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Qu H, Zhen Y, Xu M, Huang Y, Wang Y, Ji G, Zhang Y, Li H, Dong Z, Zheng X. Structures of a sperm-specific sodium-hydrogen exchanger. CELL INSIGHT 2024; 3:100177. [PMID: 38957574 PMCID: PMC11214986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2024.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Qu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi Zhen
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mohan Xu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yashu Wang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Gaoyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Haitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiangdong Zheng
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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2
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Rieck J, Derst C, Veh RW. Polyamines (PAs) but not small peptides with closely spaced positively charged groups interact with DNA and RNA, but they do not represent a relevant buffer system at physiological pH values. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304658. [PMID: 39052628 PMCID: PMC11271873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) including putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) are small, versatile molecules with two or more positively charged amino groups. Despite their importance for almost all forms of life, their specific roles in molecular and cellular biology remain partly unknown. The molecular structures of PAs suggest two presumable biological functions: (i) as potential buffer systems and (ii) as interactants with poly-negatively charged molecules like nucleic acids. The present report focuses on the question, whether the molecular structures of PAs are essential for such functions, or whether other simple molecules like small peptides with closely spaced positively charged side chains might be suitable as well. Consequently, we created titration curves for PUT, SPD, and SPM, as well as for oligolysines like tri-, tetra-, and penta-lysine. None of the molecules provided substantial buffering capacity at physiological intracellular pH values. Apparently, the most important mechanism for intracellular pH homeostasis in neurons is not a buffer system but is provided by the actions of the sodium-hydrogen and the bicarbonate-chloride antiporters. In a similar approach we investigated the interaction with DNA by following the extinction at 260 nm when titrating DNA with the above molecules. Again, PUT and tri-lysine were not able to interact with herring sperm DNA, while SPD and SPM were. Obviously, the presence of several positively charged groups on its own is not sufficient for the interaction with nucleic acids. Instead, the precise spacing of these groups is necessary for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Rieck
- Institut für Zell- und Neurobiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Derst
- Institut für Zell- und Neurobiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rüdiger W. Veh
- Institut für Zell- und Neurobiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Gulati A, Kokane S, Perez-Boerema A, Alleva C, Meier PF, Matsuoka R, Drew D. Structure and mechanism of the K +/H + exchanger KefC. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4751. [PMID: 38834573 PMCID: PMC11150392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracellular potassium (K+) homeostasis is fundamental to cell viability. In addition to channels, K+ levels are maintained by various ion transporters. One major family is the proton-driven K+ efflux transporters, which in gram-negative bacteria is important for detoxification and in plants is critical for efficient photosynthesis and growth. Despite their importance, the structure and molecular basis for K+-selectivity is poorly understood. Here, we report ~3.1 Å resolution cryo-EM structures of the Escherichia coli glutathione (GSH)-gated K+ efflux transporter KefC in complex with AMP, AMP/GSH and an ion-binding variant. KefC forms a homodimer similar to the inward-facing conformation of Na+/H+ antiporter NapA. By structural assignment of a coordinated K+ ion, MD simulations, and SSM-based electrophysiology, we demonstrate how ion-binding in KefC is adapted for binding a dehydrated K+ ion. KefC harbors C-terminal regulator of K+ conductance (RCK) domains, as present in some bacterial K+-ion channels. The domain-swapped helices in the RCK domains bind AMP and GSH and they inhibit transport by directly interacting with the ion-transporter module. Taken together, we propose that KefC is activated by detachment of the RCK domains and that ion selectivity exploits the biophysical properties likewise adapted by K+-ion-channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Surabhi Kokane
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annemarie Perez-Boerema
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Alleva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pascal F Meier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rei Matsuoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Drew
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Chávez JC, Carrasquel-Martínez G, Hernández-Garduño S, Matamoros Volante A, Treviño CL, Nishigaki T, Darszon A. Cytosolic and Acrosomal pH Regulation in Mammalian Sperm. Cells 2024; 13:865. [PMID: 38786087 PMCID: PMC11120249 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
As in most cells, intracellular pH regulation is fundamental for sperm physiology. Key sperm functions like swimming, maturation, and a unique exocytotic process, the acrosome reaction, necessary for gamete fusion, are deeply influenced by pH. Sperm pH regulation, both intracellularly and within organelles such as the acrosome, requires a coordinated interplay of various transporters and channels, ensuring that this cell is primed for fertilization. Consistent with the pivotal importance of pH regulation in mammalian sperm physiology, several of its unique transporters are dependent on cytosolic pH. Examples include the Ca2+ channel CatSper and the K+ channel Slo3. The absence of these channels leads to male infertility. This review outlines the main transport elements involved in pH regulation, including cytosolic and acrosomal pH, that participate in these complex functions. We present a glimpse of how these transporters are regulated and how distinct sets of them are orchestrated to allow sperm to fertilize the egg. Much research is needed to begin to envision the complete set of players and the choreography of how cytosolic and organellar pH are regulated in each sperm function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C. Chávez
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología (IBT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (J.C.C.); (G.C.-M.)
| | - Gabriela Carrasquel-Martínez
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología (IBT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (J.C.C.); (G.C.-M.)
- CITMER, Medicina Reproductiva, México City 11520, Mexico
| | - Sandra Hernández-Garduño
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Arturo Matamoros Volante
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Claudia L. Treviño
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología (IBT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (J.C.C.); (G.C.-M.)
| | - Takuya Nishigaki
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología (IBT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (J.C.C.); (G.C.-M.)
| | - Alberto Darszon
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología (IBT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (J.C.C.); (G.C.-M.)
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Yu H, Wang X, Tian R, Li X, Xu C, Fei J, Li T, Yin Z. Myometrium infection decreases TREK1 through NHE1 and increases contraction in pregnant mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1106-C1119. [PMID: 38344766 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00598.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Intrauterine infection during pregnancy can enhance uterine contractions. A two-pore K+ channel TREK1 is crucial for maintaining uterine quiescence and reducing contractility, with its properties regulated by pH changes in cell microenvironment. Meanwhile, the sodium hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) plays a pivotal role in modulating cellular pH homeostasis, and its activation increases smooth muscle tension. By establishing an infected mouse model of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we used Western blotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence to detect changes of TREK1 and NHE1 expression in the myometrium, and isometric recording measured the uterus contraction. The NHE1 inhibitor cariporide was used to explore the effect of NHE1 on TREK1. Finally, cell contraction assay and siRNA transfection were performed to clarify the relationship between NHE1 and TREK1 in vitro. We found that the uterine contraction was notably enhanced in infected mice with E. coli and LPS administration. Meanwhile, TREK1 expression was reduced, whereas NHE1 expression was upregulated in infected mice. Cariporide alleviated the increased uterine contraction and promoted myometrium TREK1 expression in LPS-injected mice. Furthermore, suppression of NHE1 with siRNA transfection inhibited the contractility of uterine smooth muscle cells and activated the TREK1. Altogether, our findings indicate that infection increases the uterine contraction by downregulating myometrium TREK1 in mice, and the inhibition of TREK1 is attributed to the activation of NHE1.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Present work found that infection during pregnancy will increase myometrium contraction. Infection downregulated NHE1 and followed TREK1 expression and activation decrease in myometrium, resulting in increased myometrium contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruixian Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chenyi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiajia Fei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Tengteng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zongzhi Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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6
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Qiu Y, Gao Y, Huang B, Bai Q, Zhao Y. Transport mechanism of presynaptic high-affinity choline uptake by CHT1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:701-709. [PMID: 38589607 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Choline is a vital nutrient and a precursor for the biosynthesis of essential metabolites, including acetylcholine (ACh), that play a central role in fetal development, especially in the brain. In cholinergic neurons, the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1) provides an extraordinarily efficient reuptake mechanism to reutilize choline derived from intrasynaptical ACh hydrolysis and maintain ACh synthesis in the presynapse. Here, we determined structures of human CHT1 in three discrete states: the outward-facing state bound with the competitive inhibitor hemicholinium-3 (HC-3); the inward-facing occluded state bound with the substrate choline; and the inward-facing apo open state. Our structures and functional characterizations elucidate how the inhibitor and substrate are recognized. Moreover, our findings shed light on conformational changes when transitioning from an outward-facing to an inward-facing state and establish a framework for understanding the transport cycle, which relies on the stabilization of the outward-facing state by a short intracellular helix, IH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Beijing StoneWise Technology Co Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qinru Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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7
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Rimon A, Amartely H, Padan E. The crossing of two unwound transmembrane regions that is the hallmark of the NhaA structural fold is critical for antiporter activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5915. [PMID: 38467695 PMCID: PMC10928194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell pH and Na+ homeostasis requires Na+/H+ antiporters. The crystal structure of NhaA, the main Escherichia coli Na+/H+ antiporter, revealed a unique NhaA structural fold shared by prokaryotic and eukaryotic membrane proteins. Out of the 12 NhaA transmembrane segments (TMs), TMs III-V and X-XII are topologically inverted repeats with unwound TMs IV and XI forming the X shape characterizing the NhaA fold. We show that intramolecular cross-linking under oxidizing conditions of a NhaA mutant with two Cys replacements across the crossing (D133C-T340C) inhibits antiporter activity and impairs NhaA-dependent cell growth in high-salts. The affinity purified D133C-T340C protein binds Li+ (the Na+ surrogate substrate of NhaA) under reducing conditions. The cross-linking traps the antiporter in an outward-facing conformation, blocking the antiport cycle. As many secondary transporters are found to share the NhaA fold, including some involved in human diseases, our data have importance for both basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Rimon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadar Amartely
- Wolfson Center for Applied Structural Biology, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Etana Padan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel.
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel.
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8
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Liao S, Wu G, Xie Z, Lei X, Yang X, Huang S, Deng X, Wang Z, Tang G. pH regulators and their inhibitors in tumor microenvironment. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116170. [PMID: 38308950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
As an important characteristic of tumor, acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely related to immune escape, invasion, migration and drug resistance of tumor. The acidity of the TME mainly comes from the acidic products produced by the high level of tumor metabolism, such as lactic acid and carbon dioxide. pH regulators such as monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), and Na+/H+ exchange 1 (NHE1) expel protons directly or indirectly from the tumor to maintain the pH balance of tumor cells and create an acidic TME. We review the functions of several pH regulators involved in the construction of acidic TME, the structure and structure-activity relationship of pH regulator inhibitors, and provide strategies for the development of small-molecule antitumor inhibitors based on these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyi Liao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Guang Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Jiuzhitang Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Xiangping Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Guotao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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9
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Gámez-Arjona F, Park HJ, García E, Aman R, Villalta I, Raddatz N, Carranco R, Ali A, Ali Z, Zareen S, De Luca A, Leidi EO, Daniel-Mozo M, Xu ZY, Albert A, Kim WY, Pardo JM, Sánchez-Rodriguez C, Yun DJ, Quintero FJ. Inverse regulation of SOS1 and HKT1 protein localization and stability by SOS3/CBL4 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320657121. [PMID: 38386704 PMCID: PMC10907282 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320657121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
To control net sodium (Na+) uptake, Arabidopsis plants utilize the plasma membrane (PM) Na+/H+ antiporter SOS1 to achieve Na+ efflux at the root and Na+ loading into the xylem, and the channel-like HKT1;1 protein that mediates the reverse flux of Na+ unloading off the xylem. Together, these opposing transport systems govern the partition of Na+ within the plant yet they must be finely co-regulated to prevent a futile cycle of xylem loading and unloading. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis SOS3 protein acts as the molecular switch governing these Na+ fluxes by favoring the recruitment of SOS1 to the PM and its subsequent activation by the SOS2/SOS3 kinase complex under salt stress, while commanding HKT1;1 protein degradation upon acute sodic stress. SOS3 achieves this role by direct and SOS2-independent binding to previously unrecognized functional domains of SOS1 and HKT1;1. These results indicate that roots first retain moderate amounts of salts to facilitate osmoregulation, yet when sodicity exceeds a set point, SOS3-dependent HKT1;1 degradation switches the balance toward Na+ export out of the root. Thus, SOS3 functionally links and co-regulates the two major Na+ transport systems operating in vascular plants controlling plant tolerance to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gámez-Arjona
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul05029, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, Korea
| | - Elena García
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
| | - Rashid Aman
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irene Villalta
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, Université de Tours, Tours37200, France
| | - Natalia Raddatz
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
| | - Raul Carranco
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
| | - Akhtar Ali
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul05029, South Korea
| | - Zahir Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shah Zareen
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul05029, South Korea
| | - Anna De Luca
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
| | - Eduardo O. Leidi
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Seville41012, Spain
| | - Miguel Daniel-Mozo
- Instituto de Química Física Blas Cabrera, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Zheng-Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun130024, China
| | - Armando Albert
- Instituto de Química Física Blas Cabrera, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju660-701, South Korea
| | - Jose M. Pardo
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
| | - Clara Sánchez-Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid–Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CSIC), Pozuelo de Alarcón28223, Spain
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul05029, South Korea
| | - Francisco J. Quintero
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
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10
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Zimmermannová O, Velázquez D, Papoušková K, Průša V, Radová V, Falson P, Sychrová H. The Hydrophilic C-terminus of Yeast Plasma-membrane Na +/H + Antiporters Impacts Their Ability to Transport K . J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168443. [PMID: 38211892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Yeast plasma-membrane Na+/H+ antiporters (Nha/Sod) ensure the optimal intracellular level of alkali-metal cations and protons in cells. They are predicted to consist of 13 transmembrane segments (TMSs) and a large hydrophilic C-terminal cytoplasmic part with seven conserved domains. The substrate specificity, specifically the ability to recognize and transport K+ cations in addition to Na+ and Li+, differs among homologs. In this work, we reveal that the composition of the C-terminus impacts the ability of antiporters to transport particular cations. In the osmotolerant yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, the Sod2-22 antiporter only efficiently exports Na+ and Li+, but not K+. The introduction of a negative charge or removal of a positive charge in one of the C-terminal conserved regions (C3) enabled ZrSod2-22 to transport K+. The same mutations rescued the low level of activity and purely Li+ specificity of ZrSod2-22 with the A179T mutation in TMS6, suggesting a possible interaction between this TMS and the C-terminus. The truncation or replacement of the C-terminal part of ZrSod2-22 with the C-terminus of a K+-transporting Nha/Sod antiporter (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nha1 or Z. rouxii Nha1) also resulted in an antiporter with the capacity to export K+. In addition, in ScNha1, the replacement of three positively charged arginine residues 539-541 in the C3 region with alanine caused its inability to provide cells with tolerance to Li+. All our results demonstrate that the physiological functions of yeast Nha/Sod antiporters, either in salt tolerance or in K+ homeostasis, depend on the composition of their C-terminal parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zimmermannová
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Diego Velázquez
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Klára Papoušková
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtěch Průša
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Viktorie Radová
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Pierre Falson
- Drug Resistance Membrane Proteins Group, National Centre for Scientific Research and Lyon I University Laboratory n°5086, Institute of Biology and Chemistry of Proteins, Lyon, France.
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Shinohara Y, Komiya Y, Morimoto K, Endo Y, Terashima M, Suzuki T, Takino T, Ninomiya I, Yamada H, Uto Y. Development of UTX-143, a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 5 inhibitor, using amiloride as a lead compound. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 99:117603. [PMID: 38246115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
NHE5, an isoform of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) protein, is an ion-transporting membrane protein that regulates intracellular pH and is highly expressed in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Therefore, we hypothesized that NHE5 inhibitors can be used as anticancer drugs. However, because NHE1 is ubiquitously expressed in all cells, it is extremely important to demonstrate its selective inhibitory activity against NHE5. We used amiloride, an NHE non-selective inhibitor, as a lead compound and created UTX-143, which has NHE5-selective inhibitory activity, using a structure-activity relationship approach. UTX-143 showed selective cytotoxic effects on cancer cells and reduced the migratory and invasive abilities of cancer cells. These results suggest a new concept wherein drugs exhibit cancer-specific cytotoxic effects through selective inhibition of NHE5 and the possibility of UTX-143 as a lead NHE5-selective inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusei Shinohara
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjimacho-2, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yuki Komiya
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjimacho-2, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Kashin Morimoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjimacho-2, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshio Endo
- Central Research Resource Branch, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Minoru Terashima
- Division of Functional Geneomics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Division of Functional Geneomics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takahisa Takino
- Division of Education for Global Standard, Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Itasu Ninomiya
- Director of Central Medical Center and Department of Surgery, Fukui Prefectural Hospital, Yotsui-2, Fukui 910-0846, Japan
| | - Hisatsugu Yamada
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjimacho-2, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Uto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjimacho-2, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
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12
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El Salamouni NS, Buckley BJ, Lee R, Ranson M, Kelso MJ, Yu H. Ion Transport and Inhibitor Binding by Human NHE1: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Free Energy Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:440-450. [PMID: 38185879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The human Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1) plays a crucial role in maintaining intracellular pH by regulating the electroneutral exchange of a single intracellular H+ for one extracellular Na+ across the plasma membrane. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing ion transport and the binding of inhibitors is of importance in the development of anticancer therapeutics targeting NHE1. In this context, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on the recent cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of outward- and inward-facing conformations of NHE1. These simulations allowed us to explore the dynamics of the protein, examine the ion-translocation pore, and confirm that Asp267 is the ion-binding residue. Our free energy calculations did not show a significant difference between Na+ and K+ binding at the ion-binding site. Consequently, Na+ over K+ selectivity cannot be solely explained by differences in ion binding. Our MD simulations involving NHE1 inhibitors (cariporide and amiloride analogues) maintained stable interactions with Asp267 and Glu346. Our study highlights the importance of the salt bridge between the positively charged acylguanidine moiety and Asp267, which appears to play a role in the competitive inhibitory mechanism for this class of inhibitors. Our computational study provides a detailed mechanistic interpretation of experimental data and serves the basis of future structure-based inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad S El Salamouni
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Buckley
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Richmond Lee
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Quantum Biotechnology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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13
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Xu L, Jia W, Tao X, Ye F, Zhang Y, Ding ZJ, Zheng SJ, Qiao S, Su N, Zhang Y, Wu S, Guo J. Structures and mechanisms of the Arabidopsis cytokinin transporter AZG1. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:180-191. [PMID: 38172575 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinins are essential for plant growth and development, and their tissue distributions are regulated by transmembrane transport. Recent studies have revealed that members of the 'Aza-Guanine Resistant' (AZG) protein family from Arabidopsis thaliana can mediate cytokinin uptake in roots. Here we present 2.7 to 3.3 Å cryo-electron microscopy structures of Arabidopsis AZG1 in the apo state and in complex with its substrates trans-zeatin (tZ), 6-benzyleaminopurine (6-BAP) or kinetin. AZG1 forms a homodimer and each subunit shares a similar topology and domain arrangement with the proteins of the nucleobase/ascorbate transporter (NAT) family. These structures, along with functional analyses, reveal the molecular basis for cytokinin recognition. Comparison of the AZG1 structures determined in inward-facing conformations and predicted by AlphaFold2 in the occluded conformation allowed us to propose that AZG1 may carry cytokinins across the membrane through an elevator mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Xu
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wei Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Calibra Lab at DIAN Diagnostics, Key Laboratory of Digital Technology in Medical Diagnostics of Zhejiang Provinces, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Qiao
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nannan Su
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiangtao Guo
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China.
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Yeo H, Mehta V, Gulati A, Drew D. Structure and electromechanical coupling of a voltage-gated Na +/H + exchanger. Nature 2023; 623:193-201. [PMID: 37880360 PMCID: PMC10620092 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-sensing domains control the activation of voltage-gated ion channels, with a few exceptions1. One such exception is the sperm-specific Na+/H+ exchanger SLC9C1, which is the only known transporter to be regulated by voltage-sensing domains2-5. After hyperpolarization of sperm flagella, SLC9C1 becomes active, causing pH alkalinization and CatSper Ca2+ channel activation, which drives chemotaxis2,6. SLC9C1 activation is further regulated by cAMP2,7, which is produced by soluble adenyl cyclase (sAC). SLC9C1 is therefore an essential component of the pH-sAC-cAMP signalling pathway in metazoa8,9, required for sperm motility and fertilization4. Despite its importance, the molecular basis of SLC9C1 voltage activation is unclear. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of sea urchin SLC9C1 in detergent and nanodiscs. We show that the voltage-sensing domains are positioned in an unusual configuration, sandwiching each side of the SLC9C1 homodimer. The S4 segment is very long, 90 Å in length, and connects the voltage-sensing domains to the cytoplasmic cyclic-nucleotide-binding domains. The S4 segment is in the up configuration-the inactive state of SLC9C1. Consistently, although a negatively charged cavity is accessible for Na+ to bind to the ion-transporting domains of SLC9C1, an intracellular helix connected to S4 restricts their movement. On the basis of the differences in the cryo-EM structure of SLC9C1 in the presence of cAMP, we propose that, upon hyperpolarization, the S4 segment moves down, removing this constriction and enabling Na+/H+ exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunku Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ved Mehta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ashutosh Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Drew
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Zhang XY, Tang LH, Nie JW, Zhang CR, Han X, Li QY, Qin L, Wang MH, Huang X, Yu F, Su M, Wang Y, Xu RM, Guo Y, Xie Q, Chen YH. Structure and activation mechanism of the rice Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) Na +/H + antiporter. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1924-1936. [PMID: 37884653 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most severe abiotic stresses that adversely affect plant growth and agricultural productivity. The plant Na+/H+ antiporter Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) located in the plasma membrane extrudes excess Na+ out of cells in response to salt stress and confers salt tolerance. However, the molecular mechanism underlying SOS1 activation remains largely elusive. Here we elucidate two cryo-electron microscopy structures of rice (Oryza sativa) SOS1, a full-length protein in an auto-inhibited state and a truncated version in an active state. The SOS1 forms a dimeric architecture, with an NhaA-folded transmembrane domain portion in the membrane and an elongated cytosolic portion of multiple regulatory domains in the cytoplasm. The structural comparison shows that SOS1 adopts an elevator transport mechanism accompanied by a conformational transition of the highly conserved Pro148 in the unwound transmembrane helix 5 (TM5), switching from an occluded conformation in the auto-inhibited state to a conducting conformation in the active state. These findings allow us to propose an inhibition-release mechanism for SOS1 activation and elucidate how SOS1 controls Na+ homeostasis in response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Hui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Wei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Han
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Ming Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xie
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Maize, State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Syngenta Group China, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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16
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Zhang Y, Zhou J, Ni X, Wang Q, Jia Y, Xu X, Wu H, Fu P, Wen H, Guo Y, Yang G. Structural basis for the activity regulation of Salt Overly Sensitive 1 in Arabidopsis salt tolerance. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1915-1923. [PMID: 37884652 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane Na+/H+ exchanger Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) is crucial for plant salt tolerance. Unlike typical sodium/proton exchangers, SOS1 contains a large cytoplasmic domain (CPD) that regulates Na+/H+ exchange activity. However, the underlying modulation mechanism remains unclear. Here we report the structures of SOS1 from Arabidopsis thaliana in two conformations, primarily differing in CPD flexibility. The CPD comprises an interfacial domain, a cyclic nucleotide-binding domain-like domain (CNBD-like domain) and an autoinhibition domain. Through yeast cell-based Na+ tolerance test, we reveal the regulatory role of the interfacial domain and the activation role of the CNBD-like domain. The CPD forms a negatively charged cavity that is connected to the ion binding site. The transport of Na+ may be coupled with the conformational change of CPD. These findings provide structural and functional insight into SOS1 activity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuping Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yutian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wen
- DP Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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17
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Kalienkova V, Peter MF, Rheinberger J, Paulino C. Structures of a sperm-specific solute carrier gated by voltage and cAMP. Nature 2023; 623:202-209. [PMID: 37880361 PMCID: PMC10620091 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06629-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The newly characterized sperm-specific Na+/H+ exchanger stands out by its unique tripartite domain composition1,2. It unites a classical solute carrier unit with regulatory domains usually found in ion channels, namely, a voltage-sensing domain and a cyclic-nucleotide binding domain1,3, which makes it a mechanistic chimera and a secondary-active transporter activated strictly by membrane voltage. Our structures of the sea urchin SpSLC9C1 in the absence and presence of ligands reveal the overall domain arrangement and new structural coupling elements. They allow us to propose a gating model, where movements in the voltage sensor indirectly cause the release of the exchanging unit from a locked state through long-distance allosteric effects transmitted by the newly characterized coupling helices. We further propose that modulation by its ligand cyclic AMP occurs by means of disruption of the cytosolic dimer interface, which lowers the energy barrier for S4 movements in the voltage-sensing domain. As SLC9C1 members have been shown to be essential for male fertility, including in mammals2,4,5, our structure represents a potential new platform for the development of new on-demand contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Kalienkova
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Martin F Peter
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Rheinberger
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Paulino
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Chowdhury S, Pal K. Architecture and rearrangements of a sperm-specific Na +/H + exchanger. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3396005. [PMID: 37886505 PMCID: PMC10602139 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3396005/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The sperm-specific sodium hydrogen exchanger, SLC9C1, underlies hyperpolarization and cyclic nucleotide stimulated proton fluxes across sperm membranes and regulates their hyperactivated motility. SLC9C1 is the first known instance of an ion transporter that uses a canonical voltage-sensing domain (VSD) and an evolutionarily conserved cyclic nucleotide binding domain (CNBD) to influence the dynamics of its ion-exchange domain (ED). The structural organization of this 'tripartite transporter' and the mechanisms whereby it integrates physical (membrane voltage) and chemical (cyclic nucleotide) cues are unknown. In this study, we use single particle cryo-electron microscopy to determine structures of a metazoan SLC9C1 in different conformational states. We find that the three structural domains are uniquely organized around a distinct ring-shaped scaffold that we call the 'allosteric ring domain' or ARD. The ARD undergoes coupled proton-dependent rearrangements with the ED and acts as a 'signaling hub' enabling allosteric communication between the key functional modules of sp9C1. We demonstrate that binding of cAMP causes large conformational changes in the cytoplasmic domains and disrupts key ARD-linked interfaces. We propose that these structural changes rescue the transmembrane domains from an auto-inhibited state and facilitate their functional dynamics. Our study provides a structural framework to understand and further probe electrochemical linkage in SLC9C1.
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19
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Gardner CC, James PF. Na +/H + Exchangers (NHEs) in Mammalian Sperm: Essential Contributors to Male Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14981. [PMID: 37834431 PMCID: PMC10573352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) are known to be important regulators of pH in multiple intracellular compartments of eukaryotic cells. Sperm function is especially dependent on changes in pH and thus it has been postulated that NHEs play important roles in regulating the intracellular pH of these cells. For example, in order to achieve fertilization, mature sperm must maintain a basal pH in the male reproductive tract and then alkalize in response to specific signals in the female reproductive tract during the capacitation process. Eight NHE isoforms are expressed in mammalian testis/sperm: NHE1, NHE3, NHE5, NHE8, NHA1, NHA2, NHE10, and NHE11. These NHE isoforms are expressed at varying times during spermatogenesis and localize to different subcellular structures in developing and mature sperm where they contribute to multiple aspects of sperm physiology and male fertility including proper sperm development/morphogenesis, motility, capacitation, and the acrosome reaction. Previous work has provided evidence for NHE3, NHE8, NHA1, NHA2, and NHE10 being critical for male fertility in mice and NHE10 has recently been shown to be essential for male fertility in humans. In this article we review what is known about each NHE isoform expressed in mammalian sperm and discuss the physiological significance of each NHE isoform with respect to male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F. James
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA;
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20
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Lu Y, Zuo P, Chen H, Shan H, Wang W, Dai Z, Xu H, Chen Y, Liang L, Ding D, Jin Y, Yin Y. Structural insights into the conformational changes of BTR1/SLC4A11 in complex with PIP 2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6157. [PMID: 37788993 PMCID: PMC10547724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BTR1 (SLC4A11) is a NH3 stimulated H+ (OH-) transporter belonging to the SLC4 family. Dysfunction of BTR1 leads to diseases such as congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). However, the mechanistic basis of BTR1 activation by alkaline pH, transport activity regulation and pathogenic mutations remains elusive. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of human BTR1 in the outward-facing state in complex with its activating ligands PIP2 and the inward-facing state with the pathogenic R125H mutation. We reveal that PIP2 binds at the interface between the transmembrane domain and the N-terminal cytosolic domain of BTR1. Disruption of either the PIP2 binding site or protonation of PIP2 phosphate groups by acidic pH can transform BTR1 into an inward-facing conformation. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms of how the transport activity and conformation changes of BTR1 are regulated by PIP2 binding and interaction of TMD and NTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishuo Lu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Peng Zuo
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongyi Chen
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hui Shan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Weize Wang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zonglin Dai
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | | | | | - Ling Liang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dian Ding
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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21
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Sun Y, Xu C, Jiang Z, Jiang X. DEF6(differentially exprehomolog) exacerbates pathological cardiac hypertrophy via RAC1. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:483. [PMID: 37524688 PMCID: PMC10390462 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy involves multiple regulators and several signal transduction pathways. Currently, the mechanisms of it are not well understood. Differentially expressed in FDCP 6 homolog (DEF6) was reported to participate in immunity, bone remodeling, and cancers. The effects of DEF6 on pathological cardiac hypertrophy, however, have not yet been fully characterized. We initially determined the expression profile of DEF6 and found that DEF6 was upregulated in hypertrophic hearts and cardiomyocytes. Our in vivo results revealed that DEF6 deficiency in mice alleviated transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, dilation and dysfunction of left ventricle. Conversely, cardiomyocyte-specific DEF6-overexpression aggravated the hypertrophic phenotype in mice under chronic pressure overload. Similar to the animal experiments, the in vitro data showed that adenovirus-mediated knockdown of DEF6 remarkably inhibited phenylephrine (PE)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, whereas DEF6 overexpression exerted the opposite effects. Mechanistically, exploration of the signal pathways showed that the mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade might be involved in the prohypertrophic effect of DEF6. Coimmunoprecipitation and GST (glutathione S-transferase) pulldown analyses demonstrated that DEF6 can directly interact with small GTPase Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), and the Rac1 activity assay revealed that the activity of Rac1 is altered with DEF6 expression in TAC-cardiac hypertrophy and PE-triggered cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In the end, western blot and rescue experiments using Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 and the constitutively active mutant Rac1(G12V) verified the requirement of Rac1 and MEK1/2-ERK1/2 activation for DEF6-mediated pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Our study substantiates that DEF6 acts as a deleterious regulator of cardiac hypertrophy by activating the Rac1 and MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathways, and suggests that DEF6 may be a potential treatment target for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110022, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Changlu Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110022, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhongxiu Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110022, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110022, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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22
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Wang Y, Pan C, Chen Q, Xie Q, Gao Y, He L, Li Y, Dong Y, Jiang X, Zhao Y. Architecture and autoinhibitory mechanism of the plasma membrane Na +/H + antiporter SOS1 in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4487. [PMID: 37495621 PMCID: PMC10372031 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-overly-sensitive 1 (SOS1) is a unique electroneutral Na+/H+ antiporter at the plasma membrane of higher plants and plays a central role in resisting salt stress. SOS1 is kept in a resting state with basal activity and activated upon phosphorylation. Here, we report the structures of SOS1. SOS1 forms a homodimer, with each monomer composed of transmembrane and intracellular domains. We find that SOS1 is locked in an occluded state by shifting of the lateral-gate TM5b toward the dimerization domain, thus shielding the Na+/H+ binding site. We speculate that the dimerization of the intracellular domain is crucial to stabilize the transporter in this specific conformation. Moreover, two discrete fragments and a residue W1013 are important to prevent the transition of SOS1 to an alternative conformational state, as validated by functional complementation assays. Our study enriches understanding of the alternate access model of eukaryotic Na+/H+ exchangers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Chengcai Pan
- National Center for Technology Innovation of Saline-Alkali tolerant Rice/College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qihao Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xie
- National Center for Technology Innovation of Saline-Alkali tolerant Rice/College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yiwei Gao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Lingli He
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Dong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- National Center for Technology Innovation of Saline-Alkali tolerant Rice/College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, 100101, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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23
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Dvorak V, Superti-Furga G. Structural and functional annotation of solute carrier transporters: implication for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1099-1115. [PMID: 37563933 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2244760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Solute carriers (SLCs) represent the largest group of membrane transporters in the human genome. They play a central role in controlling the compartmentalization of metabolism and most of this superfamily is linked to human disease. Despite being in general considered druggable and attractive therapeutic targets, many SLCs remain poorly annotated, both functionally and structurally. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to provide an overview of functional and structural parameters of SLCs that play important roles in their druggability. To do this, the authors provide an overview of experimentally solved structures of human SLCs, with emphasis on structures solved in complex with chemical modulators. From the functional annotations, the authors focus on SLC localization and SLC substrate annotations. EXPERT OPINION Recent progress in the structural and functional annotations allows to refine the SLC druggability index. Particularly the increasing number of experimentally solved structures of SLCs provides insights into mode-of-action of a significant number of chemical modulators of SLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Dvorak
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Masrati G, Kessel A, Ben-Tal N. Cation/proton antiporters: novel structure-driven pharmaceutical opportunities. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:258-262. [PMID: 36934025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Cation/proton antiporters (CPAs) regulate cells' salt concentration and pH. Their malfunction is associated with a range of human pathologies, yet only a handful of CPA-targeting therapeutics are presently in clinical development. Here, we discuss how recently published mammalian protein structures and emerging computational technologies may help to bridge this gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Masrati
- Tel Aviv University, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amit Kessel
- Tel Aviv University, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Ben-Tal
- Tel Aviv University, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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25
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Ion Channels in Gliomas-From Molecular Basis to Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032530. [PMID: 36768856 PMCID: PMC9916861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion channels provide the basis for the nervous system's intrinsic electrical activity. Neuronal excitability is a characteristic property of neurons and is critical for all functions of the nervous system. Glia cells fulfill essential supportive roles, but unlike neurons, they also retain the ability to divide. This can lead to uncontrolled growth and the formation of gliomas. Ion channels are involved in the unique biology of gliomas pertaining to peritumoral pathology and seizures, diffuse invasion, and treatment resistance. The emerging picture shows ion channels in the brain at the crossroads of neurophysiology and fundamental pathophysiological processes of specific cancer behaviors as reflected by uncontrolled proliferation, infiltration, resistance to apoptosis, metabolism, and angiogenesis. Ion channels are highly druggable, making them an enticing therapeutic target. Targeting ion channels in difficult-to-treat brain tumors such as gliomas requires an understanding of their extremely heterogenous tumor microenvironment and highly diverse molecular profiles, both representing major causes of recurrence and treatment resistance. In this review, we survey the current knowledge on ion channels with oncogenic behavior within the heterogeneous group of gliomas, review ion channel gene expression as genomic biomarkers for glioma prognosis and provide an update on therapeutic perspectives for repurposed and novel ion channel inhibitors and electrotherapy.
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26
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Guo H, Yu X, Liu Y, Paik DT, Justesen JM, Chandy M, Jahng JWS, Zhang T, Wu W, Rwere F, Zhao SR, Pokhrel S, Shivnaraine RV, Mukherjee S, Simon DJ, Manhas A, Zhang A, Chen CH, Rivas MA, Gross ER, Mochly-Rosen D, Wu JC. SGLT2 inhibitor ameliorates endothelial dysfunction associated with the common ALDH2 alcohol flushing variant. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabp9952. [PMID: 36696485 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abp9952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The common aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) alcohol flushing variant known as ALDH2*2 affects ∼8% of the world's population. Even in heterozygous carriers, this missense variant leads to a severe loss of ALDH2 enzymatic activity and has been linked to an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction plays a determining role in all stages of CAD pathogenesis, including early-onset CAD. However, the contribution of ALDH2*2 to EC dysfunction and its relation to CAD are not fully understood. In a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) from Biobank Japan, ALDH2*2 was found to be one of the strongest single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with CAD. Clinical assessment of endothelial function showed that human participants carrying ALDH2*2 exhibited impaired vasodilation after light alcohol drinking. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived ECs (iPSC-ECs) and CRISPR-Cas9-corrected ALDH2*2 iPSC-ECs, we modeled ALDH2*2-induced EC dysfunction in vitro, demonstrating an increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production and tube formation capacity, which was further exacerbated by ethanol exposure. We subsequently found that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) such as empagliflozin mitigated ALDH2*2-associated EC dysfunction. Studies in ALDH2*2 knock-in mice further demonstrated that empagliflozin attenuated ALDH2*2-mediated vascular dysfunction in vivo. Mechanistically, empagliflozin inhibited Na+/H+-exchanger 1 (NHE-1) and activated AKT kinase and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) pathways to ameliorate ALDH2*2-induced EC dysfunction. Together, our results suggest that ALDH2*2 induces EC dysfunction and that SGLT2i may potentially be used as a preventative measure against CAD for ALDH2*2 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Guo
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xuan Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David T Paik
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark Chandy
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James W S Jahng
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weijun Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Freeborn Rwere
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shane Rui Zhao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Suman Pokhrel
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel J Simon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amit Manhas
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angela Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Che-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manuel A Rivas
- Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric R Gross
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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27
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Velázquez D, Průša V, Masrati G, Yariv E, Sychrova H, Ben‐Tal N, Zimmermannova O. Allosteric links between the hydrophilic N-terminus and transmembrane core of human Na + /H + antiporter NHA2. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4460. [PMID: 36177733 PMCID: PMC9667825 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human Na+ /H+ antiporter NHA2 (SLC9B2) transports Na+ or Li+ across the plasma membrane in exchange for protons, and is implicated in various pathologies. It is a 537 amino acids protein with an 82 residues long hydrophilic cytoplasmic N-terminus followed by a transmembrane part comprising 14 transmembrane helices. We optimized the functional expression of HsNHA2 in the plasma membrane of a salt-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain and characterized in vivo a set of mutated or truncated versions of HsNHA2 in terms of their substrate specificity, transport activity, localization, and protein stability. We identified a highly conserved proline 246, located in the core of the protein, as being crucial for ion selectivity. The replacement of P246 with serine or threonine resulted in antiporters with altered substrate specificity that were not only highly active at acidic pH 4.0 (like the native antiporter), but also at neutral pH. P246T/S versions also exhibited increased resistance to the HsNHA2-specific inhibitor phloretin. We experimentally proved that a putative salt bridge between E215 and R432 is important for antiporter function, but also structural integrity. Truncations of the first 50-70 residues of the N-terminus doubled the transport activity of HsNHA2, while changes in the charge at positions E47, E56, K57, or K58 decreased the antiporter's transport activity. Thus, the hydrophilic N-terminal part of the protein appears to allosterically auto-inhibit cation transport of HsNHA2. Our data also show this in vivo approach to be useful for a rapid screening of SNP's effect on HsNHA2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Velázquez
- Laboratory of Membrane TransportInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Průša
- Laboratory of Membrane TransportInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Gal Masrati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Elon Yariv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Hana Sychrova
- Laboratory of Membrane TransportInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Nir Ben‐Tal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Olga Zimmermannova
- Laboratory of Membrane TransportInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
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28
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Li Y, Fan C, Wang C, Wang L, Yi Y, Mao X, Chen X, Lan T, Wang W, Yu SY. Stress-induced reduction of Na +/H + exchanger isoform 1 promotes maladaptation of neuroplasticity and exacerbates depressive behaviors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd7063. [PMID: 36367929 PMCID: PMC9651740 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add7063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Major depression disorder (MDD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by abnormal neuronal activity in specific brain regions. A factor that is crucial in maintaining normal neuronal functioning is intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis. In this study, we show that chronic stress, which induces depression-like behaviors in animal models, down-regulates the expression of the hippocampal Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1, NHE1, a major determinant of pHi in neurons. Knockdown of NHE1 in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons leads to intracellular acidification, promotes dendritic spine loss, lowers excitatory synaptic transmission, and enhances the susceptibility to stress exposure in rats. Moreover, E3 ubiquitin ligase cullin4A may promote ubiquitination and degradation of NHE1 to induce these effects of an unbalanced pHi on synaptic processes. Electrophysiological data further suggest that the abnormal excitability of hippocampal neurons caused by maladaptation of neuroplasticity may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. These findings elucidate a mechanism for pHi homeostasis alteration as related to MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Cuiqin Fan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Changmin Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Morphological Experimental Center, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yuhang Yi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xueqin Mao
- Department of Psychology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Shu Yan Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
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Lin K, Yang N, Luo W, Qian JF, Zhu WW, Ye SJ, Yuan CX, Xu DY, Liang G, Huang WJ, Shan PR. Direct cardio-protection of Dapagliflozin against obesity-related cardiomyopathy via NHE1/MAPK signaling. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2624-2635. [PMID: 35217813 PMCID: PMC9525284 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, remaining an important health concern worldwide. Evidence shows that saturated fatty acid-induced inflammation in cardiomyocytes contributes to obesity-related cardiomyopathy. Dapagliflozin (Dapa), a selective SGLT2 inhibitor, exerts a favorable preventive activity in heart failure. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of Dapa against cardiomyopathy caused by high fat diet-induced obesity in vitro and in vivo. Cultured rat cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells were pretreated with Dapa (1, 2.5 μM) for 1.5 h, followed by treatment with palmitic acid (PA, 200 μM) for 24 h. We showed that Dapa pretreatment concentration-dependently attenuated PA-induced cell hypertrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis. Transcriptome analysis revealed that inhibition of PA-activated MAPK/AP-1 pathway contributed to the protective effect of Dapa in H9c2 cells, and this was confirmed by anti-p-cJUN fluorescence staining assay. Using surface plasmon resonance analysis we found the direct binding of Dapa with NHE1. Gain and loss of function experiments further demonstrated the role of NHE1 in the protection of Dapa. In vivo experiments were conducted in mice fed a high fat diet for 5 months. The mice were administered Dapa (1 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) in the last 2 months. Dapa administration significantly reduced the body weight and improved the serum lipid profiles. Dapa administration also alleviated HFD-induced cardiac dysfunction and cardiac aberrant remodeling via inhibiting MAPK/AP-1 pathway and ameliorating cardiac inflammation. In conclusion, Dapa exerts a direct protective effect against saturated fatty acid-induced cardiomyocyte injury in addition to the lowering effect on serum lipids. The protective effect results from negative regulating MAPK/AP-1 pathway in a NHE1-dependent way. The current study highlights the potential of clinical use of Dapa in the prevention of obesity-related cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Wu Luo
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jin-Fu Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Shi-Ju Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Chen-Xin Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Di-Yun Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Wei-Jian Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Pei-Ren Shan
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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30
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Prokaryotic Na+/H+ Exchangers—Transport Mechanism and Essential Residues. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169156. [PMID: 36012428 PMCID: PMC9408914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchangers are essential for Na+ and pH homeostasis in all organisms. Human Na+/H+ exchangers are of high medical interest, and insights into their structure and function are aided by the investigation of prokaryotic homologues. Most prokaryotic Na+/H+ exchangers belong to either the Cation/Proton Antiporter (CPA) superfamily, the Ion Transport (IT) superfamily, or the Na+-translocating Mrp transporter superfamily. Several structures have been solved so far for CPA and Mrp members, but none for the IT members. NhaA from E. coli has served as the prototype of Na+/H+ exchangers due to the high amount of structural and functional data available. Recent structures from other CPA exchangers, together with diverse functional information, have allowed elucidation of some common working principles shared by Na+/H+ exchangers from different families, such as the type of residues involved in the substrate binding and even a simple mechanism sufficient to explain the pH regulation in the CPA and IT superfamilies. Here, we review several aspects of prokaryotic Na+/H+ exchanger structure and function, discussing the similarities and differences between different transporters, with a focus on the CPA and IT exchangers. We also discuss the proposed transport mechanisms for Na+/H+ exchangers that explain their highly pH-regulated activity profile.
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31
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Yang Z, Xia J, Hong J, Zhang C, Wei H, Ying W, Sun C, Sun L, Mao Y, Gao Y, Tan S, Friml J, Li D, Liu X, Sun L. Structural insights into auxin recognition and efflux by Arabidopsis PIN1. Nature 2022; 609:611-615. [PMID: 35917925 PMCID: PMC9477737 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport is unique to plants and coordinates their growth and development1,2. The PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transporters exhibit highly asymmetrical localizations at the plasma membrane and drive polar auxin transport3,4; however, their structures and transport mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we report three inward-facing conformation structures of Arabidopsis thaliana PIN1: the apo state, bound to the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and in complex with the polar auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). The transmembrane domain of PIN1 shares a conserved NhaA fold5. In the substrate-bound structure, IAA is coordinated by both hydrophobic stacking and hydrogen bonding. NPA competes with IAA for the same site at the intracellular pocket, but with a much higher affinity. These findings inform our understanding of the substrate recognition and transport mechanisms of PINs and set up a framework for future research on directional auxin transport, one of the most crucial processes underlying plant development. Structures of the Arabidopsis thaliana auxin exporter PIN1 in the apo state, bound to the natural auxin or bound to an inhibitor provide insights into the polar auxin transport mechanisms mediated by PIN family transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisen Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Hong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Wei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Ying
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chunqiao Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lianghanxiao Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yanbo Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Cryo-EM Center, Core Facility Center for Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shutang Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Dianfan Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Linfeng Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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Gong YY, Shao H, Li Y, Brafford P, Stine ZE, Sun J, Felsher DW, Orange JS, Albelda SM, Dang CV. Na +/H +-exchanger 1 enhances antitumor activity of engineered NK-92 natural killer cells. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:842-856. [PMID: 36380966 PMCID: PMC9648415 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) immunotherapy has remarkable efficacy against some hematological malignancies. However, its efficacy in solid tumors is limited by the adverse tumor microenvironment (TME) conditions, most notably that acidity inhibits T and natural killer (NK) cell mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity and impairs cytotoxicity. In several reported studies, systemic buffering of tumor acidity enhanced the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Paradoxically, we found in a c-Myc-driven hepatocellular carcinoma model that systemic buffering increased tumor mTORC1 activity, negating inhibition of tumor growth by anti-PD1 treatment. Therefore, in this proof-of-concept study, we tested the metabolic engineering of immune effector cells to mitigate the inhibitory effect of tumor acidity while avoiding side effects associated with systemic buffering. We first overexpressed an activated RHEB in the human NK cell line NK-92, thereby rescuing acid-blunted mTORC1 activity and enhancing cytolytic activity. Then, to directly mitigate the effect of acidity, we ectopically expressed acid extruder proteins. Whereas ectopic expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) moderately increased mTORC1 activity, it did not enhance effector function. In contrast, overexpressing a constitutively active Na+/H+-exchanger 1 (NHE1; SLC9A1) in NK-92 did not elevate mTORC1 but enhanced degranulation, target engagement, in vitro cytotoxicity, and in vivo antitumor activity. Our findings suggest the feasibility of overcoming the inhibitory effect of the TME by metabolically engineering immune effector cells, which can enhance ACT for better efficacy against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yu Gong
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Yu Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Jing Sun
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dean W. Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Steven M. Albelda
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chi V. Dang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
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33
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Chaudhary S, Kumar P, Kaushik M. Exploring the interaction of guanidine ligands Amiloride, Rimeporide and Cariporide with DNA for understanding their role as inhibitors of Na +/H + exchangers (NHEs): A spectroscopic and molecular docking investigation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:834-844. [PMID: 35675859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of Na+/H+ Exchangers (NHEs) has shown efficacy in the pathology of several diseases like tumors, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders. The role of guanidine ligands such as amiloride, cariporide, and rimeporide as NHE inhibitors is very well documented but their interaction studies with genomic DNA are still unexplored. In this study, a combination of various biophysical and molecular docking studies was employed to investigate their binding aspects.UV-Visible, fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) studies indicated that guanidine ligands bind to the grooves of Calf Thymus DNA (ctDNA). Fluorescence titration studies depict that amiloride binds to ctDNA with a binding constant in the order of 102 M-1 and free energy change (ΔG0) of -14.05 KJ mol-1. Competitive fluorescence studies indicated the minor groove binding property of amiloride, whereas major groove binding mode was deduced for rimeporide and cariporide. Molecular docking studies were also found to be in accordance with the experimental results, revealing the information about the binding energy of the guanidine ligand-ctDNA complex. The docked structures depicted binding energy of -6.4 kcal mol-1 for amiloride and - 6.6 kcal mol-1 for rimeporide and cariporide. Such physicochemical studies of DNA-ligand interactions may facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of NHE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Chaudhary
- Department of Applied Sciences, Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology, GGSIP University, New Delhi 110058, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India; Nano-bioconjugate Chemistry Lab, Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mahima Kaushik
- Nano-bioconjugate Chemistry Lab, Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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Poet M, Doyen D, Van Obberghen E, Jarretou G, Bouret Y, Counillon L. How Does Our Knowledge on the Na+/H+ Exchanger NHE1 Obtained by Biochemical and Molecular Analyses Keep up With Its Recent Structure Determination? Front Physiol 2022; 13:907587. [PMID: 35910559 PMCID: PMC9334524 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.907587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchangers are membrane transporters conserved in all living systems and therefore are assumed to be amongst the most ancestral molecular devices that equipped the first protocells. Following the cloning and sequencing of its gene, the mammalian NHE1, that regulates pH and volume in all cells, has been thoroughly scrutinized by molecular and biochemical analyses. Those gave a series of crucial clues concerning its topology, dimeric organization, pharmacological profile, regulation, and the role of key amino acids. Recently thanks to cryogenic Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM) the long-awaited molecular structures have been revealed. With this information in mind we will challenge the robustness of the earlier conclusions and highlight how the new information enriches our understanding of this key cellular player. At the mechanistic level, we will pinpoint how the NHE1 3D structures reveal that the previously identified amino acids and regions are organized to coordinate transported cations, and shape the allosteric transition that makes NHE1 able to sense intracellular pH and be regulated by signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallorie Poet
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Denis Doyen
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Emmanuel Van Obberghen
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Gisèle Jarretou
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Yann Bouret
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI), Valbonne, France
| | - Laurent Counillon
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Laurent Counillon,
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35
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Dong Y, Li H, Ilie A, Gao Y, Boucher A, Zhang XC, Orlowski J, Zhao Y. Structural basis of autoinhibition of the human NHE3-CHP1 complex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3925. [PMID: 35613257 PMCID: PMC9132474 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-proton exchanger 3 (NHE3/SLC9A3) located in the apical membrane of renal and gastrointestinal epithelia mediates salt and fluid absorption and regulates pH homeostasis. As an auxiliary regulatory factor of NHE proteins, calcineurin B homologous protein 1 (CHP1) facilitates NHE3 maturation, plasmalemmal expression, and pH sensitivity. Dysfunctions of NHE3 are associated with renal and digestive system disorders. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human NHE3-CHP1 complex in its inward-facing conformation. We found that a cytosolic helix-loop-helix motif in NHE3 blocks the intracellular cavity formed between the core and dimerization domains, functioning as an autoinhibitory element and hindering substrate transport. Furthermore, two phosphatidylinositol molecules are found to bind to the peripheric juxtamembrane sides of the complex, function as anchors to stabilize the complex, and may thus enhance its transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Dong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hang Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alina Ilie
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yiwei Gao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Annie Boucher
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xuejun Cai Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - John Orlowski
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yan Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Anderegg MA, Gyimesi G, Ho TM, Hediger MA, Fuster DG. The Less Well-Known Little Brothers: The SLC9B/NHA Sodium Proton Exchanger Subfamily—Structure, Function, Regulation and Potential Drug-Target Approaches. Front Physiol 2022; 13:898508. [PMID: 35694410 PMCID: PMC9174904 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.898508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The SLC9 gene family encodes Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs), a group of membrane transport proteins critically involved in the regulation of cytoplasmic and organellar pH, cell volume, as well as systemic acid-base and volume homeostasis. NHEs of the SLC9A subfamily (NHE 1–9) are well-known for their roles in human physiology and disease. Much less is known about the two members of the SLC9B subfamily, NHA1 and NHA2, which share higher similarity to prokaryotic NHEs than the SLC9A paralogs. NHA2 (also known as SLC9B2) is ubiquitously expressed and has recently been shown to participate in renal blood pressure and electrolyte regulation, insulin secretion and systemic glucose homeostasis. In addition, NHA2 has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease, the most common inherited kidney disease in humans. NHA1 (also known as SLC9B1) is mainly expressed in testis and is important for sperm motility and thus male fertility, but has not been associated with human disease thus far. In this review, we present a summary of the structure, function and regulation of expression of the SLC9B subfamily members, focusing primarily on the better-studied SLC9B paralog, NHA2. Furthermore, we will review the potential of the SLC9B subfamily as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Anderegg
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Manuel A. Anderegg,
| | - Gergely Gyimesi
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tin Manh Ho
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias A. Hediger
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel G. Fuster
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Beckstein O, Naughton F. General principles of secondary active transporter function. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:011307. [PMID: 35434715 PMCID: PMC8984959 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Transport of ions and small molecules across the cell membrane against electrochemical gradients is catalyzed by integral membrane proteins that use a source of free energy to drive the energetically uphill flux of the transported substrate. Secondary active transporters couple the spontaneous influx of a "driving" ion such as Na+ or H+ to the flux of the substrate. The thermodynamics of such cyclical non-equilibrium systems are well understood, and recent work has focused on the molecular mechanism of secondary active transport. The fact that these transporters change their conformation between an inward-facing and outward-facing conformation in a cyclical fashion, called the alternating access model, is broadly recognized as the molecular framework in which to describe transporter function. However, only with the advent of high resolution crystal structures and detailed computer simulations, it has become possible to recognize common molecular-level principles between disparate transporter families. Inverted repeat symmetry in secondary active transporters has shed light onto how protein structures can encode a bi-stable two-state system. Based on structural data, three broad classes of alternating access transitions have been described as rocker-switch, rocking-bundle, and elevator mechanisms. More detailed analysis indicates that transporters can be understood as gated pores with at least two coupled gates. These gates are not just a convenient cartoon element to illustrate a putative mechanism but map to distinct parts of the transporter protein. Enumerating all distinct gate states naturally includes occluded states in the alternating access picture and also suggests what kind of protein conformations might be observable. By connecting the possible conformational states and ion/substrate bound states in a kinetic model, a unified picture emerges in which the symporter, antiporter, and uniporter functions are extremes in a continuum of functionality. As usual with biological systems, few principles and rules are absolute and exceptions are discussed as well as how biological complexity may be integrated in quantitative kinetic models that may provide a bridge from the structure to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Beckstein
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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38
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Matsuoka R, Fudim R, Jung S, Zhang C, Bazzone A, Chatzikyriakidou Y, Robinson CV, Nomura N, Iwata S, Landreh M, Orellana L, Beckstein O, Drew D. Structure, mechanism and lipid-mediated remodeling of the mammalian Na +/H + exchanger NHA2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:108-120. [PMID: 35173351 PMCID: PMC8850199 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Na+/H+ exchanger SLC9B2, also known as NHA2, correlates with the long-sought-after Na+/Li+ exchanger linked to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and essential hypertension in humans. Despite the functional importance of NHA2, structural information and the molecular basis for its ion-exchange mechanism have been lacking. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of bison NHA2 in detergent and in nanodiscs, at 3.0 and 3.5 Å resolution, respectively. The bison NHA2 structure, together with solid-state membrane-based electrophysiology, establishes the molecular basis for electroneutral ion exchange. NHA2 consists of 14 transmembrane (TM) segments, rather than the 13 TMs previously observed in mammalian Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) and related bacterial antiporters. The additional N-terminal helix in NHA2 forms a unique homodimer interface with a large intracellular gap between the protomers, which closes in the presence of phosphoinositol lipids. We propose that the additional N-terminal helix has evolved as a lipid-mediated remodeling switch for the regulation of NHA2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Matsuoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman Fudim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sukkyeong Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chenou Zhang
- Center for Biological Physics, Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Norimichi Nomura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michael Landreh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Orellana
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Beckstein
- Center for Biological Physics, Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - David Drew
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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39
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Doyen D, Poët M, Jarretou G, Pisani DF, Tauc M, Cougnon M, Argentina M, Bouret Y, Counillon L. Intracellular pH Control by Membrane Transport in Mammalian Cells. Insights Into the Selective Advantages of Functional Redundancy. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:825028. [PMID: 35252350 PMCID: PMC8896879 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.825028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pH is a vital parameter that is maintained close to neutrality in all mammalian cells and tissues and acidic in most intracellular compartments. After presenting the main techniques used for intracellular an vesicular pH measurements we will briefly recall the main molecular mechanisms that affect and regulate intracellular pH. Following this we will discuss the large functional redundancy found in the transporters of H+ or acid-base equivalents. For this purpose, we will use mathematical modeling to simulate cellular response to persistent and/or transient acidification, in the presence of different transporters, single or in combination. We will also test the presence or absence of intracellular buffering. This latter section will highlight how modeling can yield fundamental insight into deep biological questions such as the utility of functional redundancy in natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Doyen
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Archet 1, Nice, France
| | - Mallorie Poët
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Gisèle Jarretou
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Didier F. Pisani
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Michel Tauc
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Marc Cougnon
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Mederic Argentina
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Physique de Nice, INPHYNI, Nice, France
| | - Yann Bouret
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Archet 1, Nice, France
| | - Laurent Counillon
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Laurent Counillon,
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40
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Spasov A, Ozerov A, Vassiliev P, Kosolapov V, Gurova N, Kucheryavenko A, Naumenko L, Babkov D, Sirotenko V, Taran A, Litvinov R, Borisov A, Klochkov V, Merezhkina D, Miroshnikov M, Uskov G, Ovsyankina N. Synthesis and multifaceted pharmacological activity of novel quinazoline NHE-1 inhibitors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24380. [PMID: 34934125 PMCID: PMC8692498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE-1) attracts ongoing attention as a validated drug target for the management of cardiovascular and ocular diseases owing to cytoprotective, anti-ischemic and anti-inflammatory properties of NHE-1 inhibitors. Herein we report novel NHE-1 inhibitors realized via functionalization of N1-alkyl quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione and quinazoline-4(3H)-one with N-acylguanidine or 3-acyl(5-amino-1,2,4-triazole) side chain. Lead compounds show activity in a nanomolar range. Their pharmacophoric features were elucidated with neural network modeling. Several compounds combine NHE-1 inhibition with antiplatelet activity. Compound 6b reduces intraocular pressure in rats and effectively inhibits the formation of glycated proteins. Compounds 3e and 3i inhibit pro-inflammatory activation of murine macrophages, LPS-induced interleukin-6 secretion and also exhibit antidepressant activity similar to amiloride. Hence, novel compounds represent an interesting starting point for the development of agents against cardiovascular diseases, thrombotic events, excessive inflammation, long-term diabetic complications and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Spasov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Alexander Ozerov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
| | - Pavel Vassiliev
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Vadim Kosolapov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Natalia Gurova
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Aida Kucheryavenko
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
| | - Ludmila Naumenko
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
| | - Denis Babkov
- Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia, 400131. .,Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia, 400087.
| | - Viktor Sirotenko
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Alena Taran
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Roman Litvinov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Alexander Borisov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Vladlen Klochkov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
| | - Darya Merezhkina
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
| | - Mikhail Miroshnikov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Georgy Uskov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
| | - Nadezhda Ovsyankina
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
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41
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Amino Acids 785, 787 of the Na +/H + Exchanger Cytoplasmic Tail Modulate Protein Activity and Tail Conformation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111349. [PMID: 34768780 PMCID: PMC8583816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) is a plasma membrane protein ubiquitously present in humans. It regulates intracellular pH by removing an intracellular proton in exchange for an extracellular sodium. It consists of a 500 amino acid membrane domain plus a 315 amino acid, regulatory cytosolic tail. Here, we investigated the effect of mutation of two amino acids of the regulatory tail, Ser785 and Ser787, that were similar in location and context to two amino acids of the Arabidopsis Na+/H+ exchanger SOS1. Mutation of these two amino acids to either Ala or phosphomimetic Glu did not affect surface targeting but led to a slight reduction in the level of protein expressed. The activity of the NHE1 protein was reduced in the phosphomimetic mutations and the effect was due to a decrease in Vmax activity. The Ser to Glu mutations also caused a change in the apparent molecular weight of both the full-length protein and of the cytosolic tail of NHE1. A conformational change in this region was indicated by differential trypsin sensitivity. We also found that a peptide containing amino acids 783–790 bound to several more proximal regions of the NHE1 tail in in vitro protein interaction experiments. The results are the first characterization of these two amino acids and show that they have significant effects on enzyme kinetics and the structure of the NHE1 protein.
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