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Wu Q, Zhang H, Ramezani J, Zhang FF, Erwin DH, Feng Z, Shao LY, Cai YF, Zhang SH, Xu YG, Shen SZ. The terrestrial end-Permian mass extinction in the paleotropics postdates the marine extinction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi7284. [PMID: 38295161 PMCID: PMC10830061 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The end-Permian mass extinction was the most severe ecological event during the Phanerozoic and has long been presumed contemporaneous across terrestrial and marine realms with global environmental deterioration triggered by the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province. We present high-precision zircon U-Pb geochronology by the chemical abrasion-isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry technique on tuffs from terrestrial to transitional coastal settings in Southwest China, which reveals a protracted collapse of the Cathaysian rainforest beginning after the onset of the end-Permian marine extinction. Integrated with high-resolution geochronology from coeval successions, our results suggest that the terrestrial extinction occurred diachronously with latitude, beginning at high latitudes during the late Changhsingian and progressing to the tropics by the early Induan, spanning a duration of nearly 1 million years. This latitudinal age gradient may have been related to variations in surface warming with more degraded environmental conditions at higher latitudes contributing to higher extinction rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research and School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jahandar Ramezani
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fei-fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research and School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Douglas H. Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Zhuo Feng
- Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650092, China
| | - Long-yi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining and College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yao-feng Cai
- LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shu-han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research and School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi-gang Xu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry and Center of Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shu-zhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research and School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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2
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Wignall PB, Bond DPG. The great catastrophe: causes of the Permo-Triassic marine mass extinction. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad273. [PMID: 38156041 PMCID: PMC10753410 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine losses during the Permo-Triassic mass extinction were the worst ever experienced. All groups were badly affected, especially amongst the benthos (e.g. brachiopods, corals, bryozoans, foraminifers, ostracods). Planktonic populations underwent a fundamental change with eukaryotic algae being replaced by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, green-sulphur bacteria, sulphate-reducing bacteria and prasinophytes. Detailed studies of boundary sections, especially those in South China, have resolved the crisis to a ∼55 kyr interval straddling the Permo-Triassic boundary. Many of the losses occur at the beginning and end of this interval painting a picture of a two-phase extinction. Improved knowledge of the extinction has been supported by numerous geochemical studies that allow diverse proposed extinction mechanisms to be studied. A transition from oxygenated to anoxic-euxinic conditions is seen in most sections globally, although the intensity and timing shows regional variability. Decreased ocean ventilation coincides with rapidly rising temperatures and many extinction scenarios attribute the losses to both anoxia and high temperatures. Other kill mechanisms include ocean acidification for which there is conflicting support from geochemical proxies and, even less likely, siltation (burial under a massive influx of terrigenous sediment) which lacks substantive sedimentological evidence. The ultimate driver of the catastrophic changes at the end of the Permian was likely Siberian Trap eruptions and their associated carbon dioxide emissions with consequences such as warming, ocean stagnation and acidification. Volcanic winter episodes stemming from Siberian volcanism have also been linked to the crisis, but the short-term nature of these episodes (
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Wignall
- School of Earth & Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David P G Bond
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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3
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Retallack GJ. Global weirding at mass extinction horizons. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad206. [PMID: 38116098 PMCID: PMC10727838 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
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4
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Saito R, Wörmer L, Taubner H, Kaiho K, Takahashi S, Tian L, Ikeda M, Summons RE, Hinrichs KU. Centennial scale sequences of environmental deterioration preceded the end-Permian mass extinction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2113. [PMID: 37059714 PMCID: PMC10104797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The exact drivers for the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) remain controversial. Here we focus on a ~10,000 yr record from the marine type section at Meishan, China, preceding and covering the onset of the EPME. Analyses of polyaromatic hydrocarbons at sampling intervals representing 1.5-6.3 yr reveal recurrent pulses of wildfires in the terrestrial realm. Massive input pulses of soil-derived organic matter and clastic materials into the oceans are indicated by patterns of C2-dibenzofuran, C30 hopane and aluminum. Importantly, in the ~2,000 years preceding the main phase of the EPME, we observe a clearly defined sequence of wildfires, soil weathering, and euxinia provoked by the fertilization of the marine environment with soil-derived nutrients. Euxinia is indicated by sulfur and iron concentrations. Our study suggests that, in South China, centennial scale processes led to a collapse of the terrestrial ecosystem ~300 yr (120-480 yr; ± 2 s.d.) before the onset of the EPME and that this collapse induced euxinic conditions in the ocean, ultimately resulting in the demise of marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Saito
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 45 Carleton Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi City, 753-8512, Japan.
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Lars Wörmer
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Heidi Taubner
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kunio Kaiho
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Li Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and Faculty of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Masayuki Ikeda
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Roger E Summons
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 45 Carleton Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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5
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Huang Y, Chen ZQ, Roopnarine PD, Benton MJ, Zhao L, Feng X, Li Z. The stability and collapse of marine ecosystems during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1059-1070.e4. [PMID: 36841237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The history of Earth's biodiversity is punctuated episodically by mass extinctions. These are characterized by major declines of taxon richness, but the accompanying ecological collapse has rarely been evaluated quantitatively. The Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PTME; ∼252 mya), as the greatest known extinction, permanently altered marine ecosystems and paved the way for the transition from Paleozoic to Mesozoic evolutionary faunas. Thus, the PTME offers a window into the relationship between taxon richness and ecological dynamics of ecosystems during a severe extinction. However, the accompanying ecological collapse through the PTME has not been evaluated in detail. Here, using food-web models and a marine paleocommunity dataset spanning the PTME, we show that after the first extinction phase, community stability decreased only slightly despite the loss of more than half of taxonomic diversity, while community stability significantly decreased in the second phase. Thus, taxonomic and ecological changes were unequivocally decoupled, with species richness declining severely ∼61 ka earlier than the collapse of marine ecosystem stability, implying that in major catastrophes, a biodiversity crash may be the harbinger of a more devastating ecosystem collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuangeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China; Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Zhong-Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China.
| | - Peter D Roopnarine
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China; Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Michael J Benton
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Laishi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Resource Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Xueqian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China
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6
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Wu Y, Cui Y, Chu D, Song H, Tong J, Dal Corso J, Ridgwell A. Volcanic CO 2 degassing postdates thermogenic carbon emission during the end-Permian mass extinction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq4082. [PMID: 36791190 PMCID: PMC9931219 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Massive carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are widely assumed to be the driver of the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME). However, the rate of and total CO2 released, and whether the source changes with time, remain poorly understood, leaving a key question surrounding the trigger for the EPME unanswered. Here, we assimilate reconstructions of atmospheric Pco2 and carbonate δ13C in an Earth system model to unravel the history of carbon emissions and sources across the EPME. We infer a transition from a CO2 source with a thermogenic carbon isotopic signature associated with a slower emission rate to a heavier, more mantle-dominated volcanic source with an increased rate of emissions. This implies that the CO2 degassing style changed as the Siberian Traps emplacement evolved, which is consistent with geochemical proxy records. Carbon cycle feedbacks from terrestrial ecosystem disturbances may have further amplified the warming and the severity of marine extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Daoliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haijun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinnan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jacopo Dal Corso
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Andy Ridgwell
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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7
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Liu F, Peng H, Marshall JE, Lomax BH, Bomfleur B, Kent MS, Fraser WT, Jardine PE. Dying in the Sun: Direct evidence for elevated UV-B radiation at the end-Permian mass extinction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabo6102. [PMID: 36608140 PMCID: PMC9821938 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Land plants can adjust the concentration of protective ultraviolet B (UV-B)-absorbing compounds (UACs) in the outer wall of their reproductive propagules in response to ambient UV-B flux. To infer changes in UV-B radiation flux at Earth's surface during the end-Permian mass extinction, we analyze UAC abundances in ca. 800 pollen grains from an independently dated Permian-Triassic boundary section in Tibet. Our data reveal an excursion in UACs that coincide with a spike in mercury concentration and a negative carbon-isotope excursion in the latest Permian deposits, suggesting a close temporal link between large-scale volcanic eruptions, global carbon and mercury cycle perturbations, and ozone layer disruption. Because enhanced UV-B radiation can exacerbate the environmental deterioration induced by massive magmatism, ozone depletion is considered a compelling ecological driver for the terrestrial mass extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Huiping Peng
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - John E. A. Marshall
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Barry H. Lomax
- Division of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Benjamin Bomfleur
- Palaeobotany Group, Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Matthew S. Kent
- Division of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Wesley T. Fraser
- Geography, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Phillip E. Jardine
- Palaeobotany Group, Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
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8
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Shen J, Chen J, Yu J, Algeo TJ, Smith RMH, Botha J, Frank TD, Fielding CR, Ward PD, Mather TA. Mercury evidence from southern Pangea terrestrial sections for end-Permian global volcanic effects. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6. [PMID: 36596767 PMCID: PMC9810726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The latest Permian mass extinction (LPME) was triggered by magmatism of the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province (STLIP), which left an extensive record of sedimentary Hg anomalies at Northern Hemisphere and tropical sites. Here, we present Hg records from terrestrial sites in southern Pangea, nearly antipodal to contemporaneous STLIP activity, providing insights into the global distribution of volcanogenic Hg during this event and its environmental processing. These profiles (two from Karoo Basin, South Africa; two from Sydney Basin, Australia) exhibit significant Hg enrichments within the uppermost Permian extinction interval as well as positive Δ199Hg excursions (to ~0.3‰), providing evidence of long-distance atmospheric transfer of volcanogenic Hg. These results demonstrate the far-reaching effects of the Siberian Traps as well as refine stratigraphic placement of the LPME interval in the Karoo Basin at a temporal resolution of ~105 years based on global isochronism of volcanogenic Hg anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiubin Chen
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas J Algeo
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0013, USA
| | - Roger M H Smith
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.,Iziko South African Museum, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Botha
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.,National Museum, PO Box 266, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Tracy D Frank
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | | | - Peter D Ward
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Tamsin A Mather
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
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9
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South African Lagerstätte reveals middle Permian Gondwanan lakeshore ecosystem in exquisite detail. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1154. [DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractContinental ecosystems of the middle Permian Period (273–259 million years ago) are poorly understood. In South Africa, the vertebrate fossil record is well documented for this time interval, but the plants and insects are virtually unknown, and are rare globally. This scarcity of data has hampered studies of the evolution and diversification of life, and has precluded detailed reconstructions and analyses of ecosystems of this critical period in Earth’s history. Here we introduce a new locality in the southern Karoo Basin that is producing exceptionally well-preserved and abundant fossils of novel freshwater and terrestrial insects, arachnids, and plants. Within a robust regional geochronological, geological and biostratigraphic context, this Konservat- and Konzentrat-Lagerstätte offers a unique opportunity for the study and reconstruction of a southern Gondwanan deltaic ecosystem that thrived 266–268 million years ago, and will serve as a high-resolution ecological baseline towards a better understanding of Permian extinction events.
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10
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Gulbranson EL, Mellum MM, Corti V, Dahlseid A, Atkinson BA, Ryberg PE, Cornamusini G. Paleoclimate-induced stress on polar forested ecosystems prior to the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8702. [PMID: 35610472 PMCID: PMC9130125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The end-Permian extinction (EPE) has been considered to be contemporaneous on land and in the oceans. However, re-examined floristic records and new radiometric ages from Gondwana indicate a nuanced terrestrial ecosystem response to EPE global change. Paleosol geochemistry and climate simulations indicate paleoclimate change likely caused the demise of the widespread glossopterid ecosystems in Gondwana. Here, we evaluate the climate response of plants to the EPE via dendrochronology snapshots to produce annual-resolution records of tree-ring growth for a succession of late Permian and early Middle Triassic fossil forests from Antarctica. Paleosol geochemistry indicates a shift in paleoclimate towards more humid conditions in the Early and early Middle Triassic relative to the late Permian. Paleosol morphology, however, supports inferences of a lack of forested ecosystems in the Early Triassic. The plant responses to this paleoclimate change were accompanied by enhanced stress during the latest Permian as determined by high-resolution paleoclimate analysis of wood growth intervals. These results suggest that paleoclimate change during the late Permian exerted significant stress on high-latitude forests, consistent with the hypothesis that climate change was likely the primary driver of the extinction of the glossopterid ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Gulbranson
- Department of Geology, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W. College Ave, St. Peter, MN, 56082, USA.
| | - Morgan M Mellum
- Department of Geology, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W. College Ave, St. Peter, MN, 56082, USA
| | - Valentina Corti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Aidan Dahlseid
- Department of Geology, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W. College Ave, St. Peter, MN, 56082, USA
| | - Brian A Atkinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 6012 Haworth Hall, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Patricia E Ryberg
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, Park University, Parkville, MO, 64152, USA
| | - Gianluca Cornamusini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
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11
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OUP accepted manuscript. Metallomics 2022; 14:6549566. [DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Zhang H, Zhang F, Chen JB, Erwin DH, Syverson DD, Ni P, Rampino M, Chi Z, Cai YF, Xiang L, Li WQ, Liu SA, Wang RC, Wang XD, Feng Z, Li HM, Zhang T, Cai HM, Zheng W, Cui Y, Zhu XK, Hou ZQ, Wu FY, Xu YG, Planavsky N, Shen SZ. Felsic volcanism as a factor driving the end-Permian mass extinction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh1390. [PMID: 34788084 PMCID: PMC8597993 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Siberian Traps large igneous province (STLIP) is commonly invoked as the primary driver of global environmental changes that triggered the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME). Here, we explore the contributions of coeval felsic volcanism to end-Permian environmental changes. We report evidence of extreme Cu enrichment in the EPME interval in South China. The enrichment is associated with an increase in the light Cu isotope, melt inclusions rich in copper and sulfides, and Hg concentration spikes. The Cu and Hg elemental and isotopic signatures can be linked to S-rich vapor produced by felsic volcanism. We use these previously unknown geochemical data to estimate volcanic SO2 injections and argue that this volcanism would have produced several degrees of rapid cooling before or coincident with the more protracted global warming. Large-scale eruptions near the South China block synchronous with the EPME strengthen the case that the STLIP may not have been the sole trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiu-bin Chen
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Douglas H. Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121 National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Drew D. Syverson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Pei Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Michael Rampino
- Departments of Biology and Environmental Studies, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Zhe Chi
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yao-feng Cai
- LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wei-qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng-Ao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ru-cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiang-dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhuo Feng
- Institute of Deep Time Terrestrial Ecology and Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hou-min Li
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong-ming Cai
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wang Zheng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Xiang-kun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zeng-qian Hou
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Fu-yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi-gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry and Center of Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Noah Planavsky
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Shu-zhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry and Center of Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research and Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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13
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Zhao X, Yu Y, Clapham ME, Yan E, Chen J, Jarzembowski EA, Zhao X, Wang B. Early evolution of beetles regulated by the end-Permian deforestation. eLife 2021; 10:72692. [PMID: 34747694 PMCID: PMC8585485 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) led to a severe terrestrial ecosystem collapse. However, the ecological response of insects—the most diverse group of organisms on Earth—to the EPME remains poorly understood. Here, we analyse beetle evolutionary history based on taxonomic diversity, morphological disparity, phylogeny, and ecological shifts from the Early Permian to Middle Triassic, using a comprehensive new dataset. Permian beetles were dominated by xylophagous stem groups with high diversity and disparity, which probably played an underappreciated role in the Permian carbon cycle. Our suite of analyses shows that Permian xylophagous beetles suffered a severe extinction during the EPME largely due to the collapse of forest ecosystems, resulting in an Early Triassic gap of xylophagous beetles. New xylophagous beetles appeared widely in the early Middle Triassic, which is consistent with the restoration of forest ecosystems. Our results highlight the ecological significance of insects in deep-time terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yilun Yu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Matthew E Clapham
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, United States
| | - Evgeny Yan
- Palaeontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Edmund A Jarzembowski
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangdong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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14
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Lethal microbial blooms delayed freshwater ecosystem recovery following the end-Permian extinction. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5511. [PMID: 34535650 PMCID: PMC8448769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal and bacterial blooms linked to deforestation, soil loss and global warming are increasingly frequent in lakes and rivers. We demonstrate that climate changes and deforestation can drive recurrent microbial blooms, inhibiting the recovery of freshwater ecosystems for hundreds of millennia. From the stratigraphic successions of the Sydney Basin, Australia, our fossil, sedimentary and geochemical data reveal bloom events following forest ecosystem collapse during the most severe mass extinction in Earth’s history, the end-Permian event (EPE; c. 252.2 Ma). Microbial communities proliferated in lowland fresh and brackish waterbodies, with algal concentrations typical of modern blooms. These initiated before any trace of post-extinction recovery vegetation but recurred episodically for >100 kyrs. During the following 3 Myrs, algae and bacteria thrived within short-lived, poorly-oxygenated, and likely toxic lakes and rivers. Comparisons to global deep-time records indicate that microbial blooms are persistent freshwater ecological stressors during warming-driven extinction events. Harmful algal and bacterial blooms are increasingly frequent in lakes and rivers. From the Sydney Basin, Australia, this study uses fossil, sedimentary and geochemical data to reveal bloom events following forest ecosystem collapse during the end-Permian event and that blooms have consistently followed warming-related extinction events, inhibiting the recovery of freshwater ecosystems for millennia.
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15
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Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of an Upper Permian Sedimentary Succession: Northern Sydney Basin, Southeastern Australia. GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11070273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study integrates sedimentological and stratigraphic insights into the Upper Permian sedimentary rocks of the Wittingham, Tomago and Newcastle Coal Measures in the Northern Sydney Basin, Australia. Facies analysis documented fifteen facies that belong to seven facies associations. These facies associations correspond to different depositional environments and sub-environments including prodelta, delta-front, upper, lower delta-plain and fluvial. The stratigraphic development points to a shallowing upward trend and is reflected with fluvial deposits sitting on top of the deltaic deposits. The fluvio-deltaic contact is represented by an unconformity and displays an upward increase in sediment caliber. The delta front is mainly controlled by wave, storms- and/or river currents, even though the contribution of tides also occurs in the form of sedimentary structures that suggest tidal influence. In contrast, prodelta and delta-plain are significantly modulated by tidal currents. The impact of tides in the delta plain is fading away upward and therefore, the upper delta plain is much less impacted compared to the lower delta plain. The low abundance of wave ripples suggests that the wave action was not very important in the delta plain. Steep topographic gradients and increased sediment input are suggested, based on the limited or absent evidence of tides in the fluvial realm, related to the growing New England Orogen. In sequence stratigraphic terms, the deltaic system accumulated during highstand normal regression, while the deposition of the overlying fluvial system occurred during lowstand normal regression. The two systems are separated by a subaerial unconformity developed during an intervening forced regression. Short periods of transgression are inferred from the presence of higher frequency cycles in the delta-front.
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16
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Evidence from South Africa for a protracted end-Permian extinction on land. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017045118. [PMID: 33875588 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017045118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Earth's largest biotic crisis occurred during the Permo-Triassic Transition (PTT). On land, this event witnessed a turnover from synapsid- to archosauromorph-dominated assemblages and a restructuring of terrestrial ecosystems. However, understanding extinction patterns has been limited by a lack of high-precision fossil occurrence data to resolve events on submillion-year timescales. We analyzed a unique database of 588 fossil tetrapod specimens from South Africa's Karoo Basin, spanning ∼4 My, and 13 stratigraphic bin intervals averaging 300,000 y each. Using sample-standardized methods, we characterized faunal assemblage dynamics during the PTT. High regional extinction rates occurred through a protracted interval of ∼1 Ma, initially co-occurring with low origination rates. This resulted in declining diversity up to the acme of extinction near the Daptocephalus-Lystrosaurus declivis Assemblage Zone boundary. Regional origination rates increased abruptly above this boundary, co-occurring with high extinction rates to drive rapid turnover and an assemblage of short-lived species symptomatic of ecosystem instability. The "disaster taxon" Lystrosaurus shows a long-term trend of increasing abundance initiated in the latest Permian. Lystrosaurus comprised 54% of all specimens by the onset of mass extinction and 70% in the extinction aftermath. This early Lystrosaurus abundance suggests its expansion was facilitated by environmental changes rather than by ecological opportunity following the extinctions of other species as commonly assumed for disaster taxa. Our findings conservatively place the Karoo extinction interval closer in time, but not coeval with, the more rapid marine event and reveal key differences between the PTT extinctions on land and in the oceans.
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17
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Six-fold increase of atmospheric pCO 2 during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2137. [PMID: 33837195 PMCID: PMC8035180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Permian–Triassic mass extinction was marked by a massive release of carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system, evidenced by a sharp negative carbon isotope excursion. Large carbon emissions would have increased atmospheric pCO2 and caused global warming. However, the magnitude of pCO2 changes during the PTME has not yet been estimated. Here, we present a continuous pCO2 record across the PTME reconstructed from high-resolution δ13C of C3 plants from southwestern China. We show that pCO2 increased from 426 +133/−96 ppmv in the latest Permian to 2507 +4764/−1193 ppmv at the PTME within about 75 kyr, and that the reconstructed pCO2 significantly correlates with sea surface temperatures. Mass balance modelling suggests that volcanic CO2 is probably not the only trigger of the carbon cycle perturbation, and that large quantities of 13C-depleted carbon emission from organic matter and methane were likely required during complex interactions with the Siberian Traps volcanism. The Permian–Triassic mass extinction was accompanied by a massive release of carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system, but the magnitude of change is not well known. Here, the authors present a new record of C3 plants from southwestern China which shows that atmospheric pCO2 increased by a factor of six during this event.
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18
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Li M, Grasby SE, Wang SJ, Zhang X, Wasylenki LE, Xu Y, Sun M, Beauchamp B, Hu D, Shen Y. Nickel isotopes link Siberian Traps aerosol particles to the end-Permian mass extinction. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2024. [PMID: 33795666 PMCID: PMC8016954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) was the most severe extinction event in the past 540 million years, and the Siberian Traps large igneous province (STLIP) is widely hypothesized to have been the primary trigger for the environmental catastrophe. The killing mechanisms depend critically on the nature of volatiles ejected during STLIP eruptions, initiating about 300 kyr before the extinction event, because the atmosphere is the primary interface between magmatism and extinction. Here we report Ni isotopes for Permian-Triassic sedimentary rocks from Arctic Canada. The δ60Ni data range from −1.09‰ to 0.35‰, and exhibit the lightest δ60Ni compositions ever reported for sedimentary rocks. Our results provide strong evidence for global dispersion and loading of Ni-rich aerosol particles into the Panthalassic Ocean. Our data demonstrate that environmental degradation had begun well before the extinction event and provide a link between global dispersion of Ni-rich aerosols, ocean chemistry changes, and the EPME. The end-Permian mass extinction was the most severe extinction event in the past 540 million years, and the Siberian Traps large igneous province is widely hypothesized to have been the primary trigger for the environmental catastrophe. In this study, Ni isotopes provide the link between Siberian Traps magmatism and early environmental degradation, ultimately leading to the end-Permian extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghan Li
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Stephen E Grasby
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shui-Jiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Laura E Wasylenki
- School of Earth & Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Yilun Xu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Mingzhao Sun
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Beauchamp
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dongping Hu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yanan Shen
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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19
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Nic Lughadha E, Bachman SP, Leão TCC, Forest F, Halley JM, Moat J, Acedo C, Bacon KL, Brewer RFA, Gâteblé G, Gonçalves SC, Govaerts R, Hollingsworth PM, Krisai‐Greilhuber I, Lirio EJ, Moore PGP, Negrão R, Onana JM, Rajaovelona LR, Razanajatovo H, Reich PB, Richards SL, Rivers MC, Cooper A, Iganci J, Lewis GP, Smidt EC, Antonelli A, Mueller GM, Walker BE. Extinction risk and threats to plants and fungi. PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET 2020; 2:389-408. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven P. Bachman
- Conservation Science Department Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
| | | | - Félix Forest
- Analytical Methods Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
| | - John M. Halley
- Laboratory of Ecology Department of Biological Applications & Technology University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
| | - Justin Moat
- Bioinformatics and Spatial Analysis Department Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
| | - Carmen Acedo
- Department of Biodiversity and Environment Management Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Campus of Vegazana University of León León Spain
| | - Karen L. Bacon
- Botany & Plant Sciences School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway Ireland
| | - Ryan F. A. Brewer
- Conservation Science Department Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
| | - Gildas Gâteblé
- Equipe ARBOREAL Institut Agronomique néo‐Calédonien Mont‐Dore New Caledonia
| | - Susana C. Gonçalves
- Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Rafaël Govaerts
- Bioinformatics and Spatial Analysis Department Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
| | | | - Irmgard Krisai‐Greilhuber
- Mycology Research Group Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Elton J. Lirio
- Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Negrão
- Conservation Science Department Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
| | - Jean Michel Onana
- Systematics, Biodiversity and Conservation of Plants Faculty of Science University of Yaoundé I & National Herbarium of Cameroon Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - Landy R. Rajaovelona
- Conservation Science Department Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
- Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - Henintsoa Razanajatovo
- Conservation Science Department Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
- Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | | | | | - Amanda Cooper
- Bioinformatics and Spatial Analysis Department Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
- Department of Biological Sciences Royal HollowayUniversity of London Egham UK
| | - João Iganci
- Instituto de Biologia Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal de Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Botânica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Gwilym P. Lewis
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
| | - Eric C. Smidt
- Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Gregory M. Mueller
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Chicago IL USA
| | - Barnaby E. Walker
- Conservation Science Department Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
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20
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Dal Corso J, Mills BJW, Chu D, Newton RJ, Mather TA, Shu W, Wu Y, Tong J, Wignall PB. Permo-Triassic boundary carbon and mercury cycling linked to terrestrial ecosystem collapse. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2962. [PMID: 32528009 PMCID: PMC7289894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Records suggest that the Permo-Triassic mass extinction (PTME) involved one of the most severe terrestrial ecosystem collapses of the Phanerozoic. However, it has proved difficult to constrain the extent of the primary productivity loss on land, hindering our understanding of the effects on global biogeochemistry. We build a new biogeochemical model that couples the global Hg and C cycles to evaluate the distinct terrestrial contribution to atmosphere-ocean biogeochemistry separated from coeval volcanic fluxes. We show that the large short-lived Hg spike, and nadirs in δ202Hg and δ13C values at the marine PTME are best explained by a sudden, massive pulse of terrestrial biomass oxidation, while volcanism remains an adequate explanation for the longer-term geochemical changes. Our modelling shows that a massive collapse of terrestrial ecosystems linked to volcanism-driven environmental change triggered significant biogeochemical changes, and cascaded organic matter, nutrients, Hg and other organically-bound species into the marine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Dal Corso
- School of Earth and Environments, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. .,State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Benjamin J W Mills
- School of Earth and Environments, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Daoliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Robert J Newton
- School of Earth and Environments, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Tamsin A Mather
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Wenchao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jinnan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Paul B Wignall
- School of Earth and Environments, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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21
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Gastaldo RA, Kamo SL, Neveling J, Geissman JW, Looy CV, Martini AM. The base of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, predates the end-Permian marine extinction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1428. [PMID: 32188857 PMCID: PMC7080820 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current model for the end-Permian terrestrial ecosystem crisis holds that systematic loss exhibited by an abrupt turnover from the Daptocephalus to the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone (AZ; Karoo Basin, South Africa) is time equivalent with the marine Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB). The marine event began at 251.941 ± 0.037 Ma, with the PTB placed at 251.902 ± 0.024 Ma (2σ). Radio-isotopic dates over this interval in the Karoo Basin were limited to one high resolution ash-fall deposit in the upper Daptocephalus AZ (253.48 ± 0.15 (2σ) Ma) with no similar age constraints for the overlying biozone. Here, we present the first U-Pb CA-ID-TIMS zircon age (252.24 ± 0.11 (2σ) Ma) from a pristine ash-fall deposit in the Karoo Lystrosaurus AZ. This date confirms that the lower exposures of the Lystrosaurus AZ are of latest Permian age and that the purported turnover in the basin preceded the end-Permian marine event by over 300 ka, thus refuting the previously used stratigraphic marker for terrestrial end-Permian extinction. The end-Permian is associated with major changes in both marine and terrestrial biodiversity. Here, Gastaldo et al. present high resolution dating of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone in the Karoo Basin, South Africa, demonstrating that the marine crisis did not mirror a coeval event on land.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra L Kamo
- Department of Earth Sciences, Jack Satterly Geochronology Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Johann Neveling
- Council for Geosciences, Private Bag x112, Silverton, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - John W Geissman
- Department of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Cindy V Looy
- Department of Integrative Biology, Museum of Paleontology, University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California-Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
| | - Anna M Martini
- Department of Geology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
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22
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