adults and many children. Antifungal therapy carries some toxicity, drug interactions and triazole resistance risks, and data are incomplete. Here we summarise what is known and what remains uncertain about this complex topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Denning
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, The University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
| | - Lorraine T Pfavayi
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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4
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Agarwal R, Muthu V, Sehgal IS. Relationship between Aspergillus and asthma. Allergol Int 2023; 72:507-520. [PMID: 37633774 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal sensitization is highly prevalent in severe asthma. The relationship between fungus and asthma, especially Aspergillus fumigatus, has been the subject of extensive research. The ubiquitous presence of A. fumigatus, its thermotolerant nature, the respirable size of its conidia, and its ability to produce potent allergens are pivotal in worsening asthma control. Due to the diverse clinical manifestations of fungal asthma and the lack of specific biomarkers, its diagnosis remains intricate. Diagnosing fungal asthma requires carefully assessing the patient's clinical history, immunological tests, and imaging. Depending on the severity, patients with fungal asthma require personalized treatment plans, including inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators, and antifungal therapy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the association between Aspergillus and asthma by reviewing the relevant literature and highlighting key findings. We discuss the diagnosis of various entities included in fungal asthma. We also debate whether newer definitions, including allergic fungal airway disease, offer any additional advantages over the existing ones. Finally, we provide the current treatment options for the individual entities, including A. fumigatus-associated asthma, severe asthma with fungal sensitization, and allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Valliappan Muthu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Inderpaul Singh Sehgal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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5
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Ribeiro HAL, Scindia Y, Mehrad B, Laubenbacher R. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients: a virtual patient cohort study. J Math Biol 2023; 87:6. [PMID: 37306747 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-023-01940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus infects the lungs of immunocompromised hosts, including patients undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation. More recently however, immunocompetent patients with severe SARS-CoV2 have been reported to be affected by COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CAPA), in the absence of the conventional risk factors for invasive aspergillosis. This paper explores the hypothesis that contributing causes are the destruction of the lung epithelium permitting colonization by opportunistic pathogens. At the same time, the exhaustion of the immune system, characterized by cytokine storms, apoptosis, and depletion of leukocytes may hinder the response to A. fumigatus infection. The combination of these factors may explain the onset of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients. We used a previously published computational model of the innate immune response to infection with Aspergillus fumigatus. Variation of model parameters was used to create a virtual patient population. A simulation study of this virtual patient population to test potential causes for co-infection in immunocompetent patients. The two most important factors determining the likelihood of CAPA were the inherent virulence of the fungus and the effectiveness of the neutrophil population, as measured by granule half-life and ability to kill fungal cells. Varying these parameters across the virtual patient population generated a realistic distribution of CAPA phenotypes observed in the literature. Computational models are an effective tool for hypothesis generation. Varying model parameters can be used to create a virtual patient population for identifying candidate mechanisms for phenomena observed in actual patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique A L Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA
| | - Yogesh Scindia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA
| | - Borna Mehrad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA
| | - Reinhard Laubenbacher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA.
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Liu H, Lin J, Phan QT, Gravelat FN, Sheppard DC, Filler SG. Use of a human small airway epithelial cell line to study the interactions of Aspergillus fumigatus with pulmonary epithelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.18.537379. [PMID: 37131584 PMCID: PMC10153395 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.18.537379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During the initiation of invasive aspergillosis, inhaled Aspergillus fumigatus conidia are deposited on the epithelial cells lining the bronchi, terminal bronchioles, and alveoli. While the interactions of A. fumigatus with bronchial and type II alveolar cell lines have been investigated in vitro , little is known about the interactions of this fungus with terminal bronchiolar epithelial cells. We compared the interactions of A. fumigatus with the A549 type II alveolar epithelial cell line and the HSAEC1-KT human small airway epithelial (HSAE) cell line. We found that A. fumigatus conidia were poorly endocytosed by A549 cells, but avidly endocytosed by HSAE cells. A. fumigatus germlings invaded both cell types by induced endocytosis, but not by active penetration. A549 cell endocytosis of A. fumigatus was independent of fungal viability, more dependent on host microfilaments than microtubules, and induced by A. fumigatus CalA interacting with host cell integrin α5β1. By contrast, HSAE cell endocytosis required fungal viability, was more dependent on microtubules than microfilaments, and did not require CalA or integrin α5β1. HSAE cells were more susceptible than A549 cells to damage caused by direct contact with killed A. fumigatus germlings and by secreted fungal products. In response to A. fumigatus infection, A549 cells secreted a broader profile of cytokines and chemokines than HSAE cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that studies of HSAE cells provide complementary data to A549 cells and thus represent a useful model for probing the interactions of A. fumigatus with bronchiolar epithelial cells in vitro . Importance During the initiation of invasive aspergillosis, Aspergillus fumigatus invades, damages, and stimulates the epithelial cells that line the airways and alveoli. Previous studies of A. fumigatus - epithelial cell interactions in vitro have used either large airway epithelial cell lines or the A549 type II alveolar epithelial cell line. The interactions of fungi with terminal bronchiolar epithelial cells have not been investigated. Here, we compared the interactions of A. fumigatus with A549 cells and the Tert-immortalized human small airway epithelial HSAEC1-KT (HSAE) cell line. We discovered that A. fumigatus invades and damages these two cell lines by distinct mechanisms. Also, the proinflammatory responses of the cell lines to A. fumigatus are different. These results provide insight into how A. fumigatus interacts with different types of epithelial cells during invasive aspergillosis and demonstrate that HSAE cells are useful in vitro model for investigating the interactions of this fungus with bronchiolar epithelial cells.
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7
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Role of Mitophagy in Regulating Intestinal Oxidative Damage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020480. [PMID: 36830038 PMCID: PMC9952109 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is also a major site for maintaining redox homeostasis between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and scavenging. The quantity, quality, and functional integrity of mitochondria are crucial for regulating intracellular homeostasis and maintaining the normal physiological function of cells. The role of oxidative stress in human disease is well established, particularly in inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Oxidative stress could result from an imbalance between ROS and the antioxidative system. Mitochondria are both the main sites of production and the main target of ROS. It is a vicious cycle in which initial ROS-induced mitochondrial damage enhanced ROS production that, in turn, leads to further mitochondrial damage and eventually massive intestinal cell death. Oxidative damage can be significantly mitigated by mitophagy, which clears damaged mitochondria. In this review, we aimed to review the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of mitophagy and oxidative stress and their relationship in some intestinal diseases. We believe the reviews can provide new ideas and a scientific basis for researching antioxidants and preventing diseases related to oxidative damage.
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8
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Gago S, Mandarano M, Floridi C, Zelante T. Host, pathogenic fungi and the microbiome: A genetic triangle in infection. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1078014. [PMID: 36733397 PMCID: PMC9887327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1078014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gago
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Mandarano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Floridi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,*Correspondence: Teresa Zelante,
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9
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Ribeiro HAL, Scindia Y, Mehrad B, Laubenbacher R. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients: A virtual patient cohort study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.07.18.500514. [PMID: 35898340 PMCID: PMC9327627 DOI: 10.1101/2022.07.18.500514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus infects the lungs of immunocompromised hosts, including patients undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation. More recently however, immunocompetent patients with severe SARS-CoV2 have been reported to be affected by COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CAPA), in the absence of the conventional risk factors for invasive aspergillosis. This paper explores the hypothesis that contributing causes are the destruction of the lung epithelium permitting colonization by opportunistic pathogens. At the same time, the exhaustion of the immune system, characterized by cytokine storms, apoptosis, and depletion of leukocytes may hinder the response to A. fumigatus infection. The combination of these factors may explain the onset of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients. Methods We used a previously published computational model of the innate immune response to infection with Aspergillus fumigatus . Variation of model parameters was used to create a virtual patient population. A simulation study of this virtual patient population to test potential causes for co-infection in immunocompetent patients. Results The two most important factors determining the likelihood of CAPA were the inherent virulence of the fungus and the effectiveness of the neutrophil population, as measured by granule half-life and ability to kill fungal cells. Varying these parameters across the virtual patient population generated a realistic distribution of CAPA phenotypes observed in the literature. Conclusions Computational models are an effective tool for hypothesis generation. Varying model parameters can be used to create a virtual patient population for identifying candidate mechanisms for phenomena observed in actual patient populations.
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10
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Verburg K, van Neer J, Duca M, de Cock H. Novel Treatment Approach for Aspergilloses by Targeting Germination. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:758. [PMID: 35893126 PMCID: PMC9331470 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germination of conidia is an essential process within the Aspergillus life cycle and plays a major role during the infection of hosts. Conidia are able to avoid detection by the majority of leukocytes when dormant. Germination can cause severe health problems, specifically in immunocompromised people. Aspergillosis is most often caused by Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) and affects neutropenic patients, as well as people with cystic fibrosis (CF). These patients are often unable to effectively detect and clear the conidia or hyphae and can develop chronic non-invasive and/or invasive infections or allergic inflammatory responses. Current treatments with (tri)azoles can be very effective to combat a variety of fungal infections. However, resistance against current azoles has emerged and has been increasing since 1998. As a consequence, patients infected with resistant A. fumigatus have a reported mortality rate of 88% to 100%. Especially with the growing number of patients that harbor azole-resistant Aspergilli, novel antifungals could provide an alternative. Aspergilloses differ in defining characteristics, but germination of conidia is one of the few common denominators. By specifically targeting conidial germination with novel antifungals, early intervention might be possible. In this review, we propose several morphotypes to disrupt conidial germination, as well as potential targets. Hopefully, new antifungals against such targets could contribute to disturbing the ability of Aspergilli to germinate and grow, resulting in a decreased fungal burden on patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Verburg
- Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.V.); (J.v.N.)
| | - Jacq van Neer
- Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.V.); (J.v.N.)
| | - Margherita Duca
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Hans de Cock
- Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.V.); (J.v.N.)
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11
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Agarwal R, Muthu V, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Prasad KT, Aggarwal AN. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis. Clin Chest Med 2022; 43:99-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Three Novel Variants of CEP290 and CC2D2DA and a Link Between ZNF77 and SHH Signaling Pathway Are Found in Two Meckel-Gruber Syndrome Fetuses. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:2322-2332. [PMID: 34981460 PMCID: PMC9352615 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS) is a rare lethal autosomal recessive inherited disorder. Missed diagnosis might happen in clinical works due to an unclear genotype–phenotype correlation. We analyzed two families visiting our center; the parents are normal; each of the family aborted a fetus at 12WG. Following ultrasonography and pathological examination, both were diagnosed as MKS. Whole exome sequencing identified a compound heterozygous of two novel variants of CEP290 and a heterozygous of a novel variant of CC2D2A. Frameshift mutations in ZNF77 were also detected. Western blot analyzing whole-brain tissue showed that the expression of ZNF77, CC2D2A, and CEP290 was enhanced. HEK293T transfected with over-expression wildtype/mutated ZNF77 plasmid showed that SHH was increased in wildtype ZNF77 cells, while SHH and CC2D2A were increased in mutated ZNF77 cells. Our research provided two novel pathogenic variants of CEP290 and CC2D2A and suggested that ZNF77 might promote the expression of CC2D2A and regulate the amount of SHH.
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Kanjanapruthipong T, Sukphopetch P, Reamtong O, Isarangkul D, Muangkaew W, Thiangtrongjit T, Sansurin N, Fongsodsri K, Ampawong S. Cytoskeletal Alteration Is an Early Cellular Response in Pulmonary Epithelium Infected with Aspergillus fumigatus Rather than Scedosporium apiospermum. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:216-235. [PMID: 33890146 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis and scedosporiosis are life-threatening fungal infections with similar clinical manifestations in immunocompromised patients. Contrarily, Scedosporium apiospermum is susceptible to some azole derivative but often resistant to amphotericin B. Histopathological examination alone cannot diagnose these two fungal species. Pathogenesis studies could contribute to explore candidate protein markers for new diagnosis and treatment methods leading to a decrease in mortality. In the present study, proteomics was conducted to identify significantly altered proteins in A549 cells infected with or without Aspergillus fumigatus and S. apiospermum as measured at initial invasion. Protein validation was performed with immunogold labelling alongside immunohistochemical techniques in infected A549 cells and lungs from murine models. Further, cytokine production was measured, using the Bio-Plex-Multiplex immunoassay. The cytoskeletal proteins HSPA9, PA2G4, VAT1, PSMA2, PEX1, PTGES3, KRT1, KRT9, CLIP1 and CLEC20A were mainly changed during A. fumigatus infection, while the immunologically activated proteins WNT7A, GAPDH and ANXA2 were principally altered during S. apiospermum infection. These proteins are involved in fungal internalisation and structural destruction leading to pulmonary disorders. Interleukin (IL)-21, IL-1α, IL-22, IL-2, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17A, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α were upregulated in both aspergillosis and scedosporiosis, although more predominately in the latter, in accordance with chitin synthase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase levels. Our results demonstrated that during invasion, A. fumigatus primarily altered host cellular integrity, whereas S. apiospermum chiefly induced and extensively modulated host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapanee Kanjanapruthipong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Passanesh Sukphopetch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetic, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Duangnate Isarangkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Watcharamat Muangkaew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetic, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nichapa Sansurin
- Northeast Laboratory Animal Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Kamonpan Fongsodsri
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Cosio T, Gaziano R, Zuccari G, Costanza G, Grelli S, Di Francesco P, Bianchi L, Campione E. Retinoids in Fungal Infections: From Bench to Bedside. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100962. [PMID: 34681186 PMCID: PMC8539705 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids-a class of chemical compounds derived from vitamin A or chemically related to it-are used especially in dermatology, oncohematology and infectious diseases. It has been shown that retinoids-from their first generation-exert a potent antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. In this review, we summarize current evidence on retinoids' efficacy as antifungal agents. Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane, Trials.gov) and reference lists of respective articles from 1946 to today. Only articles published in the English language were included. A total of thirty-nine articles were found according to the criteria. In this regard, to date, In vitro and In vivo studies have demonstrated the efficacy of retinoids against a broad-spectrum of human opportunistic fungal pathogens, including yeast fungi that normally colonize the skin and mucosal surfaces of humans such as Candida spp., Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Malassezia furfur, as well as environmental moulds such as Aspergillus spp., Fonsecae monofora and many species of dermatophytes associated with fungal infections both in humans and animals. Notwithstanding a lack of double-blind clinical trials, the efficacy, tolerability and safety profile of retinoids have been demonstrated against localized and systemic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terenzio Cosio
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Roberta Gaziano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.G.); (P.D.F.)
| | - Guendalina Zuccari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Gaetana Costanza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Paolo Di Francesco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.G.); (P.D.F.)
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Elena Campione
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Striking Back against Fungal Infections: The Utilization of Nanosystems for Antifungal Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810104. [PMID: 34576268 PMCID: PMC8466259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have become a major health concern, given that invasive infections by Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus species have led to millions of mortalities. Conventional antifungal drugs including polyenes, echinocandins, azoles, allylamins, and antimetabolites have been used for decades, but their limitations include off-target toxicity, drug-resistance, poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and weak tissue penetration, which cannot be ignored. These drawbacks have led to the emergence of novel antifungal therapies. In this review, we discuss the nanosystems that are currently utilized for drug delivery and the application of antifungal therapies.
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Ramírez-Granillo A, Bautista-Hernández LA, Bautista-De Lucío VM, Magaña-Guerrero FS, Domínguez-López A, Córdova-Alcántara IM, Pérez NO, Martínez-Rivera MDLA, Rodríguez-Tovar AV. Microbial Warfare on Three Fronts: Mixed Biofilm of Aspergillus fumigatus and Staphylococcus aureus on Primary Cultures of Human Limbo-Corneal Fibroblasts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:646054. [PMID: 34485167 PMCID: PMC8415486 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.646054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coinfections with fungi and bacteria in ocular pathologies are increasing at an alarming rate. Two of the main etiologic agents of infections on the corneal surface, such as Aspergillus fumigatus and Staphylococcus aureus, can form a biofilm. However, mixed fungal–bacterial biofilms are rarely reported in ocular infections. The implementation of cell cultures as a study model related to biofilm microbial keratitis will allow understanding the pathogenesis in the cornea. The cornea maintains a pathogen-free ocular surface in which human limbo-corneal fibroblast cells are part of its cell regeneration process. There are no reports of biofilm formation assays on limbo-corneal fibroblasts, as well as their behavior with a polymicrobial infection. Objective To determine the capacity of biofilm formation during this fungal–bacterial interaction on primary limbo-corneal fibroblast monolayers. Results The biofilm on the limbo-corneal fibroblast culture was analyzed by assessing biomass production and determining metabolic activity. Furthermore, the mixed biofilm effect on this cell culture was observed with several microscopy techniques. The single and mixed biofilm was higher on the limbo-corneal fibroblast monolayer than on abiotic surfaces. The A. fumigatus biofilm on the human limbo-corneal fibroblast culture showed a considerable decrease compared to the S. aureus biofilm on the limbo-corneal fibroblast monolayer. Moreover, the mixed biofilm had a lower density than that of the single biofilm. Antibiosis between A. fumigatus and S. aureus persisted during the challenge to limbo-corneal fibroblasts, but it seems that the fungus was more effectively inhibited. Conclusion This is the first report of mixed fungal–bacterial biofilm production and morphological characterization on the limbo-corneal fibroblast monolayer. Three antibiosis behaviors were observed between fungi, bacteria, and limbo-corneal fibroblasts. The mycophagy effect over A. fumigatus by S. aureus was exacerbated on the limbo-corneal fibroblast monolayer. During fungal–bacterial interactions, it appears that limbo-corneal fibroblasts showed some phagocytic activity, demonstrating tripartite relationships during coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ramírez-Granillo
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences (ENCB)-Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Department of Microbiology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Antonio Bautista-Hernández
- Ocular Microbiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Research Unit, "Conde de Valenciana Private Assistance Foundation", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Bautista-De Lucío
- Ocular Microbiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Research Unit, "Conde de Valenciana Private Assistance Foundation", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fátima Sofía Magaña-Guerrero
- Cell Biology and Amniotic Membrane Laboratory, Research Unit, "Conde de Valenciana Private Assistance Foundation", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Domínguez-López
- Cell Biology and Amniotic Membrane Laboratory, Research Unit, "Conde de Valenciana Private Assistance Foundation", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Itzel Margarita Córdova-Alcántara
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences (ENCB)-Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Department of Microbiology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Néstor O Pérez
- Research and Development Department Probiomed SA de CV, Tenancingo Edo de Mex, Mexico
| | - María de Los Angeles Martínez-Rivera
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences (ENCB)-Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Department of Microbiology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aída Verónica Rodríguez-Tovar
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences (ENCB)-Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Department of Microbiology, Mexico City, Mexico
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Scharf S, Bartels A, Kondakci M, Haas R, Pfeffer K, Henrich B. fuPCR as diagnostic method for the detection of rare fungal pathogens, such as Trichosporon, Cryptococcus and Fusarium. Med Mycol 2021; 59:1101-1113. [PMID: 34379780 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal respiratory tract colonisation is a common finding in patients with hematologic neoplasms due to immunosuppression inherent in the diseases and exacerbated by therapy. This greatly increases the risk of fungal infections of the lungs, which is associated with significant mortality. Therefore, reliable diagnostic methods with rapidly available results are needed to administer adequate antifungal therapy.We have established an improved method for fungal DNA extraction and amplification that allows simultaneous detection of fungal families based on a set of multiplexed real time PCR reactions (fuPCR). We analysed respiratory rinses and blood of 94 patients with haematological systemic diseases by fuPCR and compared it with the results of culture and serological diagnostic methods. 40 healthy subjects served as controls.Regarding Candida species, the highest prevalence resulted from microbiological culture of respiratory rinses and from detection of antibodies in blood serum in patients (61% and 47%, respectively) and in the control group (29% and 51%, respectively). Detection of other pathogenic yeasts, such as Cryptococcus and Trichosporon, and moulds, such as Fusarium, was only possible in patients by fuPCR from both respiratory rinses and whole blood and serum. These fungal species were found statistically significantly more frequent in respiratory rinses collected from patients after myeloablative therapy for stem cell transplantation compared to samples collected before treatment (p<<0.05i>).The results show that fuPCR is a valuable complement to culturing and its inclusion in routine mycological diagnostics might be helpful for early detection of pathophysiologically relevant respiratory colonisation for patients with hematologic neoplasms. LAY ABSTRACT We validated a set of PCR reactions (fuPCR) for use in routine diagnostic. In contrast to culture and serological methods, only by fuPCR pathogenic yeasts (Cryptococcus and Trichosporon) and moulds (Aspergillus and Fusarium) were detected in respiratory rinses and blood of haematological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scharf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine University of Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Bartels
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University of Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mustafa Kondakci
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University of Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer Haas
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University of Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine University of Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Henrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine University of Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Wardlaw AJ, Rick EM, Pur Ozyigit L, Scadding A, Gaillard EA, Pashley CH. New Perspectives in the Diagnosis and Management of Allergic Fungal Airway Disease. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:557-573. [PMID: 34079294 PMCID: PMC8164695 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s251709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergy to airway-colonising, thermotolerant, filamentous fungi represents a distinct eosinophilic endotype of often severe lung disease. This endotype, which particularly affects adult asthma, but also complicates other airway diseases and sometimes occurs de novo, has a heterogeneous presentation ranging from severe eosinophilic asthma to lobar collapse. Its hallmark is lung damage, characterised by fixed airflow obstruction (FAO), bronchiectasis and lung fibrosis. It has a number of monikers including severe asthma with fungal sensitisation (SAFS) and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis/mycosis (ABPA/M), but these exclusive terms constitute only sub-sets of the condition. In order to capture the full extent of the syndrome we prefer the inclusive term allergic fungal airway disease (AFAD), the criteria for which are IgE sensitisation to relevant fungi in association with airway disease. The primary fungus involved is Aspergillus fumigatus, but a number of other thermotolerant species from several genera have been implicated. The unifying mechanism involves germination of inhaled fungal spores in the lung in the context of IgE sensitisation, leading to a persistent and vigorous eosinophilic inflammatory response in association with release of fungal proteases. Most allergenic fungi, including Alternaria and Cladosporium species, are not thermotolerant and cannot germinate in the airways so only act as aeroallergens and do not cause AFAD. Studies of the airway mycobiome have shown that A. fumigatus colonises the normal as much as the asthmatic airway, suggesting it is the tendency to become IgE-sensitised that is the critical triggering factor for AFAD rather than colonisation per se. Treatment is aimed at preventing exacerbations with glucocorticoids and increasingly by the use of anti-T2 biological therapies. Anti-fungal therapy has a limited place in management, but is an effective treatment for fungal bronchitis which complicates AFAD in about 10% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wardlaw
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, and Allergy and Respiratory Medicine Service, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre: Respiratory, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Eva-Maria Rick
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, and Allergy and Respiratory Medicine Service, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre: Respiratory, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Leyla Pur Ozyigit
- Allergy and Respiratory Services University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Alys Scadding
- Allergy and Respiratory Services University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Erol A Gaillard
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Department of Paediatrics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre: Respiratory, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Catherine H Pashley
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, and Allergy and Respiratory Medicine Service, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre: Respiratory, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
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Wu YX, Zuo YH, Cheng QJ, Huang Y, Bao ZY, Jin XY, Gao XW, Tu CL, Hu WP, Hang JQ, Wang WQ, Zhang FY, Zhang J. Respiratory Aspergillus Colonization Was Associated With Relapse of Acute Exacerbation in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Analysis of Data From A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:640289. [PMID: 34017841 PMCID: PMC8129169 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.640289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are more susceptible to Aspergillus colonization or infection. Several studies have demonstrated that invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA) and Aspergillus hypersensitivity (AH) have a detrimental effect on COPD. However, it remains to be clarified whether Aspergillus colonization is associated with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). This study aimed to explore the impact of Aspergillus colonization in the lower respiratory tract on AECOPD. Method: Patients with Aspergillus colonization were identified from a retrospective cohort of hospitalized AECOPD from 2011 to 2016 in eight centers in Shanghai, China. The demographic information, conditions of the stable stage, clinical characteristics during hospitalization, and 1-year follow-up information after discharge were collected and compared to participants without fungi colonization. Result: Twenty-six hospitalized AECOPD patients with Aspergillus colonization and 72 controls were included in the final analysis after excluding patients with other fungi isolation and matching. The rates of recurrence of acute exacerbation within 90 days and 180 days after discharge in the patients with Aspergillus colonization were both significantly higher than that in the fungi negative patients (90 days: 19.2 vs. 4.2%, p = 0.029; 180 days: 23.1 vs. 4.2%, p = 0.010), and the all-cause mortality within 1 year was also higher (11.5 vs. 0.0%, p = 0.017). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Aspergillus colonization was an independent risk factor for the recurrence of acute exacerbation within 90 days and 180 days (90 days: OR = 8.661, 95% CI: 1.496-50.159, p = 0.016; 180 days: OR =10.723, 95% CI: 1.936-59.394, p = 0.007). Conclusion:Aspergillus colonization may predict poor prognosis of AECOPD while leading to an increased risk of recurrent AECOPD in a short period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xing Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Hui Zuo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Jian Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ruijin North Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yao Bao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Jin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Wen Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Lin Tu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Central Hospital of Jiading District, Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Ping Hu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Qing Hang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Ying Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Agarwal R, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Muthu V, Prasad KT, Bal A, Aggarwal AN, Chakrabarti A. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Indian J Med Res 2021; 151:529-549. [PMID: 32719226 PMCID: PMC7602921 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1187_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an inflammatory disease caused by immunologic reactions initiated against Aspergillus fumigatus colonizing the airways of patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis. The common manifestations include treatment-resistant asthma, transient and fleeting pulmonary opacities and bronchiectasis. It is believed that globally there are about five million cases of ABPA, with India alone accounting for about 1.4 million cases. The occurrence of ABPA among asthmatic patients in special clinics may be as high as 13 per cent. Thus, a high degree of suspicion for ABPA should be entertained while treating a patient with bronchial asthma, particularly in specialized clinics. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can delay (or even prevent) the onset of bronchiectasis, which suggests that all patients of bronchial asthma should be screened for ABPA, especially in chest clinics. The current review summarizes the recent advances in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of ABPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Inderpaul S Sehgal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sahajal Dhooria
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Valliappan Muthu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kuruswamy T Prasad
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amanjit Bal
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashutosh N Aggarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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21
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Wurster S, Ruiz OE, Samms KM, Tatara AM, Albert ND, Kahan PH, Nguyen AT, Mikos AG, Kontoyiannis DP, Eisenhoffer GT. EGF-mediated suppression of cell extrusion during mucosal damage attenuates opportunistic fungal invasion. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108896. [PMID: 33761358 PMCID: PMC8842569 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe and often fatal opportunistic fungal infections arise frequently
following mucosal damage caused by trauma or cytotoxic chemotherapy. Interaction
of fungal pathogens with epithelial cells that comprise mucosae is a key early
event associated with invasion, and, therefore, enhancing epithelial defense
mechanisms may mitigate infection. Here, we establish a model of mold and yeast
infection mediated by inducible epithelial cell loss in larval zebrafish.
Epithelial cell loss by extrusion promotes exposure of laminin associated with
increased fungal attachment, invasion, and larval lethality, whereas fungi
defective in adherence or filamentation have reduced virulence. Transcriptional
profiling identifies significant upregulation of the epidermal growth factor
receptor ligand epigen (EPGN) upon mucosal damage. Treatment
with recombinant human EPGN suppresses epithelial cell extrusion, leading to
reduced fungal invasion and significantly enhanced survival. These data support
the concept of augmenting epithelial restorative capacity to attenuate
pathogenic invasion of fungi associated with human disease. Wurster et al. show that extrusion of numerous epithelial cells from
tissue can expose underlying extracellular matrix components to promote
increased attachment and invasion of fungi associated with human disease.
Treatment with recombinant human EPGN suppressed epithelial cell extrusion,
leading to significantly reduced opportunistic fungal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wurster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Oscar E Ruiz
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Krystin M Samms
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander M Tatara
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Albert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip H Kahan
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anh Trinh Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - George T Eisenhoffer
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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Bertuzzi M, van Rhijn N, Krappmann S, Bowyer P, Bromley MJ, Bignell EM. On the lineage of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates in common laboratory use. Med Mycol 2021; 59:7-13. [PMID: 32944768 PMCID: PMC7779236 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of isolates routinely used by the community of Aspergillus fumigatus researchers is periodically a matter of intense discussion at our centre, as the construction of recombinant isolates have sometimes followed convoluted routes, the documentation describing their lineages is fragmented, and the nomenclature is confusing. As an aide memoir, not least for our own benefit, we submit the following account and tabulated list of strains (Table 1) in an effort to collate all of the relevant information in a single, easily accessible document. To maximise the accuracy of this record we have consulted widely amongst the community of Medical Mycologists using these strains. All the strains described are currently available from one of these organisations, namely the Fungal Genetics Stock Centre (FGSC), FungiDB, Ensembl Fungi and The National Collection of Pathogenic Fungi (NCPF) at Public Health England. Display items from this manuscript are also featured on FungiDB. LAY ABSTRACT We present a concise overview on the definition, origin and unique genetic makeup of the Aspergillus fumigatus isolates routinely in use by the fungal research community, to aid researchers to describe past and new strains and the experimental differences observed more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bertuzzi
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Core Technology Facility, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Biology, Medicine and Health. The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Norman van Rhijn
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Core Technology Facility, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Biology, Medicine and Health. The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Sven Krappmann
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Core Technology Facility, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Biology, Medicine and Health. The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael J Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Core Technology Facility, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Biology, Medicine and Health. The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Elaine M Bignell
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Core Technology Facility, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Biology, Medicine and Health. The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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Cai H, Shuai D, Xue X, Mo Y, Song X, Ye L, Li S, Wang D, Wang Y, Jin M. Proteomic Analysis of Serum Differentially Expressed Proteins Between Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis and Asthma. Mycopathologia 2020; 186:1-13. [PMID: 33184749 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) constantly develops in asthmatics, which has not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate serum differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between ABPA and asthma using the new approach isobaric tags by relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). METHODS Each 16 serum samples from ABPA or asthmatic subjects were pooled and screened using iTRAQ. After bioinformatic analysis, five candidate DEPs were validated in the enlarged serum samples from additional 21 ABPA, 31 asthmatic and 20 healthy subjects using ELISA. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to estimate the diagnostic power of carnosine dipeptidase 1 (CNDP1). RESULTS A total of 29 DEPs were screened out between ABPA and asthmatic groups. Over half of them were enriched in proteolysis and regulation of protein metabolic process. Further verification showed serum levels of immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1, α-1-acid glycoprotein 1, corticosteroid-binding globulin and vitronectin were neither differentially altered between ABPA and asthma nor consistent with the proteomic analysis. Only serum CNDP1 was significantly decreased in ABPA patients, compared with asthmatics and healthy controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). The ROC analysis determined 10.73 ng/mL as the cutoff value of CNDP1, which could distinguish ABPA among asthmatics (AUC 0.770, 95%CI 0.632-0.875, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study firstly identified serological DEPs between ABPA and asthma using the new technique iTRAQ. Serum CNDP1 might assist the differential diagnosis of ABPA from asthma and serve as a new pathogenetic factor in fungal colonization and sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Diquan Shuai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Gene Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Ave, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomin Xue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuqing Mo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xixi Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuiming Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Gene Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Ave, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Daiwei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Gene Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Ave, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Gene Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Ave, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Meiling Jin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Zhang D, Wang Y, Shen S, Hou Y, Chen Y, Wang T. The mycobiota of the human body: a spark can start a prairie fire. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:655-679. [PMID: 32150513 PMCID: PMC7524315 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1731287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobiota are inseparable from human health, shaking up the unique position held by bacteria among microorganisms. What is surprising is that this seemingly small species can trigger huge changes in the human body. Dysbiosis and invasion of mycobiota are confirmed to cause disease in different parts of the body. Meanwhile, our body also produces corresponding immune changes upon mycobiota infection. Several recent studies have made a connection between intestinal mycobiota and the human immune system. In this review, we focus on questions related to mycobiota, starting with an introduction of select species, then we summarize the typical diseases caused by mycobiota in different parts of the human body. Moreover, we constructed a framework for the human anti-fungal immune system based on genetics and immunology. Finally, the progression of fungal detection methods is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sunan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yugen Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,CONTACT Tingting Wang The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
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25
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The Rise of Fungi: A Report on the CIFAR Program Fungal Kingdom: Threats & Opportunities Inaugural Meeting. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:1837-1842. [PMID: 32482729 PMCID: PMC7263687 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The first meeting of the CIFAR Fungal Kingdom: Threats & Opportunities research program saw the congregation of experts on fungal biology to address the most pressing threats fungi pose to global health, agriculture, and biodiversity. This report covers the research discussed during the meeting and the advancements made toward mitigating the devastating impact of fungi on plants, animals, and humans.
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26
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Prophylaxis and Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis: Who and How of Prophylaxis, Treatment, and New Therapies. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-020-00213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Hales EN, Esparza C, Peng S, Dahlgren AR, Peterson JM, Miller AD, Finno CJ. Genome-Wide Association Study and Subsequent Exclusion of ATCAY as a Candidate Gene Involved in Equine Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Using Two Animal Models. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E82. [PMID: 31936863 PMCID: PMC7016928 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology. Clinical signs of neurological deficits develop within the first year of life in vitamin E (vitE) deficient horses. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out using 670,000 SNP markers in 27 case and 42 control Quarter Horses. Two markers, encompassing a 2.5 Mb region on ECA7, were associated with the phenotype (p = 2.05 × 10-7 and 4.72 × 10-6). Within this region, caytaxin (ATCAY) was identified as a candidate gene due to its known role in Cayman Ataxia and ataxic/dystonic phenotypes in mouse models. Whole-genome sequence data in four eNAD/EDM and five unaffected horses identified 199 associated variants within the ECA7 region. MassARRAY® genotyping was performed on these variants within the GWAS population. The three variants within ATCAY were not concordant with the disease phenotype. No difference in expression or alternative splicing was identified using qRT-PCR in brainstem across the ATCAY transcript. Atcayji-hes mice were then used to conduct functional analysis in a second animal model. Histologic lesions were not identified in the central nervous system of Atcayji-hes mice. Additionally, supplementation of homozygous Atcayji-hes mice with 600 IU/day of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate (vitE) during gestation, lactation, and adulthood did not improve the phenotype. ATCAY has therefore been excluded as a candidate gene for eNAD/EDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Hales
- Department of Population, Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.N.H.); (C.E.); (S.P.); (A.R.D.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Christina Esparza
- Department of Population, Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.N.H.); (C.E.); (S.P.); (A.R.D.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Sichong Peng
- Department of Population, Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.N.H.); (C.E.); (S.P.); (A.R.D.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Anna R Dahlgren
- Department of Population, Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.N.H.); (C.E.); (S.P.); (A.R.D.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Janel M Peterson
- Department of Population, Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.N.H.); (C.E.); (S.P.); (A.R.D.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population, Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.N.H.); (C.E.); (S.P.); (A.R.D.); (J.M.P.)
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28
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Muthu V, Agarwal R. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis. CLINICAL PRACTICE OF MEDICAL MYCOLOGY IN ASIA 2020:137-164. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9459-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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29
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Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprotrophic fungus; its primary habitat is the soil. In its ecological niche, the fungus has learned how to adapt and proliferate in hostile environments. This capacity has helped the fungus to resist and survive against human host defenses and, further, to be responsible for one of the most devastating lung infections in terms of morbidity and mortality. In this review, we will provide (i) a description of the biological cycle of A. fumigatus; (ii) a historical perspective of the spectrum of aspergillus disease and the current epidemiological status of these infections; (iii) an analysis of the modes of immune response against Aspergillus in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients; (iv) an understanding of the pathways responsible for fungal virulence and their host molecular targets, with a specific focus on the cell wall; (v) the current status of the diagnosis of different clinical syndromes; and (vi) an overview of the available antifungal armamentarium and the therapeutic strategies in the clinical context. In addition, the emergence of new concepts, such as nutritional immunity and the integration and rewiring of multiple fungal metabolic activities occurring during lung invasion, has helped us to redefine the opportunistic pathogenesis of A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Latgé
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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30
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Hadebe S, Brombacher F. Environment and Host-Genetic Determinants in Early Development of Allergic Asthma: Contribution of Fungi. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2696. [PMID: 31824491 PMCID: PMC6879655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic debilitating airway disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Although largely thought to be a disease of the first world, it is now clear that it is on the rise in many middle- and lower-income countries. The disease is complex, and its etiology is poorly understood, which explains failure of most treatment strategies. We know that in children, asthma is closely linked to poor lung function in the first 3-years of life, when the lung is still undergoing post-natal alveolarization phase. Epidemiological studies also suggest that environmental factors around that age do play a critical part in the establishment of early wheezing which persists until adulthood. Some of the factors that contribute to early development of asthma in children in Western world are clear, however, in low- to middle-income countries this is likely to differ significantly. The contribution of fungal species in the development of allergic diseases is known in adults and in experimental models. However, it is unclear whether early exposure during perinatal or post-natal lung development influences a protective or promotes allergic asthma. Host immune cells and responses will play a crucial part in early development of allergic asthma. How immune cells and their receptors may recognize fungi and promote allergic asthma or protect by tolerance among other immune mechanisms is not fully understood in this early lung development stage. The aim of this review is to discuss what fungal species are present during early exposure as well as their contribution to the development of allergic responses. We also discuss how the host has evolved to promote tolerance to limit hyper-responsiveness to innocuous fungi, and how host evasion by fungi during early development consequentially results in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabelo Hadebe
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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31
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Antunes D, Cunha C, Carvalho A. Genetic Regulation of the Host-Fungus Interaction in the Pathogenesis of Aspergillosis. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-019-00344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Mackel JJ, Steele C. Host defense mechanisms against Aspergillus fumigatus lung colonization and invasion. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 52:14-19. [PMID: 31103956 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human lung is continually exposed to airborne conidia of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) and related species. The innate immune system efficiently eliminates inhaled AF conidia from the lung in normal individuals, but immunocompromised patients are at risk for highly lethal invasive aspergillosis (IA). Some individuals not at risk for IA may still suffer from failed clearance of AF in the form of noninvasive colonization associated with conditions such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Understanding of normal innate immune function against AF as well as failures of these functions will enable better treatment of these patient groups. In this review, we will focus on recent research that elucidates mechanisms of host defense and their failures resulting in colonization as well as tissue invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Mackel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Chad Steele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States.
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Herrera S, Husain S. Current State of the Diagnosis of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Lung Transplantation. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3273. [PMID: 30687264 PMCID: PMC6333628 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the number of lung transplants performed worldwide each year continues to grow, the success of this procedure is threatened by the incidence of non-CMV infections such as invasive aspergillosis. Despite tremendous efforts and the availability of numerous diagnostic tests (especially in hematological malignancies) the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis continues to be a challenge. Lung transplantation remains a unique clinical scenario, where additional host defenses are immunocompromized, making many of the available tests unsuitable. In this review we will navigate through the myriad of diagnostic tests currently available and how they apply to this unique patient population, as well as have a look into what the future holds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Herrera
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shahid Husain
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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34
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Emergence of Invasive Fungal Infection: Diagnosis and Treatment in Humans. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18586-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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