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Yu X, Niu H, Liu C, Wang H, Yin W, Xia X. PTI-ETI synergistic signal mechanisms in plant immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2113-2128. [PMID: 38470397 PMCID: PMC11258992 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Plants face a relentless onslaught from a diverse array of pathogens in their natural environment, to which they have evolved a myriad of strategies that unfold across various temporal scales. Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect conserved elicitors from pathogens or endogenous molecules released during pathogen invasion, initiating the first line of defence in plants, known as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which imparts a baseline level of disease resistance. Inside host cells, pathogen effectors are sensed by the nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors, which then activate the second line of defence: effector-triggered immunity (ETI), offering a more potent and enduring defence mechanism. Moreover, PTI and ETI collaborate synergistically to bolster disease resistance and collectively trigger a cascade of downstream defence responses. This article provides a comprehensive review of plant defence responses, offering an overview of the stepwise activation of plant immunity and the interactions between PTI-ETI synergistic signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hao‐Qiang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hou‐Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weilun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinli Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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Harshith CY, Pal A, Chakraborty M, Nair A, Raju S, Shivaprasad PV. Wound-induced small-peptide-mediated signaling cascade, regulated by OsPSKR, dictates balance between growth and defense in rice. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114515. [PMID: 39003743 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Wounding is a general stress in plants that results from various pest and pathogenic infections in addition to environment-induced mechanical damages. Plants have sophisticated molecular mechanisms to recognize and respond to wounding, with those of monocots being distinct from dicots. Here, we show the involvement of two distinct categories of temporally separated, endogenously derived peptides, namely, plant elicitor peptides (PEPs) and phytosulfokine (PSK), mediating wound responses in rice. These peptides trigger a dynamic signal relay in which a receptor kinase involved in PSK perception named OsPSKR plays a major role. Perturbation of OsPSKR expression in rice leads to compromised development and constitutive autoimmune phenotypes. OsPSKR regulates the transitioning of defense to growth signals upon wounding. OsPSKR displays mutual antagonism with the OsPEPR1 receptor involved in PEP perception. Collectively, our work indicates the presence of a stepwise peptide-mediated signal relay that regulates the transition from defense to growth upon wounding in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitthavalli Y Harshith
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Avik Pal
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Monoswi Chakraborty
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore 560100, India
| | - Ashwin Nair
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Steffi Raju
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Padubidri V Shivaprasad
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India.
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Pei T, Zhan M, Niu D, Liu Y, Deng J, Jing Y, Li P, Liu C, Ma F. CERK1 compromises Fusarium solani resistance by reducing jasmonate level and undergoes a negative feedback regulation via the MMK2-WRKY71 module in apple. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2491-2509. [PMID: 38515330 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium spp., a necrotrophic soil-borne pathogen, causes root rot disease on many crops. CERK1, as a typical pattern recognition receptor, has been widely studied. However, the function of CERK1 during plant-Fusarium interaction has not been well described. We determined that MdCERK1 is a susceptibility gene in the apple-Fusarium solani (Fs) interaction, and jasmonic acid (JA) plays a crucial role in this process. MdCERK1 directly targets and phosphorylates the lipoxygenase MdLOX2.1, an enzyme initiating the JA biosynthesis, at positions Ser326 and Thr327. These phosphorylations inhibit its translocation from the cytosol to the chloroplasts, leading to a compromised JA biosynthesis. Fs upregulates MdCERK1 expression during infection. In turn, when the JA level is low, the apple MdWRKY71, a transcriptional repressor of MdCERK1, is markedly upregulated and phosphorylated at Thr99 and Thr102 residues by the MAP kinase MdMMK2. The phosphorylation of MdWRKY71 enhances its transcription inhibition on MdCERK1. Taken together, MdCERK1 plays a novel role in limiting JA biosynthesis. There seems to be an arms race between apple and Fs, in which Fs activates MdCERK1 expression to reduce the JA level, while apple senses the low JA level and activates the MdMMK2-MdWRKY71 module to elevate JA level by inhibiting MdCERK1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Pei
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Minghui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongshan Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuerong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Li L, Liu J, Zhou JM. From molecule to cell: the expanding frontiers of plant immunity. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:680-690. [PMID: 38417548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the field of plant immunity has witnessed remarkable breakthroughs. During the co-evolution between plants and pathogens, plants have developed a wealth of intricate defense mechanisms to safeguard their survival. Newly identified immune receptors have added unexpected complexity to the surface and intracellular sensor networks, enriching our understanding of the ongoing plant-pathogen interplay. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of resistosome shapes our understanding of these mysterious molecules in plant immunity. Moreover, technological innovations are expanding the horizon of the plant-pathogen battlefield into spatial and temporal scales. While the development provides new opportunities for untangling the complex realm of plant immunity, challenges remain in uncovering plant immunity across spatiotemporal dimensions from both molecular and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China.
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Liu JJ, Sniezko RA, Houston S, Krakowski J, Alger G, Benowicz A, Sissons R, Zamany A, Williams H, Kegley A, Rancourt B. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Polygenic Architecture for Limber Pine Quantitative Disease Resistance to White Pine Blister Rust. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1626-1636. [PMID: 38489164 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0338-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Development of durable resistance effective against a broad range of pathotypes is crucial for restoration of pathogen-damaged ecosystems. This study dissected the complex genetic architecture for limber pine quantitative disease resistance (QDR) to Cronartium ribicola using a genome-wide association study. Eighteen-month-old seedlings were inoculated for resistance screening under controlled conditions. Disease development was quantitatively assessed for QDR-related traits over 4 years postinoculation. To reveal the genomic architecture contributing to QDR-related traits, a set of genes related to disease resistance with genome-wide distribution was selected for targeted sequencing for genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The genome-wide association study revealed a set of SNPs significantly associated with quantitative traits for limber pine QDR to white pine blister rust, including number of needle spots and stem cankers, as well as survival 4 years postinoculation. The peaks of marker-trait associations displayed a polygenic pattern, with genomic regions as potential resistant quantitative trait loci, distributed over 10 of the 12 linkage groups (LGs) of Pinus. None of them was linked to the Cr4-controlled major gene resistance previously mapped on LG08. Both normal canker and bole infection were mapped on LG05, and the associated SNPs explained their phenotypic variance up to 52%, tagging a major resistant quantitative trait locus. Candidate genes containing phenotypically associated SNPs encoded putative nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat proteins, leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like kinase, cytochrome P450 superfamily protein, heat shock cognate protein 70, glutamate receptor, RNA-binding family protein, and unknown protein. The confirmation of resistant quantitative trait loci broadens the genetic pool of limber pine resistance germplasm for resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Liu
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Richard A Sniezko
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Dorena Genetic Resource Center, 34963 Shoreview Drive, Cottage Grove, OR 97424, U.S.A
| | - Sydney Houston
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Jodie Krakowski
- Independent Consultant, Box 774, Coleman, AB, T0K 0M0, Canada
| | - Genoa Alger
- Parks Canada, Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, T0K 2M0, Canada
| | - Andy Benowicz
- Alberta Forestry and Parks, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, T6H 5T6, Canada
| | - Robert Sissons
- Parks Canada, Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, T0K 2M0, Canada
| | - Arezoo Zamany
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Holly Williams
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Angelia Kegley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Dorena Genetic Resource Center, 34963 Shoreview Drive, Cottage Grove, OR 97424, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin Rancourt
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
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Zahid MA, Kieu NP, Carlsen FM, Lenman M, Konakalla NC, Yang H, Jyakhwa S, Mravec J, Vetukuri R, Petersen BL, Resjö S, Andreasson E. Enhanced stress resilience in potato by deletion of Parakletos. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5224. [PMID: 38890293 PMCID: PMC11189580 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Continued climate change impose multiple stressors on crops, including pathogens, salt, and drought, severely impacting agricultural productivity. Innovative solutions are necessary to develop resilient crops. Here, using quantitative potato proteomics, we identify Parakletos, a thylakoid protein that contributes to disease susceptibility. We show that knockout or silencing of Parakletos enhances resistance to oomycete, fungi, bacteria, salt, and drought, whereas its overexpression reduces resistance. In response to biotic stimuli, Parakletos-overexpressing plants exhibit reduced amplitude of reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ signalling, and silencing Parakletos does the opposite. Parakletos homologues have been identified in all major crops. Consecutive years of field trials demonstrate that Parakletos deletion enhances resistance to Phytophthora infestans and increases yield. These findings demark a susceptibility gene, which can be exploited to enhance crop resilience towards abiotic and biotic stresses in a low-input agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Awais Zahid
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Nam Phuong Kieu
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Frida Meijer Carlsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marit Lenman
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Naga Charan Konakalla
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Huanjie Yang
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Sunmoon Jyakhwa
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center,-Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, 950 07, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Ramesh Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Svante Resjö
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Erik Andreasson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden.
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Safaeizadeh M, Boller T, Becker C. Comparative RNA-seq analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana response to AtPep1 and flg22, reveals the identification of PP2-B13 and ACLP1 as new members in pattern-triggered immunity. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297124. [PMID: 38833485 PMCID: PMC11149889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In this research, a high-throughput RNA sequencing-based transcriptome analysis technique (RNA-Seq) was used to evaluate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the wild type Arabidopsis seedlings in response to AtPep1, a well-known peptide representing an endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), and flg22, a well-known microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP). We compared and dissected the global transcriptional landscape of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to AtPep1 and flg22 and could identify shared and unique DEGs in response to these elicitors. We found that while a remarkable number of flg22 up-regulated genes were also induced by AtPep1, 256 genes were exclusively up-regulated in response to flg22, and 328 were exclusively up-regulated in response to AtPep1. Furthermore, among down-regulated DEGs upon flg22 treatment, 107 genes were exclusively down-regulated by flg22 treatment, while 411 genes were exclusively down-regulated by AtPep1. We found a number of hitherto overlooked genes to be induced upon treatment with either flg22 or with AtPep1, indicating their possible involvement general pathways in innate immunity. Here, we characterized two of them, namely PP2-B13 and ACLP1. pp2-b13 and aclp1 mutants showed increased susceptibility to infection by the virulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 and its mutant Pst DC3000 hrcC (lacking the type III secretion system), as evidenced by increased proliferation of the two pathogens in planta. Further, we present evidence that the aclp1 mutant is deficient in ethylene production upon flg22 treatment, while the pp2-b13 mutant is deficient in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results from this research provide new information for a better understanding of the immune system in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Safaeizadeh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claude Becker
- LMU Biocentre, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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Liu N, Li C, Wu F, Yang Y, Yu A, Wang Z, Zhao L, Zhang X, Qu F, Gao L, Xia T, Wang P. Genome-wide identification and expression pattern analysis of WRKY transcription factors in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in tea plants (Camellia sinensis). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108670. [PMID: 38703501 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Plants would encounter various biotic and abiotic stresses during the growth and development. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) as plant-specific TFs, play an important role in responding to various adverse circumstances. Despite some advances were achieved in functional studies of WRKY TFs in tea plants, systematic analysis of the involvement of CsWRKY TFs when facing cold, salt, drought stresses and pathogen and insect attack was lacked. In present study, a total of 78 CsWRKY TFs were identified following the genomic and transcript databases. The expression patterns of CsWRKYs in various organs of tea plants and the expression profiles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses were investigated by examining representative RNA-seq data. Moreover, the effects of hormone treatments (SA and MeJA) on the transcription levels of WRKY TFs were also investigated. The phylogenetic tree of CsWRKY TFs from different species indicated the functional diversity of WRKY TFs was not closely related to their protein classification. Concurrently, CsWRKY70-2 TF was identified as a positive regulator in response to drought stress. This study provided solid and valuable information, helping us better understand the functional diversity of CsWRKY TFs, and laid the foundation for further research on the function of key WRKY genes in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liu
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Caiyun Li
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Feixue Wu
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Antai Yu
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Ziteng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Fengfeng Qu
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China.
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China.
| | - Peiqiang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China.
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9
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Nakano RT, Shimasaki T. Long-Term Consequences of PTI Activation and Its Manipulation by Root-Associated Microbiota. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:681-693. [PMID: 38549511 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
In nature, plants are constantly colonized by a massive diversity of microbes engaged in mutualistic, pathogenic or commensal relationships with the host. Molecular patterns present in these microbes activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which detects microbes in the apoplast or at the tissue surface. Whether and how PTI distinguishes among soil-borne pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, and commensal microbes within the soil microbiota remains unclear. PTI is a multimodal series of molecular events initiated by pattern perception, such as Ca2+ influx, reactive oxygen burst, and extensive transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. These short-term responses may manifest within minutes to hours, while the long-term consequences of chronic PTI activation persist for days to weeks. Chronic activation of PTI is detrimental to plant growth, so plants need to coordinate growth and defense depending on the surrounding biotic and abiotic environments. Recent studies have demonstrated that root-associated commensal microbes can activate or suppress immune responses to variable extents, clearly pointing to the role of PTI in root-microbiota interactions. However, the molecular mechanisms by which root commensals interfere with root immunity and root immunity modulates microbial behavior remain largely elusive. Here, with a focus on the difference between short-term and long-term PTI responses, we summarize what is known about microbial interference with host PTI, especially in the context of root microbiota. We emphasize some missing pieces that remain to be characterized to promote the ultimate understanding of the role of plant immunity in root-microbiota interactions.
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Ali S, Tyagi A, Mir ZA. Plant Immunity: At the Crossroads of Pathogen Perception and Defense Response. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1434. [PMID: 38891243 PMCID: PMC11174815 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Plants are challenged by different microbial pathogens that affect their growth and productivity. However, to defend pathogen attack, plants use diverse immune responses, such as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), RNA silencing and autophagy, which are intricate and regulated by diverse signaling cascades. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors are the hallmarks of plant innate immunity because they can detect pathogen or related immunogenic signals and trigger series of immune signaling cascades at different cellular compartments. In plants, most commonly, PRRs are receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) that function as a first layer of inducible defense. In this review, we provide an update on how plants sense pathogens, microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs), and effectors as a danger signals and activate different immune responses like PTI and ETI. Further, we discuss the role RNA silencing, autophagy, and systemic acquired resistance as a versatile host defense response against pathogens. We also discuss early biochemical signaling events such as calcium (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hormones that trigger the activation of different plant immune responses. This review also highlights the impact of climate-driven environmental factors on host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Anshika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Plant Science and Agriculture, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2M 0TB, Canada;
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Giovannetti M, Binci F, Navazio L, Genre A. Fungal signals and calcium-mediated transduction pathways along the plant defence-symbiosis continuum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1404-1407. [PMID: 38659109 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Giovannetti et al., 241: 1393–1400.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giovannetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Binci
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
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12
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Liu N, Jiang X, Zhong G, Wang W, Hake K, Matschi S, Lederer S, Hoehenwarter W, Sun Q, Lee J, Romeis T, Tang D. CAMTA3 repressor destabilization triggers TIR domain protein TN2-mediated autoimmunity in the Arabidopsis exo70B1 mutant. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2021-2040. [PMID: 38309956 PMCID: PMC11062451 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) can decode and translate intracellular calcium signals to induce plant immunity. Mutation of the exocyst subunit gene EXO70B1 causes autoimmunity that depends on CPK5 and the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain resistance protein TIR-NBS2 (TN2), where direct interaction with TN2 stabilizes CPK5 kinase activity. However, how the CPK5-TN2 interaction initiates downstream immune responses remains unclear. Here, we show that, besides CPK5 activity, the physical interaction between CPK5 and functional TN2 triggers immune activation in exo70B1 and may represent reciprocal regulation between CPK5 and the TIR domain functions of TN2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Moreover, we detected differential phosphorylation of the calmodulin-binding transcription activator 3 (CAMTA3) in the cpk5 background. CPK5 directly phosphorylates CAMTA3 at S964, contributing to its destabilization. The gain-of-function CAMTA3A855V variant that resists CPK5-induced degradation rescues immunity activated through CPK5 overexpression or exo70B1 mutation. Thus, CPK5-mediated immunity is executed through CAMTA3 repressor degradation via phosphorylation-induced and/or calmodulin-regulated processes. Conversely, autoimmunity in camta3 also partially requires functional CPK5. While the TIR domain activity of TN2 remains to be tested, our study uncovers a TN2-CPK5-CAMTA3 signaling module for exo70B1-mediated autoimmunity, highlighting the direct embedding of a calcium-sensing decoder element within resistance signalosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiyuan Jiang
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Guitao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Katharina Hake
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Susanne Matschi
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Sarah Lederer
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoehenwarter
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Qianqian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Justin Lee
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Tina Romeis
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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13
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van Butselaar T, Silva S, Lapin D, Bañales I, Tonn S, van Schie C, Van den Ackerveken G. The Role of Salicylic Acid in the Expression of RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN 23 and Other Immunity-Related Genes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1097-1105. [PMID: 38684315 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0413-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a crucial role in plant immunity by activating responses that arrest pathogen ingress. SA accumulation also penalizes growth, a phenomenon visible in mutants that hyperaccumulate SA, resulting in strong growth inhibition. An important question, therefore, is why healthy plants produce basal levels of this hormone when defense responses are not activated. Here, we show that basal SA levels in unchallenged plants are needed for the expression of a number of immunity-related genes and receptors, such as RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN 23 (RLP23). This was shown by depleting basal SA levels in transgenic Arabidopsis lines through the overexpression of the SA-inactivating hydroxylases DOWNY MILDEW-RESISTANT 6 (DMR6) or DMR6-LIKE OXYGENASE 1. RNAseq analysis revealed that the expression of a subset of immune receptor and signaling genes is strongly reduced in the absence of SA. The biological relevance of this was shown for RLP23: In SA-depleted and SA-insensitive plants, responses to the RLP23 ligand, the microbial pattern nlp24, were strongly reduced, whereas responses to flg22 remained unchanged. We hypothesize that low basal SA levels are needed for the expression of a subset of immune system components that enable early pathogen detection and activation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijmen van Butselaar
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Savani Silva
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Iñigo Bañales
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Tonn
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
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14
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Henchiri H, Rayapuram N, Alhoraibi HM, Caïus J, Paysant-Le Roux C, Citerne S, Hirt H, Colcombet J, Sturbois B, Bigeard J. Integrated multi-omics and genetic analyses reveal molecular determinants underlying Arabidopsis snap33 mutant phenotype. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1016-1035. [PMID: 38281242 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The secretory pathway is essential for plant immunity, delivering diverse antimicrobial molecules into the extracellular space. Arabidopsis thaliana soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptor SNAP33 is a key actor of this process. The snap33 mutant displays dwarfism and necrotic lesions, however the molecular determinants of its macroscopic phenotypes remain elusive. Here, we isolated several new snap33 mutants that exhibited constitutive cell death and H2O2 accumulation, further defining snap33 as an autoimmune mutant. We then carried out quantitative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses showing that numerous defense transcripts and proteins were up-regulated in the snap33 mutant, among which genes/proteins involved in defense hormone, pattern-triggered immunity, and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat receptor signaling. qRT-PCR analyses and hormone dosages supported these results. Furthermore, genetic analyses elucidated the diverse contributions of the main defense hormones and some nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat receptor signaling actors in the establishment of the snap33 phenotype, emphasizing the preponderant role of salicylic acid over other defense phytohormones. Moreover, the accumulation of pattern-triggered immunity and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat receptor signaling proteins in the snap33 mutant was confirmed by immunoblotting analyses and further shown to be salicylic acid-dependent. Collectively, this study unveiled molecular determinants underlying the Arabidopsis snap33 mutant phenotype and brought new insights into autoimmunity signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Henchiri
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanna M Alhoraibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21551, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - José Caïus
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christine Paysant-Le Roux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bénédicte Sturbois
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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15
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Jones JDG, Staskawicz BJ, Dangl JL. The plant immune system: From discovery to deployment. Cell 2024; 187:2095-2116. [PMID: 38670067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases cause famines, drive human migration, and present challenges to agricultural sustainability as pathogen ranges shift under climate change. Plant breeders discovered Mendelian genetic loci conferring disease resistance to specific pathogen isolates over 100 years ago. Subsequent breeding for disease resistance underpins modern agriculture and, along with the emergence and focus on model plants for genetics and genomics research, has provided rich resources for molecular biological exploration over the last 50 years. These studies led to the identification of extracellular and intracellular receptors that convert recognition of extracellular microbe-encoded molecular patterns or intracellular pathogen-delivered virulence effectors into defense activation. These receptor systems, and downstream responses, define plant immune systems that have evolved since the migration of plants to land ∼500 million years ago. Our current understanding of plant immune systems provides the platform for development of rational resistance enhancement to control the many diseases that continue to plague crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D G Jones
- Sainsbury Lab, University of East Anglia, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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16
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Thulasi Devendrakumar K, Peng TS, Pierdzig L, Jackson E, Lipka V, Li X. Signal Peptide Peptidase and PI4Kβ1/2 play opposite roles in plant ER stress response and immunity. STRESS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:20. [PMID: 38507026 PMCID: PMC10954597 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-024-00155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis pi4kβ1,2 mutant is mutated in the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K) β1 and PI4Kβ2 enzymes which are involved in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), a minor membrane lipid with important signaling roles. pi4kβ1,2 plants display autoimmunity and shorter roots. Though the pi4kβ1,2 mutant has been extensively characterized, the source of its autoimmunity remains largely unknown. In this study, through a genetic suppressor screen, we identified multiple partial loss-of-function alleles of signal peptide peptidase (spp) that can suppress all the defects of pi4kβ1,2. SPP is an intramembrane cleaving aspartic protease. Interestingly, pi4kβ1,2 plants display enhanced ER stress response and mutations in SPP can suppress such phenotype. Furthermore, reduced ER stress responses were observed in the spp single mutants. Overall, our study reveals a previously unknown function of PI4Kβ and SPP in ER stress and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Thulasi Devendrakumar
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tony ShengZhe Peng
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Leon Pierdzig
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Georg August Universität Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Edan Jackson
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Georg August Universität Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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17
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Liu X, Igarashi D, Hillmer RA, Stoddard T, Lu Y, Tsuda K, Myers CL, Katagiri F. Decomposition of dynamic transcriptomic responses during effector-triggered immunity reveals conserved responses in two distinct plant cell populations. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100882. [PMID: 38486453 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Rapid plant immune responses in the appropriate cells are needed for effective defense against pathogens. Although transcriptome analysis is often used to describe overall immune responses, collection of transcriptome data with sufficient resolution in both space and time is challenging. We reanalyzed public Arabidopsis time-course transcriptome data obtained after low-dose inoculation with a Pseudomonas syringae strain expressing the effector AvrRpt2, which induces effector-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. Double-peak time-course patterns are prevalent among thousands of upregulated genes. We implemented a multi-compartment modeling approach to decompose the double-peak pattern into two single-peak patterns for each gene. The decomposed peaks reveal an "echoing" pattern: the peak times of the first and second peaks correlate well across most upregulated genes. We demonstrated that the two peaks likely represent responses of two distinct cell populations that respond either cell autonomously or indirectly to AvrRpt2. Thus, the peak decomposition has extracted spatial information from the time-course data. The echoing pattern also indicates a conserved transcriptome response with different initiation times between the two cell populations despite different elicitor types. A gene set highly overlapping with the conserved gene set is also upregulated with similar kinetics during pattern-triggered immunity. Activation of a WRKY network via different entry-point WRKYs can explain the similar but not identical transcriptome responses elicited by different elicitor types. We discuss potential benefits of the properties of the WRKY activation network as an immune signaling network in light of pressure from rapidly evolving pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Liu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daisuke Igarashi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Rachel A Hillmer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Thomas Stoddard
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - You Lu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chad L Myers
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fumiaki Katagiri
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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18
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Méndez-Gómez M, Sierra-Cacho D, Jiménez-Morales E, Guzmán P. Modulation of early gene expression responses to water deprivation stress by the E3 ubiquitin ligase ATL80: implications for retrograde signaling interplay. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:180. [PMID: 38459432 PMCID: PMC10921668 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary response genes play a pivotal role in translating short-lived stress signals into sustained adaptive responses. In this study, we investigated the involvement of ATL80, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, in the dynamics of gene expression following water deprivation stress. We observed that ATL80 is rapidly activated within minutes of water deprivation stress perception, reaching peak expression around 60 min before gradually declining. ATL80, despite its post-translational regulation role, emerged as a key player in modulating early gene expression responses to water deprivation stress. RESULTS The impact of ATL80 on gene expression was assessed using a time-course microarray analysis (0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min), revealing a burst of differentially expressed genes, many of which were associated with various stress responses. In addition, the diversity of early modulation of gene expression in response to water deprivation stress was significantly abolished in the atl80 mutant compared to wild-type plants. A subset of 73 genes that exhibited a similar expression pattern to ATL80 was identified. Among them, several are linked to stress responses, including ERF/AP2 and WRKY transcription factors, calcium signaling genes, MAP kinases, and signaling peptides. Promoter analysis predicts enrichment of binding sites for CAMTA1 and CAMTA5, which are known regulators of rapid stress responses. Furthermore, we have identified a group of differentially expressed ERF/AP2 transcription factors, proteins associated with folding and refolding, as well as pinpointed core module genes which are known to play roles in retrograde signaling pathways that cross-referenced with the early ATL80 transcriptome. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, we propose that ATL80 may target one or more components within the retrograde signaling pathways for degradation. In essence, ATL80 serves as a bridge connecting these signaling pathways and effectively functions as an alarm signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Méndez-Gómez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, 36824, Gto, México
| | - Daniel Sierra-Cacho
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, 36824, Gto, México
| | - Estela Jiménez-Morales
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, 36824, Gto, México
| | - Plinio Guzmán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, 36824, Gto, México.
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19
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Wang C, Tang RJ, Kou S, Xu X, Lu Y, Rauscher K, Voelker A, Luan S. Mechanisms of calcium homeostasis orchestrate plant growth and immunity. Nature 2024; 627:382-388. [PMID: 38418878 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is an essential nutrient for plants and a cellular signal, but excessive levels can be toxic and inhibit growth1,2. To thrive in dynamic environments, plants must monitor and maintain cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis by regulating numerous Ca2+ transporters3. Here we report two signalling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana that converge on the activation of vacuolar Ca2+/H+ exchangers (CAXs) to scavenge excess cytosolic Ca2+ in plants. One mechanism, activated in response to an elevated external Ca2+ level, entails calcineurin B-like (CBL) Ca2+ sensors and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), which activate CAXs by phosphorylating a serine (S) cluster in the auto-inhibitory domain. The second pathway, triggered by molecular patterns associated with microorganisms, engages the immune receptor complex FLS2-BAK1 and the associated cytoplasmic kinases BIK1 and PBL1, which phosphorylate the same S-cluster in CAXs to modulate Ca2+ signals in immunity. These Ca2+-dependent (CBL-CIPK) and Ca2+-independent (FLS2-BAK1-BIK1/PBL1) mechanisms combine to balance plant growth and immunity by regulating cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ren-Jie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Senhao Kou
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoshu Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kenda Rauscher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Angela Voelker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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20
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Wang W, Cheng HY, Zhou JM. New insight into Ca 2+ -permeable channel in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:623-631. [PMID: 38289015 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+ ) are crucial intracellular second messengers in eukaryotic cells. Upon pathogen perception, plants generate a transient and rapid increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels, which is subsequently decoded by Ca2+ sensors and effectors to activate downstream immune responses. The elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ is commonly attributed to Ca2+ influx mediated by plasma membrane-localized Ca2+ -permeable channels. However, the contribution of Ca2+ release triggered by intracellular Ca2+ -permeable channels in shaping Ca2+ signaling associated with plant immunity remains poorly understood. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the mechanism underlying the shaping of Ca2+ signatures upon the activation of immune receptors, with particular emphasis on the identification of intracellular immune receptors as non-canonical Ca2+ -permeable channels. We also discuss the involvement of Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum in generating Ca2+ signaling during plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hang-Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
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21
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Hudson A, Mullens A, Hind S, Jamann T, Balint-Kurti P. Natural variation in the pattern-triggered immunity response in plants: Investigations, implications and applications. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13445. [PMID: 38528659 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response is triggered at the plant cell surface by the recognition of microbe-derived molecules known as microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns or molecules derived from compromised host cells called damage-associated molecular patterns. Membrane-localized receptor proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors, are responsible for this recognition. Although much of the machinery of PTI is conserved, natural variation for the PTI response exists within and across species with respect to the components responsible for pattern recognition, activation of the response, and the strength of the response induced. This review describes what is known about this variation. We discuss how variation in the PTI response can be measured and how this knowledge might be utilized in the control of plant disease and in developing plant varieties with enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Hudson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Mullens
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Hind
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiffany Jamann
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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22
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Zvereva AS, Klingenbrunner M, Teige M. Calcium signaling: an emerging player in plant antiviral defense. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1265-1273. [PMID: 37940194 PMCID: PMC10901205 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is a universal messenger in different kingdoms of living organisms and regulates most physiological processes, including defense against pathogens. The threat of viral infections in humans has become very clear in recent years, and this has triggered detailed research into all aspects of host-virus interactions, including the suppression of calcium signaling in infected cells. At the same time, however, the threat of plant viral infections is underestimated in society, and research in the field of calcium signaling during plant viral infections is scarce. Here we highlight an emerging role of calcium signaling for antiviral protection in plants, in parallel with the known evidence from studies of animal cells. Obtaining more knowledge in this domain might open up new perspectives for future crop protection and the improvement of food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Zvereva
- Department of Functional & Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Klingenbrunner
- Department of Functional & Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Teige
- Department of Functional & Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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23
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Moon H, Jeong AR, Park CJ. Rice NLR protein XinN1, induced by a pattern recognition receptor XA21, confers enhanced resistance to bacterial blight. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:72. [PMID: 38376569 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Rice CC-type NLR XinN1, specifically induced by a PRR XA21, activates defense pathways against Xoo. Plants have evolved two layers of immune systems regulated by two different types of immune receptors, cell surface located pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs). Plant PRRs recognize conserved molecular patterns from diverse pathogens, resulting in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), whereas NLRs are activated by effectors secreted by pathogens into plant cells, inducing effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Rice PRR, XA21, recognizes a tyrosine-sulfated RaxX peptide (required for activation of XA21-mediated immunity X) as a molecular pattern secreted by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Here, we identified a rice NLR gene, XinN1, that is specifically induced during the XA21-mediated immune response against Xoo. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing XinN1 displayed increased resistance to infection by Xoo with reduced lesion length and bacterial growth. Overexpression of autoactive mutant of XinN1 (XinN1D543V) also displayed increased resistance to Xoo, accompanied with severe growth retardation and cell death. In rice protoplast system, overexpression of XinN1 or XinN1D543V significantly elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cytosolic-free calcium (Ca2+) accumulations. In addition, XinN1 overexpression additionally elevated the ROS burst caused by the interaction between XA21 and RaxX-sY and induced the transcription of PTI signaling components, including somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (OsSERKs) and receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (OsRLCKs). Our results suggest that XinN1 induced by the PRR XA21 activates defense pathways and provides enhanced resistance to Xoo in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeran Moon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - A-Ram Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Giovannetti M, Binci F, Navazio L, Genre A. Nonbinary fungal signals and calcium-mediated transduction in plant immunity and symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1393-1400. [PMID: 38013492 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Chitin oligomers (COs) are among the most common and active fungal elicitors of plant responses. Short-chain COs from symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activate accommodation responses in the host root, while long-chain COs from pathogenic fungi are acknowledged to trigger defence responses. The modulation of intracellular calcium concentration - a common second messenger in a wide variety of plant signal transduction processes - plays a central role in both signalling pathways with distinct signature features. Nevertheless, mounting evidence suggests that plant immunity and symbiosis signalling partially overlap at multiple levels. Here, we elaborate on recent findings on this topic, highlighting the nonbinary nature of chitin-based fungal signals, their perception and their interpretation through Ca2+ -mediated intracellular signals. Based on this, we propose that plant perception of symbiotic and pathogenic fungi is less clear-cut than previously described and involves a more complex scenario in which partially overlapping and blurred signalling mechanisms act upstream of the unambiguous regulation of gene expression driving accommodation or defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giovannetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Binci
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
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25
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Cabre L, Jing L, Makechemu M, Heluin K, El Khamlichi S, Leprince J, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Pluchon S, Mollet JC, Zipfel C, Nguema-Ona E. Additive and Specific Effects of Elicitor Treatments on the Metabolic Profile of Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:112-126. [PMID: 37903461 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-23-0051-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Several elicitors of plant defense have been identified and numerous efforts to use them in the field have been made. Exogenous elicitor treatments mimic the in planta activation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which relies on the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as bacterial flg22 or fungal chitins. Early transcriptional responses to distinct PAMPs are mostly overlapping, regardless of the elicitor being used. However, it remains poorly known if the same patterns are observed for metabolites and proteins produced later during PTI. In addition, little is known about the impact of a combination of elicitors on PTI and the level of induced resistance to pathogens. Here, we monitored Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto DC3000) following application of flg22 and chitosan elicitors, used individually or in combination. A slight, but not statistically significant increase in induced resistance was observed when the elicitors were applied together when compared with individual treatments. We investigated the effect of these treatments on the metabolome by using an untargeted analysis. We found that the combination of flg22 and chitosan impacted a higher number of metabolites and deregulated specific metabolic pathways compared with the elicitors individually. These results contribute to a better understanding of plant responses to elicitors, which might help better rationalize their use in the field. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cabre
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation-Groupe Roullier (CMI-Roullier), Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Saint Malo, F-35400, France
| | - Lun Jing
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation-Groupe Roullier (CMI-Roullier), Plateforme de Chimie et Bio-Analyse, Saint Malo, F-35400, France
| | - Moffat Makechemu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kylhan Heluin
- Université de Rouen Normandie, GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, RMT BESTIM, GDR Chémobiologie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sarah El Khamlichi
- Université de Rouen Normandie, GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, RMT BESTIM, GDR Chémobiologie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Université de Rouen Normandie, CNRS, INSERM, HERACLES US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Marie Christine Kiefer-Meyer
- Université de Rouen Normandie, GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, RMT BESTIM, GDR Chémobiologie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sylvain Pluchon
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation-Groupe Roullier (CMI-Roullier), Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Saint Malo, F-35400, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Université de Rouen Normandie, GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, RMT BESTIM, GDR Chémobiologie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation-Groupe Roullier (CMI-Roullier), Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Saint Malo, F-35400, France
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26
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Wang C, Luan S. Calcium homeostasis and signaling in plant immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 77:102485. [PMID: 38043138 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling consists of three steps: (1) initiation of a change in cellular Ca2+ concentration in response to a stimulus, (2) recognition of the change through direct binding of Ca2+ by its sensors, (3) transduction of the signal to elicit downstream responses. Recent studies have uncovered a central role for Ca2+ signaling in both layers of immune responses initiated by plasma membrane (PM) and intracellular receptors, respectively. These advances in our understanding are attributed to several lines of research, including invention of genetically-encoded Ca2+ reporters for the recording of intracellular Ca2+ signals, identification of Ca2+ channels and their gating mechanisms, and functional analysis of Ca2+ binding proteins (Ca2+ sensors). This review analyzes the recent literature that illustrates the importance of Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling in plant innate immunity, featuring intricate Ca2+dependent positive and negative regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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27
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Li P, Liang C, Jiao J, Ruan Z, Sun M, Fu X, Zhao J, Wang T, Zhong S. Exogenous priming of chitosan induces resistance in Chinese prickly ash against stem canker caused by Fusarium zanthoxyli. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129119. [PMID: 38185296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Stem canker is a highly destructive disease that threatens prickly ash plantations in China. This study demonstrated the effective control of stem canker in prickly ash using chitosan priming, reducing lesion areas by 46.77 % to 75.13 % across all chitosan treatments. The mechanisms underlying chitosan-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in prickly ash were further investigated. Chitosan increased H2O2 levels and enhanced peroxidase and catalase enzyme activities. A well-constructed regulatory network depicting the genes involved in the SAR and their corresponding expression levels in prickly ash plants primed with chitosan was established based on transcriptomic analysis. Additionally, 224 ZbWRKYs were identified based on the whole genome of prickly ash, and their phylogenetic evolution, conserved motifs, domains and expression patterns of ZbWRKYs were comprehensively illustrated. The expression of 12 key genes related to the SAR was significantly increased by chitosan, as determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the activities of defensive enzymes and the accumulation of lignin and flavonoids in prickly ash were significantly enhanced by chitosan treatment. Taken together, this study provides valuable insights into the chitosan-mediated activation of the immune system in prickly ash, offering a promising eco-friendly approach for forest stem canker control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaoqiong Liang
- Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Jiao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Ruan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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28
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Zhi P, Gao R, Chen W, Chang C. Wheat Transcriptional Corepressor TaTPR1 Suppresses Susceptibility Genes TaDND1/2 and Potentiates Post-Penetration Resistance against Blumeria graminis forma specialis tritici. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1695. [PMID: 38338970 PMCID: PMC10855895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis forma specialis tritici (B.g. tritici) is the causal agent of wheat powdery mildew disease. The TOPLESS-related 1 (TPR1) corepressor regulates plant immunity, but its role in regulating wheat resistance against powdery mildew remains to be disclosed. Herein, TaTPR1 was identified as a positive regulator of wheat post-penetration resistance against powdery mildew disease. The transient overexpression of TaTPR1.1 or TaTPR1.2 confers wheat post-penetration resistance powdery mildew, while the silencing of TaTPR1.1 and TaTPR1.2 results in an enhanced wheat susceptibility to B.g. tritici. Furthermore, Defense no Death 1 (TaDND1) and Defense no Death 2 (TaDND2) were identified as wheat susceptibility (S) genes facilitating a B.g. tritici infection. The overexpression of TaDND1 and TaDND2 leads to an enhanced wheat susceptibility to B.g. tritici, while the silencing of wheat TaDND1 and TaDND2 leads to a compromised susceptibility to powdery mildew. In addition, we demonstrated that the expression of TaDND1 and TaDND2 is negatively regulated by the wheat transcriptional corepressor TaTPR1. Collectively, these results implicate that TaTPR1 positively regulates wheat post-penetration resistance against powdery mildew probably via suppressing the S genes TaDND1 and TaDND2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cheng Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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29
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Liese A, Eichstädt B, Lederer S, Schulz P, Oehlschläger J, Matschi S, Feijó JA, Schulze WX, Konrad KR, Romeis T. Imaging of plant calcium-sensor kinase conformation monitors real time calcium-dependent decoding in planta. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:276-297. [PMID: 37433056 PMCID: PMC11210078 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) concentration are among the earliest reactions to a multitude of stress cues. While a plethora of Ca2+-permeable channels may generate distinct Ca2+ signatures and contribute to response specificities, the mechanisms by which Ca2+ signatures are decoded are poorly understood. Here, we developed a genetically encoded Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based reporter that visualizes the conformational changes in Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs). We focused on two CDPKs with distinct Ca2+-sensitivities, highly Ca2+-sensitive Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtCPK21 and rather Ca2+-insensitive AtCPK23, to report conformational changes accompanying kinase activation. In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes, which naturally display coordinated spatial and temporal Ca2+ fluctuations, CPK21-FRET, but not CPK23-FRET, reported oscillatory emission ratio changes mirroring cytosolic Ca2+ changes, pointing to the isoform-specific Ca2+-sensitivity and reversibility of the conformational change. In Arabidopsis guard cells, CPK21-FRET-monitored conformational dynamics suggest that CPK21 serves as a decoder of signal-specific Ca2+ signatures in response to abscisic acid and the flagellin peptide flg22. Based on these data, CDPK-FRET is a powerful approach for tackling real-time live-cell Ca2+ decoding in a multitude of plant developmental and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Liese
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernadette Eichstädt
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Lederer
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Philipp Schulz
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Oehlschläger
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susanne Matschi
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - José A Feijó
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 2136 Bioscience Research Bldg, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Plant Systems Biology, Universität Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kai R Konrad
- Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tina Romeis
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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30
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Yamada K, Mine A. Sugar coordinates plant defense signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk4131. [PMID: 38266087 PMCID: PMC10807812 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk4131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Pathogen recognition triggers energy-intensive defense systems. Although successful defense should depend on energy availability, how metabolic information is communicated to defense remains unclear. We show that sugar, especially glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), is critical in coordinating defense in Arabidopsis. Under sugar-sufficient conditions, phosphorylation levels of calcium-dependent protein kinase 5 (CPK5) are elevated by G6P-mediated suppression of protein phosphatases, enhancing defense responses before pathogen invasion. Subsequently, recognition of bacterial flagellin activates sugar transporters, leading to increased cellular G6P, which elicits CPK5-independent signaling promoting synthesis of the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) for antibacterial defense. In contrast, while perception of fungal chitin does not promote sugar influx or SA accumulation, chitin-induced synthesis of the antifungal compound camalexin requires basal sugar influx activity. By monitoring sugar levels, plants determine defense levels and execute appropriate outputs against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Together, our findings provide a comprehensive view of the roles of sugar in defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamada
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Akira Mine
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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31
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Binci F, Offer E, Crosino A, Sciascia I, Kleine-Vehn J, Genre A, Giovannetti M, Navazio L. Spatially and temporally distinct Ca2+ changes in Lotus japonicus roots orient fungal-triggered signalling pathways towards symbiosis or immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:605-619. [PMID: 37712520 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants activate an immune or symbiotic response depending on the detection of distinct signals from root-interacting microbes. Both signalling cascades involve Ca2+ as a central mediator of early signal transduction. In this study, we combined aequorin- and cameleon-based methods to dissect the changes in cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ concentration caused by different chitin-derived fungal elicitors in Lotus japonicus roots. Our quantitative analyses highlighted the dual character of the evoked Ca2+ responses taking advantage of the comparison between different genetic backgrounds: an initial Ca2+ influx, dependent on the LysM receptor CERK6 and independent of the common symbiotic signalling pathway (CSSP), is followed by a second CSSP-dependent and CERK6-independent phase, that corresponds to the well-known perinuclear/nuclear Ca2+ spiking. We show that the expression of immunity marker genes correlates with the amplitude of the first Ca2+ change, depends on elicitor concentration, and is controlled by Ca2+ storage in the vacuole. Our findings provide an insight into the Ca2+-mediated signalling mechanisms discriminating plant immunity- and symbiosis-related pathways in the context of their simultaneous activation by single fungal elicitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Binci
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Offer
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Crosino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Ivan Sciascia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology II, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Giovannetti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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32
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Payá C, Belda-Palazón B, Vera-Sirera F, Pérez-Pérez J, Jordá L, Rodrigo I, Bellés JM, López-Gresa MP, Lisón P. Signalling mechanisms and agricultural applications of ( Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate-mediated stomatal closure. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhad248. [PMID: 38239809 PMCID: PMC10794947 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic stresses can severely limit crop productivity. In response to drought, plants close stomata to prevent water loss. Furthermore, stomata are the main entry point for several pathogens. Therefore, the development of natural products to control stomata closure can be considered a sustainable strategy to cope with stresses in agriculture. Plants respond to different stresses by releasing volatile organic compounds. Green leaf volatiles, which are commonly produced across different plant species after tissue damage, comprise an important group within volatile organic compounds. Among them, (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate (HB) was described as a natural inducer of stomatal closure, playing an important role in stomatal immunity, although its mechanism of action is still unknown. Through different genetic, pharmacological, and biochemical approaches, we here uncover that HB perception initiates various defence signalling events, such as activation of Ca2+ permeable channels, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and production of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, HB-mediated stomata closure was found to be independent of abscisic acid biosynthesis and signalling. Additionally, exogenous treatments with HB alleviate water stress and improve fruit productivity in tomato plants. The efficacy of HB was also tested under open field conditions, leading to enhanced resistance against Phytophthora spp. and Pseudomonas syringae infection in potato and tomato plants, respectively. Taken together, our results provide insights into the HB signalling transduction pathway, confirming its role in stomatal closure and plant immune system activation, and propose HB as a new phytoprotectant for the sustainable control of biotic and abiotic stresses in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Payá
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8E, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Borja Belda-Palazón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8E, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Vera-Sirera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8E, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8E, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8E, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Bellés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8E, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pilar López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8E, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Purificación Lisón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8E, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
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Jian Y, Gong D, Wang Z, Liu L, He J, Han X, Tsuda K. How plants manage pathogen infection. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:31-44. [PMID: 38177909 PMCID: PMC10897293 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
To combat microbial pathogens, plants have evolved specific immune responses that can be divided into three essential steps: microbial recognition by immune receptors, signal transduction within plant cells, and immune execution directly suppressing pathogens. During the past three decades, many plant immune receptors and signaling components and their mode of action have been revealed, markedly advancing our understanding of the first two steps. Activation of immune signaling results in physical and chemical actions that actually stop pathogen infection. Nevertheless, this third step of plant immunity is under explored. In addition to immune execution by plants, recent evidence suggests that the plant microbiota, which is considered an additional layer of the plant immune system, also plays a critical role in direct pathogen suppression. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how plant immunity as well as microbiota control pathogen growth and behavior and highlight outstanding questions that need to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Jian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dianming Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China.
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Wang X, Li R, Stintzi A, Schaller A. Automated Real-Time Monitoring of Extracellular pH to Assess Early Plant Defense Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:169-178. [PMID: 38019434 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular alkalinization mediated by the inhibition of plasma membrane-located proton pumping ATPases hallmarks the initiation of defense signaling in plant cells. Early defense responses also include depolarization of the plasma membrane, increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, and an oxidative burst. Together these early signaling events lead to the activation of plant immunity. The transient alkalinization response is triggered by well-studied pathogen-derived and plant endogenous elicitors, including, for example, bacterial flagellin, fungal chitin, and tomato systemin in both model and agronomic species. Employing cell suspension cultures, extracellular alkalinization can be easily assessed by measuring the elicitor-induced pH changes of the cultivating medium. Here, we provide a protocol for an improved alkalinization assay in a system which is able to simultaneously monitor multiple samples, and fully automatically transfer customizable real-time pH records. In this system flagellin, chitin and systemin elicit robust time- and dose-dependent responses, proving a powerful tool for assessing plant early defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Rhodes J, Zipfel C. Identification of Bioactive Phytocytokines Using Transcriptomic Data and Plant Bioassays. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:23-35. [PMID: 38019423 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant genomes contain thousands of short open reading frames that encode putative peptides. Some of these peptides play important signaling roles in response to environmental stress. Here we describe a pipeline used to identify the CTNIP/SMALL PHYTOCYTOKINES REGULATING DEFENSE AND WATER LOSS (SCREW) family of phytocytokines, based upon their transcriptional upregulation during biotic stress. Moreover, we describe approaches to assay their activity in planta by measuring increases in cytoplasmic calcium concentration, reactive oxygen species production, and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Rhodes
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Castel B, El Mahboubi K, Jacquet C, Delaux PM. Immunobiodiversity: Conserved and specific immunity across land plants and beyond. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:92-111. [PMID: 38102829 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms represent most plants that humans cultivate, grow, and eat. However, angiosperms are only one of five major land plant lineages. As a whole lineage, plants also include algal groups. All these clades represent a tremendous genetic diversity that can be investigated to reveal the evolutionary history of any given mechanism. In this review, we describe the current model of the plant immune system, discuss its evolution based on the recent literature, and propose future directions for the field. In angiosperms, plant-microbe interactions have been intensively studied, revealing essential cell surface and intracellular immune receptors, as well as metabolic and hormonal defense pathways. Exploring diversity at the genomic and functional levels demonstrates the conservation of these pathways across land plants, some of which are beyond plants. On basis of the conserved mechanisms, lineage-specific variations have occurred, leading to diversified reservoirs of immune mechanisms. In rare cases, this diversity has been harnessed and successfully transferred to other species by integration of wild immune receptors or engineering of novel forms of receptors for improved resistance to pathogens. We propose that exploring further the diversity of immune mechanisms in the whole plant lineage will reveal completely novel sources of resistance to be deployed in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Castel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Karima El Mahboubi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Zhu M, Li X. Genome-wide identification of the glutamate receptor-like gene family in Vanilla planifolia and their response to Fusarium oxysporum infection. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2204654. [PMID: 37096589 PMCID: PMC10132242 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2204654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate receptor-like genes (GLRs) are essential for plant growth and development and for coping with environmental (biological and non-biological) stresses. In this study, 13 GLR members were identified in the Vanilla planifolia genome and attributed to two subgroups (Clade I and Clade III) based on their physical relationships. Cis-acting element analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations indicated the GLR gene regulation's complexity and their functional diversity. Expression analysis revealed a relatively higher and more general expression pattern of Clade III members compared to the Clade I subgroup in tissues. Most GLRs showed significant differences in expression during Fusarium oxysporum infection. This suggested that GLRs play a critical role in the response of V. planifolia to pathogenic infection. These results provide helpful information for further functional research and crop improvement of VpGLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinran Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, Guizhou, China
- CONTACT Xinran Li School of Biological Science and Technology, Liupanshui normal University, No.288 Minghu Road, Liupanshui, Guizhou, China
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Zhao Y, Ji X, Liu X, Qin L, Tan D, Wu D, Bai C, Yang J, Xie J, He Y. Age-dependent dendrobine biosynthesis in Dendrobium nobile: insights into endophytic fungal interactions. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1294402. [PMID: 38149273 PMCID: PMC10749937 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1294402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dendrobium nobile (D. nobile), a valued Chinese herb known for its diverse pharmacological effects, owes much of its potency to the bioactive compound dendrobine. However, dendrobine content varies significantly with plant age, and the mechanisms governing this variation remain unclear. This study delves into the potential role of endophytic fungi in shaping host-microbe interactions and influencing plant metabolism. Methods Using RNA-seq, we examined the transcriptomes of 1-year-old, 2-year-old, and 3-year-old D. nobile samples and through a comprehensive analysis of endophytic fungal communities and host gene expression in D. nobile stems of varying ages, we aim to identify associations between specific fungal taxa and host genes. Results The results revealing 192 differentially expressed host genes. These genes exhibited a gradual decrease in expression levels as the plants aged, mirroring dendrobine content changes. They were enriched in 32 biological pathways, including phagosome, fatty acid degradation, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. Furthermore, a significant shift in the composition of the fungal community within D. nobile stems was observed along the age gradient. Olipidium, Hannaella, and Plectospherella dominated in 1-year-old plants, while Strelitziana and Trichomerium prevailed in 2-year-old plants. Conversely, 3-year-old plants exhibited additional enrichment of endophytic fungi, including the genus Rhizopus. Two gene expression modules (mediumpurple3 and darkorange) correlated significantly with dominant endophytic fungi abundance and dendrobine accumulation. Key genes involved in dendrobine synthesis were found associated with plant hormone synthesis. Discussion This study suggests that the interplay between different endophytic fungi and the hormone signaling system in D. nobile likely regulates dendrobine biosynthesis, with specific endophytes potentially triggering hormone signaling cascades that ultimately influence dendrobine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Zhao
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium nobile, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding, High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaolong Ji
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium nobile, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding, High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium nobile, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding, High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lin Qin
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium nobile, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding, High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Daopeng Tan
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium nobile, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding, High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Di Wu
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium nobile, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding, High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chaojun Bai
- Guangxi Shenli Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yulin, China
| | - Jiyong Yang
- Chishui Xintian Chinese Medicine Industry Development Co., Ltd., Zunyi, China
| | - Jian Xie
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium nobile, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding, High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuqi He
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium nobile, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding, High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Chen J, Li L, Kim JH, Neuhäuser B, Wang M, Thelen M, Hilleary R, Chi Y, Wei L, Venkataramani K, Exposito-Alonso M, Liu C, Keck J, Barragan AC, Schwab R, Lutz U, Pei ZM, He SY, Ludewig U, Weigel D, Zhu W. Small proteins modulate ion-channel-like ACD6 to regulate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4386-4397.e9. [PMID: 37995686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The multi-pass transmembrane protein ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6 (ACD6) is an immune regulator in Arabidopsis thaliana with an unclear biochemical mode of action. We have identified two loci, MODULATOR OF HYPERACTIVE ACD6 1 (MHA1) and its paralog MHA1-LIKE (MHA1L), that code for ∼7 kDa proteins, which differentially interact with specific ACD6 variants. MHA1L enhances the accumulation of an ACD6 complex, thereby increasing the activity of the ACD6 standard allele for regulating plant growth and defenses. The intracellular ankyrin repeats of ACD6 are structurally similar to those found in mammalian ion channels. Several lines of evidence link increased ACD6 activity to enhanced calcium influx, with MHA1L as a direct regulator of ACD6, indicating that peptide-regulated ion channels are not restricted to animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Chen
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jong Hum Kim
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Benjamin Neuhäuser
- Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mingyu Wang
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Michael Thelen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Yuan Chi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Luyang Wei
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kavita Venkataramani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moises Exposito-Alonso
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chang Liu
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jakob Keck
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Cristina Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schwab
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lutz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhen-Ming Pei
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sheng-Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Wangsheng Zhu
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Yang H, Kim X, Skłenar J, Aubourg S, Sancho-Andrés G, Stahl E, Guillou MC, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Tran Van Canh L, Bender KW, Stintzi A, Reymond P, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Testerink C, Renou JP, Menke FLH, Schaller A, Rhodes J, Zipfel C. Subtilase-mediated biogenesis of the expanded family of SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:2085-2094. [PMID: 38049516 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant signalling peptides are typically released from larger precursors by proteolytic cleavage to regulate plant growth, development and stress responses. Recent studies reported the characterization of a divergent family of Brassicaceae-specific peptides, SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES (SCOOPs), and their perception by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2). Here, we reveal that the SCOOP family is highly expanded, containing at least 50 members in the Columbia-0 reference Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Notably, perception of these peptides is strictly MIK2-dependent. How bioactive SCOOP peptides are produced, and to what extent their perception is responsible for the multiple physiological roles associated with MIK2 are currently unclear. Using N-terminomics, we validate the N-terminal cleavage site of representative PROSCOOPs. The cleavage sites are determined by conserved motifs upstream of the minimal SCOOP bioactive epitope. We identified subtilases necessary and sufficient to process PROSCOOP peptides at conserved cleavage motifs. Mutation of these subtilases, or their recognition motifs, suppressed PROSCOOP cleavage and associated overexpression phenotypes. Furthermore, we show that higher-order mutants of these subtilases show phenotypes reminiscent of mik2 null mutant plants, consistent with impaired PROSCOOP biogenesis, and demonstrating biological relevance of SCOOP perception by MIK2. Together, this work provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of the recently identified SCOOP peptides and their receptor MIK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjie Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xeniya Kim
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Skłenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | - Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Stress Resilience, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Loup Tran Van Canh
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Kyle W Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Christa Testerink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jack Rhodes
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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41
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Shu LJ, Kahlon PS, Ranf S. The power of patterns: new insights into pattern-triggered immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:960-967. [PMID: 37525301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system features numerous immune receptors localized on the cell surface to monitor the apoplastic space for danger signals from a broad range of plant colonizers. Recent discoveries shed light on the enormous complexity of molecular signals sensed by these receptors, how they are generated and removed to maintain cellular homeostasis and immunocompetence, and how they are shaped by host-imposed evolutionary constraints. Fine-tuning receptor sensing mechanisms at the molecular, cellular and physiological level is critical for maintaining a robust but adaptive host barrier to commensal, pathogenic, and symbiotic colonizers alike. These receptors are at the core of any plant-colonizer interaction and hold great potential for engineering disease resistance and harnessing beneficial microbiota to keep crops healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jie Shu
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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42
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Chen L, Xu Z, Huang J, Shu H, Hui Y, Zhu D, Wu Y, Dong S, Wu Z. Plant immunity suppressor SKRP encodes a novel RNA-binding protein that targets exon 3' end of unspliced RNA. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1467-1483. [PMID: 37658678 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory roles of RNA splicing in plant immunity are emerging but still largely obscure. We reported previously that Phytophthora pathogen effector Avr3c targets a soybean protein SKRP (serine/lysine/arginine-rich protein) to impair soybean basal immunity by regulating host pre-mRNA alternative splicing, while the biochemical nature of SKRP remains unknown. Here, by using Arabidopsis as a model, we studied the mechanism of SKRP in regulating pre-mRNA splicing and plant immunity. AtSKRP confers impaired plant immunity against Phytophthora capsici and associates with spliceosome component PRP8 and splicing factor SR45, which positively and negatively regulate plant immunity, respectively. Enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (eCLIP-seq) showed AtSKRP is a novel RNA-binding protein that targets exon 3' end of unspliced RNA. Such position-specific binding of SKRP is associated with its activity in suppressing intron retention, including at positive immune regulatory genes UBP25 and RAR1. In addition, we found AtSKRP self-interact and forms oligomer, and these properties are associated with its function in plant immunity. Overall, our findings reveal that the immune repressor SKRP is a spliceosome-associated protein that targets exon 3' end to regulate pre-mRNA splicing in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Bioinformatics Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haidong Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yufan Hui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Danling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yufeng Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Bioinformatics Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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43
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Zhang S, Wei C, Yu L, Song B. Vanisulfane Induced Plant Resistance toward Potato Virus Y via the Salicylic-Depended Acid Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14527-14538. [PMID: 37769121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Vanisulfane is a plant resistance inducer that exhibits potent activity against potato virus Y (PVY), but its mechanism of action against this virus remains unclear. Our results showed that when we used 400 μg/mL of vanisulfane, it provided an impressive level of control (63.55%) against PVY in Nicotiana benthamiana L. Meanwhile, vanisulfane increased activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) as well as inducing H2O2 accumulation and Ca2+ influx to mediate PVY resistance. Furthermore, combined transcriptome and proteome analyses revealed that vanisulfane upregulated the POD52, APX, and PR-1 genes and proteins in the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. Experiments demonstrated that vanisulfane triggered the accumulation of SA, upregulated the expression of ICS1 and PR-1 genes, and induced resistance against PVY in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Consequently, it can be concluded that vanisulfane mediates the SA-dependent signaling pathway to confer PVY resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanxue Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China
| | - Chunle Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China
| | - Lu Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China
| | - Baoan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China
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44
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Tang B, Feng L, Hulin MT, Ding P, Ma W. Cell-type-specific responses to fungal infection in plants revealed by single-cell transcriptomics. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1732-1747.e5. [PMID: 37741284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infection is a dynamic process. Here, we employ single-cell transcriptomics to investigate plant response heterogeneity. By generating an Arabidopsis thaliana leaf atlas encompassing 95,040 cells during infection by a fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum higginsianum, we unveil cell-type-specific gene expression, notably an enrichment of intracellular immune receptors in vasculature cells. Trajectory inference identifies cells that had different interactions with the invading fungus. This analysis divulges transcriptional reprogramming of abscisic acid signaling specifically occurring in guard cells, which is consistent with a stomatal closure dependent on direct contact with the fungus. Furthermore, we investigate the transcriptional plasticity of genes involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis in cells at the fungal infection sites, emphasizing the contribution of the epidermis-expressed MYB122 to disease resistance. This work underscores spatially dynamic, cell-type-specific plant responses to a fungal pathogen and provides a valuable resource that supports in-depth investigations of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, UK
| | - Li Feng
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, UK
| | - Michelle T Hulin
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, UK
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wenbo Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, UK.
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45
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Wang Y, Li W, Qu J, Li F, Du W, Weng J. Genome-Wide Characterization of the Maize ( Zea mays L.) WRKY Transcription Factor Family and Their Responses to Ustilago maydis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14916. [PMID: 37834371 PMCID: PMC10573107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the WRKY transcription factor (TF) family are unique to plants and serve as important regulators of diverse physiological processes, including the ability of plants to manage biotic and abiotic stressors. However, the functions of specific WRKY family members in the context of maize responses to fungal pathogens remain poorly understood, particularly in response to Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda (U. maydis), which is responsible for the devastating disease known as corn smut. A systematic bioinformatic approach was herein employed for the characterization of the maize WRKY TF family, leading to the identification of 120 ZmWRKY genes encoded on 10 chromosomes. Further structural and phylogenetic analyses of these TFs enabled their classification into seven different subgroups. Segmental duplication was established as a major driver of ZmWRKY family expansion in gene duplication analyses, while the Ka/Ks ratio suggested that these ZmWRKY genes had experienced strong purifying selection. When the transcriptional responses of these genes to pathogen inoculation were evaluated, seven U. maydis-inducible ZmWRKY genes were identified, as validated using a quantitative real-time PCR approach. All seven of these WKRY proteins were subsequently tested using a yeast one-hybrid assay approach, which revealed their ability to directly bind the ZmSWEET4b W-box element, thereby controlling the U. maydis-inducible upregulation of ZmSWEET4b. These results suggest that these WRKY TFs can control sugar transport in the context of fungal infection. Overall, these data offer novel insight into the evolution, transcriptional regulation, and functional characteristics of the maize WRKY family, providing a basis for future research aimed at exploring the mechanisms through which these TFs control host plant responses to common smut and other fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (J.Q.); (F.L.)
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Wangshu Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Jianzhou Qu
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (J.Q.); (F.L.)
| | - Fenghai Li
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (J.Q.); (F.L.)
| | - Wanli Du
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (J.Q.); (F.L.)
| | - Jianfeng Weng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China;
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46
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Zhao Y, Zheng X, Zhang X, Wang W, Cai G, Bi G, Chen S, Sun C, Zhou JM. PIF3 is phosphorylated by MAPK to modulate plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:372-381. [PMID: 37475167 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface-localized pattern recognition receptors perceive pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) represents a major PTI response. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana PIF3 negatively regulates plant defense gene expression and resistance to Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. PAMPs trigger phosphorylation of PIF3. Further study reveals that PIF3 interacts with and is phosphorylated by MPK3/6. By mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified the corresponding phosphorylation sites which fit for SP motif. We further show that a phospho-mimicking PIF3 variant (PIF36D /pifq) conferred increased susceptibility to P. syringae DC3000 and caused lower levels of defense gene expression in plants. Together, this study reveals that PIF3 is phosphorylated by MPK3/6 and phosphorylation of the SP motif residues is required for its negative regulation on plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gaihong Cai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guozhi Bi
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chuanqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China
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47
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Crabos A, Huang Y, Boursat T, Maurel C, Ruffel S, Krouk G, Boursiac Y. Distinct early transcriptional regulations by turgor and osmotic potential in the roots of Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5917-5930. [PMID: 37603421 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
In a context of climate change, deciphering signaling pathways driving plant adaptation to drought, changes in water availability, and salt is key. A crossing point of these plant stresses is their impact on plant water potential (Ψ), a composite physico-chemical variable reflecting the availability of water for biological processes such as plant growth and stomatal aperture. The Ψ of plant cells is mainly driven by their turgor and osmotic pressures. Here we investigated the effect of a variety of osmotic treatments on the roots of Arabidopsis plants grown in hydroponics. We used, among others, a permeating solute as a way to differentiate variations on turgor from variations in osmotic pressure. Measurement of cortical cell turgor pressure with a cell pressure probe allowed us to monitor the intensity of the treatments and thereby preserve the cortex from plasmolysis. Transcriptome analyses at an early time point (15 min) showed specific and quantitative transcriptomic responses to both osmotic and turgor pressure variations. Our results highlight how water-related biophysical parameters can shape the transcriptome of roots under stress and provide putative candidates to explore further the early perception of water stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Crabos
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Yunji Huang
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Boursat
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Maurel
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Ruffel
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriel Krouk
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Boursiac
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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48
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Mesny F, Hacquard S, Thomma BPHJ. Co-evolution within the plant holobiont drives host performance. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57455. [PMID: 37471099 PMCID: PMC10481671 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants interact with a diversity of microorganisms that influence their growth and resilience, and they can therefore be considered as ecological entities, namely "plant holobionts," rather than as singular organisms. In a plant holobiont, the assembly of above- and belowground microbiota is ruled by host, microbial, and environmental factors. Upon microorganism perception, plants activate immune signaling resulting in the secretion of factors that modulate microbiota composition. Additionally, metabolic interdependencies and antagonism between microbes are driving forces for community assemblies. We argue that complex plant-microbe and intermicrobial interactions have been selected for during evolution and may promote the survival and fitness of plants and their associated microorganisms as holobionts. As part of this process, plants evolved metabolite-mediated strategies to selectively recruit beneficial microorganisms in their microbiota. Some of these microbiota members show host-adaptation, from which mutualism may rapidly arise. In the holobiont, microbiota members also co-evolved antagonistic activities that restrict proliferation of microbes with high pathogenic potential and can therefore prevent disease development. Co-evolution within holobionts thus ultimately drives plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantin Mesny
- Institute for Plant SciencesUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Stéphane Hacquard
- Department of Plant Microbe InteractionsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)CologneGermany
| | - Bart PHJ Thomma
- Institute for Plant SciencesUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)CologneGermany
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49
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Huang S, Jia A, Ma S, Sun Y, Chang X, Han Z, Chai J. NLR signaling in plants: from resistosomes to second messengers. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:776-787. [PMID: 37394345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) have a critical role in plant immunity through direct or indirect recognition of pathogen effectors. Recent studies have demonstrated that such recognition induces formation of large protein complexes called resistosomes to mediate NLR immune signaling. Some NLR resistosomes activate Ca2+ influx by acting as Ca2+-permeable channels, whereas others function as active NADases to catalyze the production of nucleotide-derived second messengers. In this review we summarize these studies on pathogen effector-induced assembly of NLR resistosomes and resistosome-mediated production of the second messengers of Ca2+ and nucleotide derivatives. We also discuss downstream events and regulation of resistosome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Huang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aolin Jia
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shoucai Ma
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Cologne 50829, Germany; School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhang L, Hua C, Janocha D, Fliegmann J, Nürnberger T. Plant cell surface immune receptors-Novel insights into function and evolution. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102384. [PMID: 37276832 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants use surface resident and intracellular immune receptors to provide robust immunity against microbial infections. The contribution of the two receptor types to plant immunity differs spatially and temporally. The ongoing identification of new plant cell surface immune receptors and their microbial-derived immunogenic ligands reveal a previously unexpected complexity of plant surface sensors involved in the detection of specific microbial species. Comparative analyses of the plant species distribution of cell surface immune receptors indicate that plants harbor larger sets of genus- or species-specific surface receptors in addition to very few widespread pattern sensors. Leucine-rich repeat surface and intracellular immune sensors emerge as two polymorphic receptor classes whose evolutionary trajectories appear to be linked. This is consistent with their functional cooperativity in providing full plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Denis Janocha
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Judith Fliegmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa.
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