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Godina C, Khazaei S, Belting M, Vallon-Christersson J, Nodin B, Jirström K, Isaksson K, Bosch A, Jernström H. High Caveolin-1 mRNA expression in triple-negative breast cancer is associated with an aggressive tumor microenvironment, chemoresistance, and poor clinical outcome. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305222. [PMID: 38959243 PMCID: PMC11221642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are few treatment-predictive and prognostic biomarkers in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is linked to chemoresistance and several important processes involved in tumor progression and metastasis, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Herein, we report that high CAV1 gene expression is an independent factor of poor prognosis in TNBC. METHODS CAV1 gene expression was compared across different molecular features (e.g., PAM50 subtypes). CAV1 expression was assessed in relation to clinical outcomes using Cox regression adjusted for clinicopathological predictors. Differential gene expression and gene set enrichment analyses were applied to compare high- and low-expressing CAV1 tumors. Tumor microenvironment composition of high- and low-expressing CAV1 tumors was estimated using ECOTYPER. Tumor tissue microarrays were used to evaluate CAV1 protein levels in stromal and malignant cells. RESULTS In the SCAN-B (n = 525) and GSE31519 (n = 327) cohorts, patients with CAV1-high tumors had an increased incidence of early recurrence adjusted HR 1.78 (95% CI 1.12-2.81) and 2.20 (95% CI 1.39-3.47), respectively. In further analysis, high CAV1 gene expression was associated with a molecular profile indicating altered metabolism, neovascularization, chemoresistance, EMT, suppressed immune response, and active tumor microenvironment. Protein levels of CAV1 in malignant and stromal cells were not correlated with CAV1 gene expression. CONCLUSION CAV1 gene expression in TNBC is a biomarker that merits further investigation in clinical trials and as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Godina
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Somayeh Khazaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Vallon-Christersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Nodin
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Therapeutic Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Therapeutic Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karolin Isaksson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Surgery, Lund University and Kristianstad Hospital, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Ana Bosch
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Helena Jernström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Ibrahim D, Simó C, Brown EL, Shmuel S, Panikar SS, Benton A, DeWeerd R, Dehdashti F, Park H, Pereira PMR. PD-L1 has a heterogeneous and dynamic expression in gastric cancer with implications for immunoPET. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1405485. [PMID: 38915392 PMCID: PMC11194338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1405485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, spatial heterogeneity, and binding affinity of FDA-approved anti-PD-L1 antibodies (avelumab and atezolizumab) in gastric cancer. Additionally, we determined how PD-L1 glycosylation impacts antibody accumulation in gastric cancer cells. Methods Dynamic PD-L1 expression was examined in NCIN87 gastric cancer cells. Comparative binding studies of avelumab and atezolizumab were conducted in gastric cancer models, both in vitro and in vivo. Antibody uptake in tumors was visualized through positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. PD-L1 glycosylation status was determined via Western blot analyses before and after PNGase F treatment. Results Consistent findings revealed time-dependent PD-L1 induction in NCIN87 gastric cancer cells and spatial heterogeneity in tumors, as shown by PET imaging and immunofluorescence. Avelumab displayed superior binding affinity to NCIN87 cells compared to atezolizumab, confirmed by in vivo PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution analyses. Notably, PD-L1 glycosylation at approximately 50 kDa was observed, with PNGase F treatment inducing a shift to 35 kDa in molecular weight. Tissue samples from patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) validated the presence of both glycosylated and deglycosylated PD-L1 (degPD-L1) forms in gastric cancer. Immunofluorescence microscopy and binding assays demonstrated enhanced avelumab binding post-deglycosylation. Discussion This study provides an understanding of dynamic and spatially heterogeneous PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer. Anti-PD-L1 immunoPET was able to visualize gastric tumors, and PD-L1 glycosylation has significant implications for antibody recognition. These insights contribute to demonstrating the complexities of PD-L1 in gastric cancer, holding relevance for refining PD-L1 imaging-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ibrahim
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Cristina Simó
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Emma L. Brown
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Shayla Shmuel
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sandeep Surendra Panikar
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Alex Benton
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rachel DeWeerd
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Farrokh Dehdashti
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Haeseong Park
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Center for Cancer Therapeutic Innovation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Patrícia M. R. Pereira
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Godina C, Belting M, Vallon-Christersson J, Isaksson K, Bosch A, Jernström H. Caveolin-1 gene expression provides additional prognostic information combined with PAM50 risk of recurrence (ROR) score in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6675. [PMID: 38509243 PMCID: PMC10954762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Combining information from the tumor microenvironment (TME) with PAM50 Risk of Recurrence (ROR) score could improve breast cancer prognostication. Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a marker of an active TME. CAV1 is a membrane protein involved in cell signaling, extracellular matrix organization, and tumor-stroma interactions. We sought to investigate CAV1 gene expression in relation to PAM50 subtypes, ROR score, and their joint prognostic impact. CAV1 expression was compared between PAM50 subtypes and ROR categories in two cohorts (SCAN-B, n = 5326 and METABRIC, n = 1980). CAV1 expression was assessed in relation to clinical outcomes using Cox regression and adjusted for clinicopathological predictors. Effect modifications between CAV1 expression and ROR categories on clinical outcome were investigated using multiplicative and additive two-way interaction analyses. Differential gene expression and gene set enrichment analyses were applied to compare high and low expressing CAV1 tumors. All samples expressed CAV1 with the highest expression in the Normal-like subtype. Gene modules consistent with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), hypoxia, and stromal activation were associated with high CAV1 expression. CAV1 expression was inversely associated with ROR category. Interactions between CAV1 expression and ROR categories were observed in both cohorts. High expressing CAV1 tumors conferred worse prognosis only within the group classified as ROR high. ROR gave markedly different prognostic information depending on the underlying CAV1 expression. CAV1, a potential mediator between the malignant cells and TME, could be a useful biomarker that enhances and further refines PAM50 ROR risk stratification in patients with ROR high tumors and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Godina
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Barngatan 4, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Barngatan 4, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Skåne, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Vallon-Christersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Barngatan 4, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karolin Isaksson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Surgery, Lund University and Kristianstad Hospital, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Ana Bosch
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Barngatan 4, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Skåne, Sweden
| | - Helena Jernström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Barngatan 4, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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4
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Mukund K, Alva-Ornelas JA, Maddox AL, Murali D, Veraksa D, Saftics A, Tomsic J, Frankhouser D, Razo M, Jovanovic-Talisman T, Seewaldt VL, Subramaniam S. Molecular Atlas of HER2+ Breast Cancer Cells Treated with Endogenous Ligands: Temporal Insights into Mechanisms of Trastuzumab Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:553. [PMID: 38339304 PMCID: PMC10854992 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab therapy in HER2+ breast cancer patients has mixed success owing to acquired resistance to therapy. A detailed understanding of downstream molecular cascades resulting from trastuzumab resistance is yet to emerge. In this study, we investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying acquired resistance using trastuzumab-sensitive and -resistant cancer cells (BT474 and BT474R) treated with endogenous ligands EGF and HRG across time. We probe early receptor organization through microscopy and signaling events through multiomics measurements and assess the bioenergetic state through mitochondrial measurements. Integrative analyses of our measurements reveal significant alterations in EGF-treated BT474 HER2 membrane dynamics and robust downstream activation of PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 signaling. EGF-treated BT474R shows a sustained interferon-independent activation of the IRF1/STAT1 cascade, potentially contributing to trastuzumab resistance. Both cell lines exhibit temporally divergent metabolic demands and HIF1A-mediated stress responses. BT474R demonstrates inherently increased mitochondrial activity. HRG treatment in BT474R leads to a pronounced reduction in AR expression, affecting downstream lipid metabolism with implications for treatment response. Our results provide novel insights into mechanistic changes underlying ligand treatment in BT474 and BT474R and emphasize the pivotal role of endogenous ligands. These results can serve as a framework for furthering the understanding of trastuzumab resistance, with therapeutic implications for women with acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Mukund
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (K.M.); (D.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Jackelyn A. Alva-Ornelas
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (J.A.A.-O.); (J.T.); (D.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Adam L. Maddox
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (A.L.M.); (A.S.); (T.J.-T.)
| | - Divya Murali
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (K.M.); (D.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Darya Veraksa
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (K.M.); (D.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Andras Saftics
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (A.L.M.); (A.S.); (T.J.-T.)
| | - Jerneja Tomsic
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (J.A.A.-O.); (J.T.); (D.F.); (M.R.)
| | - David Frankhouser
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (J.A.A.-O.); (J.T.); (D.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Meagan Razo
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (J.A.A.-O.); (J.T.); (D.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Tijana Jovanovic-Talisman
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (A.L.M.); (A.S.); (T.J.-T.)
| | - Victoria L. Seewaldt
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (J.A.A.-O.); (J.T.); (D.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (K.M.); (D.M.); (D.V.)
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5
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Sepp A, Muliaditan M. Application of quantitative protein mass spectrometric data in the early predictive analysis of membrane-bound target engagement by monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2024; 16:2324485. [PMID: 38700511 PMCID: PMC10936618 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2324485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Model-informed drug discovery advocates the use of mathematical modeling and simulation for improved efficacy in drug discovery. In the case of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against cell membrane antigens, this requires quantitative insight into the target tissue concentration levels. Protein mass spectrometry data are often available but the values are expressed in relative, rather than in molar concentration units that are easier to incorporate into pharmacokinetic models. Here, we present an empirical correlation that converts the parts per million (ppm) concentrations in the PaxDb database to their molar equivalents that are more suitable for pharmacokinetic modeling. We evaluate the insight afforded to target tissue distribution by analyzing the likely tumor-targeting accuracy of mAbs recognizing either epidermal growth factor receptor or its homolog HER2. Surprisingly, the predicted tissue concentrations of both these targets exceed the Kd values of their respective therapeutic mAbs. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling indicates that in these conditions only about 0.05% of the dosed mAb is likely to reach the solid tumor target cells. The rest of the dose is eliminated in healthy tissues via both nonspecific and target-mediated processes. The presented approach allows evaluation of the interplay between the target expression level in different tissues that determines the overall pharmacokinetic properties of the drug and the fraction that reaches the cells of interest. This methodology can help to evaluate the efficacy and safety properties of novel drugs, especially if the off-target cell degradation has cytotoxic outcomes, as in the case of antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sepp
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK Ltd, Sheffield, UK
| | - Morris Muliaditan
- Leiden Experts on Advanced Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (LAP&P), Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Panikar SS, Berry NK, Shmuel S, Keltee N, Pereira PM. In Vivo Biorthogonal Antibody Click for Dual Targeting and Augmented Efficacy in Cancer Treatment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.05.556426. [PMID: 37986985 PMCID: PMC10659283 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.05.556426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as promising therapeutics for cancer treatment; however, their effectiveness has been limited by single antigen targeting, potentially leading to resistance mechanisms triggered by tumor compensatory pathways or reduced expression of the target protein. Here, we present antibody-ADC click, an approach that harnesses bioorthogonal click chemistry for in vivo dual receptor targeting, irrespective of the levels of the tumor's expression of the ADC-targeting antigen. Antibody-ADC click enables targeting heterogeneity and enhances antibody internalization and drug delivery inside cancer cells, resulting in potent toxicity. We conjugated antibodies and ADCs to the bioorthogonal click moieties tetrazine (Tz) and trans-cyclooctene (TCO). Through sequential antibody administration in living biological systems, we achieved dual receptor targeting by in vivo clicking of antibody-TCO with antibody-Tz. We show that the clicked antibody therapy outperformed conventional ADC monotherapy or antibody combinations in preclinical models mimicking ADC-eligible, ADC-resistant, and ADC-ineligible tumors. Antibody-ADC click enables in vivo dual-antigen targeting without extensive antibody bioengineering, sustains tumor treatment, and enhances antibody-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Surendra Panikar
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Na-Keysha Berry
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shayla Shmuel
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nai Keltee
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrícia M.R. Pereira
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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7
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Guo Y, Wang P, Jiang L, Deng C, Zheng L, Song C, Jiao J. Multifunctional Proximity Labeling Strategy for Lipid Raft-Specific Sialic Acid Tracking and Engineering. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1719-1726. [PMID: 37767911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipid raft-specific glycosylation has been implicated in many biological processes, including intracellular trafficking, cell adhesion, signal transduction, and host-pathogen interactions. The major predicament in lipid raft-specific glycosylation research is the unavailability of tools for tracking and manipulating glycans on lipid rafts at the microstructural level. To overcome this challenge, we developed a multifunctional proximity labeling (MPL) platform that relies on cholera toxin B subunit to localize horseradish peroxidase on lipid rafts. In addition to the prevailing electron-rich amino acids, modified sialic acid was included in the horseradish peroxidase-mediated proximity labeling substrate via purposefully designed chemical transformation reactions. In combination with sialic acid editing, the self-renewal of lipid raft-specific sialic acid was visualized. The MPL method enabled tracking of lipid raft dynamics under methyl-β-cyclodextrin and mevinolin treatments; in particular, the alteration of lipid rafts markedly affected cell migration. Furthermore, we embedded functional molecules into the method and implemented raft-specific sialic acid gradient engineering. Our novel strategy presents opportunities for tailoring lipid raft-specific sialic acids, thereby regulating interactions associated with lipid raft regions (such as cell-virus and cell-microenvironment interactions), and can aid in the development of lipid raft-based therapeutic regimens for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Guo
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Liangyu Jiang
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Chaowen Deng
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Cong Song
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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8
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Surendra Panikar S, Shmuel S, Lewis JS, Pereira PMR. PET and Optical Imaging of Caveolin-1 in Gastric Tumors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:35884-35892. [PMID: 37810678 PMCID: PMC10552508 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested tumoral caveolin-1 (CAV1) as a predictive biomarker for the response to anti-HER2 antibody drug therapies in gastric tumors. In this study, radiolabeled and fluorescently labeled anti-CAV1 antibodies were developed and tested as an immunoPET or optical imaging agent to detect CAV1 in HER2-positive/CAV1-high NCIN87 gastric tumors. The expression of CAV1 receptors in NCIN87 gastric tumors and nontumor murine organs was determined by Western blot. Binding assays were performed to validate the anti-CAV1 antibody specificity for CAV1-expressing NCIN87 cancer cells. Subcutaneous and orthotopic NCIN87 xenografts were used for PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution of the radioimmunoconjugate. Additional HER2-PET and CAV1-optical imaging was also performed to determine CAV1 in the HER2-positive tumors. 89Zr-labeled anti-CAV1 antibody was able to bind to CAV1-expressing NCIN87 cells with a Bmax value of 2.7 × 103 CAV1 receptors/cell in vitro. ImmunoPET images demonstrated the localization of the antibody in subcutaneous NCIN87 xenografts. In the orthotopic model, CAV1 expression was also observed by optical imaging in the HER2-positive tumors previously imaged with HER2-PET. Ex vivo biodistribution analysis further confirmed these imaging results. The preclinical data from this study demonstrate the potential of using CAV1-PET and optical imaging for detecting gastric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Surendra Panikar
- Department
of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Shayla Shmuel
- Department
of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Molecular
Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Radiochemistry
and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Patrícia M. R. Pereira
- Department
of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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9
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Tulk A, Watson R, Erdrich J. The Influence of Statin Use on Chemotherapeutic Efficacy in Studies of Mouse Models: A Systematic Review. Anticancer Res 2023; 43:4263-4275. [PMID: 37772570 PMCID: PMC10637576 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.16621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Using statins as antitumor agents is an approach to cancer therapy that has been explored extensively in specific cancer types. Reframing the query to how a statin interacts with the treatment regimen instead might provide new insight. Given that cell-cycle regulation influences tumorigenesis, it is possible that the cell-cycle phase which a given chemotherapy acts on influences the synergistic effects with adjuvant statin use. In this review, we outline the effect of statins in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs in in vivo animal model studies based on the class of chemotherapy and its relation to the cell cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS This systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols 2015 with 23 articles deemed eligible to be included. RESULTS Our review suggests that statins influence the success of chemotherapy treatments. Furthermore, enhanced efficacy was demonstrated with chemotherapeutic drugs that act at every phase of the cell cycle. CONCLUSION This type of compilation departs from the norm of describing statin influence on named cancer subtypes and instead catalogs how statins interact with categorical chemotherapy agents which might be beneficial for broader therapeutic decision-making across cancer subtypes, possibly contributing to pharmaceutical development, and thereby helping to maximize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Tulk
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, U.S.A.;
| | - Raj Watson
- A.T. Still University-Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kirksville, MO, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer Erdrich
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, U.S.A
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10
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Brown EL, Shmuel S, Mandleywala K, Panikar SS, Berry NK, Rao Y, Zidel A, Lewis JS, Pereira PMR. Immuno-PET Detects Antibody-Drug Potency on Coadministration with Statins. J Nucl Med 2023; 64:1638-1646. [PMID: 37385676 PMCID: PMC10586480 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.265172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeting trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) are antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) clinically used to treat HER2-positive breast cancer, with the latter receiving clinical approval in 2021 for HER2-positive gastric cancer. Lovastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug, temporally elevates cell-surface HER2 in ways that enhance HER2-ADC binding and internalization. Methods: In an NCIN87 gastric xenograft model and a gastric patient-derived xenograft model, we used the 89Zr-labeled or 64Cu-labeled anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab to investigate the dosing regimen of ADC therapy with and without coadministration of lovastatin. We compared the ADC efficacy of a multiple-dose ADC regime, which replicates the clinical dose regimen standard, with a single-dose regime. Results: T-DM1/lovastatin treatment inhibited tumor growth, regardless of multiple- or single-dose T-DM1 administration. Coadministration of lovastatin with T-DM1 or T-DXd as a single dose enhanced tumor growth inhibition, which was accompanied by a decrease in signal on HER2-targeted immuno-PET and a decrease in HER2-mediated signaling at the cellular level. DNA damage signaling was increased on ADC treatment in vitro. Conclusion: Our data from a gastric cancer xenograft show the utility of HER2-targeted immuno-PET to inform the tumor response to ADC therapies in combination with modulators of cell-surface target availability. Our studies also demonstrate that statins enhance ADC efficacy in both a cell-line and a patient-derived xenograft model in ways that enable a single-dose administration of the ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Brown
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shayla Shmuel
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Komal Mandleywala
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sandeep Surendra Panikar
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Na-Keysha Berry
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yi Rao
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Abbey Zidel
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Patrícia M R Pereira
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
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11
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Panikar SS, Keltee N, Berry NK, Shmuel S, Fisher ZT, Brown E, Zidel A, Mabry A, Pereira PMR. Metformin-Induced Receptor Turnover Alters Antibody Accumulation in HER-Expressing Tumors. J Nucl Med 2023; 64:1195-1202. [PMID: 37268425 PMCID: PMC10394312 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.265248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin has effects beyond its antihyperglycemic properties, including altering the localization of membrane receptors in cancer cells. Metformin decreases human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) membrane density. Depletion of cell-surface HER decreases antibody-tumor binding for imaging and therapeutic approaches. Here, we used HER-targeted PET to annotate antibody-tumor binding in mice treated with metformin. Methods: Small-animal PET annotated antibody binding in HER-expressing xenografts on administration of an acute versus a daily dose schedule of metformin. Analyses at the protein level in the total, membrane, and internalized cell extracts were performed to determine receptor endocytosis, HER surface and internalized protein levels, and HER phosphorylation. Results: At 24 h after injection of radiolabeled anti-HER antibodies, control tumors had higher antibody accumulation than tumors treated with an acute dose of metformin. These differences were temporal, and by 72 h, tumor uptake in acute cohorts was similar to uptake in control. Additional PET imaging revealed a sustained decrease in tumor uptake on daily metformin treatment compared with control and acute metformin cohorts. The effects of metformin on membrane HER were reversible, and after its removal, antibody-tumor binding was restored. The time- and dose-dependent effects of metformin-induced HER depletion observed preclinically were validated with immunofluorescence, fractionation, and protein analysis cell assays. Conclusion: The findings that metformin decreases cell-surface HER receptors and reduces antibody-tumor binding may have significant implications for the use of antibodies targeting these receptors in cancer treatment and molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Surendra Panikar
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nai Keltee
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Na-Keysha Berry
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shayla Shmuel
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Zachary T Fisher
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Emma Brown
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Abbey Zidel
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Alex Mabry
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Patrícia M R Pereira
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
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12
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Tan Y, Song Q. Research trends and hotspots on the links between caveolin and cancer: bibliometric and visual analysis from 2003 to 2022. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1237456. [PMID: 37576808 PMCID: PMC10416243 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1237456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Extensive studies indicated that caveolin is a key regulator in multiple cellular processes. Recently, growing evidence demonstrated that caveolin is critically involved in tumor progression. Since no relevant bibliometric study has been published, we performed a bibliometric and visual analysis to depict the knowledge framework of research related to the involvement of caveolin in cancer. Methods: Relevant studies published in English during 2003-2022 were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Three programs (VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R-bibliometrix) and the website of bibliometrics (http://bibliometric.com/) were applied to construct networks based on the analysis of countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords. Results: A total of 2,463 documents were extracted and identified. The United States had the greatest number of publications and total citations, and Thomas Jefferson University was the most productive institution. Michael P. Lisanti was the most influential scholar in this research domain. Cell Cycle was the journal with the most publications on this subject. The most local-cited document was the article titled "Caveolin-1 in oncogenic transformation, cancer, and metastasis." A comprehensive analysis has been conducted based on keywords and cited references. Initially, the research frontiers were predominantly "signal transduction", "human breast cancer," "oncogenically transformed cells," "tumor suppressor gene," and "fibroblasts." While in recent years, the research emphasis has shifted to "tumor microenvironment," "epithelial mesenchymal transition," "nanoparticles," and "stem cells." Conclusion: Taken together, our bibliometric analysis shows that caveolin continues to be of interest in cancer research. The hotspots and research frontiers have evolved from the regulation of cancer signaling, to potential targets of cancer therapy and novel techniques. These results can provide a data-based reference for the guidance of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Hu X, Yuan S, Zhou S, Sun T, Wang C, Ying S, Zhu H, Luo J, Jin H, Liu Y. Golgi-protein 73 facilitates vimentin polymerization in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3694-3708. [PMID: 37564210 PMCID: PMC10411459 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.85431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Golgi-protein 73 (GP73) is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and, as a secretory protein, it has been proposed as a serum biomarker indicating progression of HCC. The underlying mechanism by which GP73 may promote HCC metastasis is still poorly understood. In this study, we discovered that GP73 interacted with vimentin to facilitate Serine/Threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha (PP1A)-mediated dephosphorylation of vimentin at S56 and facilitated vimentin polymerization, which blocked vimentin degradation via TRIM56-mediated ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent pathway. Strikingly, Clomipramine, a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (5-HTR) agonist approved for the treatment of depression, impaired GP73-mediated vimentin polymerization to effectively inhibit metastasis of HCC with high GP73 expression, which provided a new strategy against HCC metastasis. Lastly, it was found that serum GP73 (sGP73) correlated positively with vimentin in primary tissues of HCC, suggesting that sGP73 might serve as a potential serum biomarker for companion diagnosis of HCC with highly expressed vimentin. In summary, this study reveals the process of GP73-mediated vimentin polymerization and proves that Clomipramine serves as a potential drug targeting vimentin for metastatic HCC patients with high sGP73 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Hu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shijin Yuan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sining Zhou
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang 322100, China
| | - Shilong Ying
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Heping Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingfeng Luo
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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14
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Hsu HT, Kuo TM, Wei CY, Huang JY, Liu TW, Hsing MT, Lai MT, Chen CT. Investigation of the impact of Globo-H expression on the progression of gastric cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:2969-2983. [PMID: 37560002 PMCID: PMC10408484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Globo-H (GH), a globo-series glycosphingolipid antigen that is synthesized by key enzymes β1,3-galactosyltransferase V (β3GalT5), fucosyltransferase (FUT) 1 and 2, is highly expressed on a variety of epithelial cancers rendering it a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. GH-targeting antibody-drug conjugate has been demonstrated an excellent tumor growth inhibition potency in animal models across multiple cancer types including Gastric cancer (GC). This study aims to further investigate the GH roles in GC. Significant correlations were observed between high mRNA expression of GH-synthetic key enzymes and worse overall survival (OS)/post-progression survival for GC patients based on the data from "Kaplan-Meier plotter" database (n=498). The level of GH expression was evaluated in clinical adenocarcinoma samples from 105 patients with GC by immunohistochemistry based on H-score. GH expression (H score ≥ 20; 33.3%) was significantly associated with a poor disease specific survival (DSS) and invasiveness in all samples with P=0.029 and P=0.013, respectively. In addition, it is also associated with shorter DSS and OS in poorly differentiated tumors with P=0.033 and P=0.045, respectively. Particularly, with patients ≥ 65 years of age, GH expression is also significantly associated with the stages (P=0.023), differentiation grade (P=0.038), and invasiveness (P=0.026) of the cancer. Sorted GC NCI-N87 cells with high level of endogenous GH showed higher proliferative activity compared with low-GH-expressing cells based on PCNA expression. Micro-western array analysis on high-GH-expressing GC cells indicated an upregulation in HER2-related signaling proteins including phospho-AKT/P38/JNK and Cyclin D1/Cyclin E1 proteins. Moreover, GH level was shown to be correlated with expression of total HER2 and caveolin-1 in GC cells. Immunoprecipitation study suggested that there are potential interactions among GH, caveolin-1, and HER2. In conclusions, GH level was significantly associated with the worse survival and disease progression in GC patients, especially in older patients. Enhanced cell proliferation activity through interactions among GH, HER2, and caveolin-1 interactions may contribute to GH induced tumor promotion signaling in GC. GH-targeting therapy may be a viable option for the treatment of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian HospitalChanghua, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Ming-Tai Hsing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhua Christian HospitalChanghua, Taiwan
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15
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Siddiqui NA, Ventrola AJ, Hartman AR, Konare T, Kamble NS, Thomas SC, Madaan T, Kharofa J, Sertorio MG, Kotagiri N. An Engineered Probiotic Platform for Cancer Epitope-Independent Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Solid Tumors. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202870. [PMID: 36913614 PMCID: PMC10497710 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) is an emerging therapeutic modality for the treatment of various solid cancers. Current approaches rely on the presence of cancer-specific epitopes and receptors against which a radiolabeled ligand is systemically administered to specifically deliver cytotoxic doses of α and β particles to tumors. In this proof-of-concept study, tumor-colonizing Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is utilized to deliver a bacteria-specific radiopharmaceutical to solid tumors in a cancer-epitope independent manner. In this microbe-based pretargeted approach, the siderophore-mediated metal uptake pathway is leveraged to selectively concentrate copper radioisotopes, 64 Cu and 67 Cu, complexed to yersiniabactin (YbT) in the genetically modified bacteria. 64 Cu-YbT facilitates positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the intratumoral bacteria, whereas 67 Cu-YbT delivers a cytotoxic dose to the surrounding cancer cells. PET imaging with 64 Cu-YbT reveals persistence and sustained growth of the bioengineered microbes in the tumor microenvironment. Survival studies with 67 Cu-YbT reveals significant attenuation of tumor growth and extends survival of both MC38 and 4T1 tumor-bearing mice harboring the microbes. Tumor response to this pretargeted approach correlates with promising anti-tumor immunity, with noticeable CD8+ T:Treg cell ratio. Their strategy offers a pathway to target and ablate multiple solid tumors independent of their epitope and receptor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Siddiqui
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alec J. Ventrola
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alexandra R. Hartman
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tohonne Konare
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nitin S. Kamble
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shindu C. Thomas
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tushar Madaan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jordan Kharofa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mathieu G. Sertorio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nalinikanth Kotagiri
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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16
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Castagnoli L, Corso S, Franceschini A, Raimondi A, Bellomo SE, Dugo M, Morano F, Prisciandaro M, Brich S, Belfiore A, Vingiani A, Di Bartolomeo M, Pruneri G, Tagliabue E, Giordano S, Pietrantonio F, Pupa SM. Fatty acid synthase as a new therapeutic target for HER2-positive gastric cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023; 46:661-676. [PMID: 36753044 PMCID: PMC10205874 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Trastuzumab is an HER2-specific agent approved as the gold-standard therapy for advanced HER2-positive (HER2+) gastric cancer (GC), but the high rate and rapid appearance of resistance limit its clinical efficacy, resulting in the need to identify new vulnerabilities. Defining the drivers influencing HER2+ cancer stem cell (CSC) maintenance/survival could represent a clinically useful strategy to counteract tumor growth and therapy resistance. Accumulating evidence show that targeting crucial metabolic hubs, as the fatty acid synthase (FASN), may be clinically relevant. METHODS FASN protein and transcript expression were examined by WB and FACS and by qRT-PCR and GEP analyses, respectively, in trastuzumab-sensitive and trastuzumab-resistant HER2+ GC cell lines cultured in adherent (2D) or gastrosphere promoting (3D) conditions. Molecular data were analyzed in silico in public HER2+ GC datasets. The effectiveness of the FASN inhibitor TVB3166 to overcome anti-HER2 therapy resistance was tested in vitro in gastrospheres forming efficiency bioassays and in vivo in mice bearing trastuzumab-resistant GC cells. RESULTS We compared the transcriptome profiles of HER2+ GC cells cultured in 2D versus 3D conditions finding a significant enrichment of FASN in 3D cultures. FASN upregulation significantly correlated with high stemness score and poor prognosis in HER2+ GC cases. TVB3166 treatment significantly decreased GCSCs in all cell targets. HER2 and FASN cotargeting significantly decreased the capability to form gastrospheres versus monotherapy and reduced the in vivo growth of trastuzumab-resistant GC cells. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that cotargeting HER2 and FASN increase the benefit of anti-HER2 therapy representing a new opportunity for metabolically combating trastuzumab-resistant HER2+ GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Castagnoli
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Corso
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Alma Franceschini
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Raimondi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Erika Bellomo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Dugo
- Department of Medical Oncology-Breast Cancer Unit Clinical Translational and Immunotherapy Research, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Morano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Prisciandaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Brich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Vingiani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Di Bartolomeo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elda Tagliabue
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Pietrantonio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Serenella M Pupa
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Banushi B, Joseph SR, Lum B, Lee JJ, Simpson F. Endocytosis in cancer and cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2023:10.1038/s41568-023-00574-6. [PMID: 37217781 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a complex process whereby cell surface proteins, lipids and fluid from the extracellular environment are packaged, sorted and internalized into cells. Endocytosis is also a mechanism of drug internalization into cells. There are multiple routes of endocytosis that determine the fate of molecules, from degradation in the lysosomes to recycling back to the plasma membrane. The overall rates of endocytosis and temporal regulation of molecules transiting through endocytic pathways are also intricately linked with signalling outcomes. This process relies on an array of factors, such as intrinsic amino acid motifs and post-translational modifications. Endocytosis is frequently disrupted in cancer. These disruptions lead to inappropriate retention of receptor tyrosine kinases on the tumour cell membrane, changes in the recycling of oncogenic molecules, defective signalling feedback loops and loss of cell polarity. In the past decade, endocytosis has emerged as a pivotal regulator of nutrient scavenging, response to and regulation of immune surveillance and tumour immune evasion, tumour metastasis and therapeutic drug delivery. This Review summarizes and integrates these advances into the understanding of endocytosis in cancer. The potential to regulate these pathways in the clinic to improve cancer therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blerida Banushi
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shannon R Joseph
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benedict Lum
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason J Lee
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona Simpson
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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18
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Shastry M, Gupta A, Chandarlapaty S, Young M, Powles T, Hamilton E. Rise of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: The Present and Future. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2023; 43:e390094. [PMID: 37229614 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_390094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) embody a simple, but elegant, vision for cancer therapy-the delivery of a potent cytotoxic agent to tumor cells with minimal damage to normal cells-so-called smart chemo. Although there were significant challenges in achieving this milestone culminating in the first Food and Drug Administration approval in 2000, subsequent advancements in technology have led to rapid drug development with regulatory approvals for ADCs targeting a variety of tumor types. The most successful application for solid tumors has been in breast cancer, with ADCs becoming the standard of care across traditional human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+, hormone receptor+ (HR+) and triple-negative disease subtypes. Moreover, the improved features and gains in potency with the development of ADCs have expanded the treatment-eligible population to those with low/heterogeneous expression of the target antigen on the tumor with trastuzumab deruxtecan or in the case of sacituzumab govitecan, agnostic to target expression. Despite their antibody-directed homing, these novel agents come with their share of toxicities obligating appropriate patient selection and vigilant monitoring while on treatment. As more ADCs are included in the treatment armamentarium, mechanisms of resistance need to be studied and understood for optimal sequencing. Modifying the payload to use immune-stimulating agents or combination therapies with immunotherapy and other effective targeted therapies may further extend the utility of these agents in the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avantika Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, MSKCC, New York, NY
| | - Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Department of Medicine, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, MSKCC, New York, NY
| | - Matthew Young
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Hamilton
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN
- Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN
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19
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Galogre M, Rodin D, Pyatnitskiy M, Mackelprang M, Koman I. "A Review of HER2 overexpression and somatic mutations in cancers". Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 186:103997. [PMID: 37062337 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (HER) proteins family, which includes HER2, are membrane-bound receptors that activate many intracellular pathways associated with growth and development. When there are mutations in HER2, or when it becomes overexpressed, it can cause oncogenesis and offer differential prognosis and treatment across almost all cancer types. Both mutations in HER2 and its overexpression have distinct mechanisms by which they can cause these effects in cancers. This review outlines how HER2's normal pathway is altered in both overexpression and mutation and compiles all the well-known mechanisms by which HER2 can cause oncogenesis. Finally, this review briefly outlines how HER2 mutants and HER2 overexpression is detected, and how their detection can lead to different prognosis and treatment in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry Rodin
- Institute of Personalised and Translational Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel Kiryat Hamada
| | - Mikhail Pyatnitskiy
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry RAMS, Solianka st.,14, 109544, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor Koman
- SmartOmica, Tērbatas iela 36 - 4, Latvia Rīga, LV-1011; Institute of Personalised and Translational Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel Kiryat Hamada
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Rao Y, Samuels Z, Carter LM, Monette S, Panikar S, Pereira P, Lewis J. Statins enhance the efficacy of HER2-targeting radioligand therapy in drug-resistant gastric cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220413120. [PMID: 36972439 PMCID: PMC10083538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220413120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in various cancer types. HER2-targeting trastuzumab plus chemotherapy is used as first-line therapy for HER2-positive recurrent or primary metastatic gastric cancer, but intrinsic and acquired trastuzumab resistance inevitably develop over time. To overcome gastric cancer resistance to HER2-targeted therapies, we have conjugated trastuzumab with a beta-emitting therapeutic isotope, lutetium-177, to deliver radiation locally to gastric tumors with minimal toxicity. Because trastuzumab-based targeted radioligand therapy (RLT) requires only the extramembrane domain binding of membrane-bound HER2 receptors, HER2-targeting RLT can bypass any resistance mechanisms that occur downstream of HER2 binding. Leveraging our previous discoveries that statins, a class of cholesterol-lowering drugs, can enhance the cell surface-bound HER2 to achieve effective drug delivery in tumors, we proposed that the combination of statins and [177Lu]Lu-trastuzumab-based RLT can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of HER2-targeted RLT in drug-resistant gastric cancers. We demonstrate that lovastatin elevates cell surface HER2 levels and increases the tumor-absorbed radiation dose of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-trastuzumab. Furthermore, lovastatin-modulated [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-trastuzumab RLT durably inhibits tumor growth and prolongs overall survival in mice bearing NCI-N87 gastric tumors and HER2-positive patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of known clinical resistance to trastuzumab therapy. Statins also exhibit a radioprotective effect, reducing radiotoxicity in a mice cohort given the combination of statins and [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-trastuzumab. Since statins are commonly prescribed to patients, our results strongly support the feasibility of clinical studies that combine lovastatin with HER2-targeted RLT in HER2-postive patients and trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Rao
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
| | - Zachary Samuels
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
| | - Lukas M. Carter
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
| | - Sebastien Monette
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Sandeep Surendra Panikar
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Patricia M. R. Pereira
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
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21
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Resistance to Antibody-Drug Conjugates Targeting HER2 in Breast Cancer: Molecular Landscape and Future Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041130. [PMID: 36831473 PMCID: PMC9954056 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (mBC) with Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), two antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) targeting HER2, is burdened by progression of disease related to the acquisition of mechanisms of resistance. Resistance to T-DM1 is caused by the decrease of HER2 expression, the alteration of intracellular trafficking, the impairment of lysosome functions, the drug expulsion through efflux pumps and the activation of alternative signal pathways. Instead, the decrease of HER2 expression and SLX4 loss of function mutations represent the first evidences of mechanisms of resistance to T-DXd, according to the results of DAISY trial. Several strategies are under evaluation to overcome resistances to anti-HER2 ADCs and improve clinical outcomes in patients progressing on these agents: combinations with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, statins, immune checkpoint inhibitors and synthetic DNA-damaging agents are emerging as promising approaches. Furthermore, novel anti-HER2 ADCs with innovative structures and mechanisms of action are in development, in the attempt to further improve the activity and tolerability of currently available agents.
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22
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Zhang C, Zhang K, Cui Y, Guo Y, Wang C, Xu C, Yao Q, Zhao Y, Chen C, Wang Y. Multifunctional Nanoprobe for 3D Nanoresolution Imaging of Intact Cell HER2 Protein with Hard X-ray Tomography. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2129-2133. [PMID: 36576397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional nondestructive, nanoresolution, and in situ visualization of protein spatial localization in a large, thick single cell remains challenging. In this study, we designed a multifunctional iron oxide (Fe@BFK) nanoprobe that possesses fluorescence and hard X-ray imaging signals. This probe can specifically target the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein and help optimize the label condition and selection of suitable samples for X-ray imaging. Combining 30 nm resolution synchrotron radiation hard X-ray nanocomputed tomography and the X-ray-sensitive Fe@BFK nanoprobe, a 3D localization of HER2 on SK-BR-3 cells was obtained for the first time. HER2 was mainly localized and cluster-distributed on the cell membrane with a heterogeneous pattern. This study provides a novel method for the in situ and nondestructive synchrotron radiation imaging of the desired protein localization in large, thick cells and evaluation of the true cellular distribution of a nanoprobe with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuecong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100090, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Qingqiang Yao
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100090, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100090, China.,The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100090, China.,The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou 510700, China
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23
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Resistance to Trastuzumab. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205115. [PMID: 36291900 PMCID: PMC9600208 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Trastuzumab is a humanized antibody that has significantly improved the management and treatment outcomes of patients with cancers that overexpress HER2. Many research groups, both in academia and industry, have contributed towards understanding the various mechanisms engaged by trastuzumab to mediate its anti-tumor effects. Nevertheless, data from several clinical studies have indicated that a significant proportion of patients exhibit primary or acquired resistance to trastuzumab therapy. In this article, we discuss underlying mechanisms that contribute towards to resistance. Furthermore, we discuss the potential strategies to overcome some of the mechanisms of resistance to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of trastuzumab and other therapies based on it. Abstract One of the most impactful biologics for the treatment of breast cancer is the humanized monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab, which specifically recognizes the HER2/neu (HER2) protein encoded by the ERBB2 gene. Useful for both advanced and early breast cancers, trastuzumab has multiple mechanisms of action. Classical mechanisms attributed to trastuzumab action include cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Recent studies have identified the role of the adaptive immune system in the clinical actions of trastuzumab. Despite the multiple mechanisms of action, many patients demonstrate resistance, primary or adaptive. Newly identified molecular and cellular mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance include induction of immune suppression, vascular mimicry, generation of breast cancer stem cells, deregulation of long non-coding RNAs, and metabolic escape. These newly identified mechanisms of resistance are discussed in detail in this review, particularly considering how they may lead to the development of well-rationalized, patient-tailored combinations that improve patient survival.
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Simó-Riudalbas L, Offner S, Planet E, Duc J, Abrami L, Dind S, Coudray A, Coto-Llerena M, Ercan C, Piscuoglio S, Andersen CL, Bramsen JB, Trono D. Transposon-activated POU5F1B promotes colorectal cancer growth and metastasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4913. [PMID: 35987910 PMCID: PMC9392749 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) is an unmet medical need in absence of early diagnosis. Here, upon characterizing cancer-specific transposable element-driven transpochimeric gene transcripts (TcGTs) produced by this tumor in the SYSCOL cohort, we find that expression of the hominid-restricted retrogene POU5F1B through aberrant activation of a primate-specific endogenous retroviral promoter is a strong negative prognostic biomarker. Correlating this observation, we demonstrate that POU5F1B fosters the proliferation and metastatic potential of CRC cells. We further determine that POU5F1B, in spite of its phylogenetic relationship with the POU5F1/OCT4 transcription factor, is a membrane-enriched protein that associates with protein kinases and known targets or interactors as well as with cytoskeleton-related molecules, and induces intracellular signaling events and the release of trans-acting factors involved in cell growth and cell adhesion. As POU5F1B is an apparently non-essential gene only lowly expressed in normal tissues, and as POU5F1B-containing TcGTs are detected in other tumors besides CRC, our data provide interesting leads for the development of cancer therapies.
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25
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Ray KJ, Santee C, McCauley K, Panzer AR, Lynch SV. Gut Bifidobacteria enrichment following oral Lactobacillus-supplementation is associated with clinical improvements in children with cystic fibrosis. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:287. [PMID: 35902830 PMCID: PMC9330662 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relationships between gut microbiomes and airway immunity have been established in murine and human studies of allergy and asthma. Early life Lactobacillus supplementation alters the composition and metabolic productivity of the gut microbiome. However, little is known of how Lactobacillus supplementation impacts the gut microbiota in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and whether specific microbiota states that arise following gut microbiome manipulation relate to pulmonary outcomes. METHODS Stool samples were collected from CF patients enrolled in a multi-center, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of daily Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (LGG) probiotic supplementation over a 12-month period. Fecal 16S rRNA biomarker sequencing was used to profile fecal bacterial microbiota and analyses were performed in QiiME. RESULTS Bifidobacteria-dominated fecal microbiota were more likely to arise in LGG-treated children with CF (P = 0.04). Children with Bifidobacteria-dominated gut microbiota had a reduced rate of pulmonary exacerbations (IRR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.82; P = 0.01), improved pulmonary function (+ 20.00% of predicted value FEV1; 95% CI 8.05 to 31.92; P = 0.001), lower intestinal inflammation (Calprotectin; Coef = - 16.53 μg g-1 feces; 95% CI - 26.80 to - 6.26; P = 0.002) and required fewer antibiotics (IRR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.69; P = 0.04) compared to children with Bacteroides-dominated microbiota who were less likely to have received LGG. CONCLUSIONS The majority of pediatric CF patients in this study possessed a Bacteroides- or Bifidobacteria-dominated gut microbiota. Bifidobacteria-dominated gut microbiota were more likely to be associated with LGG-supplementation and with better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Ray
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Clark Santee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 513 Parnassus Ave, S357D, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kathryn McCauley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 513 Parnassus Ave, S357D, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ariane R Panzer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 513 Parnassus Ave, S357D, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 513 Parnassus Ave, S357D, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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26
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Sirhan Z, Thyagarajan A, Sahu RP. The efficacy of tucatinib-based therapeutic approaches for HER2-positive breast cancer. Mil Med Res 2022; 9:39. [PMID: 35820970 PMCID: PMC9277867 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) occurs in approximately 15-20% of breast cancer cases. HER2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family with tyrosinase kinase activity, and its overexpression is linked to poor prognosis and shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Among various treatment options, HER2-targeting monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have mostly been applied in recent decades to treat HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer patients. Although positive clinical outcomes were documented in both advanced disease and neoadjuvant settings, the development of resistance mechanisms to such approaches has been one of the major challenges with the continuous usage of these drugs. In addition, patients who experience disease progression after treatment with multiple HER2-targeted therapies often have limited treatment options. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved a new TKI (i.e., tucatinib) for use in combination with immunotherapy and/or chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of advanced-stage/metastatic HER2+ breast cancer. This review highlights recent updates on the efficacy of tucatinib-based therapeutic approaches in experimental models as well as in the clinical settings of HER2+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Sirhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Anita Thyagarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Ravi P Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
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27
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Yang C, Fan S, Wang X, Liu W, Yang L, He B, Dai W, Zhang H, Wang X, Zhang Q. Optimize the combination regimen of Trastuzumab and Nab-paclitaxel in HER2-positive tumors via modulating Caveolin-1 expression by lovastatin. Asian J Pharm Sci 2022; 17:697-712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Manafi-Farid R, Ataeinia B, Ranjbar S, Jamshidi Araghi Z, Moradi MM, Pirich C, Beheshti M. ImmunoPET: Antibody-Based PET Imaging in Solid Tumors. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:916693. [PMID: 35836956 PMCID: PMC9273828 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.916693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a molecular imaging modality combining the high sensitivity of PET with the specific targeting ability of monoclonal antibodies. Various radioimmunotracers have been successfully developed to target a broad spectrum of molecules expressed by malignant cells or tumor microenvironments. Only a few are translated into clinical studies and barely into clinical practices. Some drawbacks include slow radioimmunotracer kinetics, high physiologic uptake in lymphoid organs, and heterogeneous activity in tumoral lesions. Measures are taken to overcome the disadvantages, and new tracers are being developed. In this review, we aim to mention the fundamental components of immunoPET imaging, explore the groundbreaking success achieved using this new technique, and review different radioimmunotracers employed in various solid tumors to elaborate on this relatively new imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Manafi-Farid
- Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Department of Radiology, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shaghayegh Ranjbar
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Zahra Jamshidi Araghi
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mobin Moradi
- Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Christian Pirich
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mohsen Beheshti
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- *Correspondence: Mohsen Beheshti ; orcid.org/0000-0003-3918-3812
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Interplay between Caveolin-1 and body and tumor size affects clinical outcomes in breast cancer. Transl Oncol 2022; 22:101464. [PMID: 35660849 PMCID: PMC9166433 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is associated with cholesterol-rich membrane raft domains and is a master regulator of cell signaling and membrane transport. Here, we investigated CAV1's role in cellular compartments of breast cancer in relation to signaling pathways, clinicopathological features, and clinical outcomes. METHODS CAV1 levels were evaluated with immunohistochemistry in cytoplasm of invasive tumor cells and stromal cells in tumor tissue microarrays from a cohort of 1018 breast cancer patients (inclusion 2002-2012, Sweden). Cytoplasmic and stromal CAV1 were categorized as positive/negative and strong/not strong, respectively. CAV1 expression in relation to clinical outcomes was assessed with Cox regression. Investigations into CAV1 functional pathways was conducted in the STRING, GOBO, and TCGA databases. RESULTS CAV1 expression was associated with non-luminal subtypes, cell cycle control, inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the IGF/Insulin system. Generally, CAV1 was not associated with recurrence risk. Stromal CAV1's impact on recurrence risk was modified by BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (Pinteraction = 0.002), waist ≥80 cm (Pinteraction = 0.005), and invasive tumor size (pT2/3/4) (Pinteraction = 0.028). In low-risk patients only, strong stromal CAV1 significantly increased recurrence risk (HRsadj ≥1.61). In all patients, positive cytoplasmic CAV1 conferred >2-fold risk for contralateral disease HRadj 2.63 (95% CI 1.36-5.10). Strong stromal CAV1 conferred nearly 2-fold risk for locoregional recurrence HRadj 1.88 (95% CI 1.09-3.24). CONCLUSIONS CAV1's prognostic impact depended on its localization, anthropometric, and tumor factors. Stromal CAV1 predicted high recurrence risk in a group of supposedly 'low-risk' patients. Cytoplasmic CAV1 predicted metachronous contralateral disease. If confirmed, CAV1 could be used as treatment target and for risk-stratification.
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Xu X, Zhang M, Zhang X, Liu Y, Cai L, Zhang Q, Chen Q, Lin L, Lin S, Song Y, Zhu Z, Yang C. Decoding Expression Dynamics of Protein and Transcriptome at the Single-Cell Level in Paired Picoliter Chambers. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8164-8173. [PMID: 35650660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous analysis of mRNAs and proteins at the single-cell level provides information about the dynamics and correlations of gene and protein expressions in individual cells, enabling a comprehensive study of cellular heterogeneity and expression patterns. Here, we present a platform for about 1000 cellular indexing of mRNAs and membrane proteins, named multi-Paired-seq, with high cell utilization, accurate molecular measurement, and low cost. Based on hydrodynamic differential flow resistance, multi-Paired-seq largely improves cell utilization in the percentage of cells measured in population (>95%). Combined with the pump/valve structure, cell-free antibodies and mRNAs can be removed completely for highly accurate detection (R = 0.96) of protein copies. The picoliter reaction chambers allow high detection sensitivity for both mRNA transcripts and protein copies and low sequencing cost. Using multi-Paired-seq, three clusters of known breast cancer cell types are identified according to multimodal measurements, and the expression correlations between mRNAs and proteins under altered conditions are quantified. Multi-Paired-seq provides multimodal measurements at the single-cell level, which offers a new tool for cell biology, developmental biology, drug discovery, and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.,Suzhou Dynamic Biosystems Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Xuebing Zhang
- Suzhou Dynamic Biosystems Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Yilong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Linfeng Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Suzhou Dynamic Biosystems Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Li Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Shichao Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yanling Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
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Caveolin-1 temporal modulation enhances antibody drug efficacy in heterogeneous gastric cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2526. [PMID: 35534471 PMCID: PMC9085816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance mechanisms and heterogeneity in HER2-positive gastric cancers (GC) limit Trastuzumab benefit in 32% of patients, and other targeted therapies have failed in clinical trials. Using patient samples, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), partially humanized biological models, and HER2-targeted imaging technologies we demonstrate the role of caveolin-1 (CAV1) as a complementary biomarker in GC selection for Trastuzumab therapy. In retrospective analyses of samples from patients enrolled on Trastuzumab trials, the CAV1-high profile associates with low membrane HER2 density and low patient survival. We show a negative correlation between CAV1 tumoral protein levels – a major protein of cholesterol-rich membrane domains – and Trastuzumab-drug conjugate TDM1 tumor uptake. Finally, CAV1 depletion using knockdown or pharmacologic approaches (statins) increases antibody drug efficacy in tumors with incomplete HER2 membranous reactivity. In support of these findings, background statin use in patients associates with enhanced antibody efficacy. Together, this work provides preclinical justification and clinical evidence that require prospective investigation of antibody drugs combined with statins to delay drug resistance in tumors. Clinical evidences have demonstrated limited efficacy of HER2-targeted therapies in patients with gastric cancer (GC). Here the authors show that survival benefit to anti-HER2 antibody Trastuzumab is reduced in GC patients with high levels of the caveolin-1 and that, in preclinical cancer models, antibody drug efficacy can be improved by modulating caveolin-1 levels with cholesterol-depleting drugs, statins.
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Liang K, Mei S, Gao X, Peng S, Zhan J. Dynamics of Endocytosis and Degradation of Antibody-Drug Conjugate T-DM1 in HER2 Positive Cancer Cells. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 15:5135-5150. [PMID: 34992350 PMCID: PMC8713712 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s344052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose T-DM1 is an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of trastuzumab and DM1 linked together. T-DM1 binds to human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) in tumors and then triggers the endocytosis of T-DM1 and release of payload. Therefore, endocytosis efficacy is considered as a critical step for the initiation of T-DM1 therapy; however, the endocytosis mechanism of T-DM1 remains poorly understood. Meanwhile, HER2 is regarded as an internalization-resistant receptor, which hinders the endocytosis and effectiveness of T-DM1. The present study is to explore the T-DM1 endocytosis pathway, which may provide insights into the internalization mechanism of ADCs and help to improve efficacy. Methods Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were used to analyse T-DM1 intracellular trafficking and endocytosis efficiency, while Western blot assay was performed to detect T-DM1 degradation. Results We found that intracellular T-DM1 was increased to 50% within 12 h. T-DM1 was colocalized with cholera toxin B (CTxB), a lipid raft marker, within 2 h and then degraded in lysosome. Upon overexpression of caveolin-1 (CAV-1) and utilization of caveolae/lipid-raft disruptors, we found that temporal CAV-1 upregulation significantly facilitated T-DM1 endocytosis and degradation, whereas nystatin and lovastatin disrupted caveolae/lipid-raft structure and inhibited T-DM1 degradation. We demonstrate that T-DM1 internalizes through the lipid raft-mediated endocytosis in a CAV-1 dependent manner, rather than through the clathrin-mediated endocytosis in HER2-positive cancer cells. Conclusion Our findings suggest that modulation of the caveolae/lipid-raft mediated endocytosis may be a possible option for improving the clinical therapeutic effect of T-DM1 because it plays a key role in regulating T-DM1 internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keying Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengsheng Mei
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzheng Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbiao Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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Dunlap T, Cao Y. Physiological Considerations for Modeling in vivo Antibody-Target Interactions. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:856961. [PMID: 35281913 PMCID: PMC8912916 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.856961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of therapeutic antibodies in development pipelines is increasing rapidly. Despite superior success rates relative to small molecules, therapeutic antibodies still face many unique development challenges. There is often a translational gap from their high target affinity and specificity to the therapeutic effects. Tissue microenvironment and physiology critically influence antibody-target interactions contributing to apparent affinity alterations and dynamic target engagement. The full potential of therapeutic antibodies will be further realized by contextualizing antibody-target interactions under physiological conditions. Here we review how local physiology such as physical stress, biological fluid, and membrane characteristics could influence antibody-target association, dissociation, and apparent affinity. These physiological factors in the early development of therapeutic antibodies are valuable toward rational antibody engineering, preclinical candidate selection, and lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Dunlap
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Thomas BJ, Porciani D, Burke DH. Cancer immunomodulation using bispecific aptamers. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:894-915. [PMID: 35141049 PMCID: PMC8803965 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evasion of immune destruction is a major hallmark of cancer. Recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of various immunomodulating therapies underline the important role that reprogramming the immune system can play in combating this disease. However, a wide range of side effects still limit the therapeutic potential of immunomodulators, suggesting a need for more precise reagents with negligible off-target and on-target/off-tumor effects. Aptamers are single-chained oligonucleotides that bind their targets with high specificity and affinity owing to their three-dimensional (3D) structures, and they are one potential way to address this need. In particular, bispecific aptamers (bsApts) have been shown to induce artificial immune synapses that promote T cell activation and subsequent tumor cell lysis in various in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical models. We discuss these advances here, along with gaps in bsApt biology at both the cellular and resident tissue levels that should be addressed to accelerate their translation into the clinic. The broad application, minimal production cost, and relative lack of immunogenicity of bsApts give them some ideal qualities for manipulating the immune system. Building upon lessons from other novel therapies, bsApts could soon provide clinicians with an immunomodulating toolbox that is not only potent and efficacious but exercises a wide therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Thomas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - David Porciani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Donald H. Burke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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Mini-review: Antibody-PET of receptor tyrosine kinase interplay and heterogeneity. Nucl Med Biol 2022; 108-109:70-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lopes R, Shi K, Fonseca NA, Gama A, Ramalho JS, Almeida L, Moura V, Simões S, Tidor B, Moreira JN. Modelling the impact of nucleolin expression level on the activity of F3 peptide-targeted pH-sensitive pegylated liposomes containing doxorubicin. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:629-646. [PMID: 33860446 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Strategies targeting nucleolin have enabled a significant improvement in intracellular bioavailability of their encapsulated payloads. In this respect, assessment of the impact of target cell heterogeneity and nucleolin homology across species (structurally and functionally) is of major importance. This work also aimed at mathematically modelling the nucleolin expression levels at the cell membrane, binding and internalization of pH-sensitive pegylated liposomes encapsulating doxorubicin and functionalized with the nucleolin-binding F3 peptide (PEGASEMP), and resulting cytotoxicity against cancer cells from mouse, rat, canine, and human origin. Herein, it was shown that nucleolin expression levels were not a limitation on the continuous internalization of F3 peptide-targeted liposomes, despite the saturable nature of the binding mechanism. Modeling enabled the prediction of nucleolin-mediated total doxorubicin exposure provided by the experimental settings of the assessment of PEGASEMP's impact on cell death. The former increased proportionally with nucleolin-binding sites, a measure relevant for patient stratification. This pattern of variation was observed for the resulting cell death in nonsaturating conditions, depending on the cancer cell sensitivity to doxorubicin. This approach differs from standard determination of cytotoxic concentrations, which normally report values of incubation doses rather than the actual intracellular bioactive drug exposure. Importantly, in the context of development of nucleolin-based targeted drug delivery, the structural nucleolin homology (higher than 84%) and functional similarity across species presented herein, emphasized the potential to use toxicological data and other metrics from lower species to infer the dose for a first-in-human trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lopes
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Kevin Shi
- Department of Biological Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nuno A Fonseca
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- TREAT U, SA - Parque Industrial de Taveiro, Lote 44, 3045-508, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José S Ramalho
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NOVA Medical School, New University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Almeida
- Blueclinical, Ltd, 4460-439, Senhora da Hora, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vera Moura
- TREAT U, SA - Parque Industrial de Taveiro, Lote 44, 3045-508, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Simões
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- UC - University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruce Tidor
- Department of Biological Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - João N Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- UC - University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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Mishra A, Hourigan D, Lindsay AJ. Inhibition of the endosomal recycling pathway downregulates HER2 activation and overcomes resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in HER2-positive breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 529:153-167. [PMID: 35007696 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of HER2-targeted therapies has led to a dramatic improvement in outcomes for breast cancer patients. However, nearly all patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer will eventually progress on these therapies due to innate or acquired resistance. Recent evidence suggests that the endosomal recycling of HER2 plays an important role in regulating its oncogenic signalling. Here we report that the expression of Rab coupling protein (RCP), a key regulator of endosomal recycling, positively correlates with that of HER2 and HER3 in breast tumours, and high RCP expression is predictive of poor relapse-free and overall survival in patients with HER2-amplified breast cancer. Chemical and genetic inhibition of endosomal recycling leads to a reduction in the total cellular levels of HER2 and HER3 and inhibits the activation of their downstream signalling pathways. We find that HER2 and HER3 that have been internalised from the plasma membrane are diverted to lysosomes for degradation when endosomal recycling is blocked. Primaquine (PQ), a small molecule inhibitor of the endosomal recycling pathway, synergises with HER2-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitors and overcomes innate and acquired resistance to these TKIs. Moreover, TKI-induced drug tolerant persister cells are vulnerable to endosomal recycling inhibitors. These findings suggest that inhibition of endosomal recycling represents a promising therapeutic strategy for treating drug resistant HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Mishra
- Membrane Trafficking and Disease Laboratory, School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - David Hourigan
- Membrane Trafficking and Disease Laboratory, School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Andrew J Lindsay
- Membrane Trafficking and Disease Laboratory, School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YT20, Ireland.
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38
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Oliveira ID, Nicolau-Neto P, Fernandes P, Lavigne T, Neves P, Tobar J, Soares-Lima S, Simão T, Pinto LR. The potential of mRNA expression evaluation in predicting HER2 positivity in gastroesophageal cancer. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e12428. [DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - T.A. Simão
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - L.F. Ribeiro Pinto
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Brasil; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Elzek MAW, Christopher JA, Breckels LM, Lilley KS. Localization of Organelle Proteins by Isotope Tagging: Current status and potential applications in drug discovery research. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 39:57-67. [PMID: 34906326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spatial proteomics has provided important insights into the relationship between protein function and subcellular location. Localization of Organelle Proteins by Isotope Tagging (LOPIT) and its variants are proteome-wide techniques, not matched in scale by microscopy-based or proximity tagging-based techniques, allowing holistic mapping of protein subcellular location and re-localization events downstream of cellular perturbations. LOPIT can be a powerful and versatile tool in drug discovery for unlocking important information on disease pathophysiology, drug mechanism of action, and off-target toxicity screenings. Here, we discuss technical concepts of LOPIT with its potential applications in drug discovery and development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A W Elzek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; Milner Therapeutics Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Josie A Christopher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; Milner Therapeutics Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M Breckels
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; Milner Therapeutics Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; Milner Therapeutics Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, United Kingdom.
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40
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Jeong J, Shin JH, Li W, Hong JY, Lim J, Hwang JY, Chung JJ, Yan Q, Liu Y, Choi J, Wysolmerski J. MAL2 mediates the formation of stable HER2 signaling complexes within lipid raft-rich membrane protrusions in breast cancer cells. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110160. [PMID: 34965434 PMCID: PMC8762588 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid raft-resident protein, MAL2, has been implicated as contributing to the pathogenesis of several malignancies, including breast cancer, but the underlying mechanism for its effects on tumorigenesis is unknown. Here, we show that MAL2-mediated lipid raft formation leads to HER2 plasma membrane retention and enhanced HER2 signaling in breast cancer cells. We demonstrate physical interactions between HER2 and MAL2 in lipid rafts using proximity ligation assays. Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy imaging displays the structural organization of the HER2/Ezrin/NHERF1/PMCA2 protein complex. Formation of this protein complex maintains low intracellular calcium concentrations in the vicinity of the plasma membrane. HER2/MAL2 protein interactions in lipid rafts are enhanced in trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells. Our findings suggest that MAL2 is crucial for lipid raft formation, HER2 signaling, and HER2 membrane stability in breast cancer cells, suggesting MAL2 as a potential therapeutic target. Jeong et al. show that the formation of MAL2-mediated lipid raft-rich membrane protrusions is crucial for HER2 signaling in breast cancer cells. MAL2 is required for the formation of HER2/Ezrin/NHERF1/PMCA2 protein complexes. Formation of these protein complexes leads to a low calcium environment in the plasma membrane
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Al‐Akhrass H, Pietilä M, Lilja J, Vesilahti E, Anttila JM, Haikala HM, Munne PM, Klefström J, Peuhu E, Ivaska J. Sortilin-related receptor is a druggable therapeutic target in breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:116-129. [PMID: 34564954 PMCID: PMC8732349 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In breast cancer, the currently approved anti‐receptor tyrosine‐protein kinase erbB‐2 (HER2) therapies do not fully meet the expected clinical goals due to therapy resistance. Identifying alternative HER2‐related therapeutic targets could offer a means to overcome these resistance mechanisms. We have previously demonstrated that an endosomal sorting protein, sortilin‐related receptor (SorLA), regulates the traffic and signaling of HER2 and HER3, thus promoting resistance to HER2‐targeted therapy in breast cancer. This study aims to assess the feasibility of targeting SorLA using a monoclonal antibody. Our results demonstrate that anti‐SorLA antibody (SorLA ab) alters the resistance of breast cancer cells to HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab in vitro and in ovo. We found that SorLA ab and trastuzumab combination therapy also inhibits tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell density in a mouse xenograft model of HER2‐positive breast cancer. In addition, SorLA ab inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer patient‐derived explant three‐dimensional cultures. These results provide, for the first time, proof of principle that SorLA is a druggable target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Al‐Akhrass
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityFinland
| | - Mika Pietilä
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityFinland
- Present address:
Janssen‐Cilag OyVaisalantie 2Espoo02130Finland
| | - Johanna Lilja
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityFinland
| | | | - Johanna M. Anttila
- Finnish Cancer InstituteFICAN South Helsinki University Hospital & Medical FacultyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Heidi M. Haikala
- Finnish Cancer InstituteFICAN South Helsinki University Hospital & Medical FacultyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Pauliina M. Munne
- Finnish Cancer InstituteFICAN South Helsinki University Hospital & Medical FacultyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Juha Klefström
- Finnish Cancer InstituteFICAN South Helsinki University Hospital & Medical FacultyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Emilia Peuhu
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityFinland
- Institute of Biomedicine, Cancer Research Laboratory FICAN WestUniversity of TurkuFinland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityFinland
- Department of Life TechnologiesUniversity of TurkuFinland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship CenterUniversity of TurkuFinland
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Hammood M, Craig AW, Leyton JV. Impact of Endocytosis Mechanisms for the Receptors Targeted by the Currently Approved Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs)-A Necessity for Future ADC Research and Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070674. [PMID: 34358100 PMCID: PMC8308841 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically-based therapies increasingly rely on the endocytic cycle of internalization and exocytosis of target receptors for cancer therapies. However, receptor trafficking pathways (endosomal sorting (recycling, lysosome localization) and lateral membrane movement) are often dysfunctional in cancer. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have revitalized the concept of targeted chemotherapy by coupling inhibitory antibodies to cytotoxic payloads. Significant advances in ADC technology and format, and target biology have hastened the FDA approval of nine ADCs (four since 2019). Although the links between aberrant endocytic machinery and cancer are emerging, the impact of dysregulated internalization processes of ADC targets and response rates or resistance have not been well studied. This is despite the reliance on ADC uptake and trafficking to lysosomes for linker cleavage and payload release. In this review, we describe what is known about all the target antigens for the currently approved ADCs. Specifically, internalization efficiency and relevant intracellular sorting activities are described for each receptor under normal processes, and when complexed to an ADC. In addition, we discuss aberrant endocytic processes that have been directly linked to preclinical ADC resistance mechanisms. The implications of endocytosis in regard to therapeutic effectiveness in the clinic are also described. Unexpectedly, information on endocytosis is scarce (absent for two receptors). Moreover, much of what is known about endocytosis is not in the context of receptor-ADC/antibody complexes. This review provides a deeper understanding of the pertinent principles of receptor endocytosis for the currently approved ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Hammood
- Departément de Medécine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Medécine et des Sciences de la Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Andrew W. Craig
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada;
| | - Jeffrey V. Leyton
- Departément de Medécine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Medécine et des Sciences de la Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
- Centre d’Imagerie Moleculaire, Centre de Recherche, CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-819-346-1110
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Maadi H, Soheilifar MH, Choi WS, Moshtaghian A, Wang Z. Trastuzumab Mechanism of Action; 20 Years of Research to Unravel a Dilemma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143540. [PMID: 34298754 PMCID: PMC8303665 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab as a first HER2-targeted therapy for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer patients was introduced in 1998. Although trastuzumab has opened a new avenue to treat patients with HER2-positive breast cancer and other types of cancer, some patients are not responsive or become resistant to this treatment. So far, several mechanisms have been suggested for the mode of action of trastuzumab; however, the findings regarding these mechanisms are controversial. In this review, we aimed to provide a detailed insight into the various mechanisms of action of trastuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Maadi
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (H.M.); (W.-S.C.)
| | - Mohammad Hasan Soheilifar
- Department of Medical Laser, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1315795613, Iran;
| | - Won-Shik Choi
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (H.M.); (W.-S.C.)
| | - Abdolvahab Moshtaghian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 4741695447, Iran;
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3514799442, Iran
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal, Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Ramos MK, Mandikian D, Sermeño LN, King A, Dent AT, Ho J, Ulufatu S, Lombana TN, Spiess C, Go MAT, Yu SF, Kamath AV, Ferl GZ, Boswell CA. Valency of HER2 targeting antibodies influences tumor cell internalization and penetration. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1956-1965. [PMID: 34253591 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T cell Dependent Bispecific antibodies (TDBs) have been a major advancement in the the treatment of cancer that allow for improved targeting and efficacy for large molecule therapeutics. TDBs are comprised of one arm targeting a surface antigen on a cancer cell and another targeting an engaging surface antigen on a cytotoxic T cell. In order to impart this function, the antibody must be in a bispecific format as opposed to the more conventional bivalent format. Through in vitro and in vivo studies, we sought to determine the impact of changing antibody valency on solid tumor distribution and catabolism. A bivalent anti-HER2 antibody exhibited higher catabolism than its full-length monovalent binding counterpart in vivo by both invasive tissue harvesting and non-invasive SPECT-CT imaging despite similar systemic exposures for the two molecules. In order to determine what molecular factors drove in vivo distribution and uptake, we developed a mechanistic model for binding and catabolism of monovalent and bivalent HER2 antibodies in KPL4 cells. This model suggests that observed differences in cellular uptake of monovalent and bivalent antibodies are caused by the change in apparent affinity conferred by avidity as well as differences in internalization and degradation rates of receptor bound antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first study to directly compare the targeting abilities of monovalent and bivalent full-length antibodies. These findings may inform diverse antibody therapeutic modalities including T cell redirecting therapies and drug delivery strategies relying upon receptor internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna King
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc
| | - Alecia T Dent
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregory Z Ferl
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc
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Wang J, Li F, Xu Y, Zheng X, Zhang C, Hu C, Xu Y, Mi W, Li X, Zhang Y. Dissecting immune cell stat regulation network reveals biomarkers to predict ICB therapy responders in melanoma. J Transl Med 2021; 19:296. [PMID: 34238310 PMCID: PMC8265039 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy is a revolutionary strategy in cancer therapy, but the resistance of which is one of the important challenges. Detecting the regulation of immune cells and biomarkers concerning immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is of great significance. Methods Here, we firstly constructed regulation networks for 11 immune cell clusters by integrating biological pathway data and single cell sequencing data in metastatic melanoma with or without ICB therapy. We then dissected these regulation networks and identified differently expressed genes between responders and non-responders. Finally, we trained and validated a logistic regression model based on ligands and receptors in the regulation network to predict ICB therapy response. Results We discovered the regulation of genes across eleven immune cell stats. Functional analysis indicated that these stat-specific networks consensually enriched in immune response corrected pathways and highlighted antigen processing and presentation as a core pathway in immune cell regulation. Furthermore, some famous ligands like SIRPA, ITGAM, CD247and receptors like CD14, IL2 and HLA-G were differently expressed between cells of responders and non-responders. A predictive model of gene sets containing ligands and receptors performed accuracy prediction with AUCs above 0.7 in a validation dataset suggesting that they may be server as biomarkers for predicting immunotherapy response. Conclusions In summary, our study presented the gene–gene regulation landscape across 11 immune cell clusters and analysis of these networks revealed several important aspects and immunotherapy response biomarkers, which may provide novel insights into immune related mechanisms and immunotherapy response prediction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02962-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Congxue Hu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yingqi Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wanqi Mi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Burgy M, Jehl A, Conrad O, Foppolo S, Bruban V, Etienne-Selloum N, Jung AC, Masson M, Macabre C, Ledrappier S, Burckel H, Mura C, Noël G, Borel C, Fasquelle F, Onea MA, Chenard MP, Thiéry A, Dontenwill M, Martin S. Cav1/EREG/YAP Axis in the Treatment Resistance of Cav1-Expressing Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123038. [PMID: 34207120 PMCID: PMC8235528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The EGFR-targeting antibody cetuximab (CTX) combined with radiotherapy has been proven effective for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LA-HNSCC). Due to resistance to CTX, some patients do not benefit from the treatment and recurrence is observed. As caveolin-1 (Cav1) has been reported to affect the EGFR pathway, we aimed to elucidate how it might affect the response to CTX-radiotherapy. We showed that Cav1 expression conferred surviving, growing and motile capacities that protect cells against the combination of CTX-radiotherapy. The protecting effects of Cav1 are mediated by the Cav1/EREG/YAP axis. We also showed in a retrospective study that a high expression of Cav1 was predictive of locoregional relapse of LA-HNSCC. Cav1 should be taken into consideration in the future as a prognosis marker to identify the subgroup of advanced HNSCC at higher risk of recurrence, but also to help clinicians to choose the more appropriate therapeutic strategies. Abstract The EGFR-targeting antibody cetuximab (CTX) combined with radiotherapy is the only targeted therapy that has been proven effective for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LA-HNSCC). Recurrence arises in 50% of patients with HNSCC in the years following treatment. In clinicopathological practice, it is difficult to assign patients to classes of risk because no reliable biomarkers are available to predict the outcome of HPV-unrelated HNSCC. In the present study, we investigated the role of Caveolin-1 (Cav1) in the sensitivity of HNSCC cell lines to CTX-radiotherapy that might predict HNSCC relapse. Ctrl- and Cav-1-overexpressing HNSCC cell lines were exposed to solvent, CTX, or irradiation, or exposed to CTX before irradiation. Growth, clonogenicity, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, metabolism and signaling pathways were analyzed. Cav1 expression was analyzed in 173 tumor samples and correlated to locoregional recurrence and overall survival. We showed that Cav1-overexpressing cells demonstrate better survival capacities and remain proliferative and motile when exposed to CTX-radiotherapy. Resistance is mediated by the Cav1/EREG/YAP axis. Patients whose tumors overexpressed Cav1 experienced regional recurrence a few years after adjuvant radiotherapy ± chemotherapy. Together, our observations suggest that a high expression of Cav1 might be predictive of locoregional relapse of LA-HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Burgy
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathology, University of Strasbourg, UMR7021 CNRS, 67401 Illkirch, France; (M.B.); (A.J.); (O.C.); (S.F.); (V.B.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Aude Jehl
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathology, University of Strasbourg, UMR7021 CNRS, 67401 Illkirch, France; (M.B.); (A.J.); (O.C.); (S.F.); (V.B.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Ombline Conrad
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathology, University of Strasbourg, UMR7021 CNRS, 67401 Illkirch, France; (M.B.); (A.J.); (O.C.); (S.F.); (V.B.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Sophie Foppolo
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathology, University of Strasbourg, UMR7021 CNRS, 67401 Illkirch, France; (M.B.); (A.J.); (O.C.); (S.F.); (V.B.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Véronique Bruban
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathology, University of Strasbourg, UMR7021 CNRS, 67401 Illkirch, France; (M.B.); (A.J.); (O.C.); (S.F.); (V.B.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Nelly Etienne-Selloum
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathology, University of Strasbourg, UMR7021 CNRS, 67401 Illkirch, France; (M.B.); (A.J.); (O.C.); (S.F.); (V.B.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain C. Jung
- Laboratory STREINTH (Stress Response and Innovative Therapies), Inserm IRFAC U1113, Université de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France; (A.C.J.); (C.M.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Murielle Masson
- UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67412 Illkirch, France;
| | - Christine Macabre
- Laboratory STREINTH (Stress Response and Innovative Therapies), Inserm IRFAC U1113, Université de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France; (A.C.J.); (C.M.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sonia Ledrappier
- Laboratory STREINTH (Stress Response and Innovative Therapies), Inserm IRFAC U1113, Université de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France; (A.C.J.); (C.M.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Burckel
- Paul Strauss Comprehensive Cancer Center, Radiobiology Laboratory, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg University, UNICANCER, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (H.B.); (C.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Carole Mura
- Paul Strauss Comprehensive Cancer Center, Radiobiology Laboratory, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg University, UNICANCER, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (H.B.); (C.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Georges Noël
- Paul Strauss Comprehensive Cancer Center, Radiobiology Laboratory, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg University, UNICANCER, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (H.B.); (C.M.); (G.N.)
- Paul Strauss Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Department of Radiation Oncology, Unicancer, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Borel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200 Strasbourg, France;
| | - François Fasquelle
- Institut Pathology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Mihaela-Alina Onea
- Department of Pathology, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67200 Strasbourg, France; (M.-A.O.); (M.-P.C.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Chenard
- Department of Pathology, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67200 Strasbourg, France; (M.-A.O.); (M.-P.C.)
| | - Alicia Thiéry
- Department of Public Health, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Monique Dontenwill
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathology, University of Strasbourg, UMR7021 CNRS, 67401 Illkirch, France; (M.B.); (A.J.); (O.C.); (S.F.); (V.B.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Sophie Martin
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathology, University of Strasbourg, UMR7021 CNRS, 67401 Illkirch, France; (M.B.); (A.J.); (O.C.); (S.F.); (V.B.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +3-336-885-4197; Fax: +3-336-885-4313
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Panikar SS, Banu N, Haramati J, Del Toro-Arreola S, Riera Leal A, Salas P. Nanobodies as efficient drug-carriers: Progress and trends in chemotherapy. J Control Release 2021; 334:389-412. [PMID: 33964364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanobodies (Nb) have a promising future as a part of next generation chemodrug delivery systems. Nb, or VHH, are small (15 kDa) monomeric antibody fragments consisting of the antigen binding region of heavy chain antibodies. Heavy chain antibodies are naturally produced by camelids, however the structure of their VHH regions can be readily reproduced in industrial expression systems, such as bacteria or yeast. Due to their small size, high solubility, remarkable stability, manipulatable characteristics, excellent in vivo tissue penetration, conjugation advantages, and ease of production, Nb have many advantages when compared against their antibody precursors. In this review, we discuss the generation and selection of Nbs via phage display libraries for easy screening, and the conjugation techniques involved in creating target-specific nanocarriers. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments and perspectives in the field of Nb drug conjugates (NDCs) and Nb-based drug vehicles (NDv) with respect to antitumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Surendra Panikar
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 1-1010, Queretaro, Queretaro 76000, Mexico.
| | - Nehla Banu
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Jesse Haramati
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Susana Del Toro-Arreola
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Annie Riera Leal
- UC Davis Institute for Regenerative Cures, Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Rm 1630, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Pedro Salas
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 1-1010, Queretaro, Queretaro 76000, Mexico
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Yang C, He B, Dai W, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Wang X, Zhang Q. The role of caveolin-1 in the biofate and efficacy of anti-tumor drugs and their nano-drug delivery systems. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:961-977. [PMID: 33996409 PMCID: PMC8105775 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most important components of caveolae, caveolin-1 is involved in caveolae-mediated endocytosis and transcytosis pathways, and also plays a role in regulating the cell membrane cholesterol homeostasis and mediating signal transduction. In recent years, the relationship between the expression level of caveolin-1 in the tumor microenvironment and the prognostic effect of tumor treatment and drug treatment resistance has also been widely explored. In addition, the interplay between caveolin-1 and nano-drugs is bidirectional. Caveolin-1 could determine the intracellular biofate of specific nano-drugs, preventing from lysosomal degradation, and facilitate them penetrate into deeper site of tumors by transcytosis; while some nanocarriers could also affect caveolin-1 levels in tumor cells, thereby changing certain biophysical function of cells. This article reviews the role of caveolin-1 in tumor prognosis, chemotherapeutic drug resistance, antibody drug sensitivity, and nano-drug delivery, providing a reference for the further application of caveolin-1 in nano-drug delivery systems.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- ADC, antibody drug conjugates
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- Biofate
- CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CPT, camptothecin
- CSD, caveolin scaffolding domain
- CTB, cholera toxins B
- Cancer
- Caveolin-1
- Drug resistance
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2
- GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A
- HSA, human serum albumin
- IBC, infiltrating breast cancer
- IR, insulin receptor
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDR, multidrug resistance
- MSV, multistage nanovectors
- NPs, nanoparticles
- Nano-drug delivery systems
- PC, prostate cancer
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PFS, progression free survival
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCLC, small cell lung cancer
- SV40, simian virus 40
- Transcytosis
- cell SMA, styrene maleic acid
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Codenotti S, Marampon F, Triggiani L, Bonù ML, Magrini SM, Ceccaroli P, Guescini M, Gastaldello S, Tombolini V, Poliani PL, Asperti M, Poli M, Monti E, Fanzani A. Caveolin-1 promotes radioresistance in rhabdomyosarcoma through increased oxidative stress protection and DNA repair. Cancer Lett 2021; 505:1-12. [PMID: 33610729 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate whether Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a membrane scaffolding protein widely implicated in cancer, may play a role in radiation response in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a pediatric soft tissue tumor. For this purpose, we employed human RD cells in which Cav-1 expression was stably increased via gene transfection. After radiation treatment, we observed that Cav-1 limited cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and enhanced resistance to cell senescence and apoptosis via reduction of p21Cip1/Waf1, p16INK4a and Caspase-3 cleavage. After radiotherapy, Cav-1-mediated cell radioresistance was characterized by low accumulation of H2AX foci, as confirmed by Comet assay, marked neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced DNA repair via activation of ATM, Ku70/80 complex and DNA-PK. We found that Cav-1-overexpressing RD cells, already under basal conditions, had higher glutathione (GSH) content and greater catalase expression, which conferred protection against acute treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, pre-treatment of Cav-1-overexpressing cells with PP2 or LY294002 compounds restored the sensitivity to radiation treatment, indicating a role for Src-kinases and Akt pathways in Cav-1-mediated radioresistance. These findings were confirmed using radioresistant RD and RH30 lines generated by hypofractionated radiotherapy protocol, which showed marked increase of Cav-1, catalase and Akt, and sensitivity to PP2 and LY294002 treatment. In conclusion, these data suggest that concerted activity of Cav-1 and catalase, in cooperation with activation of Src-kinase and Akt pathways, may represent a network of vital mechanisms that allow irradiated RMS cells to evade cell death induced by oxidative stress and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Codenotti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Pediatrics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Triggiani
- Radiation Oncology Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Lorenzo Bonù
- Radiation Oncology Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Maria Magrini
- Radiation Oncology Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Ceccaroli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Guescini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Stefano Gastaldello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Precision Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Laishan District, Guanhai Road 346, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003 China
| | - Vincenzo Tombolini
- Department of Pediatrics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Asperti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maura Poli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenio Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fanzani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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