1
|
Adam A, Woolsey C, Lu H, Plante K, Wallace SM, Rodriguez L, Shinde DP, Cui Y, Franz AWE, Thangamani S, Comer JE, Weaver SC, Wang T. A safe insect-based Chikungunya fever vaccine affords rapid and durable protection in cynomolgus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595029. [PMID: 38826312 PMCID: PMC11142085 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which induces chikungunya fever and chronic arthralgia, is an emerging public health concern. Safe and efficient vaccination strategies are needed to prevent or mitigate virus-associated acute and chronic morbidities for preparation of future outbreaks. Eilat (EILV)/CHIKV, a chimeric alphavirus which contains the structural proteins of CHIKV and the non-structural proteins of EILV, does not replicate in vertebrate cells. The chimeric virus was previously reported to induce protective adaptive immunity in mice. Here, we assessed the capacity of the virus to induce quick and durable protection in cynomolgus macaques. EILV/CHIKV protected macaques from wild-type (WT) CHIKV infection one year after a single dose vaccination. Transcriptome and in vitro functional analyses reveal that the chimeric virus triggered toll-like receptor signaling and T cell, memory B cell and antibody responses in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, EILV/CHIKV preferentially induced more durable, robust, and broader repertoire of CHIKV-specific T cell responses, compared to a live attenuated CHIKV 181/25 vaccine strain. The insect-based chimeric virus did not cause skin hypersensitivity reactions in guinea pigs sensitized to mosquito bites. Furthermore, EILV/CHIKV induced strong neutralization antibodies and protected cynomolgus macaques from WT CHIKV infection within six days post vaccination. Transcriptome analysis also suggest that the chimeric virus induction of multiple innate immune pathways, including Toll-like receptor signaling, type I IFN and IL-12 signaling, antigen presenting cell activation, and NK receptor signaling. Our findings suggest that EILV/CHIKV is a safe, highly efficacious vaccine, and provides both rapid and long-lasting protection in cynomolgus macaques.
Collapse
|
2
|
Han L, Song S, Feng H, Ma J, Wei W, Si F. A roadmap for developing Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) vaccines: Lessons from the past, strategies for the future. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125514. [PMID: 37353130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), which can lead to severe central nervous system infections in both humans and animals. At present, the medical community does not possess a viable means of addressing VEE, rendering the prevention of the virus a matter of paramount importance. Regarding the prevention and control of VEEV, the implementation of a vaccination program has been recognized as the most efficient strategy. Nevertheless, there are currently no licensed vaccines or drugs available for human use against VEEV. This imperative has led to a surge of interest in vaccine research, with VEEV being a prime focus for researchers in the field. In this paper, we initially present a comprehensive overview of the current taxonomic classification of VEEV and the cellular infection mechanism of the virus. Subsequently, we provide a detailed introduction of the prominent VEEV vaccine types presently available, including inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, genetic, and virus-like particle vaccines. Moreover, we emphasize the challenges that current VEEV vaccine development faces and suggest urgent measures that must be taken to overcome these obstacles. Notably, based on our latest research, we propose the feasibility of incorporation codon usage bias strategies to create the novel VEEV vaccine. Finally, we prose several areas that future VEEV vaccine development should focus on. Our objective is to encourage collaboration between the medical and veterinary communities, expedite the translation of existing vaccines from laboratory to clinical applications, while also preparing for future outbreaks of new VEEV variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Han
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, China; Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Clinical Medical College of Henan University, Kai Feng 475000, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Huilin Feng
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Henan University, Kai Feng 475000, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Clinical Medical College of Henan University, Kai Feng 475000, China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Henan University, Kai Feng 475000, China.
| | - Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hakim MS, Aman AT. Understanding the Biology and Immune Pathogenesis of Chikungunya Virus Infection for Diagnostic and Vaccine Development. Viruses 2022; 15:48. [PMID: 36680088 PMCID: PMC9863735 DOI: 10.3390/v15010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus, the causative agent of chikungunya fever, is generally characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms, including fever, rash, myalgia, and headache. In some patients, acute chikungunya virus infection progresses to severe and chronic arthralgia that persists for years. Chikungunya infection is more commonly identified in tropical and subtropical regions. However, recent expansions and epidemics in the temperate regions have raised concerns about the future public health impact of chikungunya diseases. Several underlying factors have likely contributed to the recent re-emergence of chikungunya infection, including urbanization, human travel, viral adaptation to mosquito vectors, lack of effective control measures, and the spread of mosquito vectors to new regions. However, the true burden of chikungunya disease is most likely to be underestimated, particularly in developing countries, due to the lack of standard diagnostic assays and clinical manifestations overlapping with those of other endemic viral infections in the regions. Additionally, there have been no chikungunya vaccines available to prevent the infection. Thus, it is important to update our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of chikungunya infection, its clinical manifestations, the diagnosis, and the development of chikungunya vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad S. Hakim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hakim MS, Annisa L, Gazali FM, Aman AT. The origin and continuing adaptive evolution of chikungunya virus. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2443-2455. [PMID: 35987965 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the responsible agent of chikungunya fever, a debilitating arthritic disease in humans. CHIKV is endemic in Africa and Asia, although transmission cycles are considerably different on these continents. Before 2004, CHIKV had received little attention, since it was only known to cause localised outbreaks in a limited region with no fatalities. However, the recent global reemergence of CHIKV has caused serious global health problems and shown its potential to become a significant viral threat in the future. Unexpectedly, the reemergence is more rapid and is geographically more extensive, especially due to increased intensity of global travel systems or failure to contain mosquito populations. Another important factor is the successful adaptation of CHIKV to a new vector, the Aedes albopictus mosquito. Ae. albopictus survives in both temperate and tropical climates, thus facilitating CHIKV expansion to non-endemic regions. The continuous spread and transmission of CHIKV pose challenges for the development of effective vaccines and specific antiviral therapies. In this review, we discuss the biology and origin of CHIKV in Africa as well as its subsequent expansion to other parts of the world. We also review the transmission cycle of CHIKV and its continuing adaptation to its mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts. More-complete understanding of the continuous evolution of CHIKV may help in predicting the emergence of CHIKV strains with possibly greater transmission efficiency in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad S Hakim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Luthvia Annisa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Faris M Gazali
- Master Program in Biotechnology, Postgraduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Abu T Aman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Constant LEC, Rajsfus BF, Carneiro PH, Sisnande T, Mohana-Borges R, Allonso D. Overview on Chikungunya Virus Infection: From Epidemiology to State-of-the-Art Experimental Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:744164. [PMID: 34675908 PMCID: PMC8524093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.744164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is currently one of the most relevant arboviruses to public health. It is a member of the Togaviridae family and alphavirus genus and causes an arthritogenic disease known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF). It is characterized by a multifaceted disease, which is distinguished from other arbovirus infections by the intense and debilitating arthralgia that can last for months or years in some individuals. Despite the great social and economic burden caused by CHIKV infection, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral drugs currently available. Recent outbreaks have shown a change in the severity profile of the disease in which atypical and severe manifestation lead to hundreds of deaths, reinforcing the necessity to understand the replication and pathogenesis processes. CHIKF is a complex disease resultant from the infection of a plethora of cell types. Although there are several in vivo models for studying CHIKV infection, none of them reproduces integrally the disease signature observed in humans, which is a challenge for vaccine and drug development. Therefore, understanding the potentials and limitations of the state-of-the-art experimental models is imperative to advance in the field. In this context, the present review outlines the present knowledge on CHIKV epidemiology, replication, pathogenesis, and immunity and also brings a critical perspective on the current in vitro and in vivo state-of-the-art experimental models of CHIKF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa E. C. Constant
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bia F. Rajsfus
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. Carneiro
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tháyna Sisnande
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Allonso
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Näslund J, Ahlm C, Islam K, Evander M, Bucht G, Lwande OW. Emerging Mosquito-Borne Viruses Linked to Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: Global Status and Preventive Strategies. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:731-746. [PMID: 34424778 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging mosquito-borne viruses continue to cause serious health problems and economic burden among billions of people living in and near the tropical belt of the world. The highly invasive mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus have successively invaded and expanded their presence as key vectors of Chikungunya virus, dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus, and that has consecutively led to frequent outbreaks of the corresponding viral diseases. Of note, these two mosquito species have gradually adapted to the changing weather and environmental conditions leading to a shift in the epidemiology of the viral diseases, and facilitated their establishment in new ecozones inhabited by immunologically naive human populations. Many abilities of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, as vectors of significant arbovirus pathogens, may affect the infection and transmission rates after a bloodmeal, and may influence the vector competence for either virus. We highlight that many collaborating risk factors, for example, the global transportation systems may result in sporadic and more local outbreaks caused by mosquito-borne viruses related to Ae. aegypti and/or Ae. albopictus. Those local outbreaks could in synergy grow and produce larger epidemics with pandemic characters. There is an urgent need for improved surveillance of vector populations, human cases, and reliable prediction models. In summary, we recommend new and innovative strategies for the prevention of these types of infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Näslund
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN, Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.,Arctic Research Centre at Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Koushikul Islam
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.,Arctic Research Centre at Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Göran Bucht
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Olivia Wesula Lwande
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.,Arctic Research Centre at Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adam A, Luo H, Osman SR, Wang B, Roundy CM, Auguste AJ, Plante KS, Peng BH, Thangamani S, Frolova EI, Frolov I, Weaver SC, Wang T. Optimized production and immunogenicity of an insect virus-based chikungunya virus candidate vaccine in cell culture and animal models. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:305-316. [PMID: 33539255 PMCID: PMC7919884 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1886598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A chimeric Eilat/ Chikungunya virus (EILV/CHIKV) was previously reported to replicate only in mosquito cells but capable of inducing robust adaptive immunity in animals. Here, we initially selected C7/10 cells to optimize the production of the chimeric virus. A two-step procedure produced highly purified virus stocks, which was shown to not cause hypersensitive reactions in a mouse sensitization study. We further optimized the dose and characterized the kinetics of EILV/CHIKV-induced immunity. A single dose of 108 PFU was sufficient for induction of high levels of CHIKV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies, memory B cell and CD8+ T cell responses. Compared to the live-attenuated CHIKV vaccine 181/25, EILV/CHIKV induced similar levels of CHIKV-specific memory B cells, but higher CD8+ T cell responses at day 28. It also induced stronger CD8+, but lower CD4+ T cell responses than another live-attenuated CHIKV strain (CHIKV/IRES) at day 55 post-vaccination. Lastly, the purified EILV/CHIKV triggered antiviral cytokine responses and activation of antigen presenting cell (APC)s in vivo, but did not induce APCs alone upon in vitro exposure. Overall, our results demonstrate that the EILV/CHIKV vaccine candidate is safe, inexpensive to produce and a potent inducer of both innate and adaptive immunity in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awadalkareem Adam
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Samantha R Osman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M Roundy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Albert J Auguste
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Saravanan Thangamani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Elena I Frolova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ilya Frolov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alphavirus Virulence Determinants. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080981. [PMID: 34451445 PMCID: PMC8401390 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are important pathogens that continue to cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals worldwide. Diseases caused by alphavirus infections include acute symptoms of fever, rash, and nausea as well as chronic arthritis and severe-to-fatal conditions including myocarditis and encephalitis. Despite their prevalence and the significant public health threat they pose, there are currently no effective antiviral treatments or vaccines against alphaviruses. Various genetic determinants of alphavirus virulence, including genomic RNA elements and specific protein residues and domains, have been described by researchers to play key roles in the development of disease, the immune response to infection, and virus transmissibility. Here, we focus on the determinants that are currently described in the literature. Understanding how these molecular determinants shape viral infections can lead to new strategies for the development of therapies and vaccines to combat these viruses.
Collapse
|
9
|
Voigt EA, Fuerte-Stone J, Granger B, Archer J, Van Hoeven N. Live-attenuated RNA hybrid vaccine technology provides single-dose protection against Chikungunya virus. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2782-2793. [PMID: 34058388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a live-attenuated RNA hybrid vaccine technology that uses an RNA vaccine delivery vehicle to deliver in vitro-transcribed, full-length, live-attenuated viral genomes to the site of vaccination. This technology allows ready manufacturing in a cell-free environment, regardless of viral attenuation level, and it promises to avoid many safety and manufacturing challenges of traditional live-attenuated vaccines. We demonstrate this technology through development and testing of a live-attenuated RNA hybrid vaccine against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), comprised of an in vitro-transcribed, highly attenuated CHIKV genome delivered by a highly stable nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulation as an intramuscular injection. We demonstrate that single-dose immunization of immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice results in induction of high CHIKV-neutralizing antibody titers and protection against mortality and footpad swelling after lethal CHIKV challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Voigt
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | - Jasmine Fuerte-Stone
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Brian Granger
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Jacob Archer
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Neal Van Hoeven
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; PAI Life Sciences, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Raoufi E, Bahramimeimandi B, Salehi-Shadkami M, Chaosri P, Mozafari MR. Methodical Design of Viral Vaccines Based on Avant-Garde Nanocarriers: A Multi-Domain Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:520. [PMID: 34066608 PMCID: PMC8148582 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current health crisis caused by coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and associated pathogens emphasize the urgent need for vaccine systems that can generate protective and long-lasting immune responses. Vaccination, employing peptides, nucleic acids, and other molecules, or using pathogen-based strategies, in fact, is one of the most potent approaches in the management of viral diseases. However, the vaccine candidate requires protection from degradation and precise delivery to the target cells. This can be achieved by employing different types of drug and vaccine delivery strategies, among which, nanotechnology-based systems seem to be more promising. This entry aims to provide insight into major aspects of vaccine design and formulation to address different diseases, including the recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. Special emphasis of this review is on the technical and practical aspects of vaccine construction and theranostic approaches to precisely target and localize the active compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Raoufi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (E.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Bahar Bahramimeimandi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (E.R.); (B.B.)
| | - M. Salehi-Shadkami
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran;
| | - Patcharida Chaosri
- Supreme NanoBiotics Co. Ltd. and Supreme Pharmatech Co. Ltd., 399/90-95 Moo 13 Kingkaew Rd. Soi 25/1, T. Rachateva, A. Bangplee, Samutprakan 10540, Thailand;
| | - M. R. Mozafari
- Supreme NanoBiotics Co. Ltd. and Supreme Pharmatech Co. Ltd., 399/90-95 Moo 13 Kingkaew Rd. Soi 25/1, T. Rachateva, A. Bangplee, Samutprakan 10540, Thailand;
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| |
Collapse
|