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Tang H, Liang Y, Yang CY, Luo X, Yu J, Zhang K, Fabiano S, Huang F. Polyethylene glycol-decorated n-type conducting polymers with improved ion accessibility for high-performance organic electrochemical transistors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39188189 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00979g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
High-performance n-type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) are essential for advancing complementary circuits based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Despite significant progress, current n-type OMIECs often exhibit lower transconductance and slower response times compared to their p-type counterparts, limiting the development of OECT-based complementary circuits. Optimizing the conjugated backbone and side chain structures of OMIECs is critical for enhancing both ion and electron transport efficiencies while maintaining a delicate balance between the two. In this study, hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) side chains were incorporated into the highly conductive n-type polymer poly(3,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difuran-2,6-dione) (PBFDO) backbone to achieve this goal. The incorporation of PEG chains improved ion accessibility, and by adjusting the PEG content, the electronic and ionic transport properties were fine-tuned, ultimately enhancing the performance of OECTs and related p-n complementary circuits. The n-type OECTs based on PBFDO-PEG50wt% demonstrated exceptional transfer characteristics, including a transient response time (τON) as low as 72 μs, a high geometry-normalized transconductance exceeding 400 S cm-1, and an impressive μC* value surpassing 720 F cm-1 V-1 s-1. Notably, the use of PBFDO-PEG50wt% in a complementary inverter resulted in a voltage gain of 20 V/V, more than five times higher than that achieved with unmodified PBFDO (<4 V/V). These findings highlight the importance of balancing electron and ion transport characteristics in OMIECs to achieve high performance in OECTs and their associated circuits, and they validate PEG decoration as an effective approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Tang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuanying Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Guangdong Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510335, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Xi Luo
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jiangkai Yu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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2
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Lu MJ, Zhao KH, Zhang SQ, Cai XB, Kandegama W, Chen MX, Sun Y, Li XY. Research Progress of Biosensor Based on Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17746-17761. [PMID: 39079007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
In order to solve the food safety problem better, it is very important to develop a rapid and sensitive technology for detecting food contamination residues. Organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) biosensor rely on the photovoltage generated by a semiconductor upon excitation by light to regulate the conductivity of the polymer channels and realize biosensor analysis under zero gate bias. This technology integrates the excellent characteristics of photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalysis and the high sensitivity and inherent amplification ability of organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). Based on this, OPECT biosensor detection has been proven to be superior to traditional biosensor detection methods. In this review, we summarize the research status of OPECT biosensor in disease markers and food residue analysis, the basic principle, classification, and biosensing mechanism of OPECT biosensor analysis are briefly introduced, and the recent applications of biosensor analysis are discussed according to the signal strategy. We mainly introduced the OPECT biosensor analysis methods applied in different fields, including the detection of disease markers and food hazard residues such as prostate-specific antigen, heart-type fatty acid binding protein, T-2 toxin detection in milk samples, fat mass and objectivity related protein, ciprofloxacin in milk. The OPECT biosensor provides considerable development potential for the construction of safety analysis and detection platforms in many fields, such as agriculture and food, and hopes to provide some reference for the future development of biosensing analysis methods with higher selectivity, faster analysis speed and higher sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jiao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Kun-Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shan-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wishwajith Kandegama
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, Faculty of Agriculture and Plantation Management, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila 60170 Sri Lanka
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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3
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Salvigni L, Nayak PD, Koklu A, Arcangeli D, Uribe J, Hama A, Silva R, Hidalgo Castillo TC, Griggs S, Marks A, McCulloch I, Inal S. Reconfiguration of organic electrochemical transistors for high-accuracy potentiometric sensing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6499. [PMID: 39090103 PMCID: PMC11294360 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional 2/3 electrode setups for sensing applications, offering in-situ transduction, electrochemical amplification, and noise reduction. Several of these devices are designed to detect potentiometric-derived signals. However, potentiometric sensing should be performed under open circuit potential conditions, allowing the system to reach thermodynamic equilibrium. This criterion is not met by conventional organic electrochemical transistors, where voltages or currents are directly applied to the sensing interface, that is, the gate electrode. In this work, we introduce an organic electrochemical transistor sensing configuration called the potentiometric‑OECT (pOECT), which maintains the sensing electrode under open circuit potential conditions. The pOECT exhibits a higher response than the 2-electrode setup and offers greater accuracy, response, and stability compared to conventional organic electrochemical transistors. Additionally, it allows for the implementation of high-impedance electrodes as gate/sensing surfaces, all without compromising the overall device size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Salvigni
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prem Depan Nayak
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anil Koklu
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danilo Arcangeli
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johana Uribe
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Hama
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raphaela Silva
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tania Cecilia Hidalgo Castillo
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Griggs
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Marks
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, UK
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Laswick Z, Wu X, Surendran A, Zhou Z, Ji X, Matrone GM, Leong WL, Rivnay J. Tunable anti-ambipolar vertical bilayer organic electrochemical transistor enable neuromorphic retinal pathway. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6309. [PMID: 39060249 PMCID: PMC11282299 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing demand for bio-interfaced human-machine interfaces propels the development of organic neuromorphic electronics with small form factors leveraging both ionic and electronic processes. Ion-based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) showing anti-ambipolarity (OFF-ON-OFF states) reduce the complexity and size of bio-realistic Hodgkin-Huxley(HH) spiking circuits and logic circuits. However, limited stable anti-ambipolar organic materials prevent the design of integrated, tunable, and multifunctional neuromorphic and logic-based systems. In this work, a general approach for tuning anti-ambipolar characteristics is presented through assembly of a p-n bilayer in a vertical OECT (vOECT) architecture. The vertical OECT design reduces device footprint, while the bilayer material tuning controls the anti-ambipolarity characteristics, allowing control of the device's on and off threshold voltages, and peak position, while reducing size thereby enabling tunable threshold spiking neurons and logic gates. Combining these components, a mimic of the retinal pathway reproducing the wavelength and light intensity encoding of horizontal cells to spiking retinal ganglion cells is demonstrated. This work enables further incorporation of conformable and adaptive OECT electronics into biointegrated devices featuring sensory coding through parallel processing for diverse artificial intelligence and computing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Laswick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Xihu Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Abhijith Surendran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Zhongliang Zhou
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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5
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Hu Z, Hu Y, Huang L, Zhong W, Zhang J, Lei D, Chen Y, Ni Y, Liu Y. Recent Progress in Organic Electrochemical Transistor-Structured Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:330. [PMID: 39056606 PMCID: PMC11274720 DOI: 10.3390/bios14070330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The continued advancement of organic electronic technology will establish organic electrochemical transistors as pivotal instruments in the field of biological detection. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art technology and advancements in the use of organic electrochemical transistors as biosensors. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the diverse modification materials, methods, and mechanisms utilized in organic electrochemical transistor-structured biosensors (OETBs) for the selective detection of a wide range of target analyte encompassing electroactive species, electro-inactive species, and cancer cells. Recent advances in OETBs for use in sensing systems and wearable and implantable applications are also briefly introduced. Finally, challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuotao Hu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yingchao Hu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Lu Huang
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Wei Zhong
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Dengyun Lei
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yayi Chen
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yao Ni
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
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6
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Kim H, Won Y, Song HW, Kwon Y, Jun M, Oh JH. Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Bioelectronic Sensors: Materials and Operation Mechanisms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306191. [PMID: 38148583 PMCID: PMC11251567 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) has gained significant attention due to their ability to transport both electrons and ions, making them promising candidates for various applications. Initially focused on inorganic materials, the exploration of mixed conduction has expanded to organic materials, especially polymers, owing to their advantages such as solution processability, flexibility, and property tunability. OMIECs, particularly in the form of polymers, possess both electronic and ionic transport functionalities. This review provides an overview of OMIECs in various aspects covering mechanisms of charge transport including electronic transport, ionic transport, and ionic-electronic coupling, as well as conducting/semiconducting conjugated polymers and their applications in organic bioelectronics, including (multi)sensors, neuromorphic devices, and electrochromic devices. OMIECs show promise in organic bioelectronics due to their compatibility with biological systems and the ability to modulate electronic conduction and ionic transport, resembling the principles of biological systems. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on OMIECs offer significant potential for bioelectronic applications, responding to external stimuli through modulation of ionic transport. An in-depth review of recent research achievements in organic bioelectronic applications using OMIECs, categorized based on physical and chemical stimuli as well as neuromorphic devices and circuit applications, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwook Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yousang Won
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Song
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Minsang Jun
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
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7
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Belleri P, Pons I Tarrés J, McCulloch I, Blom PWM, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Gkoupidenis P, Torricelli F. Unravelling the operation of organic artificial neurons for neuromorphic bioelectronics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5350. [PMID: 38914568 PMCID: PMC11196688 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic artificial neurons operating in liquid environments are crucial components in neuromorphic bioelectronics. However, the current understanding of these neurons is limited, hindering their rational design and development for realistic neuronal emulation in biological settings. Here we combine experiments, numerical non-linear simulations, and analytical tools to unravel the operation of organic artificial neurons. This comprehensive approach elucidates a broad spectrum of biorealistic behaviors, including firing properties, excitability, wetware operation, and biohybrid integration. The non-linear simulations are grounded in a physics-based framework, accounting for ion type and ion concentration in the electrolytic medium, organic mixed ionic-electronic parameters, and biomembrane features. The derived analytical expressions link the neurons spiking features with material and physical parameters, bridging closer the domains of artificial neurons and neuroscience. This work provides streamlined and transferable guidelines for the design, development, engineering, and optimization of organic artificial neurons, advancing next generation neuronal networks, neuromorphic electronics, and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Belleri
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Judith Pons I Tarrés
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paschalis Gkoupidenis
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, 2401 Stinson Dr, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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8
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Du H, Chen B, Zhang F. Strong Acceptors Based on Derivatives of Benzothiadiazoloimidazole. Molecules 2024; 29:2262. [PMID: 38792123 PMCID: PMC11124087 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the rapid progression of organic semiconductors, developing high-air-stability n-type organic semiconductors are still challenging. Herein, novel strong acceptors based on benzothiadiazoloimidazole units are reported. The results reveal that the strong acceptor BTI-NDI-BTI-a has good solubility and high electron affinity (3.94 eV), accompanied by 1D slipped-stacking crystals. Notably, the material presents promising potential for developing into air-stable n-type organic semiconductor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyun Du
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Bin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China;
| | - Fengyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China;
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9
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Song Q, Liu H, Wang W, Chen C, Cao Y, Chen B, Cai B, He R. Carboxyl graphene modified PEDOT:PSS organic electrochemical transistor for in situ detection of cancer cell morphology. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:3631-3640. [PMID: 38276969 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06190f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells in human peripheral blood play an important role in cancer metastasis. In addition to the size-based and antibody-based capture and separation of cancer cells, their electrical characterization is important for rare cell detection, which can prove fatal in point-of-care testing. Herein, an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) biosensor made of solution-gated carboxyl graphene mixed with PEDOT:PSS for the detection of cancer cells in situ is reported. Carboxyl graphene was used in this work to modulate cancer cell morphology, which differs significantly from normal blood cells, to achieve rare cancer cell detection. When the concentration of carboxyl graphene mixed in PEDOT:PSS was increased from 0 to 5 mg mL-1, the cancer cell surface area increased from 218 μm2 to 530 μm2, respectively. A change in cell morphology was also detected by the OECT. Negative charges in the cancer cells induced a positive shift in gate voltage, which was approximately 40 mV for spherical-shaped cells. When the cell surface area increased, transfer curves of transistor revealed a negative shift in gate voltage. Therefore, the sensor can be used for in situ detection of cancer cell morphology during the cell capture process, which can be used to identify whether the captured cells are deformable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Song
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Hongni Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Chaohui Chen
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Yiping Cao
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Bolei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Bo Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Rongxiang He
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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10
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Jiang X, Shi C, Wang Z, Huang L, Chi L. Healthcare Monitoring Sensors Based on Organic Transistors: Surface/Interface Strategy and Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308952. [PMID: 37951211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic transistors possess inherent advantages such as flexibility, biocompatibility, customizable chemical structures, solution-processability, and amplifying capabilities, making them highly promising for portable healthcare sensor applications. Through convenient and diverse modifications at the material and device surfaces or interfaces, organic transistors allow for a wide range of sensor applications spanning from chemical and biological to physical sensing. In this comprehensive review, the surface and interface engineering aspect associated with four types of typical healthcare sensors is focused. The device operation principles and sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed and highlighted, and particularly surface/interface functionalization strategies that contribute to the enhancement of sensing performance are focused. An outlook and perspective on the critical issues and challenges in the field of healthcare sensing using organic transistors are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Suzhou Laboratory, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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11
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Jo IY, Jeong D, Moon Y, Lee D, Lee S, Choi JG, Nam D, Kim JH, Cho J, Cho S, Kim DY, Ahn H, Kim BJ, Yoon MH. High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors Achieved by Optimizing Structural and Energetic Ordering of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307402. [PMID: 37989225 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
For optimizing steady-state performance in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), both molecular design and structural alignment approaches must work in tandem to minimize energetic and microstructural disorders in polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductor films. Herein, a series of poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole)s bearing various lengths of aliphatic-glycol hybrid side chains (PDPP-mEG; m = 2-5) is developed to achieve high-performance p-type OECTs. PDPP-4EG polymer with the optimized length of side chains exhibits excellent crystallinity owing to enhanced lamellar and backbone interactions. Furthermore, the improved structural ordering in PDPP-4EG films significantly decreases trap state density and energetic disorder. Consequently, PDPP-4EG-based OECT devices produce a mobility-volumetric capacitance product ([µC*]) of 702 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 and a hole mobility of 6.49 ± 0.60 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Finally, for achieving the optimal structural ordering along the OECT channel direction, a floating film transfer method is employed to reinforce the unidirectional orientation of polymer chains, leading to a substantially increased figure-of-merit [µC*] to over 800 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 . The research demonstrates the importance of side chain engineering of polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductors in conjunction with their anisotropic microstructural optimization to maximize OECT characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yina Moon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchan Lee
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyu Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeon Nam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhan Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinuk Cho
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - HyungJu Ahn
- Industrial Technology Convergence Center, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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12
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Yang W, Feng K, Ma S, Liu B, Wang Y, Ding R, Jeong SY, Woo HY, Chan PKL, Guo X. High-Performance n-Type Polymeric Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors: The Impacts of Halogen Functionalization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305416. [PMID: 37572077 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing high-performance n-type polymer mixed ionic-electronic conductors (PMIECs) is a grand challenge, which largely determines their applications in vaious organic electronic devices, such as organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and organic thermoelectrics (OTEs). Herein, two halogen-functionalized PMIECs f-BTI2g-TVTF and f-BTI2g-TVTCl built from fused bithiophene imide dimer (f-BTI2) as the acceptor unit and halogenated thienylene-vinylene-thienylene (TVT) as the donor co-unit are reported. Compared to the control polymer f-BTI2g-TVT, the fluorinated f-BTI2g-TVTF shows lower-positioned lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), improved charge transport property, and greater ion uptake capacity. Consequently, f-BTI2g-TVTF delivers a state-of-the-art µC* of 90.2 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 with a remarkable electron mobility of 0.41 cm2 V-1 s-1 in OECTs and an excellent power factor of 64.2 µW m-1 K-2 in OTEs. An OECT-based inverter amplifier is further demonstrated with voltage gain up to 148 V V-1 , which is among the highest values for OECT inverters. Such results shed light on the impacts of halogen atoms on developing high-performing n-type PMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Suxiang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Riqing Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Anamro 145, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Anamro 145, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Paddy Kwok Leung Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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13
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Ju P, Zhu YY, Jiang TT, Gao G, Wang SL, Jiang XW, Xu YT, Zhai XF, Zhou H, Zhao WW. DNA intercalation makes possible superior-gain organic photoelectrochemical transistor detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115543. [PMID: 37499378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
DNA intercalation has increasingly been studied for various scenario implementations due to the diverse functions of DNA/intercalators. Nascent organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) biosensing taking place in organic electronics and photoelectrochemical bioanalysis represents a promising technological frontier in the arena. In this work, we first devise DNA intercalation-enabled OPECT for miRNA detection with a superior gain up to 17100. Intercalation of [Ru(bpy)2dppz]2+ within the miRNA-initiated hybrid chain reaction (HCR)-derived duplex DNA is realized for producing anodic photocurrent upon light stimulation, causing the corresponding target-dependent alternation in gate voltage (VG) and hence the modulated channel current (IDS) of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) under specific drain voltage (VDS) for quantitative miRNA-21 analysis, which shows a wide linear relationship and a low detection limit of 5.5 × 10-15 mol L-1. This study features the DNA intercalation-enabled organic electronics with superior gain and is envisaged to attract more attention to explore DNA adducts for innovative bioelectronics and biosensing, given the diverse DNA binders with multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ju
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao, 266061, China; College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, PR China
| | - Yu-Yue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Tian-Tong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Shi-Liang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China; College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, PR China
| | - Xing-Wu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Yi-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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14
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Lee Y, Carnicer-Lombarte A, Han S, Woodington BJ, Chai S, Polyravas AG, Velasco-Bosom S, Kim EH, Malliaras GG, Jung S. Tunable Organic Active Neural Probe Enabling Near-Sensor Signal Processing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301782. [PMID: 37212503 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Neural recording systems have significantly progressed to provide an advanced understanding and treatment for neurological diseases. Flexible transistor-based active neural probes exhibit great potential in electrophysiology applications due to their intrinsic amplification capability and tissue-compliant nature. However, most current active neural probes exhibit bulky back-end connectivity since the output is current, and the development of an integrated circuit for voltage output is crucial for near-sensor signal processing at the abiotic/biotic interface. Here, inkjet-printed organic voltage amplifiers are presented by monolithically integrating organic electrochemical transistors and thin-film polymer resistors on a single, highly flexible substrate for in vivo brain activity recording. Additive inkjet printing enables the seamless integration of multiple active and passive components on the somatosensory cortex, leading to significant noise reduction over the externally connected typical configuration. It also facilitates fine-tuning of the voltage amplification and frequency properties. The organic voltage amplifiers are validated as electrocorticography devices in a rat in vivo model, showing their ability to record local field potentials in an experimental model of spontaneous and epileptiform activity. These results bring organic active neural probes to the forefront in applications where efficient sensory data processing is performed at sensor endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Lee
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Alejandro Carnicer-Lombarte
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Sanggil Han
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Ben J Woodington
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Seungjin Chai
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Anastasios G Polyravas
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Santiago Velasco-Bosom
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 20 Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong, 30099, Republic of Korea
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Sungjune Jung
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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15
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Guo Q, Huang J, Fang H, Li X, Su Y, Xiong Y, Leng Y, Huang X. Gold nanoparticle-decorated covalent organic frameworks as amplified light-scattering probes for highly sensitive immunodetection of Salmonella in milk. Analyst 2023; 148:4084-4090. [PMID: 37486303 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00946g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Traditional immunoassays exhibit insufficient screening sensitivity for foodborne pathogens due to their low colorimetric signal intensities. Herein, we propose an ultrasensitive dynamic light scattering (DLS) immunosensor for Salmonella based on a "cargo release-seed growth" strategy enabled by a probe, namely gold nanoparticle-decorated covalent organic frameworks (COF@AuNP). Large amounts of AuNPs in COF@AuNP can be released by acid treatment-induced decomposition of the imine-linked COF, and then they are enlarged via gold growth to generate a dramatically enhanced light-scattering signal, leading to a vast improvement in detection sensitivity. Based on an immunomagnetic microbead carrier, the proposed DLS immunosensor is capable of detecting trace Salmonella in milk in the range of 2.0 × 102-2.0 × 105 CFU mL-1, with a limit of detection of 60 CFU mL-1. The immunosensor also demonstrated excellent selectivity, good accuracy and precision, and high reliability for detecting Salmonella in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
| | - Hao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
| | - Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
- Sino German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Yuankui Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
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16
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Cucchi M, Parker D, Stavrinidou E, Gkoupidenis P, Kleemann H. In Liquido Computation with Electrochemical Transistors and Mixed Conductors for Intelligent Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209516. [PMID: 36813270 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation implantable computational devices require long-term-stable electronic components capable of operating in, and interacting with, electrolytic surroundings without being damaged. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) emerged as fitting candidates. However, while single devices feature impressive figures of merit, integrated circuits (ICs) immersed in common electrolytes are hard to realize using electrochemical transistors, and there is no clear path forward for optimal top-down circuit design and high-density integration. The simple observation that two OECTs immersed in the same electrolytic medium will inevitably interact hampers their implementation in complex circuitry. The electrolyte's ionic conductivity connects all the devices in the liquid, producing unwanted and often unforeseeable dynamics. Minimizing or harnessing this crosstalk has been the focus of very recent studies. Herein, the main challenges, trends, and opportunities for realizing OECT-based circuitry in a liquid environment that could circumnavigate the hard limits of engineering and human physiology, are discussed. The most successful approaches in autonomous bioelectronics and information processing are analyzed. Elaborating on the strategies to circumvent and harness device crosstalk proves that platforms capable of complex computation and even machine learning (ML) can be realized in liquido using mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cucchi
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Neuro-X Institute, Chemin des Mines 9, Geneva, 1202, Switzerland
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 1, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniela Parker
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | | | - Hans Kleemann
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 1, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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17
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Parmeggiani M, Ballesio A, Battistoni S, Carcione R, Cocuzza M, D’Angelo P, Erokhin VV, Marasso SL, Rinaldi G, Tarabella G, Vurro D, Pirri CF. Organic Bioelectronics Development in Italy: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:460. [PMID: 36838160 PMCID: PMC9966652 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, studies concerning Organic Bioelectronics have had a constant growth due to the interest in disciplines such as medicine, biology and food safety in connecting the digital world with the biological one. Specific interests can be found in organic neuromorphic devices and organic transistor sensors, which are rapidly growing due to their low cost, high sensitivity and biocompatibility. This trend is evident in the literature produced in Italy, which is full of breakthrough papers concerning organic transistors-based sensors and organic neuromorphic devices. Therefore, this review focuses on analyzing the Italian production in this field, its trend and possible future evolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Parmeggiani
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Ballesio
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Battistoni
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Rocco Carcione
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Pasquale D’Angelo
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Victor V. Erokhin
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgia Rinaldi
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tarabella
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Vurro
- Camlin Italy Srl, Via Budellungo 2, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy
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18
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Ohayon D, Druet V, Inal S. A guide for the characterization of organic electrochemical transistors and channel materials. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1001-1023. [PMID: 36637165 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00920j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is one of the most versatile devices within the bioelectronics toolbox, with its compatibility with aqueous media and the ability to transduce and amplify ionic and biological signals into an electronic output. The OECT operation relies on the mixed (ionic and electronic charge) conduction properties of the material in its channel. With the increased popularity of OECTs in bioelectronics applications and to benchmark mixed conduction properties of channel materials, the characterization methods have broadened somewhat heterogeneously. We intend this review to be a guide for the characterization methods of the OECT and the channel materials used. Our review is composed of two main sections. First, we review techniques to fabricate the OECT, introduce different form factors and configurations, and describe the device operation principle. We then discuss the OECT performance figures of merit and detail the experimental procedures to obtain these characteristics. In the second section, we shed light on the characterization of mixed transport properties of channel materials and describe how to assess films' interactions with aqueous electrolytes. In particular, we introduce experimental methods to monitor ion motion and diffusion, charge carrier mobility, and water uptake in the films. We also discuss a few theoretical models describing ion-polymer interactions. We hope that the guidelines we bring together in this review will help researchers perform a more comprehensive and consistent comparison of new materials and device designs, and they will be used to identify advances and opportunities to improve the device performance, progressing the field of organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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19
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Song J, Liu H, Zhao Z, Guo X, Liu CK, Griggs S, Marks A, Zhu Y, Law HKW, McCulloch I, Yan F. 2D metal-organic frameworks for ultraflexible electrochemical transistors with high transconductance and fast response speeds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd9627. [PMID: 36630506 PMCID: PMC9833676 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical transistors (ECTs) have shown broad applications in bioelectronics and neuromorphic devices due to their high transconductance, low working voltage, and versatile device design. To further improve the device performance, semiconductor materials with both high carrier mobilities and large capacitances in electrolytes are needed. Here, we demonstrate ECTs based on highly oriented two-dimensional conjugated metal-organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs). The ion-conductive vertical nanopores formed within the 2D c-MOFs films lead to the most convenient ion transfer in the bulk and high volumetric capacitance, endowing the devices with fast speeds and ultrahigh transconductance. Ultraflexible device arrays are successfully used for wearable on-skin recording of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals along different directions, which can provide various waveforms comparable with those of multilead ECG measurement systems for monitoring heart conditions. These results indicate that 2D c-MOFs are excellent semiconductor materials for high-performance ECTs with promising applications in flexible and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuyun Guo
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-ki Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Helen Ka-wai Law
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Xu YT, Yuan C, Zhou BY, Li Z, Hu J, Lin P, Zhao WW, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Silicon solar cell-enabled organic photoelectrochemical transistor optoelectronics. SCIENCE CHINA MATERIALS 2023; 66:1861-1869. [PMID: 36685049 PMCID: PMC9838416 DOI: 10.1007/s40843-022-2295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been increasingly explored for innovative electronic devices. However, they inherently demand two power suppliers, which is unfavorable for the utilization of portable and wearable systems with strict energy requirements. Herein, by assembling a monocrystalline silicon solar cell into the OECT circuit with light as fuel, we demonstrated the possibility of a self-powered and light-modulated operation of organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) optoelectronics. Exemplified by poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-based depletion-mode and accumulation-mode OECTs, different light-addressable configurations were constructed, and the corresponding characteristics were systematically studied and compared. Different device behaviors with distinct characteristics could be achieved with the appropriate usage of light stimulation. Toward applications, optologics were designed with various parameters depending on the incident irradiance. Light-controlled OPECT unipolar inverters were further demonstrated and optimized with respect to the power source and resistance. This work features new OPECT optoelectronics combined with proper flexible substrates and solar cells for potential applications in portable and wearable devices. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s40843-022-2295-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Cheng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Bing-Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Jin Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
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21
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Vertical organic electrochemical transistors for complementary circuits. Nature 2023; 613:496-502. [PMID: 36653571 PMCID: PMC9849123 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and OECT-based circuitry offer great potential in bioelectronics, wearable electronics and artificial neuromorphic electronics because of their exceptionally low driving voltages (<1 V), low power consumption (<1 µW), high transconductances (>10 mS) and biocompatibility1-5. However, the successful realization of critical complementary logic OECTs is currently limited by temporal and/or operational instability, slow redox processes and/or switching, incompatibility with high-density monolithic integration and inferior n-type OECT performance6-8. Here we demonstrate p- and n-type vertical OECTs with balanced and ultra-high performance by blending redox-active semiconducting polymers with a redox-inactive photocurable and/or photopatternable polymer to form an ion-permeable semiconducting channel, implemented in a simple, scalable vertical architecture that has a dense, impermeable top contact. Footprint current densities exceeding 1 kA cm-2 at less than ±0.7 V, transconductances of 0.2-0.4 S, short transient times of less than 1 ms and ultra-stable switching (>50,000 cycles) are achieved in, to our knowledge, the first vertically stacked complementary vertical OECT logic circuits. This architecture opens many possibilities for fundamental studies of organic semiconductor redox chemistry and physics in nanoscopically confined spaces, without macroscopic electrolyte contact, as well as wearable and implantable device applications.
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22
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Li Z, Xu YT, Hu J, Wang T, Liu FQ, Zhou H, Chen GX, Lin P, Zhao WW, Xu JJ, Chen HY. High-gain signal-on PEDOT:PSS organic photoelectrochemical transistor biosensing modulated by a MXene/MOFs/NiO Schottky heterojunction. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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The effect of residual palladium on the performance of organic electrochemical transistors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7964. [PMID: 36575179 PMCID: PMC9794802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors are a promising technology for bioelectronic devices, with applications in neuromorphic computing and healthcare. The active component enabling an organic electrochemical transistor is the organic mixed ionic-electronic conductor whose optimization is critical for realizing high-performing devices. In this study, the influence of purity and molecular weight is examined for a p-type polythiophene and an n-type naphthalene diimide-based polymer in improving the performance and safety of organic electrochemical transistors. Our preparative GPC purification reduced the Pd content in the polymers and improved their organic electrochemical transistor mobility by ~60% and 80% for the p- and n-type materials, respectively. These findings demonstrate the paramount importance of removing residual Pd, which was concluded to be more critical than optimization of a polymer's molecular weight, to improve organic electrochemical transistor performance and that there is readily available improvement in performance and stability of many of the reported organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors.
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24
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Li P, Shi J, Lei Y, Huang Z, Lei T. Switching p-type to high-performance n-type organic electrochemical transistors via doped state engineering. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5970. [PMID: 36216813 PMCID: PMC9551099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are essential for logic circuits and sensors. However, the performances of n-type OECTs lag far behind that of p-type ones. Conventional wisdom posits that the LUMO energy level dictates the n-type performance. Herein, we show that engineering the doped state is more critical for n-type OECT polymers. By balancing more charges to the donor moiety, we could effectively switch a p-type polymer to high-performance n-type material. Based on this concept, the polymer, P(gTDPP2FT), exhibits a record high n-type OECT performance with μC* of 54.8 F cm-1 V-1 s-1, mobility of 0.35 cm2 V-1 s-1, and response speed of τon/τoff = 1.75/0.15 ms. Calculations and comparison studies show that the conversion is primarily due to the more uniform charges, stabilized negative polaron, enhanced conformation, and backbone planarity at negatively charged states. Our work highlights the critical role of understanding and engineering polymers' doped states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junwei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuqiu Lei
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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25
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Wu X, Tam TLD, Chen S, Salim T, Zhao X, Zhou Z, Lin M, Xu J, Loo YL, Leong WL. All-Polymer Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Balanced Ionic and Electronic Transport. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206118. [PMID: 36008368 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of organic electrochemical transistor (OECTs)-based circuits brings new opportunities for next-generation integrated bioelectronics. The all-polymer bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) offers an attractive, inexpensive alternative to achieve efficient ambipolar OECTs, and building blocks of logic circuits constructed from them, but have not been investigated to date. Here, the first all-polymer BHJ-based OECTs are reported, consisting of a blend of new p-type ladder conjugated polymer and a state-of-the-art n-type ladder polymer. The whole ladder-type polymer BHJ also proves that side chains are not necessary for good ion transport. Instead, the polymer nanostructures play a critical role in the ion penetration and transportation and thus in the device performance. It also provides a facile strategy and simplifies the fabrication process, forgoing the need to pattern multiple active layers. In addition, the development of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-like OECTs allows the pursuit of advanced functional logic circuitry, including inverters and NAND gates, as well as for amplifying electrophysiology signals. This work opens a new approach to the design of new materials for OECTs and will contribute to the development of organic heterojunctions for ambipolar OECTs toward high-performing logic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihu Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Teck Lip Dexter Tam
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Engineering and Environment (ISCE2), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Teddy Salim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Zhongliang Zhou
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Engineering and Environment (ISCE2), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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26
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Lu MJ, Li CJ, Ban R, Chen FZ, Hu J, Gao G, Zhou H, Lin P, Zhao WW. Tuning the Surface Molecular Charge of Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistors with Significantly Improved Signal Resolution: A General Strategy toward Sensitive Bioanalysis. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2788-2794. [PMID: 36069701 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nature makes use of molecular charges to operate specific biological synthesis and reactions. Targeting advanced opto-bioelectronic sensors, organic photoelectrochemical transistors (OPECTs), taking advantage of the light fuel substituting an external gate potential, is now debuting and expected to serve as a universal platform for studying the rich light-biomatter interplay for new bioanalytics. Given the ubiquity of charged biomolecules in nature, molecular charge manipulation should underpin a generic route for innovative OPECT regulation and operation, which nevertheless has remained unachieved. Herein, this work manifests the biological tuning of surface charge toward the OPECT biosensor, which was exemplified by a light-sensitive CdS quantum dot (QD) gate electrode interfaced by a smart DNA superstructure with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) responsiveness. Highly negative-charged supramolecular DNA concatemers were self-assembled via sequential hybridization, and the ATP-triggered disassembly of the DNA concatemers would cause a tandem change of the effective gate voltage and transfer characteristics with significantly improved resolution. The present opto-bioelectronic device translates the events of charged molecules into amplified electrical signals and outlines a generic format for the future exploitation of rich biological tunability and light-biomatter interplay for innovative bioanalytics and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jiao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Cheng-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rui Ban
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Feng-Zao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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27
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He Q, Dexter Tam TL, Lin T, Chien SW, Lin M, Meng H, Huang W, Xu J. π-Extended Poly(benzimidazoanthradiisoquinolinedione) Ladder-type Conjugated Polymer. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1136-1141. [PMID: 36048135 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1960s, poly(benzobisimidazobenzophenathrolinedione) (BBL) has been the only n-type ladder-type conjugated polymer (LCP) that is utilized in thin film electronic devices. Its high electrochemical and thermal stabilities make it a promising candidate for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and thermoelectrics (OTEs) applications. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a new π-extended poly(benzimidazoanthradiisoquinolinedione) (BAL). The tetrachlorinated BAL (Cl4-BAL) is fully soluble in methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and can be spin-coated into good quality thin films, enabling the fabrication and characterization of OTEs. Doping of Cl4-BAL films using our in-house benzyl viologen radical cation (BV●+) n-dopant shows better electrical air-stability as compared to BBL due to its very low LUMO value (-4.83 eV), making it a promising material toward air-stable n-doped conducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang He
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Teck Lip Dexter Tam
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Engineering and Environment (ISCE2), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore 627833, Singapore
| | - Tingting Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Sheau Wei Chien
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072 P. R. China.,School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 2199 Lishui Road, Shenzhen, 518055 P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Engineering and Environment (ISCE2), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore 627833, Singapore.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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28
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Biological modulating organic photoelectrochemical transistor through in situ enzymatic engineering of photoactive gate for sensitive detection of serum alkaline phosphatase. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 218:114752. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Li T, Cheryl Koh JY, Moudgil A, Cao H, Wu X, Chen S, Hou K, Surendran A, Stephen M, Tang C, Wang C, Wang QJ, Tay CY, Leong WL. Biocompatible Ionic Liquids in High-Performing Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Ion Detection and Electrophysiological Monitoring. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12049-12060. [PMID: 35939084 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have recently attracted attention due to their high transconductance and low operating voltage, which makes them ideal for a wide range of biosensing applications. Poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:poly-4-styrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a typical material used as the active channel layer in OECTs. Pristine PEDOT:PSS has poor electrical conductivity, and additives are typically introduced to improve its conductivity and OECT performance. However, these additives are mostly either toxic or not proven to be biocompatible. Herein, a biocompatible ionic liquid [MTEOA][MeOSO3] is demonstrated to be an effective additive to enhance the performance of PEDOT:PSS-based OECTs. The influence of [MTEOA][MeOSO3] on the conductivity, morphology, and redox process of PEDOT:PSS is investigated. The PEDOT:PSS/[MTEOA][MeOSO3]-based OECT exhibits high transconductance (22.3 ± 4.5 mS μm-1), high μC* (the product of mobility μ and volumetric capacitance C*) (283.80 ± 29.66 F cm-1 V-1 s-1), fast response time (∼40.57 μs), and excellent switching cyclical stability. Next, the integration of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ion-selective membranes with the OECTs is demonstrated, enabling selective ion detection in the physiological range. In addition, flexible OECTs are designed for electrocardiography (ECG) signal acquisition. These OECTs have shown robust performance against physical deformation and successfully recorded high-quality ECG signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Jie Yan Cheryl Koh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141
| | - Akshay Moudgil
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Huan Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Xihu Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Kunqi Hou
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Abhijith Surendran
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Meera Stephen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Cindy Tang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Chongwu Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Qi Jie Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre and Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
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30
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Li W, Jin J, Xiong T, Yu P, Mao L. Fast-Scanning Potential-Gated Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Highly Sensitive Sensing of Dopamine in Living Rat Brain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204134. [PMID: 35583258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Developing techniques for the highly sensitive assay of neurotransmitters is essential for understanding physiological and pathological processes. Here, we demonstrate a fast-scanning potential (FSP)-gated organic electrochemical transistor (OECT): for the highly sensitive sensing of dopamine (DA) in a living rat brain. The configuration combines the selectivity of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) with the high sensitivity of an OECT. The combined use of FSP as a gating mode and transconductance (gm ) as a sensing parameter further improve the sensing performance in terms of sensitivity, limit of detection, reproducibility, and stability. The FSP-OECT exhibits a sensitivity of 0.899 S M-1 and a low limit of detection down to 5 nM and was validated for in vivo monitoring of the basal level and electrically stimulated release of DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianyi Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China.,College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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31
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Liu J, Wang R, Zhou H, Mathesh M, Dubey M, Zhang W, Wang B, Yang W. Nucleic acid isothermal amplification-based soft nanoarchitectonics as an emerging electrochemical biosensing platform. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:10286-10298. [PMID: 35791765 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of nucleic acid isothermal amplification strategies based on soft nanoarchitectonics offers a new dimension to the traditional electrochemical technique, particularly because of its flexibility, high efficiency, and increased sensitivity for analytical applications. Various DNA/RNA isothermal amplification strategies have been developed for the design and fabrication of new electrochemical biosensors for efficient and important biomolecular detection. Herein, we provide an overview of recent efforts in this research field and the strategies for signal-amplified sensing systems, with their biological applications, current challenges and prospects in this promising new area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, PR China.
| | - Ruke Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, PR China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Motilal Mathesh
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3217, Australia.
| | - Mukul Dubey
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Wengan Zhang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, PR China.
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, PR China.
| | - Wenrong Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3217, Australia.
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32
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Granelli R, Alessandri I, Gkoupidenis P, Vassalini I, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Blom PWM, Torricelli F. High-Performance Bioelectronic Circuits Integrated on Biodegradable and Compostable Substrates with Fully Printed Mask-Less Organic Electrochemical Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2108077. [PMID: 35642950 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202108077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) rely on volumetric ion-modulation of the electronic current to provide low-voltage operation, large signal amplification, enhanced sensing capabilities, and seamless integration with biology. The majority of current OECT technologies require multistep photolithographic microfabrication methods on glass or plastic substrates, which do not provide an ideal path toward ultralow cost ubiquitous and sustainable electronics and bioelectronics. At the same time, the development of advanced bioelectronic circuits combining bio-detection, amplification, and local processing functionalities urgently demand for OECT technology platforms with a monolithic integration of high-performance iontronic circuits and sensors. Here, fully printed mask-less OECTs fabricated on thin-film biodegradable and compostable substrates are proposed. The dispensing and capillary printing methods are used for depositing both high- and low-viscosity OECT materials. Fully printed OECT unipolar inverter circuits with a gain normalized to the supply voltage as high as 136.6 V-1 , and current-driven sensors for ion detection and real-time monitoring with a sensitivity of up to 506 mV dec-1 , are integrated on biodegradable and compostable substrates. These universal building blocks with the top-performance ever reported demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and can open opportunities for next-generation high-performance sustainable bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Granelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Ivano Alessandri
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | | | - Irene Vassalini
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
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33
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Li W, Jin J, Xiong T, Yu P, Mao L. Fast‐Scanning Potential‐Gated Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Highly Sensitive Sensing of Dopamine in Living Rat Brain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jing Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Tianyi Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
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34
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Feng K, Shan W, Wang J, Lee JW, Yang W, Wu W, Wang Y, Kim BJ, Guo X, Guo H. Cyano-Functionalized n-Type Polymer with High Electron Mobility for High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201340. [PMID: 35429014 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
n-Type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) with high electron mobility are scarce and highly challenging to develop. As a result, the figure-of-merit (µC*) of n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) lags far behind the p-type analogs, restraining the development of OECT-based low-power complementary circuits and biosensors. Here, two n-type donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers based on fused bithiophene imide dimer f-BTI2 as the acceptor unit and thienylene-vinylene-thienylene (TVT) as the donor co-unit are reported. The cyanation of TVT enables polymer f-BTI2g-TVTCN with simultaneously enhanced ion-uptake ability, film structural order, and charge-transport property. As a result, it is able to obtain a high volumetric capacitance (C*) of 170 ± 22 F cm-3 and a record OECT electron mobility (μe,OECT ) of 0.24 cm2 V-1 s-1 for f-BTI2g-TVTCN, subsequently achieving a state-of-the-art µC* of 41.3 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 and geometry-normalized transconductance (gm,norm ) of 12.8 S cm-1 in n-type accumulation-mode OECTs. In contrast, only a moderate µC* of 1.50 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 is measured for the non-cyanated polymer f-BTI2g-TVT. These remarkable results demonstrate the great power of cyano functionalization of polymer semiconductors in developing n-type OMIECs with substantial electron mobility in aqueous environment for high-performance n-type OECTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Feng
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wentao Shan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wenchang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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35
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Nguyen-Dang T, Chae S, Chatsirisupachai J, Wakidi H, Promarak V, Visell Y, Nguyen TQ. Dual-Mode Organic Electrochemical Transistors Based on Self-Doped Conjugated Polyelectrolytes for Reconfigurable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200274. [PMID: 35362210 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable organic logic devices are promising candidates for next generations of efficient computing systems and adaptive electronics. Ideally, such devices would be of simple structure and design, be power efficient, and compatible with high-throughput microfabrication techniques. This work reports an organic reconfigurable logic gate based on novel dual-mode organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), which employ a self-doped conjugated polyelectrolyte as the active material, which then allows the transistors to operate in both depletion mode and enhancement mode. Furthermore, mode switching is accomplished by simply altering the polarity of the applied gate and drain voltages, which can be done on the fly. In contrast, achieving similar mode-switching functionality with other organic transistors typically requires complex molecular design or multi-device engineering. It in shown that dual-mode functionality is enabled by the concurrent existence of anion doping and cation dedoping of the films. A device physics model that accurately describes the behavior of these transistors is developed. Finally, the utility of these dual-mode transistors for implementing reconfigurable logic by fabricating a logic gate that may be switched between logic gates AND to NOR, and OR to NAND on the fly is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Nguyen-Dang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Sangmin Chae
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jirat Chatsirisupachai
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Hiba Wakidi
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Yon Visell
- RE Touch Lab, California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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36
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Zhang Y, van Doremaele ERW, Ye G, Stevens T, Song J, Chiechi RC, van de Burgt Y. Adaptive Biosensing and Neuromorphic Classification Based on an Ambipolar Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200393. [PMID: 35334499 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) are central to bioelectronic applications such as biosensors, health-monitoring devices, and neural interfaces, and have facilitated efficient next-generation brain-inspired computing and biohybrid systems. Despite these examples, smart and adaptive circuits that can locally process and optimize biosignals have not yet been realized. Here, a tunable sensing circuit is shown that can locally modulate biologically relevant signals like electromyograms (EMGs) and electrocardiograms (ECGs), that is based on a complementary logic inverter combined with a neuromorphic memory element, and that is constructed from a single polymer mixed conductor. It is demonstrated that a small neuromorphic array based on this material effects high classification accuracy in heartbeat anomaly detection. This high-performance material allows for straightforward monolithic integration, which reduces fabrication complexity while also achieving high on/off ratios with excellent ambient p- and n-type stability in transistor performance. This material opens a route toward simple and straightforward fabrication and integration of more sophisticated adaptive circuits for future smart bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxi Zhang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline R W van Doremaele
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Ye
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Stevens
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Song
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yoeri van de Burgt
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
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37
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Li Y, Cui B, Zhang S, Li B, Li J, Liu S, Zhao Q. Ion-Selective Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Recent Progress and Challenges. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107413. [PMID: 35182018 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The charged species inside biofluids (blood, interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, urine, etc.) can reflect the human body's physiological conditions and thus be adopted to diagnose various diseases early. Among all personalized health management applications, ion-selective organic electrochemical transistors (IS-OECTs) have shown tremendous potential in point-of-care testing of biofluids due to low cost, ease of fabrication, high signal amplification, and low detection limit. Moreover, IS-OECTs exhibit excellent flexibility and biocompatibility that enable their application in wearable bioelectronics for continuous health monitoring. In this review, the working principle of IS-OECTs and the recent studies of IS-OECTs for performance improvement are reviewed. Specifically, contemporary studies on material design and device optimization to enhance the sensitivity of IS-OECTs are discussed. In addition, the progress toward the commercialization of IS-OECTs is highlighted, and the recently proposed solutions or alternatives are summarized. The main challenges and perspectives for fully exploiting IS-OECTs toward future preventive and personal medical devices are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bingxiang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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38
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Hybridization chain reaction for regulating surface capacitance of organic photoelectrochemical transistor toward sensitive miRNA detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 209:114224. [PMID: 35395586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photon-enabled bioelectronics has long been pursued in modern electronics due to their non-contact, remote-control, and even self-powered function interfacing the biological world with semiconductor devices. The debuting organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) relies on the photovoltage generated by the semiconductors to modulate the channel conductance, which enables light-fueled operation at zero gate bias. Inspired by the insulating nature of macrobiomolecules and surface capacitance mechanism, herein we demonstrate the biological regulation of the surface capacitance towards new OPECT biodetection, which was exemplified by a CdS quantum dots/TiO2 nanotubes photoanode accommodating hybridization chain reaction (HCR) amplification with the target of biomarker miRNA-17. Formation of the non-conducting DNA layer from the miRNA-17-oriented HCR could decrease the surface capacitance and increase the corresponding fractional potential drop, shifting the transfer curve horizontally to higher gate voltage and thus producing different drain currents. The OPECT biosensor exhibited a linear relationship with the miRNA-17 concentration on the logarithmic axis in the range from 1 pm. to 10 μm with a detection limit of 1 pm. This work not only represented a generic methodology of miRNA detection, but also provided a universal mechanism for the operation of advanced OPECT bioanalytics.
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39
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Organic electrochemical neurons and synapses with ion mediated spiking. Nat Commun 2022; 13:901. [PMID: 35194026 PMCID: PMC8863887 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Future brain-machine interfaces, prosthetics, and intelligent soft robotics will require integrating artificial neuromorphic devices with biological systems. Due to their poor biocompatibility, circuit complexity, low energy efficiency, and operating principles fundamentally different from the ion signal modulation of biology, traditional Silicon-based neuromorphic implementations have limited bio-integration potential. Here, we report the first organic electrochemical neurons (OECNs) with ion-modulated spiking, based on all-printed complementary organic electrochemical transistors. We demonstrate facile bio-integration of OECNs with Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) to induce lobe closure upon input stimuli. The OECNs can also be integrated with all-printed organic electrochemical synapses (OECSs), exhibiting short-term plasticity with paired-pulse facilitation and long-term plasticity with retention >1000 s, facilitating Hebbian learning. These soft and flexible OECNs operate below 0.6 V and respond to multiple stimuli, defining a new vista for localized artificial neuronal systems possible to integrate with bio-signaling systems of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates.
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40
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He Y, Kukhta NA, Marks A, Luscombe CK. The effect of side chain engineering on conjugated polymers in organic electrochemical transistors for bioelectronic applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:2314-2332. [PMID: 35310858 PMCID: PMC8852261 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05229b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics focuses on the establishment of the connection between the ion-driven biosystems and readable electronic signals. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) offer a viable solution for this task. Organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs) rest at the heart of OECTs. The balance between the ionic and electronic conductivities of OMIECs is closely connected to the OECT device performance. While modification of the OMIECs' electronic properties is largely related to the development of conjugated scaffolds, properties such as ion permeability, solubility, flexibility, morphology, and sensitivity can be altered by side chain moieties. In this review, we uncover the influence of side chain molecular design on the properties and performance of OECTs. We summarise current understanding of OECT performance and focus specifically on the knowledge of ionic-electronic coupling, shedding light on the significance of side chain development of OMIECs. We show how the versatile synthetic toolbox of side chains can be successfully employed to tune OECT parameters via controlling the material properties. As the field continues to mature, more detailed investigations into the crucial role side chain engineering plays on the resultant OMIEC properties will allow for side chain alternatives to be developed and will ultimately lead to further enhancements within the field of OECT channel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei He
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
| | - Nadzeya A Kukhta
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98195 USA
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41
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Kim Y, Kim G, Ding B, Jeong D, Lee I, Park S, Kim BJ, McCulloch I, Heeney M, Yoon MH. High-Current-Density Organic Electrochemical Diodes Enabled by Asymmetric Active Layer Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107355. [PMID: 34852181 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their outstanding electrical/electrochemical performance, operational stability, mechanical flexibility, and decent biocompatibility, organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors have shown great potential as implantable electrodes for neural recording/stimulation and as active channels for signal switching/amplifying transistors. Nonetheless, no studies exist on a general design rule for high-performance electrochemical diodes, which are essential for highly functional circuit architectures. In this work, generalizable electrochemical diodes with a very high current density over 30 kA cm-2 are designed by introducing an asymmetric active layer based on organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. The underlying mechanism on polarity-sensitive balanced ionic doping/dedoping is elucidated by numerical device analysis and in operando spectroelectrochemical potential mapping, while the general material requirements for electrochemical diode operation are deduced using various types of conjugated polymers. In parallel, analog signal rectification and digital logic processing circuits are successfully demonstrated to show the broad impact of circuits incorporating organic electrochemical diodes. It is expected that organic electrochemical diodes will play vital roles in realizing multifunctional soft bioelectronic circuitry in combination with organic electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngseok Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Bowen Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Dahyun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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42
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Macchia E, Torricelli F, Bollella P, Sarcina L, Tricase A, Di Franco C, Österbacka R, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Scamarcio G, Torsi L. Large-Area Interfaces for Single-Molecule Label-free Bioelectronic Detection. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4636-4699. [PMID: 35077645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic transducing surfaces that are nanometric in size have been the main route to detect single molecules. Though enabling the study of rarer events, such methodologies are not suited to assay at concentrations below the nanomolar level. Bioelectronic field-effect-transistors with a wide (μm2-mm2) transducing interface are also assumed to be not suited, because the molecule to be detected is orders of magnitude smaller than the transducing surface. Indeed, it is like seeing changes on the surface of a one-kilometer-wide pond when a droplet of water falls on it. However, it is a fact that a number of large-area transistors have been shown to detect at a limit of detection lower than femtomolar; they are also fast and hence innately suitable for point-of-care applications. This review critically discusses key elements, such as sensing materials, FET-structures, and target molecules that can be selectively assayed. The amplification effects enabling extremely sensitive large-area bioelectronic sensing are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.,Centre for Colloid and Surface Science - Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Tricase
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- CNR, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Sede di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- CNR, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Sede di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.,Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.,Centre for Colloid and Surface Science - Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
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43
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Shi Z, Xu Z, Hu J, Wei W, Zeng X, Zhao WW, Lin P. Ascorbic acid-mediated organic photoelectrochemical transistor sensing strategy for highly sensitive detection of heart-type fatty acid binding protein. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 201:113958. [PMID: 34996003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) has been regarded as a promising biomarker for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Developing fast and reliable method for H-FABP detection is still highly desirable but challenging. Herein, an ascorbic acid (AA)-mediated organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) sensing strategy was reported for the detection of H-FABP in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution and human serum. A primary antibody/H-FABP/secondary antibody-Au NPs-alkaline phosphatase (ALP) sandwich immunorecognition structure was constructed. The modified ALP could catalytically convert ascorbic acid-2-phosphate to AA, which was then analyzed by OPECT. As a result, the AA-mediated OPECT sensing strategy realized highly sensitive detection of H-FABP with a detection limit of 3.23 × 10-14 g/mL which is two orders of magnitude lower than that of PEC method. Under optimal experimental conditions, H-FABP concentration could be obtained in ∼90 min. Importantly, the analysis of H-FABP was resistant to the interference from immunoglobulin G, bovine serum albumin, cysteine, AA and human serum. The proposed AA-mediated OPECT sensing strategy provides a simple, fast, and accurate way for H-FABP detection in AMI suspected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuonan Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Jin Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Weiwei Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xierong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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44
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Wu HY, Yang CY, Li Q, Kolhe NB, Strakosas X, Stoeckel MA, Wu Z, Jin W, Savvakis M, Kroon R, Tu D, Woo HY, Berggren M, Jenekhe SA, Fabiano S. Influence of Molecular Weight on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Ladder-Type Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106235. [PMID: 34658088 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) hold promise for developing a variety of high-performance (bio-)electronic devices/circuits. While OECTs based on p-type semiconductors have achieved tremendous progress in recent years, n-type OECTs still suffer from low performance, hampering the development of power-efficient electronics. Here, it is demonstrated that fine-tuning the molecular weight of the rigid, ladder-type n-type polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) by only one order of magnitude (from 4.9 to 51 kDa) enables the development of n-type OECTs with record-high geometry-normalized transconductance (gm,norm ≈ 11 S cm-1 ) and electron mobility × volumetric capacitance (µC* ≈ 26 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 ), fast temporal response (0.38 ms), and low threshold voltage (0.15 V). This enhancement in OECT performance is ascribed to a more efficient intermolecular charge transport in high-molecular-weight BBL than in the low-molecular-weight counterpart. OECT-based complementary inverters are also demonstrated with record-high voltage gains of up to 100 V V-1 and ultralow power consumption down to 0.32 nW, depending on the supply voltage. These devices are among the best sub-1 V complementary inverters reported to date. These findings demonstrate the importance of molecular weight in optimizing the OECT performance of rigid organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors and open for a new generation of power-efficient organic (bio-)electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Nagesh B Kolhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marios Savvakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Deyu Tu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
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45
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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46
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Chen C, Song Q, Lu W, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Liu X, He R. A sensitive platform for DNA detection based on organic electrochemical transistor and nucleic acid self-assembly signal amplification. RSC Adv 2021; 11:37917-37922. [PMID: 35498089 PMCID: PMC9044053 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07375c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly sensitive detection of DNA is of great importance for the detection of genetic damage and errors for the diagnosis of many diseases. Traditional highly sensitive organic electrochemical transistor (OECT)-based methods mainly rely on good conductivity materials, which may be limited by complex synthesis and modification steps. In this work, DNA biosensor based on OECT and hybridization chain reaction (HCR) signal amplification was demonstrated for the first time. Au nanoparticles were electrochemically deposited on the Au gate electrode to increase the surface area. Then, the HCR products, long negatively charged double-stranded DNA, were connected to the target by hybridization, which can increase the effective gate voltage offset of OECT. This sensor exhibited high sensitivity and even 0.1 pM target DNA could be directly detected with a significant voltage shift. In addition, it could discriminate target DNA from the mismatched DNA with good selectivity. This proposed method based on HCR in DNA detection exhibited an efficient amplification performance on OECT, which provided new opportunities for highly sensitive and selective detection of DNA. A new method has been developed for DNA detection by integrating hybridization chain reaction signal amplification with organic electrochemical transistor device for the first time.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Photoelectric Materials and Technology, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 PR China
| | - Qingyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Photoelectric Materials and Technology, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 PR China
| | - Wangting Lu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Photoelectric Materials and Technology, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 PR China
| | - Zhengtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Photoelectric Materials and Technology, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 PR China
| | - Yanhua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Photoelectric Materials and Technology, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Photoelectric Materials and Technology, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 PR China
| | - Rongxiang He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Photoelectric Materials and Technology, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 PR China
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47
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Murugasenapathi NK, Ghosh R, Ramanathan S, Ghosh S, Chinnappan A, Mohamed SAJ, Esther Jebakumari KA, Gopinath SCB, Ramakrishna S, Palanisamy T. Transistor-Based Biomolecule Sensors: Recent Technological Advancements and Future Prospects. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1044-1065. [PMID: 34788167 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2002133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Transistor-based sensors have been widely recognized to be highly sensitive and reliable for point-of-care/bed-side diagnosis. In this line, a range of cutting-edge technologies has been generated to elevate the role of transistors for biomolecule detection. Detection of a wide range of clinical biomarkers has been reported using various configurations of transistors. The inordinate sensitivity of transistors to the field-effect imparts high sensitivity toward wide range of biomolecules. This overview has gleaned the present achievements with the technological advancements using high performance transistor-based sensors. This review encloses transistors incorporated with a variety of functional nanomaterials and organic elements for their excellence in selectivity and sensitivity. In addition, the technological advancements in fabrication of these microdevices or nanodevices and functionalization of the sensing elements have also been discussed. The technological gap in the realization of sensors in transistor platforms and the resulted scope for research has been discussed. Finally, foreseen technological advancements and future research perspectives are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natchimuthu Karuppusamy Murugasenapathi
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rituparna Ghosh
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Soumalya Ghosh
- Department of Production Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Amutha Chinnappan
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Syed Abuthahir Jamal Mohamed
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Abraham Esther Jebakumari
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tamilarasan Palanisamy
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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48
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Flexible complementary circuits operating at sub-0.5 V via hybrid organic-inorganic electrolyte-gated transistors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2111790118. [PMID: 34716274 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111790118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) hold great promise for next-generation printed logic circuitry, biocompatible integrated sensors, and neuromorphic devices. However, EGT-based complementary circuits with high voltage gain and ultralow driving voltage (<0.5 V) are currently unrealized, because achieving balanced electrical output for both the p- and n-type EGT components has not been possible with current materials. Here we report high-performance EGT complementary circuits containing p-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) fabricated with an ion-permeable organic semiconducting polymer (DPP-g2T) and an n-type electrical double-layer transistor (EDLT) fabricated with an ion-impermeable inorganic indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) semiconductor. Adjusting the IGZO composition enables tunable EDLT output which, for In:Ga:Zn = 10:1:1 at%, balances that of the DPP-g2T OECT. The resulting hybrid electrolyte-gated inverter (HCIN) achieves ultrahigh voltage gains (>110) under a supply voltage of only 0.7 V. Furthermore, NAND and NOR logic circuits on both rigid and flexible substrates are realized, enabling not only excellent logic response with driving voltages as low as 0.2 V but also impressive mechanical flexibility down to 1-mm bending radii. Finally, the HCIN was applied in electrooculographic (EOG) signal monitoring for recording eye movement, which is critical for the development of wearable medical sensors and also interfaces for human-computer interaction; the high voltage amplification of the present HCIN enables EOG signal amplification and monitoring in which a small ∼1.5 mV signal is amplified to ∼30 mV.
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49
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Rashid RB, Ji X, Rivnay J. Organic electrochemical transistors in bioelectronic circuits. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113461. [PMID: 34197997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) represents a versatile and impactful electronic building block in the areas of printed electronics, bioelectronics, and neuromorphic computing. Significant efforts in OECTs have focused on device physics, new active material design and synthesis, and on preliminary implementation of individual transistors as proof-of-concept components for sensing and computation. However, as most of the current studies are based on single devices, the integration of OECTs into circuits or high-level systems has lagged. In this review, we focus on recent efforts to incorporate individual OECTs into digital, analog, and neuromorphic circuits, and lay out important considerations relevant for (hybrid) systems integration. We summarize the operation principles and the functions of OECT-based circuits and discuss the approaches for wireless power and data transmission for practicality in biological and bio-inspired applications. Finally, we comment on the future directions and challenges facing OECT circuits from both a fundamental and applied perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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50
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Xia Y, Ma Y, Wu Y, Yi Y, Lin H, Zhu G. Free-electrodeposited anodic stripping voltammetry sensing of Cu(II) based on Ti 3C 2T x MXene/carbon black. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:377. [PMID: 34643816 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A proof-of-principle concept for free-electrodeposited anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) sensing of Cu2+ is proposed by using Ti3C2Tx MXene/carbon black (Ti3C2Tx@CB) nanohybrids as electrode materials. Owing to the high adsorption and reduction capability of Ti3C2Tx towards Cu2+, Ti3C2Tx MXene enables Cu2+ to be immobilized and self-reduced directly to form Cu0 on the Ti3C2Tx@CB electrode surface. As a result an oxidation peak current appears from the re-oxidation of Cu0 via differential pulse voltammetry. Carbon black (CB) was introduced to prevent Ti3C2Tx Mxene aggregation and improve the related electron transfer as well as enhance their surface area. After optimizing various conditions, a considerable low limit of detection (4.6 nM) and a wide linear range (0.01-15.0 μM) for Cu2+ were achieved at the working potential from - 0.3 V to 0.0 V (vs SCE). Relative standard deviation (RSD) of eight individual Ti3C2Tx@CB electrodes is 3.72%, and the recoveries from tap water sample and lake water sample were in the ranges of 97.0-108% and 104-107%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Xia
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhi Ma
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Wu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhui Yi
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Hunan Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyu Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Ocean College, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gangbing Zhu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Ocean College, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
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