1
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Rubilar JC, Outeiro TF, Klein AD. The lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase strikes mitochondria: implications for Parkinson's therapeutics. Brain 2024; 147:2610-2620. [PMID: 38437875 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily known for typical motor features that arise due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, the precise molecular aetiology of the disease is still unclear. Several cellular pathways have been linked to Parkinson's disease, including the autophagy-lysosome pathway, α-synuclein aggregation and mitochondrial function. Interestingly, the mechanistic link between GBA1, the gene that encodes for lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), and Parkinson's disease lies in the interplay between GCase functions in the lysosome and mitochondria. GCase mutations alter mitochondria-lysosome contact sites. In the lysosome, reduced GCase activity leads to glycosphingolipid build-up, disrupting lysosomal function and autophagy, thereby triggering α-synuclein accumulation. Additionally, α-synuclein aggregates reduce GCase activity, creating a self-perpetuating cycle of lysosomal dysfunction and α-synuclein accumulation. GCase can also be imported into the mitochondria, where it promotes the integrity and function of mitochondrial complex I. Thus, GCase mutations that impair its normal function increase oxidative stress in mitochondria, the compartment where dopamine is oxidized. In turn, the accumulation of oxidized dopamine adducts further impairs GCase activity, creating a second cycle of GCase dysfunction. The oxidative state triggered by GCase dysfunction can also induce mitochondrial DNA damage which, in turn, can cause dopaminergic cell death. In this review, we highlight the pivotal role of GCase in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and discuss promising examples of GCase-based therapeutics, such as gene and enzyme replacement therapies, small molecule chaperones and substrate reduction therapies, among others, as potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Rubilar
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Natural Sciences, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrés D Klein
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7780272, Chile
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2
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Castillo-Ribelles L, Arranz-Amo JA, Hernández-Vara J, Samaniego-Toro D, Enriquez-Calzada S, Pozo SLD, Camprodon-Gomez M, Laguna A, Gonzalo MA, Ferrer R, Martinez-Vicente M, Carnicer-Caceres C. Evaluation of a Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Analysis of Glucosylceramide and Galactosylceramide Isoforms in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Parkinson's Disease Patients. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39047057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in GBA1, encoding glucocerebrosidase beta 1 (GCase), are the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). GCase dysfunction leads to an accumulation of glucosylceramide (GluCer) substrates in different organs and fluids. Despite the challenges in quantifying GluCer isoforms in biological samples, their potential clinical interest as PD biomarkers justifies the development of robust assays. An extensively evaluated high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for quantifying 14 GluCer and galactosylceramide (GalCer) isoforms in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples is presented. Sample pretreatment, HPLC, and MS/MS parameters were optimized. Evaluation was performed according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and European Medicines Agency guidelines. Four 7-point calibration curves were generated, with a linearity interval from 2.5 to 200 nM (R2 ≥ 0.995). The limit of quantification was set at 5 nM. Between-run precision and accuracy were up to 12.5 and 9%, respectively. After method validation, we measured the levels of GluCer and GalCer isoforms in CSF human samples, including 6 healthy controls (HC), 22 idiopathic GBA1 wild-type PD (iPD) patients, and 5 GBA1-associated PD (PD-GBA) patients. GluCer/GalCer median ratios were found to be higher in the CSF of PD-GBA patients, particularly in severe GBA1 mutations, than those in iPD and HC. The observed trends in GluCer/GalCer ratios among groups provide novel information for the comprehensive analysis of sphingolipids as potential biomarkers of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castillo-Ribelles
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry, Drug Delivery & Therapy (CB-DDT) Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Arranz-Amo
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry, Drug Delivery & Therapy (CB-DDT) Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Jorge Hernández-Vara
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Enriquez-Calzada
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Sara Lucas-Del Pozo
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, U.K
| | - Maria Camprodon-Gomez
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Unit of Hereditary Metabolic Disorders, Internal Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Ariadna Laguna
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Mercedes Arrúe Gonzalo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Roser Ferrer
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry, Drug Delivery & Therapy (CB-DDT) Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Marta Martinez-Vicente
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Clara Carnicer-Caceres
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry, Drug Delivery & Therapy (CB-DDT) Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
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3
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Wang YT, Moura AK, Zuo R, Zhou W, Wang Z, Roudbari K, Hu JZ, Li PL, Zhang Y, Li X. Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction is Associated with Augmented Lysosomal Signaling in Hypercholesterolemic Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.10.603000. [PMID: 39026774 PMCID: PMC11257577 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.10.603000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) caused by hypercholesterolemia can lead to myocardial ischemia, with or without obstructive atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the molecular pathways associated with compromised coronary microvascular function prior to the development of myocardial ischemic injury remain poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the effects of hypercholesterolemia on the function and integrity of the coronary microcirculation in mice and the underlying mechanisms. Mice were fed with a hypercholesterolemic Paigen's diet (PD) for 8 weeks. Echocardiography data showed that PD caused CMD, characterized by significant reductions in coronary blood flow and coronary flow reserve (CFR), but did not affect cardiac remodeling or dysfunction. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that PD-induced CMD was associated with activation of coronary arterioles inflammation and increased myocardial inflammatory cell infiltration. These pathological changes occurred in parallel with the upregulation of lysosomal signaling pathways in endothelial cells (ECs). Treating hypercholesterolemic mice with the cholesterol-lowering drug ezetimibe significantly ameliorated PD-induced adverse effects, including hypercholesterolemia, steatohepatitis, reduced CFR, coronary EC inflammation, and myocardial inflammatory cell infiltration. In cultured mouse cardiac endothelial cells (MCECs), 7-ketocholesterol (7K) increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory responses. Meanwhile, 7K induced the activation of TFEB and lysosomal signaling in MCECs, whereas the lysosome inhibitor bafilomycin A1 blocked 7K-induced TFEB activation and exacerbated 7K-induced inflammation and cell death. Interestingly, ezetimibe synergistically enhanced 7K-induced TFEB activation and attenuated 7K-induced mitochondrial ROS and inflammatory responses in MCECs. These results suggest that CMD can develop and precede detectable cardiac functional or structural changes in the setting of hypercholesterolemia, and that upregulation of TFEB-mediated lysosomal signaling in ECs plays a protective role against CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Alexandra K. Moura
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Rui Zuo
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, USA
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengchao Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, USA
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kiana Roudbari
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Jenny Z. Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, USA
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4
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Hull A, Atilano ML, Gergi L, Kinghorn KJ. Lysosomal storage, impaired autophagy and innate immunity in Gaucher and Parkinson's diseases: insights for drug discovery. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220381. [PMID: 38368939 PMCID: PMC10874704 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Impairment of autophagic-lysosomal pathways is increasingly being implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). GBA1 mutations cause the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease (GD) and are the commonest known genetic risk factor for PD. GBA1 mutations have been shown to cause autophagic-lysosomal impairment. Defective autophagic degradation of unwanted cellular constituents is associated with several pathologies, including loss of normal protein homeostasis, particularly of α-synuclein, and innate immune dysfunction. The latter is observed both peripherally and centrally in PD and GD. Here, we will discuss the mechanistic links between autophagy and immune dysregulation, and the possible role of these pathologies in communication between the gut and brain in these disorders. Recent work in a fly model of neuronopathic GD (nGD) revealed intestinal autophagic defects leading to gastrointestinal dysfunction and immune activation. Rapamycin treatment partially reversed the autophagic block and reduced immune activity, in association with increased survival and improved locomotor performance. Alterations in the gut microbiome are a critical driver of neuroinflammation, and studies have revealed that eradication of the microbiome in nGD fly and mouse models of PD ameliorate brain inflammation. Following these observations, lysosomal-autophagic pathways, innate immune signalling and microbiome dysbiosis are discussed as potential therapeutic targets in PD and GD. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hull
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Magda L Atilano
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laith Gergi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kerri J Kinghorn
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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5
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Yoon JH, Lee CY, Schapira AHV. Biochemical consequences of glucocerebrosidase 1 mutations in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:725-727. [PMID: 37843204 PMCID: PMC10664104 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Yoon
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chiao-Yin Lee
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Anthony HV Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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6
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Williams GP, Michaelis T, Lima-Junior JR, Frazier A, Tran NK, Phillips EJ, Mallal SA, Litvan I, Goldman JG, Alcalay RN, Sidney J, Sulzer D, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. PINK1 is a target of T cell responses in Parkinson's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.09.579465. [PMID: 38405939 PMCID: PMC10888789 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.09.579465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with autoimmune T cells that recognize the protein alpha-synuclein in a subset of individuals. Multiple neuroantigens are targets of autoinflammatory T cells in classical central nervous system autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we explored whether additional autoantigenic targets of T cells in PD. We generated 15-mer peptide pools spanning several PD-related proteins implicated in PD pathology, including GBA, SOD1, PINK1, parkin, OGDH, and LRRK2. Cytokine production (IFNγ, IL-5, IL-10) against these proteins was measured using a fluorospot assay and PBMCs from patients with PD and age-matched healthy controls. This approach identified unique epitopes and their HLA restriction from the mitochondrial-associated protein PINK1, a regulator of mitochondrial stability, as an autoantigen targeted by T cells. The T cell reactivity was predominantly found in male patients with PD, which may contribute to the heterogeneity of PD. Identifying and characterizing PINK1 and other autoinflammatory targets may lead to antigen-specific diagnostics, progression markers, and/or novel therapeutic strategies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Williams
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Tanner Michaelis
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - April Frazier
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ngan K Tran
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer G Goldman
- JPG Enterprises LLC; prior: Shirley Ryan AbilityLab and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, USA; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University; New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA
| | - Cecilia S Lindestam Arlehamn
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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7
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Valdor R, Martinez-Vicente M. The Role of Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in Tissue Homeostasis and Disease Pathogenesis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:257. [PMID: 38397859 PMCID: PMC10887052 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a selective proteolytic pathway in the lysosomes. Proteins are recognized one by one through the detection of a KFERQ motif or, at least, a KFERQ-like motif, by a heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70), a molecular chaperone. CMA substrates are recognized and delivered to a lysosomal CMA receptor, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2A (LAMP-2A), the only limiting component of this pathway, and transported to the lysosomal lumen with the help of another resident chaperone HSp90. Since approximately 75% of proteins are reported to have canonical, phosphorylation-generated, or acetylation-generated KFERQ motifs, CMA maintains intracellular protein homeostasis and regulates specific functions in the cells in different tissues. CMA also regulates physiologic functions in different organs, and is then implicated in disease pathogenesis related to aging, cancer, and the central nervous and immune systems. In this minireview, we have summarized the most important findings on the role of CMA in tissue homeostasis and disease pathogenesis, updating the recent advances for this Special Issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Valdor
- Immunology-Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B, University of Murcia (UMU), 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Unit of Autophagy, Immune Response and Tolerance in Pathologic Processes, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia-Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Martinez-Vicente
- Autophagy and Lysosomal Dysfunction Lab, Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute—CIBERNED, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Hamamoto A, Kita N, B Gowda SG, Takatsu H, Nakayama K, Arita M, Hui SP, Shin HW. Lysosomal membrane integrity in fibroblasts derived from patients with Gaucher disease. Cell Struct Funct 2024; 49:1-10. [PMID: 38072450 DOI: 10.1247/csf.23066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is a recessively inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GBA1). This deficiency results in the accumulation of its substrate, glucosylceramide (GlcCer), within lysosomes. Here, we investigated lysosomal abnormalities in fibroblasts derived from patients with GD. It is noteworthy that the cellular distribution of lysosomes and lysosomal proteolytic activity remained largely unaffected in GD fibroblasts. However, we found that lysosomal membranes of GD fibroblasts were susceptible to damage when exposed to a lysosomotropic agent. Moreover, the susceptibility of lysosomal membranes to a lysosomotropic agent could be partly restored by exogenous expression of wild-type GBA1. Here, we report that the lysosomal membrane integrity is altered in GD fibroblasts, but lysosomal distribution and proteolytic activity is not significantly altered.Key words: glucosylceramide, lysosome, Gaucher disease, lysosomotropic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Hamamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University
| | - Natsuki Kita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University
| | - Siddabasave Gowda B Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University
| | | | | | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences
| | | | - Hye-Won Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University
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9
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Zhao H, Xie J, Wu S, Zhao X, Sánchez OF, Min S, Rochet JC, Freeman JL, Yuan C. Elevated parkinsonism pathological markers in dopaminergic neurons with developmental exposure to atrazine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168307. [PMID: 37949145 PMCID: PMC10843769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) is one of the most used herbicides in the US and a known endocrine disruptor. ATZ is frequently detected in drinking water, especially in Midwestern regions of the United States, exceeding the EPA regulation of maximum contamination level (MCL) of 3 ppb. Epidemiology studies have suggested an association between ATZ exposure and neurodegeneration. Less, however, is known about the neurotoxic mechanism of ATZ, particularly for exposures at a developmental stage. Here, we exposed floor plate progenitors (FPPs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to low concentrations of ATZ at 0.3 and 3 ppb for two days followed by differentiation into dopaminergic (DA) neurons in ATZ-free medium. We then examined the morphology, activity, pathological protein aggregation, and transcriptomic changes of differentiated DA neurons. We observed significant decrease in the complexity of neurite network, increase of neuronal activity, and elevated tau- and α-synuclein (aSyn) pathologies after ATZ exposure. The ATZ-induced neuronal changes observed here align with pathological characteristics in Parkinson's disease (PD). Transcriptomic analysis further corroborates our findings; and collectively provides a strong evidence base that low-concentration ATZ exposure during development can elicit increased risk of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Junkai Xie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Shichen Wu
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Xihui Zhao
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Oscar F Sánchez
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Sehong Min
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America; Purdue Institute of Integrated Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L Freeman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America; Purdue Institute of Integrated Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Chongli Yuan
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America; Purdue Institute of Integrated Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America; Purdue Center of Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America.
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10
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Kakuda K, Ikenaka K, Kuma A, Doi J, Aguirre C, Wang N, Ajiki T, Choong CJ, Kimura Y, Badawy SMM, Shima T, Nakamura S, Baba K, Nagano S, Nagai Y, Yoshimori T, Mochizuki H. Lysophagy protects against propagation of α-synuclein aggregation through ruptured lysosomal vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312306120. [PMID: 38147546 PMCID: PMC10769825 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312306120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuron-to-neuron propagation of misfolded α-synuclein (αSyn) aggregates is thought to be key to the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies. Recent studies have shown that extracellular αSyn aggregates taken up by the endosomal-lysosomal system can rupture the lysosomal vesicular membrane; however, it remains unclear whether lysosomal rupture leads to the transmission of αSyn aggregation. Here, we applied cell-based αSyn propagation models to show that ruptured lysosomes are the pathway through which exogenous αSyn aggregates transmit aggregation, and furthermore, this process was prevented by lysophagy, i.e., selective autophagy of damaged lysosomes. αSyn aggregates accumulated predominantly in lysosomes, causing their rupture, and seeded the aggregation of endogenous αSyn, initially around damaged lysosomes. Exogenous αSyn aggregates induced the accumulation of LC3 on lysosomes. This LC3 accumulation was not observed in cells in which a key regulator of autophagy, RB1CC1/FIP200, was knocked out and was confirmed as lysophagy by transmission electron microscopy. Importantly, RB1CC1/FIP200-deficient cells treated with αSyn aggregates had increased numbers of ruptured lysosomes and enhanced propagation of αSyn aggregation. Furthermore, various types of lysosomal damage induced using lysosomotropic reagents, depletion of lysosomal enzymes, or more toxic species of αSyn fibrils also exacerbated the propagation of αSyn aggregation, and impaired lysophagy and lysosomal membrane damage synergistically enhanced propagation. These results indicate that lysophagy prevents exogenous αSyn aggregates from escaping the endosomal-lysosomal system and transmitting aggregation to endogenous cytosolic αSyn via ruptured lysosomal vesicles. Our findings suggest that the progression and severity of synucleinopathies are associated with damage to lysosomal membranes and impaired lysophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kakuda
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ikenaka
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Akiko Kuma
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Junko Doi
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - César Aguirre
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ajiki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Chi-Jing Choong
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Shaymaa Mohamed Mohamed Badawy
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig44519, Egypt
| | - Takayuki Shima
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara634-8521, Japan
| | - Kousuke Baba
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Seiichi Nagano
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka589-8511, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
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11
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Labrador-Garrido A, Zhong S, Hughes L, Keshiya S, Kim WS, Halliday GM, Dzamko N. Live cell in situ lysosomal GCase activity correlates to alpha-synuclein levels in human differentiated neurons with LRRK2 and GBA1 mutations. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1229213. [PMID: 37908374 PMCID: PMC10613732 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1229213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heterozygous mutations in GBA1, which encodes the lysosomal hydrolase glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are a common risk factor for the neurodegenerative movement disorder Parkinson's disease (PD). Consequently, therapeutic options targeting the GCase enzyme are in development. An important aspect of this development is determining the effect of potential modifying compounds on GCase activity, which can be complicated by the different methods and substrate probes that are commonly employed for this purpose. Methods In this study, we employed the GCase substrate probe 5-(pentafluorobenzoylamino)fluorescein di-D-glucopyranoside (PFB-FDGlu) in combination with live cell imaging to measure GCase activity in situ in the lysosome. Results The live cell assay was validated using the GCase inhibitor conduritol-B-epoxide and with GBA1 knockout neural cells and was then used to assess GCase activity in iPSC differentiated into neural stem cells and neurons that were obtained from idiopathic PD patients and PD patients with the LRRK2 G2019S and GBA N370S mutations, as well as controls (n = 4 per group). Heterogeneity in GCase activity was observed across all groups. However, a significant inverse correlation between GCase activity and levels of alpha-synuclein protein was observed. Discussion The live cell imaging assay for GCase activity could be useful for further understanding the role of GCase in PD and screening potential modifying compounds in differentiated human cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Dzamko
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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12
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Keefe AJ, Gabrych DR, Zhu Y, Vocadlo DJ, Silverman MA. Axonal Transport of Lysosomes Is Unaffected in Glucocerebrosidase-Inhibited iPSC-Derived Forebrain Neurons. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0079-23.2023. [PMID: 37816595 PMCID: PMC10576257 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0079-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic organelles that traffic throughout neurons delivering catabolic enzymes to distal regions of the cell and maintaining degradative demands. Loss of function mutations in the gene GBA encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase) cause the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher's disease (GD) and are the most common genetic risk factor for synucleinopathies like Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). GCase degrades the membrane lipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and mutations in GBA, or inhibiting its activity, results in the accumulation of GlcCer and disturbs the composition of the lysosomal membrane. The lysosomal membrane serves as the platform to which intracellular trafficking complexes are recruited and activated. Here, we investigated whether lysosomal trafficking in axons was altered by inhibition of GCase with the pharmacological agent Conduritol B Epoxide (CBE). Using live cell imaging in human male induced pluripotent human stem cell (iPSC)-derived forebrain neurons, we demonstrated that lysosomal transport was similar in both control and CBE-treated neurons. Furthermore, we tested whether lysosomal rupture, a process implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, was affected by inhibition of GCase. Using L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (LLoME) to induce lysosomal membrane damage and immunocytochemical staining for markers of lysosomal rupture, we found no difference in susceptibility to rupture between control and CBE-treated neurons. These results suggest the loss of GCase activity does not contribute to neurodegenerative disease by disrupting either lysosomal transport or rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Keefe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - D R Gabrych
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Y Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - D J Vocadlo
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - M A Silverman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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13
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Giuliano S, Montemagno C, Domdom MA, Teisseire M, Brest P, Klionsky DJ, Hofman P, Pagès G, Mograbi B. Should evidence of an autolysosomal de-acidification defect in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases call for caution in prescribing chronic PPI and DMARD? Autophagy 2023; 19:2800-2806. [PMID: 37482676 PMCID: PMC10472882 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2214960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly fifty million older people suffer from neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer (AD) and Parkinson (PD) disease, a global burden expected to triple by 2050. Such an imminent "neurological pandemic" urges the identification of environmental risk factors that are hopefully avoided to fight the disease. In 2022, strong evidence in mouse models incriminated defective lysosomal acidification and impairment of the autophagy pathway as modifiable risk factors for dementia. To date, the most prescribed lysosomotropic drugs are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), chloroquine (CQ), and the related hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which belong to the group of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). This commentary aims to open the discussion on the possible mechanisms connecting the long-term prescribing of these drugs to the elderly and the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases.Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer disease; APP-βCTF: amyloid beta precursor protein-C-terminal fragment; BACE1: beta-secretase 1; BBB: brain blood barrier; CHX: Ca2+/H+ exchanger; CMI: cognitive mild impairment; CQ: chloroquine; DMARD: disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; GBA1: glucosylceramidase beta 1; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; LAMP: lysosomal associated membrane protein; MAPK/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPT: microtubule associated protein tau; MCOLN1/TRPML1: mucolipin TRP cation channel 1; NFE2L2/NRF2: NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2; NRBF2: nuclear receptor binding factor 2; PANTHOS: poisonous flower; PD: Parkinson disease; PIK3C3: phosphatIdylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PPI: proton pump inhibitor; PSEN1: presenilin 1, RUBCN: rubicon autophagy regulator; RUBCNL: rubicon like autophagy enhancer; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TMEM175: transmembrane protein 175; TPCN2: two pore segment channel 2; VATPase: vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase; VPS13C: vacuolar protein sorting ortholog 13 homolog C; VPS35: VPS35 retromer complex component; WDFY3: WD repeat and FYVE domain containing 3; ZFYVE1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Giuliano
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, IRCAN, CNRS, INSERM, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, IHU RespirERA, FHU-Oncoage, Nice, France
| | | | - Marie-Angela Domdom
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, IRCAN, CNRS, INSERM, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, IHU RespirERA, FHU-Oncoage, Nice, France
| | - Manon Teisseire
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, IRCAN, CNRS, INSERM, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, IHU RespirERA, FHU-Oncoage, Nice, France
| | - Patrick Brest
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, IRCAN, CNRS, INSERM, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, IHU RespirERA, FHU-Oncoage, Nice, France
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul Hofman
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, IRCAN, CNRS, INSERM, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, IHU RespirERA, FHU-Oncoage, Nice, France
- CHU de Nice, laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology (LPCE), Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, IHU RespirERA, FHU-Oncoage, Nice, France
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, IRCAN, CNRS, INSERM, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, IHU RespirERA, FHU-Oncoage, Nice, France
| | - Baharia Mograbi
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, IRCAN, CNRS, INSERM, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, IHU RespirERA, FHU-Oncoage, Nice, France
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14
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Flores-Leon M, Outeiro TF. More than meets the eye in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies: from proteinopathy to lipidopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 146:369-385. [PMID: 37421475 PMCID: PMC10412683 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of proteinaceous inclusions in the brain is a common feature among neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease (PD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The main neuropathological hallmark of PD and DLB are inclusions, known as Lewy bodies (LBs), enriched not only in α-synuclein (aSyn), but also in lipid species, organelles, membranes, and even nucleic acids. Furthermore, several genetic risk factors for PD are mutations in genes involved in lipid metabolism, such as GBA1, VSP35, or PINK1. Thus, it is not surprising that mechanisms that have been implicated in PD, such as inflammation, altered intracellular and vesicular trafficking, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations in the protein degradation systems, may be also directly or indirectly connected through lipid homeostasis. In this review, we highlight and discuss the recent evidence that suggests lipid biology as important drivers of PD, and which require renovated attention by neuropathologists. Particularly, we address the implication of lipids in aSyn accumulation and in the spreading of aSyn pathology, in mitochondrial dysfunction, and in ER stress. Together, this suggests we should broaden the view of PD not only as a proteinopathy but also as a lipidopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Flores-Leon
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Göttingen, Germany.
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.
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15
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Harraz MM. Selective dopaminergic vulnerability in Parkinson's disease: new insights into the role of DAT. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1219441. [PMID: 37694119 PMCID: PMC10483232 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1219441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and associated dopamine depletion. Several mechanisms, previously considered in isolation, have been proposed to contribute to the pathophysiology of dopaminergic degeneration: dopamine oxidation-mediated neurotoxicity, high dopamine transporter (DAT) expression density per neuron, and autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) dysfunction. However, the interrelationships among these mechanisms remained unclear. Our recent research bridges this gap, recognizing autophagy as a novel dopamine homeostasis regulator, unifying these concepts. I propose that autophagy modulates dopamine reuptake by selectively degrading DAT. In PD, ALP dysfunction could increase DAT density per neuron, and enhance dopamine reuptake, oxidation, and neurotoxicity, potentially contributing to the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. This integrated understanding may provide a more comprehensive view of aspects of PD pathophysiology and opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged M. Harraz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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16
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Lan ZQ, Ge ZY, Lv SK, Zhao B, Li CX. The regulatory role of lipophagy in central nervous system diseases. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:229. [PMID: 37414782 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are the organelles for storing neutral lipids, which are broken down when energy is insufficient. It has been suggested that excessive accumulation of LDs can affect cellular function, which is important to coordinate homeostasis of lipids in vivo. Lysosomes play an important role in the degradation of lipids, and the process of selective autophagy of LDs through lysosomes is known as lipophagy. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism has recently been associated with a variety of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, but the specific regulatory mechanisms of lipophagy in these diseases remain to be elucidated. This review summarizes various forms of lipophagy and discusses the role that lipophagy plays in the development of CNS diseases in order to reveal the related mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Qing Lan
- Department of General practice medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Yi Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Kai Lv
- Department of General practice medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Cai-Xia Li
- Department of General practice medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, P.R. China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
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17
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Liu S, Xu S, Liu S, Chen H. Importance of DJ-1 in autophagy regulation and disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023:109672. [PMID: 37336341 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved biological process that has evolved across evolution. It can be activated by various external stimuli including oxidative stress, amino acid starvation, infection, and hypoxia. Autophagy is the primary mechanism for preserving cellular homeostasis and is implicated in the regulation of metabolism, cell differentiation, tolerance to starvation conditions, and resistance to aging. As a multifunctional protein, DJ-1 is commonly expressed in vivo and is associated with a variety of biological processes. Its most widely studied role is its function as an oxidative stress sensor that inhibits the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondria and subsequently the cellular damage caused by oxidative stress. In recent years, many studies have identified DJ-1 as another important factor regulating autophagy; it regulates autophagy in various ways, most commonly by regulating the oxidative stress response. In particular, DJ-1-regulated autophagy is involved in cancer progression and plays a key role in alleviating neurodegenerative diseases(NDS) and defective reperfusion diseases. It could serve as a potential target for the regulation of autophagy and participate in disease treatment as a meaningful modality. Therefore, exploring DJ-1-regulated autophagy could provide new avenues for future disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Song Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Heping Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China.
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18
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Mubariz F, Saadin A, Lingenfelter N, Sarkar C, Banerjee A, Lipinski MM, Awad O. Deregulation of mTORC1-TFEB axis in human iPSC model of GBA1-associated Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1152503. [PMID: 37332877 PMCID: PMC10272450 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1152503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the GBA1 gene are the single most frequent genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurodegenerative changes in GBA1-associated PD have been linked to the defective lysosomal clearance of autophagic substrates and aggregate-prone proteins. To elucidate novel mechanisms contributing to proteinopathy in PD, we investigated the effect of GBA1 mutations on the transcription factor EB (TFEB), the master regulator of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP). Using PD patients' induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we examined TFEB activity and regulation of the ALP in dopaminergic neuronal cultures generated from iPSC lines harboring heterozygous GBA1 mutations and the CRISPR/Cas9-corrected isogenic controls. Our data showed a significant decrease in TFEB transcriptional activity and attenuated expression of many genes in the CLEAR network in GBA1 mutant neurons, but not in the isogenic gene-corrected cells. In PD neurons, we also detected increased activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex1 (mTORC1), the main upstream negative regulator of TFEB. Increased mTORC1 activity resulted in excess TFEB phosphorylation and decreased nuclear translocation. Pharmacological mTOR inhibition restored TFEB activity, decreased ER stress and reduced α-synuclein accumulation, indicating improvement of neuronal protiostasis. Moreover, treatment with the lipid substrate reducing compound Genz-123346, decreased mTORC1 activity and increased TFEB expression in the mutant neurons, suggesting that mTORC1-TFEB alterations are linked to the lipid substrate accumulation. Our study unveils a new mechanism contributing to PD susceptibility by GBA1 mutations in which deregulation of the mTORC1-TFEB axis mediates ALP dysfunction and subsequent proteinopathy. It also indicates that pharmacological restoration of TFEB activity could be a promising therapeutic approach in GBA1-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Mubariz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Afsoon Saadin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas Lingenfelter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marta M. Lipinski
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ola Awad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Muraleedharan A, Vanderperre B. The endo-lysosomal system in Parkinson's disease: expanding the horizon. J Mol Biol 2023:168140. [PMID: 37148997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, and its prevalence is increasing with age. A wealth of genetic evidence indicates that the endo-lysosomal system is a major pathway driving PD pathogenesis with a growing number of genes encoding endo-lysosomal proteins identified as risk factors for PD, making it a promising target for therapeutic intervention. However, detailed knowledge and understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking these genes to the disease are available for only a handful of them (e.g. LRRK2, GBA1, VPS35). Taking on the challenge of studying poorly characterized genes and proteins can be daunting, due to the limited availability of tools and knowledge from previous literature. This review aims at providing a valuable source of molecular and cellular insights into the biology of lesser-studied PD-linked endo-lysosomal genes, to help and encourage researchers in filling the knowledge gap around these less popular genetic players. Specific endo-lysosomal pathways discussed range from endocytosis, sorting, and vesicular trafficking to the regulation of membrane lipids of these membrane-bound organelles and the specific enzymatic activities they contain. We also provide perspectives on future challenges that the community needs to tackle and propose approaches to move forward in our understanding of these poorly studied endo-lysosomal genes. This will help harness their potential in designing innovative and efficient treatments to ultimately re-establish neuronal homeostasis in PD but also other diseases involving endo-lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitha Muraleedharan
- Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois and Biological Sciences Department, Université du Québec à Montréal
| | - Benoît Vanderperre
- Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois and Biological Sciences Department, Université du Québec à Montréal
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20
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Menozzi E, Toffoli M, Schapira AHV. Targeting the GBA1 pathway to slow Parkinson disease: Insights into clinical aspects, pathogenic mechanisms and new therapeutic avenues. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 246:108419. [PMID: 37080432 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The GBA1 gene encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which is involved in sphingolipid metabolism. Biallelic variants in GBA1 cause Gaucher disease (GD), a lysosomal storage disorder characterised by loss of GCase activity and aberrant intracellular accumulation of GCase substrates. Carriers of GBA1 variants have an increased risk of developing Parkinson disease (PD), with odds ratio ranging from 2.2 to 30 according to variant severity. GBA1 variants which do not cause GD in homozygosis can also increase PD risk. Patients with PD carrying GBA1 variants show a more rapidly progressive phenotype compared to non-carriers, emphasising the need for disease modifying treatments targeting the GBA1 pathway. Several mechanisms secondary to GCase dysfunction are potentially responsible for the pathological changes leading to PD. Misfolded GCase proteins induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent unfolded protein response and impair the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. This results in α-synuclein accumulation and spread, and promotes neurodegenerative changes. Preclinical evidence also shows that products of GCase activity can promote accumulation of α-synuclein, however there is no convincing evidence of substrate accumulation in GBA1-PD brains. Altered lipid homeostasis secondary to loss of GCase activity could also contribute to PD pathology. Treatments that target the GBA1 pathway could reverse these pathological processes and halt/slow the progression of PD. These range from augmentation of GCase activity via GBA1 gene therapy, restoration of normal intracellular GCase trafficking via molecular chaperones, and substrate reduction therapy. This review discusses the pathways associated with GBA1-PD and related novel GBA1-targeted interventions for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Menozzi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States of America
| | - Marco Toffoli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States of America
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States of America.
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The Consequences of GBA Deficiency in the Autophagy-Lysosome System in Parkinson's Disease Associated with GBA. Cells 2023; 12:cells12010191. [PMID: 36611984 PMCID: PMC9818455 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GBA gene variants were the first genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease. GBA encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GBA), which is involved in sphingolipid metabolism. GBA exhibits a complex physiological function that includes not only the degradation of its substrate glucosylceramide but also the metabolism of other sphingolipids and additional lipids such as cholesterol, particularly when glucocerebrosidase activity is deficient. In the context of Parkinson's disease associated with GBA, the loss of GBA activity has been associated with the accumulation of α-synuclein species. In recent years, several hypotheses have proposed alternative and complementary pathological mechanisms to explain why lysosomal enzyme mutations lead to α-synuclein accumulation and become important risk factors in Parkinson's disease etiology. Classically, loss of GBA activity has been linked to a dysfunctional autophagy-lysosome system and to a subsequent decrease in autophagy-dependent α-synuclein turnover; however, several other pathological mechanisms underlying GBA-associated parkinsonism have been proposed. This review summarizes and discusses the different hypotheses with a special focus on autophagy-dependent mechanisms, as well as autophagy-independent mechanisms, where the role of other players such as sphingolipids, cholesterol and other GBA-related proteins make important contributions to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis.
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