1
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Bisquert J, Ilyassov B, Tessler N. Switching Response in Organic Electrochemical Transistors by Ionic Diffusion and Electronic Transport. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404182. [PMID: 39052878 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The switching response in organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) is a basic effect in which a transient current occurs in response to a voltage perturbation. This phenomenon has an important impact on different aspects of the application of OECT, such as the equilibration times, the hysteresis dependence on scan rates, and the synaptic properties for neuromorphic applications. Here we establish a model that unites vertical ion diffusion and horizontal electronic transport for the analysis of the time-dependent current response of OECTs. We use a combination of tools consisting of a physical analytical model; advanced 2D drift-diffusion simulation; and the experimental measurement of a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) OECT. We show the reduction of the general model to simple time-dependent equations for the average ionic/hole concentration inside the organic film, which produces a Bernards-Malliaras conservation equation coupled with a diffusion equation. We provide a basic classification of the transient response to a voltage pulse, and the correspondent hysteresis effects of the transfer curves. The shape of transients is basically related to the main control phenomenon, either the vertical diffusion of ions during doping and dedoping, or the equilibration of electronic current along the channel length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bisquert
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (Universitat Politècnica de València-Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Av. dels Tarongers, València, 46022, Spain
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, 12006, Spain
| | - Baurzhan Ilyassov
- Astana IT University, Mangilik El 55/11, EXPO C1, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Nir Tessler
- Andrew & Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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2
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Zhao C, Yang J, Ma W. Transient Response and Ionic Dynamics in Organic Electrochemical Transistors. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:233. [PMID: 38954272 PMCID: PMC11219702 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) has ushered in a new era in organic electronics, distinguishing itself through its application in a variety of domains, from high-speed logic circuits to sensitive biosensors, and neuromorphic devices like artificial synapses and organic electrochemical random-access memories. Despite recent strides in enhancing OECT performance, driven by the demand for superior transient response capabilities, a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between charge and ion transport, alongside electron-ion interactions, as well as the optimization strategies, remains elusive. This review aims to bridge this gap by providing a systematic overview on the fundamental working principles of OECT transient responses, emphasizing advancements in device physics and optimization approaches. We review the critical aspect of transient ion dynamics in both volatile and non-volatile applications, as well as the impact of materials, morphology, device structure strategies on optimizing transient responses. This paper not only offers a detailed overview of the current state of the art, but also identifies promising avenues for future research, aiming to drive future performance advancements in diversified applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintao Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Enrico A, Buchmann S, De Ferrari F, Lin Y, Wang Y, Yue W, Mårtensson G, Stemme G, Hamedi MM, Niklaus F, Herland A, Zeglio E. Cleanroom-Free Direct Laser Micropatterning of Polymers for Organic Electrochemical Transistors in Logic Circuits and Glucose Biosensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307042. [PMID: 38225700 PMCID: PMC11251563 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising devices for bioelectronics, such as biosensors. However, current cleanroom-based microfabrication of OECTs hinders fast prototyping and widespread adoption of this technology for low-volume, low-cost applications. To address this limitation, a versatile and scalable approach for ultrafast laser microfabrication of OECTs is herein reported, where a femtosecond laser to pattern insulating polymers (such as parylene C or polyimide) is first used, exposing the underlying metal electrodes serving as transistor terminals (source, drain, or gate). After the first patterning step, conducting polymers, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), or semiconducting polymers, are spin-coated on the device surface. Another femtosecond laser patterning step subsequently defines the active polymer area contributing to the OECT performance by disconnecting the channel and gate from the surrounding spin-coated film. The effective OECT width can be defined with high resolution (down to 2 µm) in less than a second of exposure. Micropatterning the OECT channel area significantly improved the transistor switching performance in the case of PEDOT:PSS-based transistors, speeding up the devices by two orders of magnitude. The utility of this OECT manufacturing approach is demonstrated by fabricating complementary logic (inverters) and glucose biosensors, thereby showing its potential to accelerate OECT research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Enrico
- Department of Micro and NanosystemsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyMalvinas väg 10Stockholm100 44Sweden
- Synthetic Physiology labDepartment of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureUniversity of PaviaVia Ferrata 3Pavia27100Italy
| | - Sebastian Buchmann
- Division of NanobiotechnologySciLifeLabDepartment of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyTomtebodavägen 23aSolna171 65Sweden
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering SciencesDepartment of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholm17177Sweden
| | - Fabio De Ferrari
- Department of Micro and NanosystemsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyMalvinas väg 10Stockholm100 44Sweden
| | - Yunfan Lin
- Division of NanobiotechnologySciLifeLabDepartment of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyTomtebodavägen 23aSolna171 65Sweden
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable DevicesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Wan Yue
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Gustaf Mårtensson
- Division of NanobiotechnologySciLifeLabDepartment of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyTomtebodavägen 23aSolna171 65Sweden
- Mycronic ABNytorpsvägen 9Täby183 53Sweden
| | - Göran Stemme
- Department of Micro and NanosystemsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyMalvinas väg 10Stockholm100 44Sweden
| | - Mahiar Max Hamedi
- Department of Fibre and Polymer TechnologySchool of Engineering Sciences in ChemistryBiotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyTeknikringen 56Stockholm10044Sweden
| | - Frank Niklaus
- Department of Micro and NanosystemsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyMalvinas väg 10Stockholm100 44Sweden
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of NanobiotechnologySciLifeLabDepartment of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyTomtebodavägen 23aSolna171 65Sweden
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering SciencesDepartment of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholm17177Sweden
| | - Erica Zeglio
- Division of NanobiotechnologySciLifeLabDepartment of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyTomtebodavägen 23aSolna171 65Sweden
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering SciencesDepartment of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholm17177Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for SustainabilityDepartment of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversityStockholm114 18Sweden
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4
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Ma Z, Sun H, Xiao K, Dong J, Wang S, Wang L, Li P, Xu K. Ultra-high sensitivity pH sensor based on vertical organic electrochemical transistors with extended gate. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:391. [PMID: 38874626 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
An ultra-high sensitivity pH sensor based on vertical organic electrochemical transistors (vOECT) with extended gate was proposed. The vOECT, which exhibited high transconductance (gm), was for the first time used in the preparation of a pH sensor. The extended gate was modified by electrochemical deposition of polyaniline (PANI) using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. Open circuit potential (OCP) measurements were used to optimize the scan rate, showing a super-Nernstian sensitivity at all scan rates. The pH sensor based on vOECT with extended gate was investigated at different pH levels, and it exhibited an ultra-high sensitivity of 3363.6 µA/pH in the pH range 5-9, which was about 36 times greater than the maximum current sensitivity (91 µA/pH) of other transistor-based pH sensors, to the best of our knowledge. This pH sensor performed excellently in terms of reversibility, long-term stability, and selectivity. To confirm the reliability of the pH sensor, we conducted measurements on real samples using this pH sensor and compared the results with those obtained from a standard pH meter. The ultra-high sensitivity pH sensor based on vOECT with extended gate offers a sensitive and promising alternative in environmental monitoring, food safety, chemistry, clinical diagnostics, and bio-sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- College of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- College of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianhua Dong
- College of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shuaiyang Wang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peng Li
- Center for Complexity Science, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- College of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
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5
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Jo IY, Jeong D, Moon Y, Lee D, Lee S, Choi JG, Nam D, Kim JH, Cho J, Cho S, Kim DY, Ahn H, Kim BJ, Yoon MH. High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors Achieved by Optimizing Structural and Energetic Ordering of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307402. [PMID: 37989225 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
For optimizing steady-state performance in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), both molecular design and structural alignment approaches must work in tandem to minimize energetic and microstructural disorders in polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductor films. Herein, a series of poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole)s bearing various lengths of aliphatic-glycol hybrid side chains (PDPP-mEG; m = 2-5) is developed to achieve high-performance p-type OECTs. PDPP-4EG polymer with the optimized length of side chains exhibits excellent crystallinity owing to enhanced lamellar and backbone interactions. Furthermore, the improved structural ordering in PDPP-4EG films significantly decreases trap state density and energetic disorder. Consequently, PDPP-4EG-based OECT devices produce a mobility-volumetric capacitance product ([µC*]) of 702 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 and a hole mobility of 6.49 ± 0.60 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Finally, for achieving the optimal structural ordering along the OECT channel direction, a floating film transfer method is employed to reinforce the unidirectional orientation of polymer chains, leading to a substantially increased figure-of-merit [µC*] to over 800 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 . The research demonstrates the importance of side chain engineering of polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductors in conjunction with their anisotropic microstructural optimization to maximize OECT characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yina Moon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchan Lee
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyu Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeon Nam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhan Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinuk Cho
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - HyungJu Ahn
- Industrial Technology Convergence Center, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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6
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Shahi M, Le VN, Alarcon Espejo P, Alsufyani M, Kousseff CJ, McCulloch I, Paterson AF. The organic electrochemical transistor conundrum when reporting a mixed ionic-electronic transport figure of merit. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:2-8. [PMID: 37880535 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01672-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shahi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Vianna N Le
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Paula Alarcon Espejo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Solar Centre, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christina J Kousseff
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Solar Centre, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Solar Centre, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexandra F Paterson
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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7
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Bisquert J. Hysteresis in Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Distinction of Capacitive and Inductive Effects. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10951-10958. [PMID: 38037745 PMCID: PMC10726359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are effective devices for neuromorphic applications, bioelectronics, and sensors. Numerous reports in the literature show persistent dynamical hysteresis effects in the current-voltage curves, attributed to the slow ionic charging of the channel under the applied gate voltage. Here we present a model that considers the dominant electrical and electrochemical operation aspects of the device based on a thermodynamic function of ion insertion. We identify the volume capacitance as the derivative of the thermodynamic function, associated with the chemical capacitance of the ionic-electronic film. The dynamical analysis shows that the system contains both capacitive and inductive hysteresis effects. The inductor response, which can be observed in impedance spectroscopy, is associated with ionic diffusion from the surface to fill the channel up to the equilibrium value. The model reveals the multiple dynamical features associated with specific kinetic relaxations that control the transient and impedance response of the OCET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials
(INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
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8
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Zhong Y, Nayak PD, Wustoni S, Surgailis J, Parrado Agudelo JZ, Marks A, McCulloch I, Inal S. Ionic Liquid Gated Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Broadened Bandwidth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37997899 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is a biosignal transducer known for its high amplification but relatively slow operation. Here, we demonstrate that the use of an ionic liquid as the dielectric medium significantly improves the switching speed of a p-type enhancement-mode OECT, regardless of the gate electrode used. The OECT response time with the ionic liquid improves up to ca. 41-fold and 46-fold for the silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) and gold (Au) gates, respectively, compared with devices gated with the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. Notably, the transistor gain remains uncompromised, and its maximum is reached at lower voltages compared to those of PBS-gated devices with Ag/AgCl as the gate electrode. Through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and etching X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations, we reveal that the enhanced bandwidth is associated with the prediffused ionic liquid inside the polymer, leading to a higher doping level compared to PBS. Using the ionic liquid-gated OECTs, we successfully detect electrocardiography (ECG) signals, which exhibit a complete waveform with well-distinguished features and a stable signal baseline. By integrating nonaqueous electrolytes that enhance the device bandwidth, we unlock the potential of enhancement-mode OECTs for physiological signal acquisition and other real-time biosignal monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhong
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, BESE, KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prem D Nayak
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, BESE, KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, BESE, KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jokubas Surgailis
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, BESE, KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jessica Z Parrado Agudelo
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, BESE, KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TF, United Kingdom
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TF, United Kingdom
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, BESE, KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Alarcon-Espejo P, Sarabia-Riquelme R, Matrone GM, Shahi M, Mahmoudi S, Rupasinghe GS, Le VN, Mantica AM, Qian D, Balk TJ, Rivnay J, Weisenberger M, Paterson AF. High-Hole-Mobility Fiber Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Next-Generation Adaptive Neuromorphic Bio-Hybrid Technologies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2305371. [PMID: 37824715 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The latest developments in fiber design and materials science are paving the way for fibers to evolve from parts in passive components to functional parts in active fabrics. Designing conformable, organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) structures using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) fibers has excellent potential for low-cost wearable bioelectronics, bio-hybrid devices, and adaptive neuromorphic technologies. However, to achieve high-performance, stable devices from PEDOT:PSS fibers, approaches are required to form electrodes on fibers with small diameters and poor wettability, that leads to irregular coatings. Additionally, PEDOT:PSS-fiber fabrication needs to move away from small batch processing to roll-to-roll or continuous processing. Here, it is shown that synergistic effects from a superior electrode/organic interface, and exceptional fiber alignment from continuous processing, enable PEDOT:PSS fiber-OECTs with stable contacts, high µC* product (1570.5 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 ), and high hole mobility over 45 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Fiber-electrochemical neuromorphic organic devices (fiber-ENODes) are developed to demonstrate that the high mobility fibers are promising building blocks for future bio-hybrid technologies. The fiber-ENODes demonstrate synaptic weight update in response to dopamine, as well as a form factor closely matching the neuronal axon terminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alarcon-Espejo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Ruben Sarabia-Riquelme
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | | | - Maryam Shahi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Siamak Mahmoudi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Gehan S Rupasinghe
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Vianna N Le
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Antonio M Mantica
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Dali Qian
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - T John Balk
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Matthew Weisenberger
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Alexandra F Paterson
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
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10
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Keene ST, Rao A, Malliaras GG. The relationship between ionic-electronic coupling and transport in organic mixed conductors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi3536. [PMID: 37647402 PMCID: PMC10468126 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) directly convert between ionic and electronic charge through electrochemical (de)doping, enabling a wide range of applications in bioelectronics, neuromorphic computing, and energy storage and conversion. While both ionic and electronic transport are individually well characterized, their combined transport has been difficult to describe self-consistently. We use in situ measurements of electrochemical (de)doping of an archetypal OMIEC to inform a quasi-field drift-diffusion model, which accurately captures experimentally measured ion transport across a range of potentials. We find that the chemical potential of holes, which is modulated by changes in doping level, represents a major driving force for mixed charge transport. Using numerical simulations at device-relevant time scales and potentials, we find that the competition between hole drift and diffusion leads to diffuse space charge regions despite high charge densities. This effect is unique to mixed conducting systems where mobile ionic charges can compensate the accumulation or depletion of electronic charge, thereby screening electrostatic driving forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T. Keene
- Department of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Department of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
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11
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General Model for Charge Carriers Transport in Electrolyte‐Gated Transistors. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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12
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Parmeggiani M, Ballesio A, Battistoni S, Carcione R, Cocuzza M, D’Angelo P, Erokhin VV, Marasso SL, Rinaldi G, Tarabella G, Vurro D, Pirri CF. Organic Bioelectronics Development in Italy: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:460. [PMID: 36838160 PMCID: PMC9966652 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, studies concerning Organic Bioelectronics have had a constant growth due to the interest in disciplines such as medicine, biology and food safety in connecting the digital world with the biological one. Specific interests can be found in organic neuromorphic devices and organic transistor sensors, which are rapidly growing due to their low cost, high sensitivity and biocompatibility. This trend is evident in the literature produced in Italy, which is full of breakthrough papers concerning organic transistors-based sensors and organic neuromorphic devices. Therefore, this review focuses on analyzing the Italian production in this field, its trend and possible future evolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Parmeggiani
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Ballesio
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Battistoni
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Rocco Carcione
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Pasquale D’Angelo
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Victor V. Erokhin
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgia Rinaldi
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tarabella
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Vurro
- Camlin Italy Srl, Via Budellungo 2, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy
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13
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Keene ST, Gueskine V, Berggren M, Malliaras GG, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Exploiting mixed conducting polymers in organic and bioelectronic devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19144-19163. [PMID: 35942679 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transport of both ionic and electronic charges in conjugated polymers (CPs) has enabled a wide range of novel electrochemical devices spanning applications from energy storage to bioelectronic devices. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the fundamental physical processes which underlie the operation of mixed conducting polymer (MCP) devices. While charge injection and transport have been studied extensively in both ionic and electronic conductors, translating these principles to mixed conducting systems proves challenging due to the complex relationships among the individual materials properties. We break down the process of electrochemical (de)doping, the basic feature exploited in mixed conducting devices, into its key steps, highlighting recent advances in the study of these physical processes in the context of MCPs. Furthermore, we identify remaining challenges in further extending fundamental understanding of MCP-based device operation. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the elementary processes governing operation in MCPs will drive the advancement in both materials design and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Keene
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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14
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Cucchi M, Weissbach A, Bongartz LM, Kantelberg R, Tseng H, Kleemann H, Leo K. Thermodynamics of organic electrochemical transistors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4514. [PMID: 35922437 PMCID: PMC9349225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their increasing usefulness in a wide variety of applications, organic electrochemical transistors still lack a comprehensive and unifying physical framework able to describe the current-voltage characteristics and the polymer/electrolyte interactions simultaneously. Building upon thermodynamic axioms, we present a quantitative analysis of the operation of organic electrochemical transistors. We reveal that the entropy of mixing is the main driving force behind the redox mechanism that rules the transfer properties of such devices in electrolytic environments. In the light of these findings, we show that traditional models used for organic electrochemical transistors, based on the theory of field-effect transistors, fall short as they treat the active material as a simple capacitor while ignoring the material properties and energetic interactions. Finally, by analyzing a large spectrum of solvents and device regimes, we quantify the entropic and enthalpic contributions and put forward an approach for targeted material design and device applications. Though models describing the operating mechanism of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been developed, these models are unable to accurately reproduce OECT electrical characteristics. Here, the authors report a thermodynamic-based framework that accurately models OECT operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cucchi
- Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland. .,Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | | - Hsin Tseng
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Karl Leo
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Tan STM, Gumyusenge A, Quill TJ, LeCroy GS, Bonacchini GE, Denti I, Salleo A. Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction, a Multifunctional Property in Organic Conductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110406. [PMID: 35434865 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) have gained recent interest and rapid development due to their versatility in diverse applications ranging from sensing, actuation and computation to energy harvesting/storage, and information transfer. Their multifunctional properties arise from their ability to simultaneously participate in redox reactions as well as modulation of ionic and electronic charge density throughout the bulk of the material. Most importantly, the ability to access charge states with deep modulation through a large extent of its density of states and physical volume of the material enables OMIEC-based devices to display exciting new characteristics and opens up new degrees of freedom in device design. Leveraging the infinite possibilities of the organic synthetic toolbox, this perspective highlights several chemical and structural design approaches to modify OMIECs' properties important in device applications such as electronic and ionic conductivity, color, modulus, etc. Additionally, the ability for OMIECs to respond to external stimuli and transduce signals to myriad types of outputs has accelerated their development in smart systems. This perspective further illustrates how various stimuli such as electrical, chemical, and optical inputs fundamentally change OMIECs' properties dynamically and how these changes can be utilized in device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Ting Melissa Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aristide Gumyusenge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tyler James Quill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Garrett Swain LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Giorgio Ernesto Bonacchini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Ilaria Denti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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16
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Li Y, Cui B, Zhang S, Li B, Li J, Liu S, Zhao Q. Ion-Selective Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Recent Progress and Challenges. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107413. [PMID: 35182018 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The charged species inside biofluids (blood, interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, urine, etc.) can reflect the human body's physiological conditions and thus be adopted to diagnose various diseases early. Among all personalized health management applications, ion-selective organic electrochemical transistors (IS-OECTs) have shown tremendous potential in point-of-care testing of biofluids due to low cost, ease of fabrication, high signal amplification, and low detection limit. Moreover, IS-OECTs exhibit excellent flexibility and biocompatibility that enable their application in wearable bioelectronics for continuous health monitoring. In this review, the working principle of IS-OECTs and the recent studies of IS-OECTs for performance improvement are reviewed. Specifically, contemporary studies on material design and device optimization to enhance the sensitivity of IS-OECTs are discussed. In addition, the progress toward the commercialization of IS-OECTs is highlighted, and the recently proposed solutions or alternatives are summarized. The main challenges and perspectives for fully exploiting IS-OECTs toward future preventive and personal medical devices are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bingxiang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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17
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Wang L, Sun Q, Zhang L, Wang J, Ren G, Yu L, Wang K, Zhu Y, Lu G, Yu HD. Realizing Ultrahigh Transconductance in Organic Electrochemical Transistor by Co-Doping PEDOT:PSS with Ionic Liquid and Dodecylbenzenesulfonate. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200212. [PMID: 35318764 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), especially the ones with high transconductance, are highly promising in sensitive detection of chemical and biological species. However, it is still a great challenge to design and fabricate OECTs with very high transconductance. Herein, an OECT with ultrahigh transconductance is reported by introducing ionic liquid and dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBSA) simultaneously in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the semiconductive channel. Compared with the OECT based on pristine PEDOT:PSS, the OECT based on co-doped PEDOT:PSS demonstrates a significant enhancement of transconductance from 1.85 to 22.7 mS, because of the increase in volumetric capacitance and conductivity. The enhanced transconductance is attributed to the DBSA-facilitated phase separation between the ionic liquid and PEDOT:PSS, which helps to form conductive domains of ionic liquid in PEDOT:PSS matrix, and the partial dispersion of ionic liquid in the PEDOT:PSS phase. Furthermore, by using the interdigitated electrodes as the source and drain electrodes, an ultrahigh transconductance of 180 mS is obtained, which is superior to that of the state-of-the-art OECTs. Because of the ultrahigh transconductance, the obtained OECT demonstrates sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose, making it promising in clinical diagnosis, health monitoring, and environmental surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Qizeng Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Linrong Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Guozhang Ren
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Liuyingzi Yu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Kaili Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yameng Zhu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Gang Lu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Dong Yu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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18
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Paudel PR, Skowrons M, Dahal D, Radha Krishnan RK, Lüssem B. The Transient Response of Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Drona Dahal
- Department of Physics Kent State University Kent OH 44242 USA
| | | | - Björn Lüssem
- Department of Physics Kent State University Kent OH 44242 USA
- Institut for Microsensors, Microactuators, and Microsystems (IMSAS) University of Bremen Otto‐Hahn‐Allee 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
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19
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Wu HY, Yang CY, Li Q, Kolhe NB, Strakosas X, Stoeckel MA, Wu Z, Jin W, Savvakis M, Kroon R, Tu D, Woo HY, Berggren M, Jenekhe SA, Fabiano S. Influence of Molecular Weight on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Ladder-Type Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106235. [PMID: 34658088 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) hold promise for developing a variety of high-performance (bio-)electronic devices/circuits. While OECTs based on p-type semiconductors have achieved tremendous progress in recent years, n-type OECTs still suffer from low performance, hampering the development of power-efficient electronics. Here, it is demonstrated that fine-tuning the molecular weight of the rigid, ladder-type n-type polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) by only one order of magnitude (from 4.9 to 51 kDa) enables the development of n-type OECTs with record-high geometry-normalized transconductance (gm,norm ≈ 11 S cm-1 ) and electron mobility × volumetric capacitance (µC* ≈ 26 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 ), fast temporal response (0.38 ms), and low threshold voltage (0.15 V). This enhancement in OECT performance is ascribed to a more efficient intermolecular charge transport in high-molecular-weight BBL than in the low-molecular-weight counterpart. OECT-based complementary inverters are also demonstrated with record-high voltage gains of up to 100 V V-1 and ultralow power consumption down to 0.32 nW, depending on the supply voltage. These devices are among the best sub-1 V complementary inverters reported to date. These findings demonstrate the importance of molecular weight in optimizing the OECT performance of rigid organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors and open for a new generation of power-efficient organic (bio-)electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Nagesh B Kolhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marios Savvakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Deyu Tu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
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20
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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21
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Li P, Lei T. Molecular design strategies for
high‐performance
organic electrochemical transistors. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing China
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22
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Giridharagopal R, Guo J, Kong J, Ginger DS. Nanowire Architectures Improve Ion Uptake Kinetics in Conjugated Polymer Electrochemical Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:34616-34624. [PMID: 34270213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors are believed to face an inherent material design tension between optimizing for ion mobility and for electronic mobility. These devices transduce ion uptake into electrical current, thereby requiring high ion mobility for efficient electrochemical doping and rapid turn-on kinetics and high electronic mobility for the maximum transconductance. Here, we explore a facile route to improve operational kinetics and volumetric capacitance in a high-mobility conjugated polymer (poly[2,5-(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thieno [3,2-b]thiophene)], DPP-DTT) by employing a nanowire morphology. For equivalent thicknesses, the DPP-DTT nanowire films exhibit consistently faster kinetics (∼6-10× faster) compared to a neat DPP-DTT film. The nanowire architectures show ∼4× higher volumetric capacitance, increasing from 7.1 to 27.7 F/cm3, consistent with the porous structure better enabling ion uptake throughout the film. The nanowires also exhibit a small but energetically favorable shift in a threshold voltage of ∼17 mV, making the nanostructured system both faster and energetically easier to electrochemically dope compared to neat films. We explain the variation using two atomic force microscopy methods: in situ electrochemical strain microscopy and nanoinfrared imaging via photoinduced force microscopy. These data show that the nanowire film's structure allows greater swelling and ion uptake throughout the active layer, indicating that the nanowire architecture exhibits volumetric operation, whereas the neat film is largely operating via the field effect. We propose that for higher-mobility materials, casting the active layer in a nanowire form may offer faster kinetics, enhanced volumetric capacitance, and possibly lower threshold voltage while maintaining desirable device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Giridharagopal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiajie Guo
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jessica Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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23
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Zozoulenko I, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Gueskine V, Mehandzhiyski A, Modarresi M, Rolland N, Tybrandt K. Electronic, Optical, Morphological, Transport, and Electrochemical Properties of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1436, Iran
| | - Nicolas Rolland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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24
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Khot A, Savoie BM. Top–Down Coarse-Grained Framework for Characterizing Mixed Conducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Khot
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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25
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Chen X, Marks A, Paulsen BD, Wu R, Rashid RB, Chen H, Alsufyani M, Rivnay J, McCulloch I. n
‐Type Rigid Semiconducting Polymers Bearing Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Side Chains for High‐Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Chen
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Bryan D. Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Reem B. Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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26
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Chen X, Marks A, Paulsen BD, Wu R, Rashid RB, Chen H, Alsufyani M, Rivnay J, McCulloch I. n-Type Rigid Semiconducting Polymers Bearing Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Side Chains for High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9368-9373. [PMID: 33368944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-type conjugated polymers as the semiconducting component of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are still undeveloped with respect to their p-type counterparts. Herein, we report two rigid n-type conjugated polymers bearing oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chains, PgNaN and PgNgN, which demonstrated an essentially torsion-free π-conjugated backbone. The planarity and electron-deficient rigid structures enable the resulting polymers to achieve high electron mobility in an OECT device of up to the 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 range, with a deep-lying LUMO energy level lower than -4.0 eV. Prominently, the polymers exhibited a high device performance with a maximum dimensionally normalized transconductance of 0.212 S cm-1 and the product of charge-carrier mobility μ and volumetric capacitance C* of 0.662±0.113 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 , which are among the highest in n-type conjugated polymers reported to date. Moreover, the polymers are synthesized via a metal-free aldol-condensation polymerization, which is beneficial to their application in bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Chen
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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