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Warner van Dijk FA, Tong O, O'Neil TR, Bertram KM, Hu K, Baharlou H, Vine EE, Jenns K, Gosselink MP, Toh JW, Papadopoulos T, Barnouti L, Jenkins GJ, Sandercoe G, Haniffa M, Sandgren KJ, Harman AN, Cunningham AL, Nasr N. Characterising plasmacytoid and myeloid AXL+ SIGLEC-6+ dendritic cell functions and their interactions with HIV. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012351. [PMID: 38924030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
AXL+ Siglec-6+ dendritic cells (ASDC) are novel myeloid DCs which can be subdivided into CD11c+ and CD123+ expressing subsets. We showed for the first time that these two ASDC subsets are present in inflamed human anogenital tissues where HIV transmission occurs. Their presence in inflamed tissues was supported by single cell RNA analysis of public databases of such tissues including psoriasis diseased skin and colorectal cancer. Almost all previous studies have examined ASDCs as a combined population. Our data revealed that the two ASDC subsets differ markedly in their functions when compared with each other and to pDCs. Relative to their cell functions, both subsets of blood ASDCs but not pDCs expressed co-stimulatory and maturation markers which were more prevalent on CD11c+ ASDCs, thus inducing more T cell proliferation and activation than their CD123+ counterparts. There was also a significant polarisation of naïve T cells by both ASDC subsets toward Th2, Th9, Th22, Th17 and Treg but less toward a Th1 phenotype. Furthermore, we investigated the expression of chemokine receptors that facilitate ASDCs and pDCs migration from blood to inflamed tissues, their HIV binding receptors, and their interactions with HIV and CD4 T cells. For HIV infection, within 2 hours of HIV exposure, CD11c+ ASDCs showed a trend in more viral transfer to T cells than CD123+ ASDCs and pDCs for first phase transfer. However, for second phase transfer, CD123+ ASDCs showed a trend in transferring more HIV than CD11c+ ASDCs and there was no viral transfer from pDCs. As anogenital inflammation is a prerequisite for HIV transmission, strategies to inhibit ASDC recruitment into inflamed tissues and their ability to transmit HIV to CD4 T cells should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freja A Warner van Dijk
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, Australia
| | - Thomas R O'Neil
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kirstie M Bertram
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, Australia
| | - Kevin Hu
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Heeva Baharlou
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Erica E Vine
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kate Jenns
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - James W Toh
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Tim Papadopoulos
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Westmead Private Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Laith Barnouti
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Westmead Private Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Gregory J Jenkins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Gavin Sandercoe
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Norwest Private Hospital, Bella Vista, Australia
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Knigdom
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Knigdom
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Knigdom
| | - Kerrie J Sandgren
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew N Harman
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Lefèbre J, Falk T, Ning Y, Rademacher C. Secondary Sites of the C-type Lectin-Like Fold. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400660. [PMID: 38527187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
C-type lectins are a large superfamily of proteins involved in a multitude of biological processes. In particular, their involvement in immunity and homeostasis has rendered them attractive targets for diverse therapeutic interventions. They share a characteristic C-type lectin-like domain whose adaptability enables them to bind a broad spectrum of ligands beyond the originally defined canonical Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding. Together with variable domain architecture and high-level conformational plasticity, this enables C-type lectins to meet diverse functional demands. Secondary sites provide another layer of regulation and are often intricately linked to functional diversity. Located remote from the canonical primary binding site, secondary sites can accommodate ligands with other physicochemical properties and alter protein dynamics, thus enhancing selectivity and enabling fine-tuning of the biological response. In this review, we outline the structural determinants allowing C-type lectins to perform a large variety of tasks and to accommodate the ligands associated with it. Using the six well-characterized Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent C-type lectin receptors DC-SIGN, langerin, MGL, dectin-1, CLEC-2 and NKG2D as examples, we focus on the characteristics of non-canonical interactions and secondary sites and their potential use in drug discovery endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lefèbre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport, Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
| | - Torben Falk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport, Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yunzhan Ning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport, Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Vine EE, Austin PJ, O'Neil TR, Nasr N, Bertram KM, Cunningham AL, Harman AN. Epithelial dendritic cells vs. Langerhans cells: Implications for mucosal vaccines. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113977. [PMID: 38512869 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Next-generation vaccines may be delivered via the skin and mucosa. The stratified squamous epithelium (SSE) represents the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis) and type II mucosa (epithelium). Langerhans cells (LCs) have been considered the sole antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to inhabit the SSE; however, it is now clear that dendritic cells (DCs) are also present. Importantly, there are functional differences in how LCs and DCs take up and process pathogens as well as their ability to activate and polarize T cells, though whether DCs participate in neuroimmune interactions like LCs is yet to be elucidated. A correct definition and functional characterization of APCs in the skin and anogenital tissues are of utmost importance for the design of better vaccines and blocking pathogen transmission. Here, we provide a historical perspective on the evolution of our understanding of the APCs that inhabit the SSE, including a detailed review of the most recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Elizabeth Vine
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Westmead Clinic School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Paul Jonathon Austin
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Thomas Ray O'Neil
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kirstie Melissa Bertram
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Anthony Lawrence Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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4
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O'Brien JA, Karrasch JF, Huang Y, Vine EE, Cunningham AL, Harman AN, Austin PJ. Nerve-myeloid cell interactions in persistent human pain: a reappraisal using updated cell subset classifications. Pain 2024; 165:753-771. [PMID: 37975868 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The past 20 years have seen a dramatic shift in our understanding of the role of the immune system in initiating and maintaining pain. Myeloid cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, and mast cells, are increasingly implicated in bidirectional interactions with nerve fibres in rodent pain models. However, our understanding of the human setting is still poor. High-dimensional functional analyses have substantially changed myeloid cell classifications, with recently described subsets such as epidermal dendritic cells and DC3s unveiling new insight into how myeloid cells interact with nerve fibres. However, it is unclear whether this new understanding has informed the study of human chronic pain. In this article, we perform a scoping review investigating neuroimmune interactions between myeloid cells and peripheral nerve fibres in human chronic pain conditions. We found 37 papers from multiple pain states addressing this aim in skin, cornea, peripheral nerve, endometrium, and tumour, with macrophages, Langerhans cells, and mast cells the most investigated. The directionality of results between studies was inconsistent, although the clearest pattern was an increase in macrophage frequency across conditions, phases, and tissues. Myeloid cell definitions were often outdated and lacked correspondence with the stated cell types of interest; overreliance on morphology and traditional structural markers gave limited insight into the functional characteristics of investigated cells. We therefore critically reappraise the existing literature considering contemporary myeloid cell biology and advocate for the application of established and emerging high-dimensional proteomic and transcriptomic single-cell technologies to clarify the role of specific neuroimmune interactions in chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden A O'Brien
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jackson F Karrasch
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
| | - Yun Huang
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Erica E Vine
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
| | - Andrew N Harman
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
| | - Paul J Austin
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
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5
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Rigamonti A, Villar J, Segura E. Monocyte differentiation within tissues: a renewed outlook. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:999-1013. [PMID: 37949783 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
When recruited to mammalian tissues, monocytes differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs). In the past few years, the existence of monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) was questioned by the discovery of new DC populations with overlapping phenotypes. Here, we critically review the evidence for monocyte differentiation into DCs in tissues and highlight their specific functions. Recent studies have shown that monocyte-derived macrophages (moMacs) with distinct life cycles coexist in tissues, both at steady state and upon inflammation. Integrating studies in mice and humans, we highlight specific features of moMacs during inflammation and tissue repair. We also discuss the notion of monocyte differentiation occurring via a binary fate decision. Deciphering monocyte-derived cell properties is essential for understanding their role in nonresolving inflammation and how they might be targeted for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javiera Villar
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM, U932, 26 Rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Elodie Segura
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM, U932, 26 Rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France.
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Chen Y, Li X, Liu S, Ao W, Lin J, Li Z, Wu S, Ye H, Han X, Li D. An atlas of immune cell transcriptomes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected immunological non-responders identified marker genes that control viral replication. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:2694-2705. [PMID: 37914674 PMCID: PMC10684209 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have examined the bulk transcriptome of peripheral blood immune cells in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients experiencing immunological non-responsiveness. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of specific immune cell subtypes in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients who exhibit immunological non-responsiveness. METHODS A single-cell transcriptome sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from both immunological responders (IRs) (CD4 + T-cell count >500) and immunological non-responders (INRs) (CD4 + T-cell count <300) was conducted. The transcriptomic profiles were used to identify distinct cell subpopulations, marker genes, and differentially expressed genes aiming to uncover potential genetic factors associated with immunological non-responsiveness. RESULTS Among the cellular subpopulations analyzed, the ratios of monocytes, CD16 + monocytes, and exhausted B cells demonstrated the most substantial differences between INRs and IRs, with fold changes of 39.79, 11.08, and 2.71, respectively. In contrast, the CD4 + T cell ratio was significantly decreased (0.39-fold change) in INRs compared with that in IRs. Similarly, the ratios of natural killer cells and terminal effector CD8 + T cells were also lower (0.37-fold and 0.27-fold, respectively) in the INRs group. In addition to several well-characterized immune cell-specific markers, we identified a set of 181 marker genes that were enriched in biological pathways associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. Notably, ISG15 , IFITM3 , PLSCR1 , HLA-DQB1 , CCL3L1 , and DDX5 , which have been demonstrated to influence HIV replication through their interaction with viral proteins, emerged as significant monocyte marker genes. Furthermore, the differentially expressed genes in natural killer cells were also enriched in biological pathways associated with HIV replication. CONCLUSIONS We generated an atlas of immune cell transcriptomes in HIV-infected IRs and INRs. Host genes associated with HIV replication were identified as markers of, and were found to be differentially expressed in, different types of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Chen
- Department of infection, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, China
- Department of infection, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 362002, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Shuran Liu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Wen Ao
- Department of infection, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of infection, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Zhenting Li
- Department of infection, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Shouli Wu
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 76 Jintai Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Hanhui Ye
- Department of infection, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- Department of infection, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 362002, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Forces of the Chinese PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China
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Khan A, Paneerselvam N, Lawson BR. Antiretrovirals to CCR5 CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing - A paradigm shift chasing an HIV cure. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109741. [PMID: 37611838 PMCID: PMC10631514 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of drug-resistant viral strains and anatomical and cellular reservoirs of HIV pose significant clinical challenges to antiretroviral therapy. CCR5 is a coreceptor critical for HIV host cell fusion, and a homozygous 32-bp gene deletion (∆32) leads to its loss of function. Interestingly, an allogeneic HSCT from an HIV-negative ∆32 donor to an HIV-1-infected recipient demonstrated a curative approach by rendering the recipient's blood cells resistant to viral entry. Ex vivo gene editing tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9, hold tremendous promise in generating allogeneic HSC grafts that can potentially replace allogeneic ∆32 HSCTs. Here, we review antiretroviral therapeutic challenges, clinical successes, and failures of allogeneic and allogeneic ∆32 HSCTs, and newer exciting developments within CCR5 editing using CRISPR/Cas9 in the search to cure HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Khan
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Brian R Lawson
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Downie LE, Zhang X, Wu M, Karunaratne S, Loi JK, Senthil K, Arshad S, Bertram K, Cunningham AL, Carnt N, Mueller SN, Chinnery HR. Redefining the human corneal immune compartment using dynamic intravital imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217795120. [PMID: 37487076 PMCID: PMC10400993 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217795120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The healthy human cornea is a uniquely transparent sensory tissue where immune responses are tightly controlled to preserve vision. The cornea contains immune cells that are widely presumed to be intraepithelial dendritic cells (DCs). Corneal immune cells have diverse cellular morphologies and morphological alterations are used as a marker of inflammation and injury. Based on our imaging of corneal T cells in mice, we hypothesized that many human corneal immune cells commonly defined as DCs are intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). To investigate this, we developed functional in vivo confocal microscopy (Fun-IVCM) to investigate cell dynamics in the human corneal epithelium and stroma. We show that many immune cells resident in the healthy human cornea are T cells. These corneal IELs are characterized by rapid, persistent motility and interact with corneal DCs and sensory nerves. Imaging deeper into the corneal stroma, we show that crawling macrophages and rare motile T cells patrol the tissue. Furthermore, we identify altered immune cell behaviors in response to short-term contact lens wear (acute inflammatory stimulus), as well as in individuals with allergy (chronic inflammatory stimulus) that was modulated by therapeutic intervention. These findings redefine current understanding of immune cell subsets in the human cornea and reveal how resident corneal immune cells respond and adapt to chronic and acute stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC3053, Australia
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC3053, Australia
| | - Mengliang Wu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC3053, Australia
| | - Senuri Karunaratne
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC3053, Australia
| | - Joon Keit Loi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Kirthana Senthil
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC3053, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Sana Arshad
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2145, Australia
| | - Kirstie Bertram
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2145, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2145, Australia
| | - Nicole Carnt
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2145, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW2052, Australia
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, LondonEC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Scott N. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Holly R. Chinnery
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC3053, Australia
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9
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Zhou H, Ren R, Yau SST. Utilizing the codon adaptation index to evaluate the susceptibility to HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in possible target cells in humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1085397. [PMID: 36760235 PMCID: PMC9905242 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1085397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive identification of possible target cells for viruses is crucial for understanding the pathological mechanism of virosis. The susceptibility of cells to viruses depends on many factors. Besides the existence of receptors at the cell surface, effective expression of viral genes is also pivotal for viral infection. The regulation of viral gene expression is a multilevel process including transcription, translational initiation and translational elongation. At the translational elongation level, the translational efficiency of viral mRNAs mainly depends on the match between their codon composition and cellular translational machinery (usually referred to as codon adaptation). Thus, codon adaptation for viral ORFs in different cell types may be related to their susceptibility to viruses. In this study, we selected the codon adaptation index (CAI) which is a common codon adaptation-based indicator for assessing the translational efficiency at the translational elongation level to evaluate the susceptibility to two-pandemic viruses (HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2) of different human cell types. Compared with previous studies that evaluated the infectivity of viruses based on codon adaptation, the main advantage of our study is that our analysis is refined to the cell-type level. At first, we verified the positive correlation between CAI and translational efficiency and strengthened the rationality of our research method. Then we calculated CAI for ORFs of two viruses in various human cell types. We found that compared to high-expression endogenous genes, the CAIs of viral ORFs are relatively low. This phenomenon implied that two kinds of viruses have not been well adapted to translational regulatory machinery in human cells. Also, we indicated that presumptive susceptibility to viruses according to CAI is usually consistent with the results of experimental research. However, there are still some exceptions. Finally, we found that two viruses have different effects on cellular translational mechanisms. HIV-1 decouples CAI and translational efficiency of endogenous genes in host cells and SARS-CoV-2 exhibits increased CAI for its ORFs in infected cells. Our results implied that at least in cases of HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, CAI can be regarded as an auxiliary index to assess cells' susceptibility to viruses but cannot be used as the only evidence to identify viral target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhou
- Yanqi Lake Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications (BIMSA), Beijing, China,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruohan Ren
- Yanqi Lake Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications (BIMSA), Beijing, China,Zhili College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Stephen Shing-Toung Yau
- Yanqi Lake Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications (BIMSA), Beijing, China,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Stephen Shing-Toung Yau,
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Brouiller F, Nadalin F, Bonté PE, Ait-Mohamed O, Delaugerre C, Lelièvre JD, Ginhoux F, Ruffin N, Benaroch P. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals dual sensing of HIV-1 in blood Axl + dendritic cells. iScience 2023; 26:106019. [PMID: 36866043 PMCID: PMC9971904 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing of incoming viruses is a pivotal task of dendritic cells (DCs). Human primary blood DCs encompass various subsets that are diverse in their susceptibility and response to HIV-1. The recent identification of the blood Axl+DC subset, endowed with unique capacities to bind, replicate, and transmit HIV-1 prompted us to evaluate its anti-viral response. We demonstrate that HIV-1 induced two main broad and intense transcriptional programs in different Axl+DCs potentially induced by different sensors; an NF-κB-mediated program that led to DC maturation and efficient CD4+ T cell activation, and a program mediated by STAT1/2 that activated type I IFN and ISG responses. These responses were absent from cDC2 exposed to HIV-1 except when viral replication was allowed. Finally, Axl+DCs actively replicating HIV-1 identified by quantification of viral transcripts exhibited a mixed NF-κB/ISG innate response. Our results suggest that the route of HIV-1 entry may dictate different innate sensing pathways by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Brouiller
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francesca Nadalin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Constance Delaugerre
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France,INSERM U944, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- Vaccine Research Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche médicale (INSERM), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital H. Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A∗STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China,Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France,Corresponding author
| | - Philippe Benaroch
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France,Corresponding author
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11
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Karim QA, Archary D, Barré-Sinoussi F, Broliden K, Cabrera C, Chiodi F, Fidler SJ, Gengiah TN, Herrera C, Kharsany ABM, Liebenberg LJP, Mahomed S, Menu E, Moog C, Scarlatti G, Seddiki N, Sivro A, Cavarelli M. Women for science and science for women: Gaps, challenges and opportunities towards optimizing pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1055042. [PMID: 36561760 PMCID: PMC9763292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1055042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing new HIV infections remains a global challenge. Young women continue to bear a disproportionate burden of infection. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), offers a novel women-initiated prevention technology and PrEP trials completed to date underscore the importance of their inclusion early in trials evaluating new HIV PrEP technologies. Data from completed topical and systemic PrEP trials highlight the role of gender specific physiological and social factors that impact PrEP uptake, adherence and efficacy. Here we review the past and current developments of HIV-1 prevention options for women with special focus on PrEP considering the diverse factors that can impact PrEP efficacy. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of inclusion of female scientists, clinicians, and community advocates in scientific efforts to further improve HIV prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2Floor), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Derseree Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2Floor), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Kristina Broliden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah J. Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London UK and Imperial College NIHR BRC, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tanuja N. Gengiah
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2Floor), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Carolina Herrera,
| | - Ayesha B. M. Kharsany
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2Floor), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lenine J. P. Liebenberg
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2Floor), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sharana Mahomed
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2Floor), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Elisabeth Menu
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,MISTIC Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Moog
- Laboratoire d’ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109, Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Aida Sivro
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2Floor), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mariangela Cavarelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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12
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HTLV-1 infection of donor-derived T cells might promote acute graft-versus-host disease following liver transplantation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7368. [PMID: 36450748 PMCID: PMC9712688 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35111-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) is a rare, but severe complication of liver transplantation (LT). It is caused by the activation of donor immune cells in the graft against the host shortly after transplantation, but the contributing pathogenic factors remain unclear. Here we show that human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) infection of donor T cells is highly associated with aGVHD following LT. The presence of HTLV-1 in peripheral blood and tissue samples from a discovery cohort of 7 aGVHD patients and 17 control patients is assessed with hybridization probes (TargetSeq), mass cytometry (CyTOF), and multiplex immunohistology (IMC). All 7 of our aGVHD patients display detectable HTLV-1 Tax signals by IMC. We identify donor-derived cells based on a Y chromosome-specific genetic marker, EIF1AY. Thus, we confirm the presence of CD4+Tax+EIF1AY+ T cells and Tax+CD68+EIF1AY+ antigen-presenting cells, indicating HTLV-1 infection of donor immune cells. In an independent cohort of 400 patients, we verify that HTLV-1 prevalence correlates with aGVHD incidence, while none of the control viruses shows significant associations. Our findings thus provide new insights into the aetio-pathology of liver-transplantation-associated aGVHD and raise the possibility of preventing aGVHD prior to transplantation.
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13
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Smith JB, Herbert JJ, Truong NR, Cunningham AL. Cytokines and chemokines: The vital role they play in herpes simplex virus mucosal immunology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:936235. [PMID: 36211447 PMCID: PMC9538770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.936235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) types 1 and 2 are ubiquitous infections in humans. They cause orofacial and genital herpes with occasional severe complications. HSV2 also predisposes individuals to infection with HIV. There is currently no vaccine or immunotherapy for these diseases. Understanding the immunopathogenesis of HSV infections is essential to progress towards these goals. Both HSV viruses result in initial infections in two major sites - in the skin or mucosa, either after initial infection or recurrence, and in the dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia where the viruses establish latency. HSV1 can also cause recurrent infection in the eye. At all of these sites immune cells respond to control infection. T cells and resident dendritic cells (DCs) in the skin/mucosa and around reactivating neurones in the ganglia, as well as keratinocytes in the skin and mucosa, are major sources of cytokines and chemokines. Cytokines such as the Type I and II interferons synergise in their local antiviral effects. Chemokines such as CCL2, 3 and 4 are found in lesion vesicle fluid, but their exact role in determining the interactions between epidermal and dermal DCs and with resident memory and infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T cells in the skin/mucosa is unclear. Even less is known about these mechanisms in the ganglia. Here we review the data on known sources and actions of these cytokines and chemokines at cellular and tissue level and indicate their potential for preventative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta B. Smith
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason J. Herbert
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Truong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Anthony L. Cunningham,
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14
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Baharlou H, Canete N, Vine EE, Hu K, Yuan D, Sandgren KJ, Bertram KM, Nasr N, Rhodes JW, Gosselink MP, Di Re A, Reza F, Ctercteko G, Pathma-Nathan N, Collins G, Toh J, Patrick E, Haniffa MA, Estes JD, Byrne SN, Cunningham AL, Harman AN. An in situ analysis pipeline for initial host-pathogen interactions reveals signatures of human colorectal HIV transmission. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111385. [PMID: 36130503 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial immune response to HIV determines transmission. However, due to technical limitations we still do not have a comparative map of early mucosal transmission events. By combining RNAscope, cyclic immunofluorescence, and image analysis tools, we quantify HIV transmission signatures in intact human colorectal explants within 2 h of topical exposure. We map HIV enrichment to mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) and submucosal macrophages, but not CD4+ T cells, the primary targets of downstream infection. HIV+ DCs accumulate near and within lymphoid aggregates, which act as early sanctuaries of high viral titers while facilitating HIV passage to the submucosa. Finally, HIV entry induces recruitment and clustering of target cells, facilitating DC- and macrophage-mediated HIV transfer and enhanced infection of CD4+ T cells. These data demonstrate a rapid response to HIV structured to maximize the likelihood of mucosal infection and provide a framework for in situ studies of host-pathogen interactions and immune-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeva Baharlou
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nicolas Canete
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erica E Vine
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Hu
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Di Yuan
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kerrie J Sandgren
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirstie M Bertram
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jake W Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martijn P Gosselink
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Angelina Di Re
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Faizur Reza
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Grahame Ctercteko
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Nimalan Pathma-Nathan
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Geoff Collins
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - James Toh
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Maths and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Muzlifah A Haniffa
- Biosciences Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK; Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew N Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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15
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Xuan S, Li Y, Wu Y, Adcock IM, Zeng X, Yao X. Langerin-expressing dendritic cells in pulmonary immune-related diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:909057. [PMID: 36160158 PMCID: PMC9490018 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.909057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are “frontline” immune cells dedicated to antigen presentation. They serve as an important bridge connecting innate and adaptive immunity, and express various receptors for antigen capture. DCs are divided into various subclasses according to their differential expression of cell surface receptors and different subclasses of DCs exhibit specific immunological characteristics. Exploring the common features of each sub-category has became the focus of many studies. There are certain amounts of DCs expressing langerin in airways and peripheral lungs while the precise mechanism by which langerin+ DCs drive pulmonary disease is unclear. Langerin-expressing DCs can be further subdivided into numerous subtypes based on the co-expressed receptors, but here, we identify commonalities across these subtypes that point to the major role of langerin. Better understanding is required to clarify key disease pathways and determine potential new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurui Xuan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuebei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhui Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoning Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Yao
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16
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Oda T, Yanagisawa H, Shinmori H, Ogawa Y, Kawamura T. Cryo-electron tomography of Birbeck granules reveals the molecular mechanism of langerin lattice formation. eLife 2022; 11:79990. [PMID: 35758632 PMCID: PMC9259017 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells are specialized antigen-presenting cells localized within the epidermis and mucosal epithelium. Upon contact with Langerhans cells, pathogens are captured by the C-type lectin langerin and internalized into a structurally unique vesicle known as a Birbeck granule. Although the immunological role of Langerhans cells and Birbeck granules have been extensively studied, the mechanism by which the characteristic zippered membrane structure of Birbeck granules is formed remains elusive. In this study, we observed isolated Birbeck granules using cryo-electron tomography and reconstructed the 3D structure of the repeating unit of the honeycomb lattice of langerin at 6.4 Å resolution. We found that the interaction between the two langerin trimers was mediated by docking the flexible loop at residues 258–263 into the secondary carbohydrate-binding cleft. Mutations within the loop inhibited Birbeck granule formation and the internalization of HIV pseudovirus. These findings suggest a molecular mechanism for membrane zippering during Birbeck granule biogenesis and provide insight into the role of langerin in the defense against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Oda
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Haruaki Yanagisawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shinmori
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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17
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Mohammadi A, Bagherichimeh S, Choi Y, Fazel A, Tevlin E, Huibner S, Good SV, Tharao W, Kaul R. Immune parameters of HIV susceptibility in the female genital tract before and after penile-vaginal sex. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:60. [PMID: 35637661 PMCID: PMC9142516 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In women, most HIV infections are acquired through penile-vaginal sex. Inflammation in the female genital tract (FGT) increases the risk of HIV acquisition and transmission, likely through recruitment of HIV target cells and disruption of epithelial barrier integrity. Although sex may have important immune and epithelial effects, the impact of receptive penile-vaginal sex on the immune correlates of HIV susceptibility in the female genital tract is not well described. Methods STI-free heterosexual couples were recruited to the Sex, Couples and Science (SECS) Study, with the serial collection of cervical secretions (CVS), endocervical cytobrushes, blood and semen before and up to 72 h after either condomless (n = 29) or condom-protected (n = 8) penile-vaginal sex. Immune cells were characterized by flow cytometry, and immune factors including cytokines and soluble E-cadherin (sE-cad; a marker of epithelial disruption) were quantified by multiplex immunoassay. Co-primary endpoints were defined as levels of IP-10 and IL-1α, cytokines previously associated with increased HIV susceptibility. Results Here we show that cervicovaginal levels of vaginal IP-10, sE-cad and several other cytokines increase rapidly after sex, regardless of condom use. The proportion of endocervical HIV target cells, including Th17 cells, activated T cells, and activated or mature dendritic cells (DCs) also increase, particularly after condomless sex. Although most of these immune changes resolve within 72 h, increases in activated cervical CD4 + T cells and Tcm persist beyond this time. Conclusions Penile-vaginal sex induces multiple genital immune changes that may enhance HIV susceptibility during the 72 h post-sex window that is critical for virus acquisition. This has important implications for the mucosal immunopathogenesis of HIV transmission. Women who acquire HIV most commonly do so during penile-vaginal sex. Although the risk of HIV acquisition is higher when there is pre-existing inflammation in the female genital tract, the impact of receptive penile-vaginal sex itself on immune markers of HIV susceptibility in the genital tract has not been widely studied. We recruited heterosexual couples, without HIV or sexually-transmitted infections, and studied the impact of a single episode of penile-vaginal sex on immune cells and proteins in the female genital tract. We found that some markers within the cervix and vagina increased immediately after sex, then returned to normal. We noticed differences in these changes depending on whether the sex was condom-protected and whether the male partner was circumcised. Our findings might help us to understand how sex impacts the immune system and how this might contribute to HIV acquisition. Mohammadi et al. evaluate immune markers and cell types associated with HIV susceptibility in the female genital tract before and after penile-vaginal sex. The authors report that these immune parameters increase rapidly and transiently after sex, with condom use affecting some of the changes observed.
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18
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Cavarelli M, Foglieni C, Hantour N, Schorn T, Ferrazzano A, Dispinseri S, Desjardins D, Elmore U, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Scarlatti G, Le Grand R. Identification of CX3CR1+ mononuclear phagocyte subsets involved in HIV-1 and SIV colorectal transmission. iScience 2022; 25:104346. [PMID: 35601921 PMCID: PMC9117554 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The difficulty to unambiguously identify the various subsets of mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) of the intestinal lamina propria has hindered our understanding of the initial events occurring after mucosal exposure to HIV-1. Here, we compared the composition and function of MNP subsets at steady-state and following ex vivo and in vivo viral exposure in human and macaque colorectal tissues. Combined evaluation of CD11c, CD64, CD103, and CX3CR1 expression allowed to differentiate lamina propria MNPs subsets common to both species. Among them, CD11c+ CX3CR1+ cells expressing CCR5 migrated inside the epithelium following ex vivo and in vivo exposure of colonic tissue to HIV-1 or SIV. In addition, the predominant population of CX3CR1high macrophages present at steady-state partially shifted to CX3CR1low macrophages as early as three days following in vivo SIV rectal challenge of macaques. Our analysis identifies CX3CR1+ MNPs as novel players in the early events of HIV-1 and SIV colorectal transmission. Human and macaque intestinal MNPs show similar phenotype, localization, and function CX3CR1+ MNPs migrate inside the intestinal epithelium to sample HIV/SIV SIV infection alters the balance between CX3CR1high and CX3CR1low Mφs CX3CR1+ Mφs contribute to the breakdown of the intestinal barrier in HIV/SIV infection
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19
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Constant O, Maarifi G, Blanchet FP, Van de Perre P, Simonin Y, Salinas S. Role of Dendritic Cells in Viral Brain Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862053. [PMID: 35529884 PMCID: PMC9072653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain access to the brain, a so-called immune-privileged organ due to its physical separation from the blood stream, pathogens and particularly viruses have been selected throughout evolution for their use of specific mechanisms. They can enter the central nervous system through direct infection of nerves or cerebral barriers or through cell-mediated transport. Indeed, peripheral lymphoid and myeloid immune cells can interact with the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers and allow viral brain access using the "Trojan horse" mechanism. Among immune cells, at the frontier between innate and adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) can be pathogen carriers, regulate or exacerbate antiviral responses and neuroinflammation, and therefore be involved in viral transmission and spread. In this review, we highlight an important contribution of DCs in the development and the consequences of viral brain infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Constant
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien P. Blanchet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
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20
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Su B, Kong D, Yang X, Zhang T, Kuang YQ. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells: a cryptic coordinator in HIV-infected immune reconstitution. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3043-3053. [PMID: 35243649 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection causes considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has largely transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease to a chronic condition, approximately 10%~40% of HIV-infected individuals who receive effective ART and sustain long-term viral suppression still cannot achieve optimal immune reconstitution. These patients are called immunological non-responders, a state associated with poor clinical prognosis. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an evolutionarily conserved unconventional T cell subset defined by expression of semi-invariant αβ T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes metabolites derived from the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related protein-1 (MR1). MAIT cells, which are considered to act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, produce a wide range of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules upon activation through TCR-dependent and TCR-independent mechanisms, which is of major importance in defense against a variety of pathogens. In addition, MAIT cells are involved in autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases. The number of MAIT cells is dramatically and irreversibly decreased in the early stage of HIV infection and is not fully restored even after long-term suppressive ART. In light of the important role of MAIT cells in mucosal immunity and because microbial translocation is inversely associated with CD4+ T cell counts, we propose that MAIT cells participate in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity and microbial homeostasis, thus further affecting immune reconstitution in HIV-infected individuals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Deshenyue Kong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi-Qun Kuang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
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21
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Occludin Promotes Adhesion of CD8+ T Cells and Melanocytes in Vitiligo via the HIF-1α Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6732972. [PMID: 35222802 PMCID: PMC8865978 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6732972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Loss of melanocytes induced by activated CD8+ T cells is the pathological hallmark of vitiligo. Melanocyte-specific CD8+ T cells are recruited to the skin via chemokines, thereby releasing perforin, granzyme, and other cytotoxic substances that destroy the melanocytes. However, the mechanism of CD8+ T cells to adhere to melanocytes is unknown. Previous transcriptome sequencing results published by our group showed that the occluding (OCLN) gene was significantly upregulated in CD8+ T cells from skin lesions of vitiligo. Occludin is a crucial component of the tight junction between cells; in cells without tight junction, occludin mediates the adhesion of two cells in the form of a self-ligand. This study demonstrated that OCLN gene expression was elevated in the CD8+ T cells of vitiligo patients, and occludin mediates the adherence of CD8+ T cells to melanocytes. Besides, pathological changes in vitiligo skin lesions reveal that CD8+ T cells continuously persist in the skin lesions, which is related to the persistence of the disease. In this regard, we found that fibroblasts from vitiligo patients significantly express occludin, which may participate in the continuous retention of CD8+ T cells in the skin lesions. The pathogenesis of vitiligo is closely related to oxidative stress, and our data suggest that overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) increases the expression of occludin. Besides, ChIP-qPCR of CD8+ T cells revealed that HIF-1α directly binds to the OCLN promoter. Thus, occludin upregulation promotes the adhesion of CD8+ T cells and melanocytes via the HIF-1α signaling pathway. Our study results suggested a critical role for OCLN in the occurrence, progression, and maintenance of vitiligo. Therefore, inhibiting the expression of OCLN gene may be a potential targeted treatment strategy.
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22
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Doyle CM, Fewings NL, Ctercteko G, Byrne SN, Harman AN, Bertram KM. OMIP 082: A 25-color phenotyping to define human innate lymphoid cells, natural killer cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, and γδ T cells from freshly isolated human intestinal tissue. Cytometry A 2022; 101:196-202. [PMID: 35018731 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We developed a 25-color flow cytometry panel to comprehensively interrogate innate lymphoid cells (ILC), mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, natural killer (NK) cells and γδ T cells in human tissues. The ability to isolate and interrogate these cells from fresh human tissue is crucial in understanding the role these cells play at immune-privileged mucosal surfaces like the intestine in health and disease settings. However, liberating these cells from tissue is extremely challenging as many key surface identification markers are susceptible to enzymatic cleavage. Choosing the correct enzyme-antibody clone combination within a high-parameter panel is, therefore, a critical consideration. Here, we present a comprehensive, in-depth analysis of the effect different common digestive enzyme blends have on key surface markers used to identify these cell types. In addition, we compared multiple antibody clones for surface markers that are highly susceptible to enzymatic cleavage, such as CD127 and NKp44, to achieve the most consistent and superior staining patterns among donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe M Doyle
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Clinical School, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole L Fewings
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Clinical School, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grahame Ctercteko
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Clinical School, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew N Harman
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirstie M Bertram
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Clinical School, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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HIV transmitting mononuclear phagocytes; integrating the old and new. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:542-550. [PMID: 35173293 PMCID: PMC9259493 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In tissue, mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) are comprised of Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and monocyte-derived cells. They are the first immune cells to encounter HIV during transmission and transmit the virus to CD4 T cells as a consequence of their antigen presenting cell function. To understand the role these cells play in transmission, their phenotypic and functional characterisation is important. With advancements in high parameter single cell technologies, new MNPs subsets are continuously being discovered and their definition and classification is in a state of flux. This has important implications for our knowledge of HIV transmission, which requires a deeper understanding to design effective vaccines and better blocking strategies. Here we review the historical research of the role MNPs play in HIV transmission up to the present day and revaluate these studies in the context of our most recent understandings of the MNP system.
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24
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Robertson H, Li J, Kim HJ, Rhodes JW, Harman AN, Patrick E, Rogers NM. Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies A Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell Signature. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733231. [PMID: 34745103 PMCID: PMC8564488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are central to regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Strategies that modify DC function provide new therapeutic opportunities in autoimmune diseases and transplantation. Current pharmacological approaches can alter DC phenotype to induce tolerogenic DC (tolDC), a maturation-resistant DC subset capable of directing a regulatory immune response that are being explored in current clinical trials. The classical phenotypic characterization of tolDC is limited to cell-surface marker expression and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, although these are not specific. TolDC may be better defined using gene signatures, but there is no consensus definition regarding genotypic markers. We address this shortcoming by analyzing available transcriptomic data to yield an independent set of differentially expressed genes that characterize human tolDC. We validate this transcriptomic signature and also explore gene differences according to the method of tolDC generation. As well as establishing a novel characterization of tolDC, we interrogated its translational utility in vivo, demonstrating this geneset was enriched in the liver, a known tolerogenic organ. Our gene signature will potentially provide greater understanding regarding transcriptional regulators of tolerance and allow researchers to standardize identification of tolDC used for cellular therapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Robertson
- Kidney Injury Group, Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer Li
- Kidney Injury Group, Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Hani Jieun Kim
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jake W Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew N Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Kidney Injury Group, Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Natasha M Rogers
- Kidney Injury Group, Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Renal and Transplantation Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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25
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Doyle CM, Vine EE, Bertram KM, Baharlou H, Rhodes JW, Dervish S, Gosselink MP, Di Re A, Collins GP, Reza F, Toh JWT, Pathma-Nathan N, Ahlenstiel G, Ctercteko G, Cunningham AL, Harman AN, Byrne SN. Optimal Isolation Protocols for Examining and Interrogating Mononuclear Phagocytes From Human Intestinal Tissue. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727952. [PMID: 34566985 PMCID: PMC8462295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestine contains numerous mononuclear phagocytes (MNP), including subsets of conventional dendritic cells (cDC), macrophages (Mf) and monocytes, each playing their own unique role within the intestinal immune system and homeostasis. The ability to isolate and interrogate MNPs from fresh human tissue is crucial if we are to understand the role of these cells in homeostasis, disease settings and immunotherapies. However, liberating these cells from tissue is problematic as many of the key surface identification markers they express are susceptible to enzymatic cleavage and they are highly susceptible to cell death. In addition, the extraction process triggers immunological activation/maturation which alters their functional phenotype. Identifying the evolving, complex and highly heterogenous repertoire of MNPs by flow cytometry therefore requires careful selection of digestive enzyme blends that liberate viable cells and preserve recognition epitopes involving careful selection of antibody clones to enable analysis and sorting for functional assays. Here we describe a method for the anatomical separation of mucosa and submucosa as well as isolating lymphoid follicles from human jejunum, ileum and colon. We also describe in detail the optimised enzyme digestion methods needed to acquire functionally immature and biologically functional intestinal MNPs. A comprehensive list of screened antibody clones is also presented which allows for the development of high parameter flow cytometry panels to discriminate all currently identified human tissue MNP subsets including pDCs, cDC1, cDC2 (langerin+ and langerin-), newly described DC3, monocytes, Mf1, Mf2, Mf3 and Mf4. We also present a novel method to account for autofluorescent signal from tissue macrophages. Finally, we demonstrate that these methods can successfully be used to sort functional, immature intestinal DCs that can be used for functional assays such as cytokine production assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe M Doyle
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Erica E Vine
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirstie M Bertram
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Heeva Baharlou
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jake W Rhodes
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Suat Dervish
- Westmead Cytometry, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Martijn P Gosselink
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Angelina Di Re
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey P Collins
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Faizur Reza
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - James W T Toh
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Nimalan Pathma-Nathan
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Blacktown Clinical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, NSW, Australia.,Blacktown Hospital, Western Sydney Local Area Health District (WSLHD), Blacktown, NSW, Australia
| | - Grahame Ctercteko
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew N Harman
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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26
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Targeting human langerin promotes HIV-1 specific humoral immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009749. [PMID: 34324611 PMCID: PMC8354475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The main avenue for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine remains the induction of protective antibodies. A rationale approach is to target antigen to specific receptors on dendritic cells (DC) via fused monoclonal antibodies (mAb). In mouse and non-human primate models, targeting of skin Langerhans cells (LC) with anti-Langerin mAbs fused with HIV-1 Gag antigen drives antigen-specific humoral responses. The development of these immunization strategies in humans requires a better understanding of early immune events driven by human LC. We therefore produced anti-Langerin mAbs fused with the HIV-1 gp140z Envelope (αLC.Env). First, we show that primary skin human LC and in vitro differentiated LC induce differentiation and expansion of naïve CD4+ T cells into T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Second, when human LC are pre-treated with αLC.Env, differentiated Tfh cells significantly promote the production of specific IgG by B cells. Strikingly, HIV-Env-specific Ig are secreted by HIV-specific memory B cells. Consistently, we found that receptors and cytokines involved in Tfh differentiation and B cell functions are upregulated by LC during their maturation and after targeting Langerin. Finally, we show that subcutaneous immunization of mice by αLC.Env induces germinal center (GC) reaction in draining lymph nodes with higher numbers of Tfh cells, Env-specific B cells, as well as specific IgG serum levels compared to mice immunized with the non-targeting Env antigen. Altogether, we provide evidence that human LC properly targeted may be licensed to efficiently induce Tfh cell and B cell responses in GC. In recent years, the place of innovative vaccines based on the induction/regulation and modulation of the immune response with the aim to elicit an integrated T- and B cell immune responses against complex antigens has emerged besides “classical” vaccine vectors. Targeting antigens to dendritic cells is a vaccine technology concept supported by more than a decade of animal models and human pre-clinical experimentation. Recent investigations in animals underscored that Langerhans cells (LC) are an important target to consider for the induction of antibody responses by DC targeting vaccine approaches. Nonetheless, the development of these immunization strategies in humans remains elusive. We therefore developed and produced an HIV vaccine candidate targeting specifically LC through the Langerin receptor. We tested the ability of our vaccine candidate of targeting LC from skin explant and of inducing in vitro the differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Using complementary in vitro models, we demonstrated that Tfh cells induced by human LC are functional and the targeting of LC by our vaccine candidate promotes the secretion of anti-HIV IgG by memory B cells from HIV-infected individuals. In this study human LC exhibit key cellular functions able to drive potent anti-HIV-1 humoral responses providing mechanistic evidence of the Tfh- and B cell stimulating functions of primary skin targeted LC. Finally, we demonstrated in Xcr1DTA mice the significant advantage of LC targeting for inducing Tfh and germinal center (GC)-B cells and anti-HIV-1 antibodies. Therefore, the targeting of the human Langerin receptor appears to be a promising strategy for developing efficient HIV-1 vaccine.
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27
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Svanberg C, Ellegård R, Crisci E, Khalid M, Borendal Wodlin N, Svenvik M, Nyström S, Birse K, Burgener A, Shankar EM, Larsson M. Complement-Opsonized HIV Modulates Pathways Involved in Infection of Cervical Mucosal Tissues: A Transcriptomic and Proteomic Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625649. [PMID: 34093520 PMCID: PMC8173031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genital mucosal transmission is the most common route of HIV spread. The initial responses triggered at the site of viral entry are reportedly affected by host factors, especially complement components present at the site, and this will have profound consequences on the outcome and pathogenesis of HIV infection. We studied the initial events associated with host-pathogen interactions by exposing cervical biopsies to free or complement-opsonized HIV. Opsonization resulted in higher rates of HIV acquisition/infection in mucosal tissues and emigrating dendritic cells. Transcriptomic and proteomic data showed a significantly more pathways and higher expression of genes and proteins associated with viral replication and pathways involved in different aspects of viral infection including interferon signaling, cytokine profile and dendritic cell maturation for the opsonized HIV. Moreover, the proteomics data indicate a general suppression by the HIV exposure. This clearly suggests that HIV opsonization alters the initial signaling pathways in the cervical mucosa in a manner that promotes viral establishment and infection. Our findings provide a foundation for further studies of the role these early HIV induced events play in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Svanberg
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
| | - Elisa Crisci
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kenzie Birse
- National HIV and Retrovirology Labs, JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Adam Burgener
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
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Bertram KM, Truong NR, Smith JB, Kim M, Sandgren KJ, Feng KL, Herbert JJ, Rana H, Danastas K, Miranda-Saksena M, Rhodes JW, Patrick E, Cohen RC, Lim J, Merten SL, Harman AN, Cunningham AL. Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 infects Langerhans cells and the novel epidermal dendritic cell, Epi-cDC2s, via different entry pathways. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009536. [PMID: 33905459 PMCID: PMC8104422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) provide the first interactions of invading viruses with the immune system. In addition to Langerhans cells (LCs), we recently described a second epidermal MNP population, Epi-cDC2s, in human anogenital epidermis that is closely related to dermal conventional dendritic cells type 2 (cDC2) and can be preferentially infected by HIV. Here we show that in epidermal explants topically infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), both LCs and Epi-cDC2s interact with HSV-1 particles and infected keratinocytes. Isolated Epi-cDC2s support higher levels of infection than LCs in vitro, inhibited by acyclovir, but both MNP subtypes express similar levels of the HSV entry receptors nectin-1 and HVEM, and show similar levels of initial uptake. Using inhibitors of endosomal acidification, actin and cholesterol, we found that HSV-1 utilises different entry pathways in each cell type. HSV-1 predominantly infects LCs, and monocyte-derived MNPs, via a pH-dependent pathway. In contrast, Epi-cDC2s are mainly infected via a pH-independent pathway which may contribute to the enhanced infection of Epi-cDC2s. Both cells underwent apoptosis suggesting that Epi-cDC2s may follow the same dermal migration and uptake by dermal MNPs that we have previously shown for LCs. Thus, we hypothesize that the uptake of HSV and infection of Epi-cDC2s will stimulate immune responses via a different pathway to LCs, which in future may help guide HSV vaccine development and adjuvant targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie M. Bertram
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Truong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Jacinta B. Smith
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Min Kim
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Kerrie J. Sandgren
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Konrad L. Feng
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Jason J. Herbert
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Hafsa Rana
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Kevin Danastas
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Monica Miranda-Saksena
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Jake W. Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ralph C. Cohen
- Department of Surgery, University of Sydney and The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Jake Lim
- Department of Surgery, Westmead Private Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Steven L. Merten
- Department of Surgery, Macquarie University Hospital, Macquarie Park, Australia
| | - Andrew N. Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
- * E-mail:
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