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Sbandati C, Stathopoulos S, Foster P, Peer ND, Sestito C, Serb A, Vassanelli S, Cohen D, Prodromakis T. Single-trial detection of auditory cues from the rat brain using memristors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp7613. [PMID: 39231225 PMCID: PMC11373585 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp7613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Implantable devices hold the potential to address conditions currently lacking effective treatments, such as drug-resistant neural impairments and prosthetic control. Medical devices need to be biologically compatible while providing enhanced performance metrics of low-power consumption, high accuracy, small size, and minimal latency to enable ongoing intervention in brain function. Here, we demonstrate a memristor-based processing system for single-trial detection of behaviorally meaningful brain signals within a timeframe that supports real-time closed-loop intervention. We record neural activity from the reward center of the brain, the ventral tegmental area, in rats trained to associate a musical tone with a reward, and we use the memristors built-in thresholding properties to detect nontrivial biomarkers in local field potentials. This approach yields consistent and accurate detection of biomarkers >98% while maintaining power consumption as low as 4.14 nanowatt per channel. The efficacy of our system's capabilities to process real-time in vivo neural data paves the way for low-power chronic neural activity monitoring and biomedical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Sbandati
- Centre for Electronics Frontiers, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Spyros Stathopoulos
- Centre for Electronics Frontiers, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrick Foster
- Centre for Electronics Frontiers, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Noam D Peer
- The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Cristian Sestito
- Centre for Electronics Frontiers, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alex Serb
- Centre for Electronics Frontiers, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stefano Vassanelli
- Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, via Orus 2/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Dana Cohen
- The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Themis Prodromakis
- Centre for Electronics Frontiers, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Wang S, Lin N, Yu Y, He Y, Wang B, Jiang H, Lin P, Xu X, Qi X, Wang Z, Zhang X, Shang D, Liu Q, Cheng KT, Liu M. Semantic memory-based dynamic neural network using memristive ternary CIM and CAM for 2D and 3D vision. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado1058. [PMID: 39141720 PMCID: PMC11323881 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The brain is dynamic, associative, and efficient. It reconfigures by associating the inputs with past experiences, with fused memory and processing. In contrast, AI models are static, unable to associate inputs with past experiences, and run on digital computers with physically separated memory and processing. We propose a hardware-software co-design, a semantic memory-based dynamic neural network using a memristor. The network associates incoming data with the past experience stored as semantic vectors. The network and the semantic memory are physically implemented on noise-robust ternary memristor-based computing-in-memory (CIM) and content-addressable memory (CAM) circuits, respectively. We validate our co-designs, using a 40-nm memristor macro, on ResNet and PointNet++ for classifying images and three-dimensional points from the MNIST and ModelNet datasets, which achieves not only accuracy on par with software but also a 48.1 and 15.9% reduction in computational budget. Moreover, it delivers a 77.6 and 93.3% reduction in energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- ACCESS - AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems, InnoHK Centers, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of the Mind, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Woyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaocong Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- ACCESS - AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems, InnoHK Centers, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of the Mind, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Lin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- ACCESS - AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems, InnoHK Centers, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of the Mind, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yifei Yu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- ACCESS - AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems, InnoHK Centers, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of the Mind, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yangu He
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- ACCESS - AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems, InnoHK Centers, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of the Mind, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- ACCESS - AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems, InnoHK Centers, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of the Mind, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peng Lin
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Xiaoxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongrui Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- ACCESS - AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems, InnoHK Centers, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of the Mind, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xumeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dashan Shang
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kwang-Ting Cheng
- ACCESS - AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems, InnoHK Centers, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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3
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Jiang Q, Liu M. Recent Progress in Artificial Neurons for Neuromodulation. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:214. [PMID: 39194652 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15080214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Driven by the rapid advancement and practical implementation of biomaterials, fabrication technologies, and artificial intelligence, artificial neuron devices and systems have emerged as a promising technology for interpreting and transmitting neurological signals. These systems are equipped with multi-modal bio-integrable sensing capabilities, and can facilitate the benefits of neurological monitoring and modulation through accurate physiological recognition. In this article, we provide an overview of recent progress in artificial neuron technology, with a particular focus on the high-tech applications made possible by innovations in material engineering, new designs and technologies, and potential application areas. As a rapidly expanding field, these advancements have a promising potential to revolutionize personalized healthcare, human enhancement, and a wide range of other applications, making artificial neuron devices the future of brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinkai Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Mengwei Liu
- School of Communication and Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Zeng T, Shi S, Hu K, Jia L, Li B, Sun K, Su H, Gu Y, Xu X, Song D, Yan X, Chen J. Approaching the Ideal Linearity in Epitaxial Crystalline-Type Memristor by Controlling Filament Growth. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401021. [PMID: 38695721 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Brain-inspired neuromorphic computing has attracted widespread attention owing to its ability to perform parallel and energy-efficient computation. However, the synaptic weight of amorphous/polycrystalline oxide based memristor usually exhibits large nonlinear behavior with high asymmetry, which aggravates the complexity of peripheral circuit system. Controllable growth of conductive filaments is highly demanded for achieving the highly linear conductance modulation. However, the stochastic behavior of the filament growth in commonly used amorphous/polycrystalline oxide memristor makes it very challenging. Here, the epitaxially grown Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-based memristor with the linearity and symmetry approaching ideal case is reported. A layer of Cu nanoparticles is inserted into epitaxially grown Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 film to form the grain boundaries due to the breaking of the epitaxial growth. By combining with the local electric field enhancement, the growth of filament is confined in the grain boundaries due to the fact that the diffusion of oxygen vacancy in crystalline lattice is more difficult than that in the grain boundaries. Furthermore, the decimal operation and high-accuracy neural network are demonstrated by utilizing the highly linear and multi-level conductance modulation capacity. This method opens an avenue to control the filament growth for the application of resistance random access memory (RRAM) and neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Shu Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Kejun Hu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Lanxin Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Boyu Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Kaixuan Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Chongqing Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Chongqing, 401123, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science of Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Hanxin Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Chongqing Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Chongqing, 401123, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science of Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Youdi Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science of Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Dongsheng Song
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiaobing Yan
- College of Electron and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jingsheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Chongqing Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Chongqing, 401123, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Jiang Su, 215123, China
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Wu T, Gao S, Li Y. IGZO/WO 3-x-Heterostructured Artificial Optoelectronic Synaptic Devices Mimicking Image Segmentation and Motion Capture. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309857. [PMID: 38258604 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Currently, artificial neural networks (ANNs) based on memristors are limited to recognizing static images of objects when simulating human visual system, preventing them from performing high-dimensional information perception, and achieving more complex biomimetic functions is subject to certain limitations. In this work, indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO)/tungsten oxide (WO3-x)-heterostructured artificial optoelectronic synaptic devices mimicking image segmentation and motion capture exhibiting high-performance optoelectronic synaptic responses are proposed and demonstrated. Upon electrical and optical stimulations, the device shows a variety of fundamental and advanced electrical and optical synaptic plasticity. Most importantly, outstanding and repeatable linear synaptic weight changes are attained by the developed memristor. By taking advantage of the notable linear synaptic weight changes, ANNs have been constructed and successfully utilized to demonstrate two applications in the field of computer vision, including image segmentation and object tracking. The accuracy attained by the memristor-based ANNs is similar to that of the computer algorithms, while its power has been significantly reduced by 105 orders of magnitude. With successful emulations of the human brain reactions when observing objects, the demonstrated memristor and related ANNs can be effectively utilized in constructing artificial optoelectronic synaptic devices and show promising potential in emulating human visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Song Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China
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6
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Tan T, Guo H, Li Y, Wang Y, Cai W, Bao W, Zhou P, Feng X. Integration of MoS 2 Memtransistor Devices and Analogue Circuits for Sensor Fusion in Autonomous Vehicle Target Localization. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13652-13661. [PMID: 38751043 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In contemporary autonomous driving systems relying on sensor fusion, traditional digital processors encounter challenges associated with analogue-to-digital conversion and iterative vector-matrix operations, which are encumbered by limitations in terms of response time and energy consumption. In this study, we present an analogue Kalman filter circuit based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) memtransistor, designed to accelerate sensor fusion for precise localization in autonomous vehicle applications. The nonvolatile memory characteristics of the memtransistor allow for the storage of a fixed Kalman gain, which eliminates the data convergence and thus accelerates the processing speeds. Additionally, the modulation of multiple conductance states by the gate terminal enables fast adaptability to diverse autonomous driving scenarios by tuning multiple Kalman filter gains. Our proposed analogue Kalman filter circuit accurately estimates the position coordinates of target vehicles by fusing sensor data from light detection and ranging (LiDAR), millimeter-wave radar (Radar), and camera, and it successfully solves real-word problems in a signal-free crossroad intersection. Notably, our system achieves a 1000-fold improvement in energy efficiency compared to that of digital circuits. This work underscores the viability of a memtransistor for achieving fast, energy-efficient real-time sensing, and continuous signal processing in advanced sensor fusion technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haoyue Guo
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yida Li
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weiwei Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenzhong Bao
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shaoxing Laboratory, Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuewei Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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7
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Tan D, Sun N, Huang J, Zhang Z, Zeng L, Li Q, Bi S, Bu J, Peng Y, Guo Q, Jiang C. Monolayer Vacancy-Induced MXene Memory for Write-Verify-Free Programming. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402273. [PMID: 38682587 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The fundamental logic states of 1 and 0 in Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) are essential for modern high-speed non-volatile solid-state memories. However, the accumulated storage signal in conventional physical components often leads to data distortion after multiple write operations. This necessitates a write-verify operation to ensure proper values within the 0/1 threshold ranges. In this work, a non-gradual switching memory with two distinct stable resistance levels is introduced, enabled by the asymmetric vertical structure of monolayer vacancy-induced oxidized Ti3C2Tx MXene for efficient carrier trapping and releasing. This non-cumulative resistance effect allows non-volatile memories to attain valid 0/1 logic levels through direct reprogramming, eliminating the need for a write-verify operation. The device exhibits superior performance characteristics, including short write/erase times (100 ns), a large switching ratio (≈3 × 104), long cyclic endurance (>104 cycles), extended retention (>4 × 106 s), and highly resistive stability (>104 continuous write operations). These findings present promising avenues for next-generation resistive memories, offering faster programming speed, exceptional write performance, and streamlined algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchen Tan
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jijie Huang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Zhaorui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Lijun Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qikun Li
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710126, China
| | - Sheng Bi
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingyuan Bu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qinlei Guo
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - Chengming Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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Tian Z, Wu Z, Ying S. Editorial: Brain functional analysis and brain-like intelligence. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1383481. [PMID: 38510464 PMCID: PMC10951388 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1383481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Tian
- School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhengwang Wu
- Department of Radiology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shihui Ying
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Liu X, Sun C, Ye X, Zhu X, Hu C, Tan H, He S, Shao M, Li RW. Neuromorphic Nanoionics for Human-Machine Interaction: From Materials to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311472. [PMID: 38421081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Human-machine interaction (HMI) technology has undergone significant advancements in recent years, enabling seamless communication between humans and machines. Its expansion has extended into various emerging domains, including human healthcare, machine perception, and biointerfaces, thereby magnifying the demand for advanced intelligent technologies. Neuromorphic computing, a paradigm rooted in nanoionic devices that emulate the operations and architecture of the human brain, has emerged as a powerful tool for highly efficient information processing. This paper delivers a comprehensive review of recent developments in nanoionic device-based neuromorphic computing technologies and their pivotal role in shaping the next-generation of HMI. Through a detailed examination of fundamental mechanisms and behaviors, the paper explores the ability of nanoionic memristors and ion-gated transistors to emulate the intricate functions of neurons and synapses. Crucial performance metrics, such as reliability, energy efficiency, flexibility, and biocompatibility, are rigorously evaluated. Potential applications, challenges, and opportunities of using the neuromorphic computing technologies in emerging HMI technologies, are discussed and outlooked, shedding light on the fusion of humans with machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cui Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Cong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Shang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Mengjie Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
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10
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Wan C, Pei M, Shi K, Cui H, Long H, Qiao L, Xing Q, Wan Q. Toward a Brain-Neuromorphics Interface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311288. [PMID: 38339866 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that enable human-machine interaction have immense potential in restoring or augmenting human capabilities. Traditional BCIs are realized based on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technologies with complex, bulky, and low biocompatible circuits, and suffer with the low energy efficiency of the von Neumann architecture. The brain-neuromorphics interface (BNI) would offer a promising solution to advance the BCI technologies and shape the interactions with machineries. Neuromorphic devices and systems are able to provide substantial computation power with extremely high energy-efficiency by implementing in-materia computing such as in situ vector-matrix multiplication (VMM) and physical reservoir computing. Recent progresses on integrating neuromorphic components with sensing and/or actuating modules, give birth to the neuromorphic afferent nerve, efferent nerve, sensorimotor loop, and so on, which has advanced the technologies for future neurorobotics by achieving sophisticated sensorimotor capabilities as the biological system. With the development on the compact artificial spiking neuron and bioelectronic interfaces, the seamless communication between a BNI and a bioentity is reasonably expectable. In this review, the upcoming BNIs are profiled by introducing the brief history of neuromorphics, reviewing the recent progresses on related areas, and discussing the future advances and challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjin Wan
- Yongjiang Laboratory (Y-LAB), Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315202, China
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Mengjiao Pei
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Kailu Shi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hangyuan Cui
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Haotian Long
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lesheng Qiao
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qianye Xing
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qing Wan
- Yongjiang Laboratory (Y-LAB), Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315202, China
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
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11
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Wang Y, Seki T, Gkoupidenis P, Chen Y, Nagata Y, Bonn M. Aqueous chemimemristor based on proton-permeable graphene membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314347121. [PMID: 38300862 PMCID: PMC10861866 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314347121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Memristive devices, electrical elements whose resistance depends on the history of applied electrical signals, are leading candidates for future data storage and neuromorphic computing. Memristive devices typically rely on solid-state technology, while aqueous memristive devices are crucial for biology-related applications such as next-generation brain-machine interfaces. Here, we report a simple graphene-based aqueous memristive device with long-term and tunable memory regulated by reversible voltage-induced interfacial acid-base equilibria enabled by selective proton permeation through the graphene. Surface-specific vibrational spectroscopy verifies that the memory of the graphene resistivity arises from the hysteretic proton permeation through the graphene, apparent from the reorganization of interfacial water at the graphene/water interface. The proton permeation alters the surface charge density on the CaF2 substrate of the graphene, affecting graphene's electron mobility, and giving rise to synapse-like resistivity dynamics. The results pave the way for developing experimentally straightforward and conceptually simple aqueous electrolyte-based neuromorphic iontronics using two-dimensional (2D) materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing211189, China
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Takakazu Seki
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Paschalis Gkoupidenis
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing211189, China
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz55128, Germany
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12
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Xia Y, Zhang C, Xu Z, Lu S, Cheng X, Wei S, Yuan J, Sun Y, Li Y. Organic iontronic memristors for artificial synapses and bionic neuromorphic computing. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1471-1489. [PMID: 38180037 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
To tackle the current crisis of Moore's law, a sophisticated strategy entails the development of multistable memristors, bionic artificial synapses, logic circuits and brain-inspired neuromorphic computing. In comparison with conventional electronic systems, iontronic memristors offer greater potential for the manifestation of artificial intelligence and brain-machine interaction. Organic iontronic memristive materials (OIMs), which possess an organic backbone and exhibit stoichiometric ionic states, have emerged as pivotal contenders for the realization of high-performance bionic iontronic memristors. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of the progress and prospects of OIMs is presented, encompassing their inherent advantages, diverse types, synthesis methodologies, and wide-ranging applications in memristive devices. Predictably, the field of OIMs, as a rapidly developing research subject, presents an exciting opportunity for the development of highly efficient neuro-iontronic systems in areas such as in-sensor computing devices, artificial synapses, and human perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China.
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China.
| | - Zheng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China.
| | - Shuanglong Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xinli Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China.
| | - Shice Wei
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Junwei Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Yanqiu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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13
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Yoo S, Kim M, Choi C, Kim DH, Cha GD. Soft Bioelectronics for Neuroengineering: New Horizons in the Treatment of Brain Tumor and Epilepsy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2303563. [PMID: 38117136 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Soft bioelectronic technologies for neuroengineering have shown remarkable progress, which include novel soft material technologies and device design strategies. Such technological advances that are initiated from fundamental brain science are applied to clinical neuroscience and provided meaningful promises for significant improvement in the diagnosis efficiency and therapeutic efficacy of various brain diseases recently. System-level integration strategies in consideration of specific disease circumstances can enhance treatment effects further. Here, recent advances in soft implantable bioelectronics for neuroengineering, focusing on materials and device designs optimized for the treatment of intracranial disease environments, are reviewed. Various types of soft bioelectronics for neuroengineering are categorized and exemplified first, and then details for the sensing and stimulating device components are explained. Next, application examples of soft implantable bioelectronics to clinical neuroscience, particularly focusing on the treatment of brain tumor and epilepsy are reviewed. Finally, an ideal system of soft intracranial bioelectronics such as closed-loop-type fully-integrated systems is presented, and the remaining challenges for their clinical translation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon Yoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoon Choi
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Doo Cha
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
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14
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Liu S, Zeng J, Wu Z, Hu H, Xu A, Huang X, Chen W, Chen Q, Yu Z, Zhao Y, Wang R, Han T, Li C, Gao P, Kim H, Baik SJ, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Zhou P, Liu G. An ultrasmall organic synapse for neuromorphic computing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7655. [PMID: 37996491 PMCID: PMC10667342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
High-performance organic neuromorphic devices with miniaturized device size and computing capability are essential elements for developing brain-inspired humanoid intelligence technique. However, due to the structural inhomogeneity of most organic materials, downscaling of such devices to nanoscale and their high-density integration into compact matrices with reliable device performance remain challenging at the moment. Herein, based on the design of a semicrystalline polymer PBFCL10 with ordered structure to regulate dense and uniform formation of conductive nanofilaments, we realize an organic synapse with the smallest device dimension of 50 nm and highest integration size of 1 Kb reported thus far. The as-fabricated PBFCL10 synapses can switch between 32 conductance states linearly with a high cycle-to-cycle uniformity of 98.89% and device-to-device uniformity of 99.71%, which are the best results of organic devices. A mixed-signal neuromorphic hardware system based on the organic neuromatrix and FPGA controller is implemented to execute spiking-plasticity-related algorithm for decision-making tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhi Liu
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianmin Zeng
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Han Hu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Ao Xu
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiaohe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weilin Chen
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qilai Chen
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Zhe Yu
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Yinyu Zhao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Tingting Han
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Pingqi Gao
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17579, Korea
| | - Seung Jae Baik
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17579, Korea
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
| | - Zhang Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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15
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Bonnet D, Hirtzlin T, Majumdar A, Dalgaty T, Esmanhotto E, Meli V, Castellani N, Martin S, Nodin JF, Bourgeois G, Portal JM, Querlioz D, Vianello E. Bringing uncertainty quantification to the extreme-edge with memristor-based Bayesian neural networks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7530. [PMID: 37985669 PMCID: PMC10661910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Safety-critical sensory applications, like medical diagnosis, demand accurate decisions from limited, noisy data. Bayesian neural networks excel at such tasks, offering predictive uncertainty assessment. However, because of their probabilistic nature, they are computationally intensive. An innovative solution utilizes memristors' inherent probabilistic nature to implement Bayesian neural networks. However, when using memristors, statistical effects follow the laws of device physics, whereas in Bayesian neural networks, those effects can take arbitrary shapes. This work overcome this difficulty by adopting a variational inference training augmented by a "technological loss", incorporating memristor physics. This technique enabled programming a Bayesian neural network on 75 crossbar arrays of 1,024 memristors, incorporating CMOS periphery for in-memory computing. The experimental neural network classified heartbeats with high accuracy, and estimated the certainty of its predictions. The results reveal orders-of-magnitude improvement in inference energy efficiency compared to a microcontroller or an embedded graphics processing unit performing the same task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djohan Bonnet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Grenoble, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Palaiseau, France.
| | | | - Atreya Majumdar
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon Martin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Michel Portal
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut Matériaux Microélectronique Nanosciences de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - Damien Querlioz
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Palaiseau, France.
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16
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Yin K, Li J, Xiong Y, Zhu M, Tan Z, Jin Z. Simulating Synaptic Behaviors through Frequency Modulation in a Capacitor-Memristor Circuit. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2014. [PMID: 38004871 PMCID: PMC10673497 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Memristors, known for their adjustable and non-volatile resistance, offer a promising avenue for emulating synapses. However, achieving pulse frequency-dependent synaptic plasticity in memristors or memristive systems necessitates further exploration. In this study, we present a novel approach to modulate the conductance of a memristor in a capacitor-memristor circuit by finely tuning the frequency of input pulses. Our experimental results demonstrate that these phenomena align with the long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) observed in synapses, which are induced by the frequency of action potentials. Additionally, we successfully implement a Hebbian-like learning mechanism in a simple circuit that connects a pair of memristors to a capacitor, resulting in observed associative memory formation and forgetting processes. Our findings highlight the potential of capacitor-memristor circuits in faithfully replicating the frequency-dependent behavior of synapses, thereby offering a valuable contribution to the development of brain-inspired neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuibo Yin
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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17
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Dai S, Liu X, Liu Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Wu Y, Cheng P, Xiong L, Huang J. Emerging Iontronic Neural Devices for Neuromorphic Sensory Computing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300329. [PMID: 36891745 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms have a very mysterious and powerful sensory computing system based on ion activity. Interestingly, studies on iontronic devices in the past few years have proposed a promising platform for simulating the sensing and computing functions of living organisms, because: 1) iontronic devices can generate, store, and transmit a variety of signals by adjusting the concentration and spatiotemporal distribution of ions, which analogs to how the brain performs intelligent functions by alternating ion flux and polarization; 2) through ionic-electronic coupling, iontronic devices can bridge the biosystem with electronics and offer profound implications for soft electronics; 3) with the diversity of ions, iontronic devices can be designed to recognize specific ions or molecules by customizing the charge selectivity, and the ionic conductivity and capacitance can be adjusted to respond to external stimuli for a variety of sensing schemes, which can be more difficult for electron-based devices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of emerging neuromorphic sensory computing by iontronic devices, highlighting representative concepts of both low-level and high-level sensory computing and introducing important material and device breakthroughs. Moreover, iontronic devices as a means of neuromorphic sensing and computing are discussed regarding the pending challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P. R. China
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Youdi Liu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yutong Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Junyao Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Lize Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P. R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P. R. China
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
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18
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Chen S, Zhang T, Tappertzhofen S, Yang Y, Valov I. Electrochemical-Memristor-Based Artificial Neurons and Synapses-Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301924. [PMID: 37199224 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Artificial neurons and synapses are considered essential for the progress of the future brain-inspired computing, based on beyond von Neumann architectures. Here, a discussion on the common electrochemical fundamentals of biological and artificial cells is provided, focusing on their similarities with the redox-based memristive devices. The driving forces behind the functionalities and the ways to control them by an electrochemical-materials approach are presented. Factors such as the chemical symmetry of the electrodes, doping of the solid electrolyte, concentration gradients, and excess surface energy are discussed as essential to understand, predict, and design artificial neurons and synapses. A variety of two- and three-terminal memristive devices and memristive architectures are presented and their application for solving various problems is shown. The work provides an overview of the current understandings on the complex processes of neural signal generation and transmission in both biological and artificial cells and presents the state-of-the-art applications, including signal transmission between biological and artificial cells. This example is showcasing the possibility for creating bioelectronic interfaces and integrating artificial circuits in biological systems. Prospectives and challenges of the modern technology toward low-power, high-information-density circuits are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochuan Chen
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 2 (IWE2), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Teng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MOE), School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Stefan Tappertzhofen
- Chair for Micro- and Nanoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, TU Dortmund University, Martin-Schmeisser-Weg 4-6, D-44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuchao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MOE), School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Center for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ilia Valov
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems "Acad. E. Budewski", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev 10, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
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19
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Li L, Wang S, Duan X, Wang Z, Chang KC. Targeted Chemical Processing Initiating Biosome Action-Potential-Matched Artificial Synapses for the Brain-Machine Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:40753-40761. [PMID: 37585625 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
A great gap still exists between artificial synapses and their biological counterparts in operation voltage or stimulation duration. Here, an artificial synaptic device based on a thin-film transistor with an operating voltage (-50-50 mV) analogous to biological action potential is developed by targeted chemical processing with the help of supercritical fluids. Chemical molecules [hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS)] are elaborately chosen and brought into the target interface to form charge receptors through supercritical processing. These charge receptors with the ability of capturing electrons mimic neurotransmitter receptors in terms of mechanism and constitute key players accounting for the synaptic behaviors. The relatively lower electrical barrier height contributes to an action-potential-matched operating voltage and considerably low power consumption (∼1 pJ/synaptic event), minimizing the divide with biological synapse for a seamless linkage to the biosystem or brain-machine interface. The stable synaptic behaviors also lead to near-ideal accuracy in pattern recognition. Moreover, this methodology that introduces chemical groups into a target interface can be viewed as a platform technology that could be adapted to other conventional devices with suitable chemical molecules to reach designed synaptic behaviors. This environmentally friendly and low-temperature processing method, which can be performed even after device fabrication, has the potential to play an important role in the future development of bionic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shidong Wang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinqing Duan
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewen Wang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuan-Chang Chang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
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20
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Tzouvadaki I, Gkoupidenis P, Vassanelli S, Wang S, Prodromakis T. Interfacing Biology and Electronics with Memristive Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210035. [PMID: 36829290 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Memristive technologies promise to have a large impact on modern electronics, particularly in the areas of reconfigurable computing and artificial intelligence (AI) hardware. Meanwhile, the evolution of memristive materials alongside the technological progress is opening application perspectives also in the biomedical field, particularly for implantable and lab-on-a-chip devices where advanced sensing technologies generate a large amount of data. Memristive devices are emerging as bioelectronic links merging biosensing with computation, acting as physical processors of analog signals or in the framework of advanced digital computing architectures. Recent developments in the processing of electrical neural signals, as well as on transduction and processing of chemical biomarkers of neural and endocrine functions, are reviewed. It is concluded with a critical perspective on the future applicability of memristive devices as pivotal building blocks in bio-AI fusion concepts and bionic schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioulia Tzouvadaki
- Centre for Microsystems Technology, Ghent University-IMEC, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | | | - Stefano Vassanelli
- NeuroChip Laboratory and Padova Neuroscience Centre, University of Padova, Padova, 35129, Italy
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Centre for Electronics Frontiers, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Themis Prodromakis
- Centre for Electronics Frontiers, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK
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21
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Azhari S, Banerjee D, Kotooka T, Usami Y, Tanaka H. Influence of junction resistance on spatiotemporal dynamics and reservoir computing performance arising from an SWNT/POM 3D network formed via a scaffold template technique. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8169-8180. [PMID: 36892200 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04619a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
For scientists in numerous fields, creating a physical device that can function like the human brain is an aspiration. It is believed that we may achieve brain-like spatiotemporal information processing by fabricating an in materio reservoir computing (RC) device because of a complex random network topology with nonlinear dynamics. One of the significant drawbacks of a two-dimensional physical reservoir system is the difficulty in controlling the network density. This work reports the use of a 3D porous template as a scaffold to fabricate a three-dimensional network of a single-walled carbon nanotube polyoxometalate nanocomposite. Although the three-dimensional system exhibits better nonlinear dynamics and spatiotemporal dynamics, and higher harmonics generation than a two-dimensional system, the results suggest a correlation between a higher number of resistive junctions and reservoir performance. We show that by increasing the spatial dimension of the device, the memory capacity improves, while the scale-free network exponent (γ) remains nearly unchanged. The three-dimensional device also displays improved performance in the well-known RC benchmark task of waveform generation. This study demonstrates the impact of an additional spatial dimension, network distribution and network density on in materio RC device performance and tries to shed some light on the reason behind such behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Azhari
- Research Center for Neuromorphic AI Hardware, Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech), 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 8080196, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech), 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 8080196, Japan
| | - Deep Banerjee
- Research Center for Neuromorphic AI Hardware, Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech), 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 8080196, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech), 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 8080196, Japan
| | - Takumi Kotooka
- Research Center for Neuromorphic AI Hardware, Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech), 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 8080196, Japan.
| | - Yuki Usami
- Research Center for Neuromorphic AI Hardware, Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech), 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 8080196, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech), 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 8080196, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Research Center for Neuromorphic AI Hardware, Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech), 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 8080196, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech), 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 8080196, Japan
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22
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Liu Y, Tian H, Wu F, Liu A, Li Y, Sun H, Lanza M, Ren TL. Cellular automata imbedded memristor-based recirculated logic in-memory computing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2695. [PMID: 37165017 PMCID: PMC10172358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Memristor-based circuits offer low hardware costs and in-memory computing, but full-memristive circuit integration for different algorithm remains limited. Cellular automata (CA) has been noticed for its well-known parallel, bio-inspired, computational characteristics. Running CA on conventional chips suffers from low parallelism and high hardware costs. Establishing dedicated hardware for CA remains elusive. We propose a recirculated logic operation scheme (RLOS) using memristive hardware and 2D transistors for CA evolution, significantly reducing hardware complexity. RLOS's versatility supports multiple CA algorithms on a single circuit, including elementary CA rules and more complex majority classification and edge detection algorithms. Results demonstrate up to a 79-fold reduction in hardware costs compared to FPGA-based approaches. RLOS-based reservoir computing is proposed for edge computing development, boasting the lowest hardware cost (6 components/per cell) among existing implementations. This work advances efficient, low-cost CA hardware and encourages edge computing hardware exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Anhan Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yihao Li
- Weiyang College, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Mario Lanza
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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23
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Zhao H, Liu Z, Tang J, Gao B, Qin Q, Li J, Zhou Y, Yao P, Xi Y, Lin Y, Qian H, Wu H. Energy-efficient high-fidelity image reconstruction with memristor arrays for medical diagnosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2276. [PMID: 37081008 PMCID: PMC10119144 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical imaging is an important tool for accurate medical diagnosis, while state-of-the-art image reconstruction algorithms raise critical challenges in massive data processing for high-speed and high-quality imaging. Here, we present a memristive image reconstructor (MIR) to greatly accelerate image reconstruction with discrete Fourier transformation (DFT) by computing-in-memory (CIM) with memristor arrays. A high-accuracy quasi-analogue mapping (QAM) method and generic complex matrix transfer (CMT) scheme was proposed to improve the mapping precision and transfer efficiency, respectively. High-fidelity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) image reconstructions were demonstrated, achieving software-equivalent qualities and DICE scores after segmentation with nnU-Net algorithm. Remarkably, our MIR exhibited 153× and 79× improvements in energy efficiency and normalized image reconstruction speed, respectively, compared to graphics processing unit (GPU). This work demonstrates MIR as a promising high-fidelity image reconstruction platform for future medical diagnosis, and also largely extends the application of memristor-based CIM beyond artificial neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhengwu Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianshi Tang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Bin Gao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qi Qin
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Peng Yao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yue Xi
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yudeng Lin
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - He Qian
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huaqiang Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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24
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Wang S, Li Y, Wang D, Zhang W, Chen X, Dong D, Wang S, Zhang X, Lin P, Gallicchio C, Xu X, Liu Q, Cheng KT, Wang Z, Shang D, Liu M. Echo state graph neural networks with analogue random resistive memory arrays. NAT MACH INTELL 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-023-00609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
AbstractRecent years have witnessed a surge of interest in learning representations of graph-structured data, with applications from social networks to drug discovery. However, graph neural networks, the machine learning models for handling graph-structured data, face significant challenges when running on conventional digital hardware, including the slowdown of Moore’s law due to transistor scaling limits and the von Neumann bottleneck incurred by physically separated memory and processing units, as well as a high training cost. Here we present a hardware–software co-design to address these challenges, by designing an echo state graph neural network based on random resistive memory arrays, which are built from low-cost, nanoscale and stackable resistors for efficient in-memory computing. This approach leverages the intrinsic stochasticity of dielectric breakdown in resistive switching to implement random projections in hardware for an echo state network that effectively minimizes the training complexity thanks to its fixed and random weights. The system demonstrates state-of-the-art performance on both graph classification using the MUTAG and COLLAB datasets and node classification using the CORA dataset, achieving 2.16×, 35.42× and 40.37× improvements in energy efficiency for a projected random resistive memory-based hybrid analogue–digital system over a state-of-the-art graphics processing unit and 99.35%, 99.99% and 91.40% reductions of backward pass complexity compared with conventional graph learning. The results point to a promising direction for next-generation artificial intelligence systems for graph learning.
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25
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Zhao Z, Tang J, Yuan J, Li Y, Dai Y, Yao J, Zhang Q, Ding S, Li T, Zhang R, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Qiu S, Li Q, Gao B, Deng N, Qian H, Xing F, You Z, Wu H. Large-Scale Integrated Flexible Tactile Sensor Array for Sensitive Smart Robotic Touch. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16784-16795. [PMID: 36166598 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the long pursuit of smart robotics, it has been envisioned to empower robots with human-like senses, especially vision and touch. While tremendous progress has been made in image sensors and computer vision over the past decades, tactile sense abilities are lagging behind due to the lack of large-scale flexible tactile sensor array with high sensitivity, high spatial resolution, and fast response. In this work, we have demonstrated a 64 × 64 flexible tactile sensor array with a record-high spatial resolution of 0.9 mm (equivalently 28.2 pixels per inch) by integrating a high-performance piezoresistive film (PRF) with a large-area active matrix of carbon nanotube thin-film transistors. PRF with self-formed microstructures exhibited high pressure-sensitivity of ∼385 kPa-1 for multi-walled carbon nanotubes concentration of 6%, while the 14% one exhibited fast response time of ∼3 ms, good linearity, broad detection range beyond 1400 kPa, and excellent cyclability over 3000 cycles. Using this fully integrated tactile sensor array, the footprint maps of an artificial honeybee were clearly identified. Furthermore, we hardware-implemented a smart tactile system by integrating the PRF-based sensor array with a memristor-based computing-in-memory chip to record and recognize handwritten digits and Chinese calligraphy, achieving high classification accuracies of 98.8% and 97.3% in hardware, respectively. The integration of sensor networks with deep learning hardware may enable edge or near-sensor computing with significantly reduced power consumption and latency. Our work could empower the building of large-scale intelligent sensor networks for next-generation smart robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxuan Zhao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianshi Tang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yijun Li
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan Dai
- Tencent Robotics X, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qingtian Zhang
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sanchuan Ding
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | - Yu Zheng
- Tencent Robotics X, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | | | - Song Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bin Gao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ning Deng
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - He Qian
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Xing
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng You
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huaqiang Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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26
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Ren Q, Chen C, Dong D, Xu X, Chen Y, Zhang F. A 13 µW Analog Front-End with RRAM-Based Lowpass FIR Filter for EEG Signal Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6096. [PMID: 36015858 PMCID: PMC9416378 DOI: 10.3390/s22166096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This brief presents an analog front-end (AFE) for the detection of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The AFE is composed of four sections, chopper-stabilized amplifiers, ripple suppression circuit, RRAM-based lowpass FIR filter, and 8-bit SAR ADC. This is the first time that an RRAM-based lowpass FIR filter has been introduced in an EEG AFE, where the bio-plausible characteristics of RRAM are utilized to analyze signals in the analog domain with high efficiency. The preamp uses the symmetrical OTA structure, reducing power consumption while meeting gain requirements. The ripple suppression circuit greatly improves noise characteristics and offset voltage. The RRAM-based low-pass filter achieves a 40 Hz cutoff frequency, which is suitable for the analysis of EEG signals. The SAR ADC adopts a segmented capacitor structure, effectively reducing the capacitor switching power consumption. The chip prototype is designed in 40 nm CMOS technology. The overall power consumption is approximately 13 µW, achieving ultra-low-power operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengying Chen
- School of Microelectronics, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Danian Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI and IME/ECE-FST, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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27
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Li C, Lammie C, Dong X, Amirsoleimani A, Azghadi MR, Genov R. Seizure Detection and Prediction by Parallel Memristive Convolutional Neural Networks. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2022; 16:609-625. [PMID: 35737626 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2022.3185584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, epileptic seizure detection and prediction algorithms have evolved rapidly. However, despite significant performance improvements, their hardware implementation using conventional technologies, such as Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS), in power and area-constrained settings remains a challenging task; especially when many recording channels are used. In this paper, we propose a novel low-latency parallel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture that has between 2-2,800x fewer network parameters compared to State-Of-The-Art (SOTA) CNN architectures and achieves 5-fold cross validation accuracy of 99.84% for epileptic seizure detection, and 99.01% and 97.54% for epileptic seizure prediction, when evaluated using the University of Bonn Electroencephalogram (EEG), CHB-MIT and SWEC-ETHZ seizure datasets, respectively. We subsequently implement our network onto analog crossbar arrays comprising Resistive Random-Access Memory (RRAM) devices, and provide a comprehensive benchmark by simulating, laying out, and determining hardware requirements of the CNN component of our system. We parallelize the execution of convolution layer kernels on separate analog crossbars to enable 2 orders of magnitude reduction in latency compared to SOTA hybrid Memristive-CMOS Deep Learning (DL) accelerators. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of non-idealities on our system and investigate Quantization Aware Training (QAT) to mitigate the performance degradation due to low Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)/Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) resolution. Finally, we propose a stuck weight offsetting methodology to mitigate performance degradation due to stuck [Formula: see text] memristor weights, recovering up to 32% accuracy, without requiring retraining. The CNN component of our platform is estimated to consume approximately 2.791 W of power while occupying an area of 31.255 mm2 in a 22 nm FDSOI CMOS process.
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28
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Ahmadi-Farsani J, Ricci S, Hashemkhani S, Ielmini D, Linares-Barranco B, Serrano-Gotarredona T. A CMOS-memristor hybrid system for implementing stochastic binary spike timing-dependent plasticity. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210018. [PMID: 35658675 PMCID: PMC9168445 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a fully experimental hybrid system in which a [Formula: see text] memristive crossbar spiking neural network (SNN) was assembled using custom high-resistance state memristors with analogue CMOS neurons fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology. The custom memristors used NMOS selector transistors, made available on a second 180 nm CMOS chip. One drawback is that memristors operate with currents in the micro-amperes range, while analogue CMOS neurons may need to operate with currents in the pico-amperes range. One possible solution was to use a compact circuit to scale the memristor-domain currents down to the analogue CMOS neuron domain currents by at least 5-6 orders of magnitude. Here, we proposed using an on-chip compact current splitter circuit based on MOS ladders to aggressively attenuate the currents by over 5 orders of magnitude. This circuit was added before each neuron. This paper describes the proper experimental operation of an SNN circuit using a [Formula: see text] 1T1R synaptic crossbar together with four post-synaptic CMOS circuits, each with a 5-decade current attenuator and an integrate-and-fire neuron. It also demonstrates one-shot winner-takes-all training and stochastic binary spike-timing-dependent-plasticity learning using this small system. This article is part of the theme issue 'Advanced neurotechnologies: translating innovation for health and well-being'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Ahmadi-Farsani
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla, IMSE-CNM (CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla), Av. Américo Vespucio 28, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Saverio Ricci
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Shahin Hashemkhani
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Ielmini
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Bernabé Linares-Barranco
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla, IMSE-CNM (CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla), Av. Américo Vespucio 28, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Teresa Serrano-Gotarredona
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla, IMSE-CNM (CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla), Av. Américo Vespucio 28, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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29
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Dias C, Castro D, Aroso M, Ventura J, Aguiar P. Memristor-Based Neuromodulation Device for Real-Time Monitoring and Adaptive Control of Neuronal Populations. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2022; 4:2380-2387. [PMID: 36571090 PMCID: PMC9778128 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.2c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are specialized cells for information transmission and information processing. In fact, many neurologic disorders are directly linked not to cellular viability/homeostasis issues but rather to specific anomalies in electrical activity dynamics. Consequently, therapeutic strategies based on the direct modulation of neuronal electrical activity have been producing remarkable results, with successful examples ranging from cochlear implants to deep brain stimulation. Developments in these implantable devices are hindered, however, by important challenges such as power requirements, size factor, signal transduction, and adaptability/computational capabilities. Memristors, neuromorphic nanoscale electronic components able to emulate natural synapses, provide unique properties to address these constraints, and their use in neuroprosthetic devices is being actively explored. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, the use of memristive devices in a clinically relevant setting where communication between two neuronal populations is conditioned to specific activity patterns in the source population. In our approach, the memristor device performs a pattern detection computation and acts as an artificial synapse capable of reversible short-term plasticity. Using in vitro hippocampal neuronal cultures, we show real-time adaptive control with a high degree of reproducibility using our monitor-compute-actuate paradigm. We envision very similar systems being used for the automatic detection and suppression of seizures in epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Dias
- IFIMUP,
Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Domingos Castro
- Neuroengineering
and Computational Neuroscience Lab, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia
Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto
de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Miguel Aroso
- Neuroengineering
and Computational Neuroscience Lab, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia
Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto
de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - João Ventura
- IFIMUP,
Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Paulo Aguiar
- Neuroengineering
and Computational Neuroscience Lab, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia
Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto
de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
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30
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Gao B, Zhou Y, Zhang Q, Zhang S, Yao P, Xi Y, Liu Q, Zhao M, Zhang W, Liu Z, Li X, Tang J, Qian H, Wu H. Memristor-based analogue computing for brain-inspired sound localization with in situ training. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2026. [PMID: 35440127 PMCID: PMC9018844 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The human nervous system senses the physical world in an analogue but efficient way. As a crucial ability of the human brain, sound localization is a representative analogue computing task and often employed in virtual auditory systems. Different from well-demonstrated classification applications, all output neurons in localization tasks contribute to the predicted direction, introducing much higher challenges for hardware demonstration with memristor arrays. In this work, with the proposed multi-threshold-update scheme, we experimentally demonstrate the in-situ learning ability of the sound localization function in a 1K analogue memristor array. The experimental and evaluation results reveal that the scheme improves the training accuracy by ∼45.7% compared to the existing method and reduces the energy consumption by ∼184× relative to the previous work. This work represents a significant advance towards memristor-based auditory localization system with low energy consumption and high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtian Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Shuanglin Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xi
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Meiran Zhao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengwu Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jianshi Tang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - He Qian
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Huaqiang Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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Hayes AJ, Farrugia BL, Biose IJ, Bix GJ, Melrose J. Perlecan, A Multi-Functional, Cell-Instructive, Matrix-Stabilizing Proteoglycan With Roles in Tissue Development Has Relevance to Connective Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:856261. [PMID: 35433700 PMCID: PMC9010944 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.856261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the multifunctional properties of perlecan (HSPG2) and its potential roles in repair biology. Perlecan is ubiquitous, occurring in vascular, cartilaginous, adipose, lymphoreticular, bone and bone marrow stroma and in neural tissues. Perlecan has roles in angiogenesis, tissue development and extracellular matrix stabilization in mature weight bearing and tensional tissues. Perlecan contributes to mechanosensory properties in cartilage through pericellular interactions with fibrillin-1, type IV, V, VI and XI collagen and elastin. Perlecan domain I - FGF, PDGF, VEGF and BMP interactions promote embryonic cellular proliferation, differentiation, and tissue development. Perlecan domain II, an LDLR-like domain interacts with lipids, Wnt and Hedgehog morphogens. Perlecan domain III binds FGF-7 and 18 and has roles in the secretion of perlecan. Perlecan domain IV, an immunoglobulin repeat domain, has cell attachment and matrix stabilizing properties. Perlecan domain V promotes tissue repair through interactions with VEGF, VEGF-R2 and α2β1 integrin. Perlecan domain-V LG1-LG2 and LG3 fragments antagonize these interactions. Perlecan domain V promotes reconstitution of the blood brain barrier damaged by ischemic stroke and is neurogenic and neuroprotective. Perlecan-VEGF-VEGFR2, perlecan-FGF-2 and perlecan-PDGF interactions promote angiogenesis and wound healing. Perlecan domain I, III and V interactions with platelet factor-4 and megakaryocyte and platelet inhibitory receptor promote adhesion of cells to implants and scaffolds in vascular repair. Perlecan localizes acetylcholinesterase in the neuromuscular junction and is of functional significance in neuromuscular control. Perlecan mutation leads to Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, functional impairment of the biomechanical properties of the intervertebral disc, variable levels of chondroplasia and myotonia. A greater understanding of the functional working of the neuromuscular junction may be insightful in therapeutic approaches in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders. Tissue engineering of salivary glands has been undertaken using bioactive peptides (TWSKV) derived from perlecan domain IV. Perlecan TWSKV peptide induces differentiation of salivary gland cells into self-assembling acini-like structures that express salivary gland biomarkers and secrete α-amylase. Perlecan also promotes chondroprogenitor stem cell maturation and development of pluripotent migratory stem cell lineages, which participate in diarthrodial joint formation, and early cartilage development. Recent studies have also shown that perlecan is prominently expressed during repair of adult human articular cartilage. Perlecan also has roles in endochondral ossification and bone development. Perlecan domain I hydrogels been used in tissue engineering to establish heparin binding growth factor gradients that promote cell migration and cartilage repair. Perlecan domain I collagen I fibril scaffolds have also been used as an FGF-2 delivery system for tissue repair. With the availability of recombinant perlecan domains, the development of other tissue repair strategies should emerge in the near future. Perlecan co-localization with vascular elastin in the intima, acts as a blood shear-flow endothelial sensor that regulates blood volume and pressure and has a similar role to perlecan in canalicular fluid, regulating bone development and remodeling. This complements perlecan's roles in growth plate cartilage and in endochondral ossification to form the appendicular and axial skeleton. Perlecan is thus a ubiquitous, multifunctional, and pleomorphic molecule of considerable biological importance. A greater understanding of its diverse biological roles and functional repertoires during tissue development, growth and disease will yield valuable insights into how this impressive proteoglycan could be utilized successfully in repair biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Brooke L. Farrugia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ifechukwude J. Biose
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Gregory J. Bix
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonard’s, NSW, Australia
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32
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Liang X, Zhong Y, Tang J, Liu Z, Yao P, Sun K, Zhang Q, Gao B, Heidari H, Qian H, Wu H. Rotating neurons for all-analog implementation of cyclic reservoir computing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1549. [PMID: 35322037 PMCID: PMC8943160 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hardware implementation in resource-efficient reservoir computing is of great interest for neuromorphic engineering. Recently, various devices have been explored to implement hardware-based reservoirs. However, most studies were mainly focused on the reservoir layer, whereas an end-to-end reservoir architecture has yet to be developed. Here, we propose a versatile method for implementing cyclic reservoirs using rotating elements integrated with signal-driven dynamic neurons, whose equivalence to standard cyclic reservoir algorithm is mathematically proven. Simulations show that the rotating neuron reservoir achieves record-low errors in a nonlinear system approximation benchmark. Furthermore, a hardware prototype was developed for near-sensor computing, chaotic time-series prediction and handwriting classification. By integrating a memristor array as a fully-connected output layer, the all-analog reservoir computing system achieves 94.0% accuracy, while simulation shows >1000× lower system-level power than prior works. Therefore, our work demonstrates an elegant rotation-based architecture that explores hardware physics as computational resources for high-performance reservoir computing. Reservoir computing has demonstrated high-level performance, however efficient hardware implementations demand an architecture with minimum system complexity. The authors propose a rotating neuron-based architecture for physically implementing all-analog resource efficient reservoir computing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Liang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Microelectronics Lab, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yanan Zhong
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jianshi Tang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Zhengwu Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Peng Yao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Keyang Sun
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qingtian Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bin Gao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hadi Heidari
- Microelectronics Lab, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - He Qian
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huaqiang Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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33
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Sun J, Yang W, Zheng T, Xiong X, Guo X, Zou X. Enhancing the Recognition Task Performance of MEMS Resonator-Based Reservoir Computing System via Nonlinearity Tuning. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020317. [PMID: 35208441 PMCID: PMC8875144 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reservoir computing (RC) is a potential neuromorphic paradigm for physically realizing artificial intelligence systems in the Internet of Things society, owing to its well-known low training cost and compatibility with nonlinear devices. Micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) resonators exhibiting rich nonlinear dynamics and fading behaviors are promising candidates for high-performance hardware RC. Previously, we presented a non-delay-based RC using one single micromechanical resonator with hybrid nonlinear dynamics. Here, we innovatively introduce a nonlinear tuning strategy to analyze the computing properties (the processing speed and recognition accuracy) of the presented RC. Meanwhile, we numerically and experimentally analyze the influence of the hybrid nonlinear dynamics using the image classification task. Specifically, we study the transient nonlinear saturation phenomenon by fitting quality factors under different vacuums, as well as searching the optimal operating point (the edge of chaos) by the static bifurcation analysis and dynamic vibration numerical models of the Duffing nonlinearity. Our results in the optimal operation conditions experimentally achieved a high classification accuracy of (93 ± 1)% and several times faster than previous work on the handwritten digits recognition benchmark, profit from the perfect high signal-to-noise ratios (quality factor) and the nonlinearity of the dynamical variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.S.); (T.Z.); (X.G.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (W.Y.); (X.X.)
| | - Wuhao Yang
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (W.Y.); (X.X.)
| | - Tianyi Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.S.); (T.Z.); (X.G.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (W.Y.); (X.X.)
| | - Xingyin Xiong
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (W.Y.); (X.X.)
| | - Xiaowei Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.S.); (T.Z.); (X.G.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (W.Y.); (X.X.)
| | - Xudong Zou
- The State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.S.); (T.Z.); (X.G.)
- QILU Aerospace Information Research Institute, Jinan 250101, China
- Correspondence:
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34
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Zhang L, Zhou Y, Hu X, Sun F, Duan S. MSL-MNN: image deraining based on multi-scale lightweight memristive neural network. Neural Comput Appl 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-021-06835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Zhou Y, Gao B, Zhang Q, Yao P, Geng Y, Li X, Sun W, Zhao M, Xi Y, Tang J, Qian H, Wu H. Application of mathematical morphology operation with memristor-based computation-in-memory architecture for detecting manufacturing defects. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 2:123-130. [PMID: 38933903 PMCID: PMC11197732 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical morphology operations are widely used in image processing such as defect analysis in semiconductor manufacturing and medical image analysis. These data-intensive applications have high requirements during hardware implementation that are challenging for conventional hardware platforms such as central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs). Computation-in-memory (CIM) provides a possible solution for highly efficient morphology operations. In this study, we demonstrate the application of morphology operation with a novel memristor-based auto-detection architecture and demonstrate non-neuromorphic computation on a multi-array-based memristor system. Pixel-by-pixel logic computations with low parallelism are converted to parallel operations using memristors. Moreover, hardware-implemented computer-integrated manufacturing was used to experimentally demonstrate typical defect detection tasks in integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing and medical image analysis. In addition, we developed a new implementation scheme employing a four-layer network to realize small-object detection with high parallelism. The system benchmark based on the hardware measurement results showed significant improvement in the energy efficiency by approximately 358 times and 32 times more than when a CPU and GPU were employed, respectively, exhibiting the advantage of the proposed memristor-based morphology operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC), Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Gao
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC), Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtian Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC), Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yao
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC), Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Geng
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC), Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC), Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Sun
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC), Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiran Zhao
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC), Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xi
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC), Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianshi Tang
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC), Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - He Qian
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC), Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaqiang Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC), Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips (ICFC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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36
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Reduction 93.7% time and power consumption using a memristor-based imprecise gradient update algorithm. Artif Intell Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10462-021-10060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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37
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Cucchi M, Gruener C, Petrauskas L, Steiner P, Tseng H, Fischer A, Penkovsky B, Matthus C, Birkholz P, Kleemann H, Leo K. Reservoir computing with biocompatible organic electrochemical networks for brain-inspired biosignal classification. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/34/eabh0693. [PMID: 34407948 PMCID: PMC8373129 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of malign patterns in patients' biological signals can save millions of lives. Despite the steady improvement of artificial intelligence-based techniques, the practical clinical application of these methods is mostly constrained to an offline evaluation of the patients' data. Previous studies have identified organic electrochemical devices as ideal candidates for biosignal monitoring. However, their use for pattern recognition in real time was never demonstrated. Here, we produce and characterize brain-inspired networks composed of organic electrochemical transistors and use them for time-series predictions and classification tasks using the reservoir computing approach. To show their potential use for biofluid monitoring and biosignal analysis, we classify four classes of arrhythmic heartbeats with an accuracy of 88%. The results of this study introduce a previously unexplored paradigm for biocompatible computational platforms and may enable development of ultralow-power consumption hardware-based artificial neural networks capable of interacting with body fluids and biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cucchi
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christopher Gruener
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lautaro Petrauskas
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Chair for Circuit Design and Network Theory (CCN), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Steiner
- Institute for Acoustics and Speech Communication (IAS), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hsin Tseng
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Fischer
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bogdan Penkovsky
- National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Skovorody Str. 2, 04655 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Alysophil SAS, Bio Parc, 850 Boulevard Sebastien Brant, BP 30170 F, 67405, Illkirch CEDEX, France
| | - Christian Matthus
- Chair for Circuit Design and Network Theory (CCN), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Birkholz
- Institute for Acoustics and Speech Communication (IAS), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans Kleemann
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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38
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Wang J, Zhuge X, Zhuge F. Hybrid oxide brain-inspired neuromorphic devices for hardware implementation of artificial intelligence. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2021; 22:326-344. [PMID: 34025215 PMCID: PMC8128179 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1911277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art artificial intelligence technologies mainly rely on deep learning algorithms based on conventional computers with classical von Neumann computing architectures, where the memory and processing units are separated resulting in an enormous amount of energy and time consumed in the data transfer process. Inspired by the human brain acting like an ultra-highly efficient biological computer, neuromorphic computing is proposed as a technology for hardware implementation of artificial intelligence. Artificial synapses are the main component of a neuromorphic computing architecture. Memristors are considered to be a relatively ideal candidate for artificial synapse applications due to their high scalability and low power consumption. Oxides are most widely used in memristors due to the ease of fabrication and high compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor processes. However, oxide memristors suffer from unsatisfactory stability and reliability. Oxide-based hybrid structures can effectively improve the device stability and reliability, therefore providing a promising prospect for the application of oxide memristors to neuromorphic computing. This work reviews the recent advances in the development of hybrid oxide memristive synapses. The discussion is organized according to the blending schemes as well as the working mechanisms of hybrid oxide memristors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrui Wang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Xia Zhuge
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Fei Zhuge
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CONTACT Fei Zhuge Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
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39
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Qu Z, Zhang B, Li C, Peng Y, Wang L, Li Q, Zeng Z, Dong J. A novel WOx-based memristor with a Ti nano-island array. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Sun L, Wang Z, Jiang J, Kim Y, Joo B, Zheng S, Lee S, Yu WJ, Kong BS, Yang H. In-sensor reservoir computing for language learning via two-dimensional memristors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/20/eabg1455. [PMID: 33990331 PMCID: PMC8121431 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic processing of optoelectronic signals carrying temporal and sequential information is critical to various machine learning applications including language processing and computer vision. Despite extensive efforts to emulate the visual cortex of human brain, large energy/time overhead and extra hardware costs are incurred by the physically separated sensing, memory, and processing units. The challenge is further intensified by the tedious training of conventional recurrent neural networks for edge deployment. Here, we report in-sensor reservoir computing for language learning. High dimensionality, nonlinearity, and fading memory for the in-sensor reservoir were achieved via two-dimensional memristors based on tin sulfide (SnS), uniquely having dual-type defect states associated with Sn and S vacancies. Our in-sensor reservoir computing demonstrates an accuracy of 91% to classify short sentences of language, thus shedding light on a low training cost and the real-time solution for processing temporal and sequential signals for machine learning applications at the edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Zhongrui Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Jinbao Jiang
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- IBS Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Bomin Joo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Shoujun Zheng
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Seungyeon Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Woo Jong Yu
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Bai-Sun Kong
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Heejun Yang
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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Zhang H, Cheng C, Huang B, Zhang H, Chen R, Huang Y, Chen H, Pei W. Research on Pt/NiO x/WO 3-x:Ti/W Multijunction Memristors with Synaptic Learning and Memory Functions. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3600-3606. [PMID: 33822633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial synapses based on biological synapses represent a new idea in the field of artificial intelligence with future applications. Current two-terminal RRAM devices have developed tremendously due to the adjustable synaptic plasticity of artificial synapses. However, these devices still have some problems, such as current leakage and poor durability. Here, we demonstrate a Pt/NiOx/WO3-x:Ti/W memristor with a pn-type heterojunction and two metal-semiconductor contacts, which exhibits good rectification. Due to the change in the internal potential barrier, the devices possess multiconductance states under different pulse modulations and memory characteristics, similar to synapses. The rectification characteristics of the device exhibit stable enhancement and suppression behavior. Each device in the 10 × 10 cross array we constructed can be written correctly, which verifies that leakage current does not appear in the device. The structure proposed in this work has great significance for the integration of large-scale memristor cross arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengjie Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuantong Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Beiju Huang
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Chen
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Huang
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongda Chen
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Pei
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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