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Hu J, Zhu L, Yin X, Chen X, Zhang H, Zhang Y. Effects of protein morphological structures on the cereal processing, sensorial property and starch digestion: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38950560 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2365354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
In cereals, the protein body and protein matrix are usually two morphological protein structures. However, processing treatments can affect protein structures, change protein bodies into the matrix, or induce a change in the matrix structure; therefore, the processing-induced matrix was listed as the third morphological structure of the protein. Previous research on the effect of proteins was mainly based on protein content and composition, but these studies arrived at different conclusions. Studying the effect of protein morphological structures on sensorial property and starch digestion can provide a theoretical basis for selecting cultivars with high sensorial property and help produce low-glycemic index foods for people with diabetes, controlling their postprandial blood sugar. This study aimed to review the distribution and structure of protein bodies, protein matrices, and processing-induced matrices, as well as their influence on cereal sensorial property and starch digestion. Therefore, we determined the protein morphological structures in different cereal cultivars and summarized its impact. Protein bodies mainly have steric stabilization effects on starch gelatinization, whereas the protein matrix serves as a physical barrier surrounding the starch to inhibit water absorption and α-amylase. Processing can change protein morphological structures, enabling protein bodies to act as a physical matrix barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xianting Yin
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yayuan Zhang
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
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2
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Zhang C, Xu Z, Xu Y, Ma M, Xu S, Gebre BA, Corke H, Sui Z. Absolute Quantitative Lipidomics Reveals Different Granule-Associated Surface Lipid Roles in the Digestibility and Pasting of Waxy, Normal, and High-Amylose Rice Starches. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12842-12858. [PMID: 38767652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Granule-associated surface lipids (GASLs) and internal lipids showed different lipid-amylose relationships, contents, and distributions, suggesting their differing biological origins and functions, among waxy, normal, and high-amylose rice starch. The GASL content mainly depended on the pore size, while internal lipids regulated starch biosynthesis, as indicated by correlations of internal lipids with the chain length distribution of amylopectin and amylose content. Of the 1346 lipids detected, 628, 562, and 408 differentially expressed lipids were observed between normal-waxy, high-amylose-waxy, and normal-high-amylose starch, respectively. After the removal of GASLs, the higher lysophospholipid content induced greater decreases in the peak and breakdown viscosity and swelling power, while the highest digestibility increase was found with the highest triacylglycerol content. Thus, different GASL compositions led to different digestibility, swelling, and pasting outcomes. This study sheds new light on the mechanism of the role of GASLs in the structure and properties of starch, as well as in potential modifications and amyloplast membrane development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangchuang Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zekun Xu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuting Xu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mengting Ma
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Song Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Bilatu Agza Gebre
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Harold Corke
- Biotechnology and Food Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, China
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhongquan Sui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Zurak D, Svečnjak Z, Gunjević V, Kiš G, Janječić Z, Pirgozliev V, Grbeša D, Kljak K. Carotenoid content and deposition efficiency in yolks of laying hens fed with dent corn hybrids differing in grain hardness and processing. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103750. [PMID: 38652952 PMCID: PMC11063521 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Yolk carotenoid profile reflects the hen diet when corn grain is the only source of carotenoids, but corn origin and processing may affect carotenoid utilization. In the present study, 2 commercial dent corn hybrids differing in grain hardness (soft- and hard-type) were dried at low (40°C) and high (85°C) temperature and ground through a 5- and 9-mm sieve to investigate their effects on carotenoid bioavailability in laying hens. With 3 hens per cage, 168 Lohmann Brown laying hens were allocated to 8 dietary treatments (2 hybrids × 2 drying temperatures × 2 grinding sieves) in a completely randomized design (8 treatments × 7 cages). The trial lasted 8 wk, during which eggs were collected for analysis every 3 d until carotenoid content stabilized, and then once a week until the end of the experiment. The carotenoid profile of the experimental diets and yolks was analyzed using an HPLC method and deposition efficiency was calculated based on carotenoid contents, yolk weight, egg production and diet intake. The deposition efficiency for lutein, zeaxanthin, α- and β-cryptoxanthin, and β-carotene averaged 27.37, 18.67, 6.29, 3,32, and 0.94%, respectively. As expected, the tested hybrids highly affected the carotenoid content in egg yolk due to their differences in carotenoid profile. Interestingly, hard- and soft-type hybrids differed in the deposition efficiency for all individual carotenoids but not for the total carotenoids. High grain drying temperature tended to increase the bioavailability of lutein and zeaxanthin in both hybrids. For the hard-type hybrid, the content of β-carotene in egg yolk was higher when grains were dried at a high temperature, while the opposite response was found in the soft-type hybrid. The effect of grinding sieve size was important for the zeaxanthin bioavailability in the soft-type hybrid only. In conclusion, our findings showed that corn hybrid had a primary influence on the carotenoid content in the yolks of laying hens, but grain processing may change the bioavailability of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Zurak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Svečnjak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | | | - Goran Kiš
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Janječić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Vasil Pirgozliev
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
| | - Darko Grbeša
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Kristina Kljak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
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4
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Talukder ZA, Chhabra R, Basu S, Gain N, Mishra SJ, Kumar A, Zunjare RU, Muthusamy V, Hossain F. High amylopectin in waxy maize synergistically affects seed germination and seedling vigour over traditional maize genotypes. J Appl Genet 2024:10.1007/s13353-024-00877-w. [PMID: 38773055 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-024-00877-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Waxy maize grains rich in amylopectin have emerged as a popular food and industrial raw materials. Here, a set of waxy inbreds having recessive waxy1 (wx1) gene derived through marker-assisted selection (MAS), and their original versions were evaluated for germination, seed vigour index-I and vigour index-II, electrical conductivity (EC) and enzymatic activities viz., dehydrogenase (DH), esterase (EST), peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and α-amylase (AMY). Waxy inbreds under study possessed average 97.8% amylopectin compared to 72.4% in original inbreds. Waxy versions showed 15.2% more test weight, 4.3% increase in germination, 22.7% higher seed vigour index-I and 28.3% higher seed vigour index-II, respectively, over the original inbreds. Further, activity of DH, EST, POX, SOD and AMY of MAS-derived waxy inbreds was more than that of original inbreds, whereas EC was less in improved inbreds compared to originals. Amylopectin exhibited strong positive correlations (r = 0.69 to 0.97**) with seed germination, vigour index-I and -II, DH, SOD, POX, EST and AMY activity. However, amylopectin showed negative correlation of - 0.82** with EC. Seed germination and seed vigour indices were also positively correlated with all enzymatic activities (r = 0.58 to 0.92**). The analysis revealed that waxy inbreds possess better seed vigour and enzymatic activities over traditional inbreds. This is the first report of synergistic effects of wx1 gene on seed germination, vigour and enzymatic activities in maize endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashmi Chhabra
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudipta Basu
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Nisrita Gain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhra J Mishra
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute-Regional Station, Karnal, India
| | | | | | - Firoz Hossain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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5
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Wang H, Huang Y, Li Y, Cui Y, Xiang X, Zhu Y, Wang Q, Wang X, Ma G, Xiao Q, Huang X, Gao X, Wang J, Lu X, Larkins BA, Wang W, Wu Y. An ARF gene mutation creates flint kernel architecture in dent maize. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2565. [PMID: 38519520 PMCID: PMC10960022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dent and flint kernel architectures are important characteristics that affect the physical properties of maize kernels and their grain end uses. The genes controlling these traits are unknown, so it is difficult to combine the advantageous kernel traits of both. We found mutation of ARFTF17 in a dent genetic background reduces IAA content in the seed pericarp, creating a flint-like kernel phenotype. ARFTF17 is highly expressed in the pericarp and encodes a protein that interacts with and inhibits MYB40, a transcription factor with the dual functions of repressing PIN1 expression and transactivating genes for flavonoid biosynthesis. Enhanced flavonoid biosynthesis could reduce the metabolic flux responsible for auxin biosynthesis. The decreased IAA content of the dent pericarp appears to reduce cell division and expansion, creating a shorter, denser kernel. Introgression of the ARFTF17 mutation into dent inbreds and hybrids improved their kernel texture, integrity, and desiccation, without affecting yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yongcai Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yujie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yahui Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoli Xiang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yidong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Guangjin Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiao Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiechen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoduo Lu
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250200, China
| | - Brian A Larkins
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Wenqin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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6
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Kumar P, Banik SP, Ohia SE, Moriyama H, Chakraborty S, Wang CK, Song YS, Goel A, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Current Insights on the Photoprotective Mechanism of the Macular Carotenoids, Lutein and Zeaxanthin: Safety, Efficacy and Bio-Delivery. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38393321 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2024.2319090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Ocular health has emerged as one of the major issues of global health concern with a decline in quality of life in an aging population, in particular and rise in the number of associated morbidities and mortalities. One of the chief reasons for vision impairment is oxidative damage inflicted to photoreceptors in rods and cone cells by blue light as well as UV radiation. The scenario has been aggravated by unprecedented rise in screen-time during the COVID and post-COVID era. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are oxygenated carotenoids with proven roles in augmentation of ocular health largely by virtue of their antioxidant properties and protective effects against photobleaching of retinal pigments, age-linked macular degeneration, cataract, and retinitis pigmentosa. These molecules are characterized by their characteristic yellow-orange colored pigmentation and are found in significant amounts in vegetables such as corn, spinach, broccoli, carrots as well as fish and eggs. Unique structural signatures including tetraterpenoid skeleton with extensive conjugation and the presence of hydroxyl groups at the end rings have made these molecules evolutionarily adapted to localize in the membrane of the photoreceptor cells and prevent their free radical induced peroxidation. Apart from the benefits imparted to ocular health, lutein and zeaxanthin are also known to improve cognitive function, cardiovascular physiology, and arrest the development of malignancy. Although abundant in many natural sources, bioavailability of these compounds is low owing to their long aliphatic backbones. Under the circumstances, there has been a concerted effort to develop vegetable oil-based carriers such as lipid nano-emulsions for therapeutic administration of carotenoids. This review presents a comprehensive update of the therapeutic potential of the carotenoids along with the challenges in achieving an optimized delivery tool for maximizing their effectiveness inside the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- R&D Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, India
| | - Samudra P Banik
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, India
| | - Sunny E Ohia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hiroyoshi Moriyama
- Department of Scientific Affairs, The Japanese Institute for Health Food Standards, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sanjoy Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology/CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yong Sang Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Apurva Goel
- Regulation Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, India
| | | | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Psychology, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA
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Mehta BK, Chauhan HS, Basu S, Anand A, Baveja A, Zunjare RU, Muthusamy V, Singh AK, Hossain F. Mutant crtRB1 gene negates the unfavourable effects of opaque2 gene on germination and seed vigour among shrunken2-based biofortified sweet corn genotypes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23179. [PMID: 38326234 DOI: 10.1071/fp23179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Sweet corn is one of the most popular vegetables worldwide. However, traditional shrunken2 (sh2 )-based sweet corn varieties are poor in nutritional quality. Here, we analysed the effect of (1) β-carotene hydroxylase1 (crtRB1 ), (2) opaque2 (o2 ) and (3) o2+crtRB1 genes on nutritional quality, germination, seed vigour and physico-biochemical traits in a set of 27 biofortified sh2 -based sweet corn inbreds. The biofortified sweet corn inbreds recorded significantly higher concentrations of proA (16.47μg g-1 ), lysine (0.36%) and tryptophan (0.09%) over original inbreds (proA: 3.14μg g-1 , lysine: 0.18%, tryptophan: 0.04%). The crtRB1 -based inbreds had the lowest electrical conductivity (EC), whereas o2 -based inbreds possessed the highest EC. The o2 +crtRB1 -based inbreds showed similar EC to the original inbreds. Interestingly, o2 -based inbreds also had the lowest germination and seed vigour compared to original inbreds, whereas crtRB1 and o2 +crtRB1 introgressed sweet corn inbreds showed similar germination and seed vigour traits to their original versions. This suggested that the negative effect of o2 on germination, seed vigour and EC is nullified by crtRB1 in the double mutant sweet corn. Overall, o2 +crtRB1 -based sweet corn inbreds were found the most desirable over crtRB1 - and o2 -based inbreds alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh K Mehta
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; and Present address: ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi 284003, India
| | - Hema S Chauhan
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sudipta Basu
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Anjali Anand
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Aanchal Baveja
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Ashok K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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8
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Gunjević V, Majerić Musa M, Zurak D, Svečnjak Z, Duvnjak M, Grbeša D, Kljak K. Carotenoid degradation rate in milled grain of dent maize hybrids and its relationship with the grain physicochemical properties. Food Res Int 2024; 177:113909. [PMID: 38225147 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids in maize grain degrade during storage, but the relationship between their stability and the physicochemical properties of the grain is unclear. Therefore, the carotenoid degradation rate in milled grain of three dent hybrids differing in grain hardness was evaluated at various temperatures (-20, 4 and 22 °C). The carotenoid degradation rate was calculated using first-order kinetics based on the content in the samples after 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 90 days of storage and related to the physicochemical properties of the grain. The highest grain hardness was found in the hybrid with the highest zein and endosperm lipid concentration, while the lowest grain hardness was found in the hybrid with the highest amylose content and the specific surface area of starch granule (SSA). As expected, carotenoids in milled maize grain were most stable at -20 °C, followed by storage at 4 and 22 °C. Tested hybrids differed in the degradation rate of zeaxanthin, α-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene, and these responses were also temperature-dependent. In contrast, all hybrids showed similar degradation rate for lutein and β-cryptoxanthin regardless of the storage temperature. Averaged over the hybrids, the degradation rate for individual carotenoids ranked as follows: lutein < zeaxanthin < α-cryptoxanthin < β-cryptoxanthin < β-carotene. The lower degradation rate for most carotenoids was mainly associated with a higher content of zein and specific endosperm lipids, with the exception of zeaxanthin, which showed an opposite pattern of response. Degradation rate for lutein and zeaxanthin negatively correlated with SSA, but interestingly, small starch granules were positively associated with higher degradation rate for mostcarotenoids. Dent-type hybrids may differ significantly in carotenoid degradation rate, which was associated with specific physicochemical properties of the maize grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Gunjević
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mirta Majerić Musa
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Zurak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Zlatko Svečnjak
- Department of Field Crops, Forage and Grassland, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marija Duvnjak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Darko Grbeša
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Kristina Kljak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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9
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Yan Y, Wen Y, Wang Y, Wu X, Li X, Wang C, Zhao Y. Metabolome integrated with transcriptome reveals the mechanism of three different color formations in Taxus mairei arils. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1330075. [PMID: 38322825 PMCID: PMC10844565 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1330075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Maire yew (Taxus mairei), an evergreen conifer, has high ornamental and medicinal value. The arils of this species has three different colors. However, the variation mechanisms of arils color formation remains unclear. Here, the gene expression and metabolite concentration were profiled for red (RTM), yellow (YTM), and purple (PTM) arils in different developmental stages. A total of 266 flavonoids and 35 carotenoids were identified. The predominant pigments identified in YTM were epiafzelechin, lutein, and β-Cryptoxanthin, while malvidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside and apigenin played crucial roles in PTM. And significant differential expression was observed among the HCT, DFR, LAR, ANS, crtB, NCED, and CCoAOMT genes across different color arils. During the maturation of yellow arils, the upregulation of HCT was strongly correlated with the accumulation of epiafzelechin. The diminished expression of DFR, LAR, and ANS seemed to inhibit the production of delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside. The decrease in crtB expression and concurrent increase in NCED expression potentially regulate the heightened accumulation of lutein. Meanwhile, the accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin appeared seemed to be positively influenced by NCED. As aril turning purple, the decreased expression of CCoAOMT seemed to facilitate the synthesis of apigenin. The substantial upregulation of DFR promoted the production of malvidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside. Additionally, the overexpression of MYBs may plays the important role in regulating the formation of different colored arils. In total, 14 genes were selected for qRT-PCR validation, the results indicated the reliability of the transcriptome sequences data. Our findings could provide valuable insight into the molecular breeding, development, and application of Maire yew resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadan Yan
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yafeng Wen
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Changsha, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xingtong Wu
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Changsha, China
| | - Chuncheng Wang
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yanghui Zhao
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Changsha, China
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10
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Fu Y, Xiao W, Tian L, Guo L, Ma G, Ji C, Huang Y, Wang H, Wu X, Yang T, Wang J, Wang J, Wu Y, Wang W. Spatial transcriptomics uncover sucrose post-phloem transport during maize kernel development. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7191. [PMID: 37938556 PMCID: PMC10632454 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize kernels are complex biological systems composed of three genetic sources, namely maternal tissues, progeny embryos, and progeny endosperms. The lack of gene expression profiles with spatial information has limited the understanding of the specific functions of each cell population, and hindered the exploration of superior genes in kernels. In our study, we conduct microscopic sectioning and spatial transcriptomics analysis during the grain filling stage of maize kernels. This enables us to visualize the expression patterns of all genes through electronical RNA in situ hybridization, and identify 11 cell populations and 332 molecular marker genes. Furthermore, we systematically elucidate the spatial storage mechanisms of the three major substances in maize kernels: starch, protein, and oil. These findings provide valuable insights into the functional genes that control agronomic traits in maize kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Fu
- College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wenxin Xiao
- College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Lang Tian
- College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Liangxing Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guangjin Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chen Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongcai Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai, 200032, China
- State key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Haihai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xingguo Wu
- College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Tao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai, 200032, China
- State key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jiechen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jirui Wang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Wenqin Wang
- College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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11
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Zhang L, Zhang Z, Cao J, Wang K, Qin L, Sun Y, Ju W, Qu C, Miao J. Extreme environmental adaptation mechanisms of Antarctic bryophytes are mainly the activation of antioxidants, secondary metabolites and photosynthetic pathways. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:399. [PMID: 37605165 PMCID: PMC10464054 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The environment in Antarctica is characterized by low temperature, intense UVB and few vegetation types. The Pohlia nutans M211 are bryophytes, which are the primary plants in Antarctica and can thrive well in the Antarctic harsh environment. The transcriptional profiling of Pohlia nutans M211 under low temperature and high UVB conditions was analyzed to explore their polar adaptation mechanism in the extreme Antarctic environment by third-generation sequencing and second-generation sequencing. In comparison to earlier second-generation sequencing techniques, a total of 43,101 non-redundant transcripts and 10,532 lncRNA transcripts were obtained, which were longer and more accurate. The analysis results of GO, KEGG, AS (alternative splicing), and WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis) of DEGs (differentially expressed genes), combined with the biochemical kits revealed that antioxidant, secondary metabolites pathways and photosynthesis were the key adaptive pathways for Pohlia nutans M211 to the Antarctic extreme environment. Furthermore, the low temperature and strong UVB are closely linked for the first time by the gene HY5 (hlongated hypocotyl 5) to form a protein interaction network through the PPI (protein-protein interaction networks) analysis method. The UVR8 module, photosynthetic module, secondary metabolites synthesis module, and temperature response module were the key components of the PPI network. In conclusion, this study will help to further explore the polar adaptation mechanism of Antarctic plants represented by bryophytes and to enrich the polar gene resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Junhan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Yongjun Sun
- Homey Group Co.,Ltd, Rongcheng, 264300, China
| | - Wenming Ju
- Homey Group Co.,Ltd, Rongcheng, 264300, China
| | - Changfeng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Marine Natural Products R&D Laboratory, Qingdao Key Laboratory, Qingdao, 266061, China.
| | - Jinlai Miao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Marine Natural Products R&D Laboratory, Qingdao Key Laboratory, Qingdao, 266061, China.
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12
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Cruet-Burgos C, Rhodes DH. Unraveling transcriptomics of sorghum grain carotenoids: a step forward for biofortification. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:233. [PMID: 37138226 PMCID: PMC10157909 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is a promising target for pro-vitamin A biofortification as it is a global staple crop, particularly in regions where vitamin A deficiency is prevalent. As with most cereal grains, carotenoid concentrations are low in sorghum, and breeding could be a feasible strategy to increase pro-vitamin A carotenoids to biologically relevant concentrations. However, there are knowledge gaps in the biosynthesis and regulation of sorghum grain carotenoids, which can limit breeding effectiveness. The aim of this research was to gain an understanding of the transcriptional regulation of a priori candidate genes in carotenoid precursor, biosynthesis, and degradation pathways. RESULTS We used RNA sequencing of grain to compare the transcriptional profile of four sorghum accessions with contrasting carotenoid profiles through grain development. Most a priori candidate genes involved in the precursor MEP, carotenoid biosynthesis, and carotenoid degradation pathways were found to be differentially expressed between sorghum grain developmental stages. There was also differential expression of some of the a priori candidate genes between high and low carotenoid content groups at each developmental time point. Among these, we propose geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS), phytoene synthase (PSY), and phytoene desaturase (PDS) as promising targets for pro-vitamin A carotenoid biofortification efforts in sorghum grain. CONCLUSIONS A deeper understanding of the controls underlying biosynthesis and degradation of sorghum grain carotenoids is needed to advance biofortification efforts. This study provides the first insights into the regulation of sorghum grain carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation, suggesting potential gene targets to prioritize for molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Cruet-Burgos
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Davina H Rhodes
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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13
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Zhu Y, Wang Y, Wei Z, Zhang X, Jiao B, Tian Y, Yan F, Li J, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhang J, Wang X, Mu Z, Wang Q. Analysis of oil synthesis pathway in Cyperus esculentus tubers and identification of oleosin and caleosin genes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 284:153961. [PMID: 36933340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The tubers of the widely distributed Cyperus esculentus are rich in oil, and therefore, the plant is considered to have a high utilization value in the vegetable oil industry. Oleosins and caleosins are lipid-associated proteins found in oil bodies of seeds; however oleosins and caleosins genes have not been identified in C. esculentus. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing and lipid metabolome analysis of C. esculentus tubers at four developmental stages to obtain the information on their genetic profile, expression trends, and metabolites in oil accumulation pathways. Overall, 120,881 non-redundant unigenes and 255 lipids were detected; 18 genes belonged to the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase (MCAT), β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KAS), and fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase (FAT) gene families involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, and 16 genes belonged to the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 3 (DGAT3), phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT), FAD2, and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) gene families playing important roles in triacylglycerol synthesis. We also identified 9 oleosin- and 21 caleosin-encoding genes in C. esculentus tubers. These results provide detailed information on the C. esculentus transcriptional and metabolic profiles, which can be used as reference for the development of strategies to increase oil content in C. esculentus tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcheng Zhu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun City, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun City, China.
| | - Zunmiao Wei
- Institute of Economic Plants, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, 136105, China.
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun City, China.
| | - Bingyang Jiao
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun City, China.
| | - Yu Tian
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun City, China.
| | - Fan Yan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun City, China.
| | - Jingwen Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun City, China.
| | - Yajing Liu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun City, China.
| | - Xuguang Yang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun City, China.
| | - Jinhao Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun City, China.
| | - Xinyue Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun City, China.
| | - Zhongsheng Mu
- Institute of Economic Plants, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, 136105, China.
| | - Qingyu Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun City, China.
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14
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Zhang H, Zhao D, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Dong J, Wang F. Exogenous brassinosteroids promotes root growth, enhances stress tolerance, and increases yield in maize. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2095139. [PMID: 35775499 PMCID: PMC9255028 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2095139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate of maize (Zea mays L.) growth, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we used a multi-disciplinary approach to determine how BRs regulate maize morphology and physiology during development. Treatment with the BRs promoted primary root the elongation and growth during germination, and the early development of lateral roots. BRs treatment during the middle growth stage increased the levels of various stress resistance factors, and enhanced resistance to lodging, likely by protecting the plant against stem rot and sheath rot. BRs had no significant effect on plant height during late growth, but it increased leaf angle and photosynthetic efficiency, as well as yield and quality traits. Our findings increase our understanding of the regulatory effects of BR on maize root growth and development and the mechanism by which BR improves disease resistance, which could further the potential for using BR to improve maize yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Hengshui University, Hengshui, Hebei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ziyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Pear Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Fengru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- CONTACT Fengru Wang State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei071001, China
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15
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Huo Z, Xu Y, Yuan S, Chang J, Li S, Wang J, Zhao H, Xu R, Zhong F. The AP2 Transcription Factor BrSHINE3 Regulates Wax Accumulation in Nonheading Chinese Cabbage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113454. [PMID: 36362247 PMCID: PMC9656708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Wax is an acellular structural substance attached to the surface of plant tissues. It forms a protective barrier on the epidermis of plants and plays an important role in resisting abiotic and biotic stresses. In this paper, nonheading Chinese cabbage varieties with and without wax powder were observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the surface of waxy plants was covered with a layer of densely arranged waxy crystals, thus differentiating them from the surface of waxless plants. A genetic analysis showed that wax powder formation in nonheading Chinese cabbage was controlled by a pair of dominant genes. A preliminary bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) assay showed that one gene was located at the end of chromosome A09. Within this interval, we identified BraA09000626, encoding an AP2 transcription factor homologous to Arabidopsis AtSHINE3, and we named it BrSHINE3. By comparing the CDS of the gene in the two parental plants, a 35 bp deletion in the BrSHINE3 gene of waxless plants resulted in a frameshift mutation. Tissue analysis showed that BrSHINE3 was expressed at significantly higher levels in waxy plant rosette stage petioles and bolting stage stems than in the tissues of waxless plants. We speculate that this deletion in BrSHINE3 bases in the waxless material may inhibit wax synthesis. The overexpression of BrSHINE3 in Arabidopsis induced the accumulation of wax on the stem surface, indicating that BrSHINE3 is a key gene that regulates the formation of wax powder in nonheading Chinese cabbage. The analysis of the subcellular localization showed that BrSHINE3 is mainly located in the nucleus and chloroplast of tobacco leaves, suggesting that the gene may function as a transcription factor. Subsequent transcriptome analysis of the homology of BrSHINE3 downstream genes in nonheading Chinese cabbage showed that these genes were downregulated in waxless materials. These findings provide a basis for a better understanding of the nonheading Chinese cabbage epidermal wax synthesis pathway and provide important information for the molecular-assisted breeding of nonheading Chinese cabbage.
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16
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Effects of different cooking treatments on the sensory qualities and pigmented phytochemicals of carrots. Food Chem 2022; 405:135015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Cia Zeaxanthin Biosynthesis, OsZEP and OsVDE Regulate Striped Leaves Occurring in Response to Deep Transplanting of Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158340. [PMID: 35955477 PMCID: PMC9369140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rice leaf color mutant B03S was previously generated from the photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (PTGMS) rice line Efeng 1S, of which male sterility manifests by photoperiod and temperature but exhibits mainly temperature-sensitive characteristics. After these plants were deeply transplanted, the new leaves manifested typical zebra stripe patterns. Here, B03S was subjected to deep and shallow transplanting, shading with soil and aluminum foil, and control conditions in situ to determine the cause of the striped-leaf trait. The direct cause of striped leaves is the base of the leaf sheath being under darkness during deep transplanting, of which the critical shading range reached or exceeds 4 cm above the base. Moreover, typical striped leaves were analyzed based on the targeted metabolome method by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) combined with transcriptome and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based verification to clarify the metabolic pathways and transcriptional regulation involved. Carotenoids enter the xanthophyll cycle, and the metabolites that differentially accumulate in the striped leaves include zeaxanthin and its derivatives for photooxidative stress protection, driven by the upregulated expression of OsZEP. These findings improve the understanding of the physiological and metabolic mechanisms underlying the leaf color mutation in rice plants, enrich the theoretical foundation of the nonuniform leaf color phenomenon widely found in nature and highlight key advancements concerning rice production involving the transplanting of seedlings or direct broadcasting of seeds.
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18
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Ji C, Xu L, Li Y, Fu Y, Li S, Wang Q, Zeng X, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Wang W, Wang J, Wu Y. The O2-ZmGRAS11 transcriptional regulatory network orchestrates the coordination of endosperm cell expansion and grain filling in maize. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:468-487. [PMID: 34848346 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) endosperm filling is coordinated with cell expansion to enlarge the grain size, but the mechanism coupling the two processes is poorly understood. Starchy endosperm cells basically contain no visible vacuoles for cell expansion. During grain filling, efficient synthesis of storage compounds leads to reduced cytoplasm and thus lowered cell turgor pressure. Although bioactive gibberellins (GAs) are essential for cell expansion, they accumulate at a low level at this stage. In this study, we identified an endosperm-specific GRAS domain-containing protein (ZmGRAS11) that lacks the DELLA domain and promotes cell expansion in the filling endosperm. The zmgras11 loss-of-function mutants showed normal grain filling but delayed cell expansion, thereby resulting in reduced kernel size and weight. Overexpression of ZmGRAS11 led to larger endosperm cells and therefore increased kernel size and weight. Consistent with this, ZmGRAS11 positively regulates the expression of ZmEXPB12, which is essential for cell expansion, at the endosperm filling stage. Moreover, we found that Opaque2 (O2), a central transcription factor that regulates endosperm filling, could directly bind to the promoter of ZmGRAS11 and activate its expression. Taken together, these results suggest that endosperm cell expansion is coupled with endosperm filling, which is orchestrated by the O2-ZmGRAS11-centered transcriptional regulatory network. Our findings also provide potential targets for maize yield improvement by increasing the storage capacity of endosperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lina Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yujie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxin Fu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuai Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xing Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhongqin Zhang
- Hebei Sub-center of the Chinese National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Wenqin Wang
- College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jiechen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai 200032, China.
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19
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LaPorte MF, Vachev M, Fenn M, Diepenbrock C. Simultaneous dissection of grain carotenoid levels and kernel color in biparental maize populations with yellow-to-orange grain. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6506523. [PMID: 35100389 PMCID: PMC8895983 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Maize enriched in provitamin A carotenoids could be key in combatting vitamin A deficiency in human populations relying on maize as a food staple. Consumer studies indicate that orange maize may be regarded as novel and preferred. This study identifies genes of relevance for grain carotenoid concentrations and kernel color, through simultaneous dissection of these traits in 10 families of the US maize nested association mapping panel that have yellow to orange grain. Quantitative trait loci were identified via joint-linkage analysis, with phenotypic variation explained for individual kernel color quantitative trait loci ranging from 2.4% to 17.5%. These quantitative trait loci were cross-analyzed with significant marker-trait associations in a genome-wide association study that utilized ∼27 million variants. Nine genes were identified: four encoding activities upstream of the core carotenoid pathway, one at the pathway branchpoint, three within the α- or β-pathway branches, and one encoding a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. Of these, three exhibited significant pleiotropy between kernel color and one or more carotenoid traits. Kernel color exhibited moderate positive correlations with β-branch and total carotenoids and negligible correlations with α-branch carotenoids. These findings can be leveraged to simultaneously achieve desirable kernel color phenotypes and increase concentrations of provitamin A and other priority carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Francis LaPorte
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mishi Vachev
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matthew Fenn
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Yang S, Liu H, Zhao Y, Su H, Wei X, Wang Z, Zhao X, Zhang XW, Yuan Y. Map-Based Cloning and Characterization of Br-dyp1, a Gene Conferring Dark Yellow Petal Color Trait in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:841328. [PMID: 35251110 PMCID: PMC8891484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.841328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Flower color is an important trait in Brassica species. However, genes responsible for the dark yellow flower trait in Chinese cabbage have not been reported. In this study, we identified a dark-yellow-flowered Chinese cabbage line SD369. Genetic analysis indicated that the dark yellow flower trait in SD369 was controlled by a single recessive locus, Br-dyp1 (dark yellow petal color 1 in Brassica rapa). Using bulked segregant RNA sequencing and kompetitive allele-specific PCR assays, Br-dyp1 was fine-mapped to an interval of 53.6 kb on chromosome A09. Functional annotation analysis, expression analysis, and sequence variation analysis revealed that Bra037130 (BraA09.ZEP), which encodes a zeaxanthin epoxidase, was the most likely candidate gene for Br-dyp1. Carotenoid profile analysis suggested that Bra037130 (BraA09.ZEP) might participate in the epoxidation from zeaxanthin to violaxanthin. The 679 bp insertion in dark yellow petal caused premature stop codon, thus caused the loss-of-function of the enzyme zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP), which disturbed the carotenoid metabolism, and caused the increased accumulation of total carotenoid, and finally converted the flower color from yellow to dark yellow. Comparative transcriptome analysis also showed that the "carotenoid biosynthesis" pathway was significantly enriched, and genes involved in carotenoid degradation and abscisic acid biosynthesis and metabolism were significantly downregulated. Furthermore, we developed and validated the functional marker Br-dyp1-InDel for Br-dyp1. Overall, these results provide insight into the molecular basis of carotenoid-based flower coloration in B. rapa and reveal valuable information for marker-assisted selection breeding in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjuan Yang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Honglei Liu
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Henan Su
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhao
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Yuan
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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21
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Understanding carotenoid biosynthetic pathway control points using metabolomic analysis and natural genetic variation. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:127-151. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Renk JS, Gilbert AM, Hattery TJ, O'Connor CH, Monnahan PJ, Anderson N, Waters AJ, Eickholt DP, Flint-Garcia SA, Yandeau-Nelson MD, Hirsch CN. Genetic control of kernel compositional variation in a maize diversity panel. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20115. [PMID: 34197039 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a multi-purpose row crop grown worldwide, which, over time, has often been bred for increased yield at the detriment of lower composition grain quality. Some knowledge of the genetic factors that affect quality traits has been discovered through the study of classical maize mutants; however, much of the underlying genetic control of these traits and the interaction between these traits remains unknown. To better understand variation that exists for grain compositional traits in maize, we evaluated 501 diverse temperate maize inbred lines in five unique environments and predicted 16 compositional traits (e.g., carbohydrates, protein, and starch) based on the output of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Phenotypic analysis found substantial variation for compositional traits and the majority of variation was explained by genetic and environmental factors. Correlations and trade-offs among traits in different maize types (e.g., dent, sweetcorn, and popcorn) were explored, and significant differences and meaningful correlations were detected. In total, 22.9-71.0% of the phenotypic variation across these traits could be explained using 2,386,666 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated from whole-genome resequencing data. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using these same markers and found 72 statistically significant SNPs for 11 compositional traits. This study provides valuable insights in the phenotypic variation and genetic control underlying compositional traits that can be used in breeding programs for improving maize grain quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Renk
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Amanda M Gilbert
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Travis J Hattery
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Christine H O'Connor
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Patrick J Monnahan
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sherry A Flint-Garcia
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Marna D Yandeau-Nelson
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Candice N Hirsch
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Yang S, Tian X, Wang Z, Wei X, Zhao Y, Su H, Zhao X, Tian B, Yuan Y, Zhang XW. Fine Mapping and Candidate Gene Identification of a White Flower Gene BrWF3 in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:646222. [PMID: 34025693 PMCID: PMC8138439 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.646222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flower color is an important trait in plants. However, genes responsible for the white flower trait in Chinese cabbage are rarely reported. In this study, we constructed an F2 population derived from the Y640-288 (white flower) and Y641-87 (yellow flower) lines for the fine mapping of the white flower gene BrWF3 in Chinese cabbage. Genetic analysis indicated that BrWF3 was controlled by a single recessive gene. Using BSA-seq and KASP assays, BrWF3 was fine-mapped to an interval of 105.6 kb. Functional annotation, expression profiling, and sequence variation analyses confirmed that the AtPES2 homolog, Bra032957, was the most likely candidate gene for BrWF3. Carotenoid profiles and transmission electron microscopy analysis suggested that BrWF3 might participate in the production of xanthophyll esters (particularly violaxanthin esters), which in turn disrupt chromoplast development and the formation of plastoglobules (PGs). A SNP deletion in the third exon of BrWF3 caused the loss of protein function, and interfered with the normal assembly of PGs, which was associated with reduced expression levels of genes involved in carotenoid metabolism. Furthermore, we developed and validated the functional marker TXBH83 for BrWF3. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying flower color pigmentation and reveal valuable information for marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjuan Yang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Tian
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Henan Su
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhao
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baoming Tian
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Yuan
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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24
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Saenz E, Borrás L, Gerde JA. Carotenoid profiles in maize genotypes with contrasting kernel hardness. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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