1
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Wang YC, Chen CR, Chen CY, Liang PH. Synthesis of Quillaic Acid through Sustainable C-H Bond Activations. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5491-5497. [PMID: 38595071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
To meet the demand for quillaic acid, a multigram synthesis of quillaic acid was accomplished in 14 steps, starting from oleanolic acid, leading to an overall yield of 3.4%. Key features include C-H activation at C-16 and C-23. Through Pd-catalyzed C-H acetoxylation, the oxidation at C-23 was observed as the major product, as opposed to at C-24. A copper-mediated C-H hydroxylation using O2 successfully afforded the single isomer, 16β-ol triterpenoid, followed by configuration inversion to the desired 16α-ol compound. In summary, with steps optimized and conducted on a multigram scale, quillaic acid could be feasibly acquired through C-H activation with inexpensive copper catalysts, promoting a more sustainable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ru Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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2
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Zhang S, Goswami S, Schulz KHG, Gill K, Yin X, Hwang J, Wiese J, Jaffer I, Gil RR, Garcia-Bosch I. Regioselective Hydroxylation of Unsymmetrical Ketones Using Cu, H 2O 2, and Imine Directing Groups via Formation of an Electrophilic Cupric Hydroperoxide Core. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2622-2636. [PMID: 38324058 PMCID: PMC10877615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the regioselective functionalization of unsymmetrical ketones using imine directing groups, Cu, and H2O2. The C-H hydroxylation of the substrate-ligands derived from 2-substituted benzophenones occurred exclusively at the γ-position of the unsubstituted ring due to the formation of only one imine stereoisomer. Conversely, the imines derived from 4-substituted benzophenones produced E/Z mixtures that upon reacting with Cu and H2O2 led to two γ-C-H hydroxylation products. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, the ratio of the hydroxylation products did not depend on the ratio of the E/Z isomers but on the electrophilicity of the reactive [LCuOOH]1+. A detailed mechanistic analysis suggests a fast isomerization of the imine substrate-ligand binding the CuOOH core before the rate-determining electrophilic aromatic hydroxylation. Varying the benzophenone substituents and/or introducing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on the 4-position of pyridine of the directing group allowed for fine-tuning of the electrophilicity of the mononuclear [LCuOOH]1+ to reach remarkable regioselectivities (up to 91:9 favoring the hydroxylation of the electron-rich arene ring). Lastly, we performed the C-H hydroxylation of alkyl aryl ketones, and like in the unsymmetrical benzophenones, the regioselectivity of the transformations (sp3 vs sp2) could be controlled by varying the electronics of the substrate and/or the directing group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sunipa Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Karl H. G. Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Karan Gill
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xinyi Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jimin Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jasmine Wiese
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Isabel Jaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Roberto R. Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Isaac Garcia-Bosch
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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3
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Li R, Wu J. Reductive Aldol Approach to Natural Products: Bioinspired Synthesis of abeo-11(12 → 13)-Oleanane Triterpenoids. Org Lett 2023; 25:6278-6283. [PMID: 37595290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of alstoscholarinoid B (1) and 3β-acetoxy-11α-hydroxy-11(12 → 13)abeooleanan-12-al (2) has been accomplished in 7-9 steps and 10%-16% overall yield from oleanolic acid. This synthesis featured a bioinspired SmI2-mediated reductive aldol reaction to establish the abeo-11(12 → 13)-oleanane framework of both 1 and 2 and a retro-aldol/aldol/lactonization cascade to fully construct the skeleton of 1. Moreover, the investigation of the bioinspired aldol reaction also sheds light on the potential biogenesis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 429, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 200213, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 429, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 200213, P. R. China
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4
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Mei W, Fan S, Han Y, Shi C, Qiu L, Shen Y, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Li H. A simple monoselective C-H oxygenation approach for the synthesis of ursane triterpenoids. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1395-1398. [PMID: 36688572 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we presented a simple approach for C-H oxidation in the C23 or/and C24 of ursane triterpenoids without any protection of a Δ12,13 double bond. As a result, from commercial ursolic acid (UA), six naturally occurring ursane triterpenoids were synthesized in overall yields of 3.4% to 36.8%, which implied the importance of this approach for the derivation of natural products and their application in biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Sisi Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yufei Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Cunjian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lijie Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yunheng Shen
- Department of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yufang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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5
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Pentacyclic Triterpenoids-Based Ionic Compounds: Synthesis, Study of Structure-Antitumor Activity Relationship, Effects on Mitochondria and Activation of Signaling Pathways of Proliferation, Genome Reparation and Early Apoptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030756. [PMID: 36765714 PMCID: PMC9913425 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present research paper details the synthesis of novel ionic compounds based on triterpene acids (betulinic, oleanolic and ursolic), with these acids acting both as anions and connected through a spacer with various nitrogen-containing compounds (pyridine, piperidine, morpholine, pyrrolidine, triethylamine and dimethylethanolamine) and acting as a cation. Based on the latter, a large number of ionic compounds with various counterions (BF4-, SbF6-, PF6-, CH3COO-, C6H5SO3-, m-C6H4(OH)COO- and CH3CH(OH)COO-) have been synthesized. We studied the cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds on the example of various tumor (Jurkat, K562, U937, HL60, A2780) and conditionally normal (HEK293) cell lines. IC50 was determined, and the influence of the structure and nature of the anion and cation on the antitumor activity was specified. Intracellular signaling, apoptosis induction and effects of the most active ionic compounds on the cell cycle and mitochondria have been discussed by applying modern methods of multiparametric enzyme immunoassay and flow cytometry.
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6
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Chen J, Dong S, Fang W, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Qin X, Wang C, Zhou H, Jin L, Feng Y, Wang B, Cong Z. Regiodivergent and Enantioselective Hydroxylation of C-H bonds by Synergistic Use of Protein Engineering and Exogenous Dual-Functional Small Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215088. [PMID: 36417593 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is a great challenge to optionally access diverse hydroxylation products from a given substrate bearing multiple reaction sites of sp3 and sp2 C-H bonds. Herein, we report the highly selective divergent hydroxylation of alkylbenzenes by an engineered P450 peroxygenase driven by a dual-functional small molecule (DFSM). Using combinations of various P450BM3 variants with DFSMs enabled access to more than half of all possible hydroxylated products from each substrate with excellent regioselectivity (up to >99 %), enantioselectivity (up to >99 % ee), and high total turnover numbers (up to 80963). Crystal structure analysis, molecular dynamic simulations, and theoretical calculations revealed that synergistic effects between exogenous DFSMs and the protein environment controlled regio- and enantioselectivity. This work has implications for exogenous-molecule-modulated enzymatic regiodivergent and enantioselective hydroxylation with potential applications in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, 266101, Qingdao, China
| | - Sheng Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, 266101, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenhan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Yiping Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, 266101, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast, China National Light Industry, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, China
| | - Xiangquan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, China.,Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, 133002, Yanji, China
| | - Cong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast, China National Light Industry, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, China
| | - Longyi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, 133002, Yanji, China
| | - Yingang Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, 266101, Qingdao, China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, 266101, Qingdao, China
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7
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Krainova G, Beloglazova Y, Dmitriev M, Grishko V. Stereoselective Epoxidation of Triterpenic Allylic Alcohols and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Synthesized Compounds. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020550. [PMID: 36677609 PMCID: PMC9863255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The epoxidation process of semi-synthetic triterpenoids 2-methyl-3-oxo-19β,28-epoxy- 18α-olean-1-ene, and its allylic alcohol derivatives were examined. 1,2α-epoxide, as the main product, was found to be formed from the starting enone exposed to m-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA). In the case of hydroxy-directed mCPBA-oxidation of triterpenic allyl alcohols and their 3α-alkyl-substituted derivatives, inversion of C1 and C2 asymmetric centers with the formation of 1,2β-epoxyalcohols took place. The synthesis of 2,3α-epoxides was fulfilled from 2,3-dialkyl-substituted C(3) allyl alcohols by the action of pyridinium chlorochromate under [1,3]-oxidative rearrangement conditions. The transformations brought about enabled chiral oleanane derivatives with an oxygen-containing substituent at the C1, C2, and C3 atoms to be obtained. The study also provides information on in silico PASS prediction of pharmacological effects and in vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of the synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnaz Krainova
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm 614013, Russia
| | - Yulia Beloglazova
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm 614013, Russia
| | - Maksim Dmitriev
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Perm State University, Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Victoria Grishko
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm 614013, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-342-2378265; Fax: +7-342-2378262
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8
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Ma S, Li Z, Yu P, Shi H, Yang H, Yi J, Zhang Z, Duan X, Xie X, She X. Construction of the Skeleton of Lucidumone. Org Lett 2022; 24:5541-5545. [PMID: 35894551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton of lucidumone was constructed through oxidative dearomatization/intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, Cu-mediated remote C-H hydroxylation, allyl oxidation, acid-promoted dynamic kinetic resolution cyclization, and benzylic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hesi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jiuzhou Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xingang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xuegong She
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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9
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Chen K, Zangiabadi M, Zhao Y. Oxidative Cleavage of Glycosidic Bonds by Synthetic Mimics of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases. Org Lett 2022; 24:3426-3430. [PMID: 35503979 PMCID: PMC10166272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) cleave polysaccharides through copper-bound oxyl radicals. We report a synthetic mimic of LPMO that uses micelle-stabilized hydrogen bonds to bind a glycan and two molecularly imprinted hydrophobic pockets to accommodate the alkyl tail of the glycoside and a copper cofactor, respectively. Cleavage of alkyl glycosides and oligosaccharides with hydrogen peroxide occurs at room temperature in aqueous solution, with selectivities for both the glycan and the alkyl aglycon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqian Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Milad Zangiabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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10
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Yoon H, Galls A, Rozema SD, Miller SJ. Atroposelective Desymmetrization of Resorcinol-Bearing Quinazolinones via Cu-Catalyzed C-O Bond Formation. Org Lett 2022; 24:762-766. [PMID: 35007090 PMCID: PMC8968294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective Cu-catalyzed C-O cross coupling reactions yielding atropisomeric resorcinol-bearing quinazolinones have been developed. Utilizing a new guanidinylated dimeric peptidic ligand, a set of products were generated in good yields with excellent stereocontrol. The transformation was readily scalable, and a range of product derivatizations were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Alexandra Galls
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Soren D Rozema
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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11
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Abstract
Saponins, as secondary metabolites in terrestrial plants and marine invertebrate, constitute one of the largest families of natural products. The long history of folk medicinal applications of saponins makes them attractive candidates for innovative drug design and development. Chemical synthesis has become a practical alternative to the availability of the natural saponins and their modified analogs, so as to facilitate SAR studies and the discovery of optimal structures for clinical applications. The recent achievements in the synthesis of these complex saponins reflect the advancements of both steroid/triterpene chemistry and carbohydrate chemistry. This chapter provides an updated review on the chemical synthesis of natural saponins, covering the literature from 2014 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Liao JX, Sun JS, Hu ZN, Liu H. Advances in the Semi-Synthesis of Triterpenoids. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1543-9719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRecent achievements in triterpenoid semi-synthesis are discussed in this short review, which is divided into three parts according to the type of synthetic strategy being employed. These strategies include functionalization, modification of the carbon skeleton, and glycosylation. In the section on functionalization strategies, both functional group interconversions and new functional group installations on triterpenoid starting materials are described. The section on modification of the carbon skeleton is divided into three parts according to the tactic being applied, and incorporates rearrangement of the carbon skeleton, ring scission, and introduction of an additional heterocyclic ring. Meanwhile, in the section on glycosylation, notable achievements in the semi-synthesis of both natural and artificial triterpene saponins are discussed. Overall, the pivotal transformations that have brought about striking chemical structure variations of triterpenoid starting materials are highlighted herein, and it is hoped that this short review will provide inspiration to both established and new investigators engaged in this field of research. 1 Introduction2 Semi-Synthesis of Triterpenoids via Functionalization Strategies2.1 Functionalization of Rings with Functional Groups2.2 Functionalization of a Side Chain2.3 Functionalization of Rings without Existing Functional Groups 2.4 Functionalization of Angular Methyl Groups2.5 Functionalization of Angular Methyl Groups and Functional-Group-Free Rings2.6 Multisite Modifications3 Semi-Synthesis of Triterpenoids via C-Skeleton Modification Strategies3.1 Rearrangement Tactics3.2 Ring-Opening Tactics3.3 Additional Ring Introduction Tactics4 emi-Synthesis of Triterpenoids via a Glycosylation Strategy5 Conclusions and Outlook
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13
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Jacob C, Maes BUW, Evano G. Transient Directing Groups in Metal-Organic Cooperative Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:13899-13952. [PMID: 34286873 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C-H bonds is among the most fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis. However, when the innate reactivity of the substrate cannot be utilized for the functionalization of a given single C-H bond, this selective C-H bond functionalization mostly relies on the use of directing groups that allow bringing the catalyst in close proximity to the C-H bond to be activated and these directing groups need to be installed before and cleaved after the transformation, which involves two additional undesired synthetic operations. These additional steps dramatically reduce the overall impact and the attractiveness of C-H bond functionalization techniques since classical approaches based on substrate pre-functionalization are sometimes still more straightforward and appealing. During the past decade, a different approach involving both the in situ installation and removal of the directing group, which can then often be used in a catalytic manner, has emerged: the transient directing group strategy. In addition to its innovative character, this strategy has brought C-H bond functionalization to an unprecedented level of usefulness and has enabled the development of remarkably efficient processes for the direct and selective introduction of functional groups onto both aromatic and aliphatic substrates. The processes unlocked by the development of these transient directing groups will be comprehensively overviewed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Jacob
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Mu T, Xu P, Yu B. Facile Synthesis of Oleanane‐type Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Bearing Hydroxy Groups on D/E Rings. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan 310024 Hangzhou China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan 310024 Hangzhou China
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15
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Wang Z, Hui C. Contemporary advancements in the semi-synthesis of bioactive terpenoids and steroids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3791-3812. [PMID: 33949606 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00448d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many natural products have intriguing biological properties that arise from their fascinating chemical structures. However, the intrinsic complexity of the structural skeleton and the reactive functional groups on natural products pose tremendous challenges to chemical syntheses. Semi-synthesis uses chemical compounds isolated from natural sources as the starting materials to produce other novel compounds with distinct chemical and medicinal properties. In particular, advancements in various types of sp3 C-H bond functionalization reactions and skeletal rearrangement methods have contributed to the re-emergence of semi-synthesis as an efficient approach for the synthesis of structurally complex bioactive natural products. Here, we begin with a brief discussion of several bioactive natural products that were obtained via a semi-synthetic approach between 2008 and 2015 and we then discuss in-depth contemporary advancements in the semi-synthesis of bioactive terpenoids and steroids reported during 2016-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Southern University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunngai Hui
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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16
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Wang Z, Wei B, Mu T, Xu P, Yu B. Facile Synthesis of Saikosaponins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071941. [PMID: 33808330 PMCID: PMC8037928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saikosaponin A (SSa) and D (SSd) are typical oleanane-type saponins featuring a unique 13,28-epoxy-ether moiety at D ring of the aglycones, which exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Herein, we report the first synthesis of saikosaponin A/D (1-2) and their natural congeners, including prosaikosaponin F (3), G (4), saikosaponin Y (5), prosaikogenin (6), and clinoposaponin I (7). The present synthesis features ready preparation of the aglycones of high oxidation state from oleanolic acid, regioselective glycosylation to construct the β-(1→3)-linked disaccharide fragment, and efficient gold(I)-catalyzed glycosylation to install the glycans on to the aglycones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Bingcheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (B.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Tong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (B.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (B.W.); (T.M.)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Correspondence: (P.X.); (B.Y.)
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (B.W.); (T.M.)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Correspondence: (P.X.); (B.Y.)
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