1
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Kim JD, Lee AR, Moon DH, Chung YU, Hong SY, Cho HJ, Kang TH, Jang YH, Sohn MH, Seong BL, Seo SU. Efficacy of genotype-matched vaccine against re-emerging genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2343910. [PMID: 38618740 PMCID: PMC11060017 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2343910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is a highly threatening disease with no specific treatment. Fortunately, the development of vaccines has enabled effective defense against JE. However, re-emerging genotype V (GV) JEV poses a challenge as current vaccines are genotype III (GIII)-based and provide suboptimal protection. Given the isolation of GV JEVs from Malaysia, China, and the Republic of Korea, there is a concern about the potential for a broader outbreak. Under the hypothesis that a GV-based vaccine is necessary for effective defense against GV JEV, we developed a pentameric recombinant antigen using cholera toxin B as a scaffold and mucosal adjuvant, which was conjugated with the E protein domain III of GV by genetic fusion. This GV-based vaccine antigen induced a more effective immune response in mice against GV JEV isolates compared to GIII-based antigen and efficiently protected animals from lethal challenges. Furthermore, a bivalent vaccine approach, inoculating simultaneously with GIII- and GV-based antigens, showed protective efficacy against both GIII and GV JEVs. This strategy presents a promising avenue for comprehensive protection in regions facing the threat of diverse JEV genotypes, including both prevalent GIII and GI as well as emerging GV strains.
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MESH Headings
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/classification
- Animals
- Genotype
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/genetics
- Mice
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Vaccine Efficacy
- Cholera Toxin/genetics
- Cholera Toxin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Deog Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dah-Hyun Moon
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Uk Chung
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Hong
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Je Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Jang
- Department of Vaccine Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Li Z, Zhao H, Gao X, Sun F, Liu S, Zhang Z, Zhai X, Cao Y, Wu Y, Lin G. Novel envelope protein time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay as an alternative in vitro potency assay for quality control of inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33015. [PMID: 39027461 PMCID: PMC11254517 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination is the most effective way to prevent JE. Plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) as the standard method for potency testing for inactivated JE vaccine could not provide the exact potency value. Envelope (E) protein of JE virus induces the body to create neutralizing antibodies. There is a potential for using the determination of E protein to assess the immunogenicity and efficacy of JE vaccine. In this study, an automatic time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for detection of E protein in JE vaccine was established as a simple and rapid in vitro potency assay to complement PRNT, including the expression and paired screening of monoclonal antibodies, the establishment of assay method and performance verification. A pair of anti-E protein neutralizing antibodies (L022 and L034) were screened to construct the sandwich detection pattern. After pre-treating the vaccine sample, the entire analysis was performed using a fully automated machine, which had a little detection time and eliminated manual error. The results of the validation experiment met the requirements for quality control. The linear range was from 0.78125 U/mL to 25 U/mL, the sensitivity was 0.01 U/mL, the intra-assay coefficient of variation was less than 5 %, and the inter-assay coefficient of variation was less than 10 %. The recovery from the dilution was between 90 % and 110 %. This present TRFIA shown good stability and effectiveness in quality control for samples related to JE vaccine production. The outcomes demonstrated that the present TRFIA could be an alternative in vitro potency assay in quality control for inactivated JE vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuzhe Gao
- Liaoning Cheng Da Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Liaoning Cheng Da Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Liaoning Cheng Da Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Zhigao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangming Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingsong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanfeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Miranda LS, Rudd SR, Mena O, Hudspeth PE, Barboza-Corona JE, Park HW, Bideshi DK. The Perpetual Vector Mosquito Threat and Its Eco-Friendly Nemeses. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:182. [PMID: 38534451 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are the most notorious arthropod vectors of viral and parasitic diseases for which approximately half the world's population, ~4,000,000,000, is at risk. Integrated pest management programs (IPMPs) have achieved some success in mitigating the regional transmission and persistence of these diseases. However, as many vector-borne diseases remain pervasive, it is obvious that IPMP successes have not been absolute in eradicating the threat imposed by mosquitoes. Moreover, the expanding mosquito geographic ranges caused by factors related to climate change and globalization (travel, trade, and migration), and the evolution of resistance to synthetic pesticides, present ongoing challenges to reducing or eliminating the local and global burden of these diseases, especially in economically and medically disadvantaged societies. Abatement strategies include the control of vector populations with synthetic pesticides and eco-friendly technologies. These "green" technologies include SIT, IIT, RIDL, CRISPR/Cas9 gene drive, and biological control that specifically targets the aquatic larval stages of mosquitoes. Regarding the latter, the most effective continues to be the widespread use of Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Ls) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti). Here, we present a review of the health issues elicited by vector mosquitoes, control strategies, and lastly, focus on the biology of Ls and Bti, with an emphasis on the latter, to which no resistance has been observed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Silva Miranda
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
| | - Sarah Renee Rudd
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Graduate Studies, and School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Oscar Mena
- Undergraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
| | - Piper Eden Hudspeth
- Undergraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Departmento de Alimentos, Posgrado en Biociencias, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Hyun-Woo Park
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
- Undergraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
| | - Dennis Ken Bideshi
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
- Undergraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
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4
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Khan A, Riaz R, Nadeem A, Amir A, Siddiqui T, Batool UEA, Raufi N. Japanese encephlu emergence in Australia: the potential population at risk. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:1540-1549. [PMID: 38463109 PMCID: PMC10923274 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), an RNA virus transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, primarily cycles between aquatic birds and mosquitoes with pigs as amplifying hosts, posing a significant global encephalitis threat. The emergence and spread of the JEV in new epidemiological regions, such as recent cases in Australia and nonendemic areas like Pune, India, raise significant concerns. With an estimated 68 000 clinical cases and 13 600 to 20 400 deaths annually, JEV poses a substantial global health threat. The virus primarily affects children, with a case-fatality ratio of 20-30% and long-term neurological sequelae in survivors. The changing epidemiology, influenced by factors like bird migration, climate change, and increased urbanization, contributes to the geographic expansion of JEV. The recent outbreaks underscore the potential for the virus to establish itself in nonendemic regions, posing a threat to populations previously considered at low-risk. With limited treatment options and high rates of neurological complications, continued surveillance, traveler vaccination, and research into treatments are crucial to mitigate the impact of JEV on human health. The evolving scenario necessitates proactive measures to prevent and control the spread of the virus in both endemic and newly affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsheen Khan
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rumaisa Riaz
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Nadeem
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Amir
- Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation
| | - Tasmiyah Siddiqui
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Um e A. Batool
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nahid Raufi
- Department of Medicine, Kabul Medical University, Afghanistan
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5
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Drews SJ. Commentary on "Inhibition of cellular activation induced by platelet factor 4 via the CXCR3 pathway ameliorates Japanese encephalitis and dengue viral infections". J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:609-612. [PMID: 38417982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Drews
- Canadian Blood Services, Microbiology Department, Donor Policy and Studies, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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6
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Yin C, Yang P, Xiao Q, Sun P, Zhang X, Zhao J, Hu X, Shan C. Novel antiviral discoveries for Japanese encephalitis virus infections through reporter virus-based high-throughput screening. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29382. [PMID: 38235833 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) caused by JE virus (JEV), remains a global public health concern. Currently, there is no specific antiviral drug approved for the treatment of JE. While vaccines are available for prevention, they may not cover all at-risk populations. This underscores the urgent need for prophylaxis and potent anti-JEV drugs. In this context, a high-content JEV reporter system expressing Nanoluciferase (Nluc) was developed and utilized for a high-throughput screening (HTS) of a commercial antiviral library to identify potential JEV drug candidates. Remarkably, this screening process led to the discovery of five drugs with outstanding antiviral activity. Further mechanism of action analysis revealed that cepharanthine, an old clinically approved drug, directly inhibited virus replication by blocking GTP binding to the JEV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Additionally, treatment with cepharanthine in mice models alleviated JEV infection. These findings warrant further investigation into the potential anti-JEV activity of cepharanthine as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of JEV infection. The HTS method employed here proves to be an accurate and convenient approach that facilitates the rapid development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Peipei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingcui Xiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuekai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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7
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Monath TP. Japanese Encephalitis: Risk of Emergence in the United States and the Resulting Impact. Viruses 2023; 16:54. [PMID: 38257754 PMCID: PMC10820346 DOI: 10.3390/v16010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne member of the Flaviviridae family. JEV is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia and is characterized by encephalitis, high lethality, and neurological sequelae in survivors. The virus also causes severe disease in swine, which are an amplifying host in the transmission cycle, and in horses. US agricultural authorities have recently recognized the threat to the swine industry and initiated preparedness activities. Other mosquito-borne viruses exotic to the Western Hemisphere have been introduced and established in recent years, including West Nile, Zika, and chikungunya viruses, and JEV has recently invaded continental Australia for the first time. These events amply illustrate the potential threat of JEV to US health security. Susceptible indigenous mosquito vectors, birds, feral and domestic pigs, and possibly bats, constitute the receptive ecological ingredients for the spread of JEV in the US. Fortunately, unlike the other virus invaders mentioned above, an inactivated whole virus JE vaccine (IXIARO®) has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for human use in advance of a public health emergency, but there is no veterinary vaccine. This paper describes the risks and potential consequences of the introduction of JEV into the US, the need to integrate planning for such an event in public health policy, and the requirement for additional countermeasures, including antiviral drugs and an improved single dose vaccine that elicits durable immunity in both humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Monath
- Quigley BioPharma LLC, 114 Water Tower Plaza No. 1042, Leominster, MA 01453, USA
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8
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Gsell PS, Giersing B, Gottlieb S, Wilder-Smith A, Wu L, Friede M. Key considerations for the development of novel mRNA candidate vaccines in LMICs: A WHO/MPP mRNA Technology Transfer Programme meeting report. Vaccine 2023; 41:7307-7312. [PMID: 37949751 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The WHO/MPP mRNA Technology Transfer Programme, initiated in 2021, focuses on establishing mRNA vaccine manufacturing capacity in LMICs. On 17-21 April 2023, Programme partners were convened to review technology transfer progress, discuss sustainability aspects and promote mRNA product development for diseases relevant to LMICs. To help guide product development, this report introduces key considerations for for understanding the likelihood of technical and regulatory success and of policy development and procurement for mRNA vaccines to be developed and manufactured in LMICs. The report underscores the potential for LMICs to establish sustainable mRNA R&D pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lindsey Wu
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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9
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Morris RS, Bingham PC. Japanese encephalitis virus: epidemiology and risk-based surveillance approaches for New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2023; 71:283-294. [PMID: 37621178 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2248054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The introduction and subsequent rapid spread of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype IV across all Australian mainland states and the Northern Territory since late 2021 has increased the risk of an incursion of this mosquito-transmitted zoonotic virus disease into New Zealand, with serious implications for both animal and human health. The potential modes of entry are through introduction of infected mosquitoes as hitchhikers on ships or aircraft, windborne transfer of mosquitoes, or arrival of infected reservoir bird species. A competent vector mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, is endemic in New Zealand and other mosquito species may also become involved. If infection becomes established in New Zealand, the scale of transmission may be considerably less than has occurred in Australia because climatic and epidemiological factors are not so favourable. Early evidence of an incursion could come from detection of clinical disease in horses or pigs, or from human cases. Targeted surveillance to confirm or refute indications of an incursion could be undertaken by antibody detection in a number of species. Dogs have been shown to be a particularly valuable sentinel species due to their cohabitation with people and high seroconversion rate. Other novel methods of surveillance could include reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) on oronasal secretions of pigs. Should evidence of the disease be detected, prompt action would be required to vaccinate at-risk human populations and clarify the epidemiological situation with respect to mammalian hosts and mosquito vector species, including whether a new mosquito species had arrived in the country.Abbreviations: AHL: Animal Health Laboratory; JE: Japanese encephalitis disease; JEV: Japanese encephalitis virus; RT-PCR: Reverse transcriptase PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Morris
- MorVet Ltd., Masterton, New Zealand
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P C Bingham
- Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Operations Branch, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wallaceville, New Zealand
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10
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Bhattacharjee A, Naga R, Saha M, Karmakar S, Pal A, Roy S. Viral inhibitory potential of hyoscyamine in Japanese encephalitis virus-infected embryonated chicken eggs involving multiple signaling pathways. Arch Virol 2023; 168:264. [PMID: 37787913 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis worldwide. The emergence of new genotypes of the virus and a high rate of mutation make it necessary to develop alternative treatment strategies against this deadly pathogen. Although the antiviral properties of Atropa belladonna and some of its active components, such as atropine and scopolamine, have been studied, the effect of another important component, hyoscyamine, against JEV infection has not yet been investigated. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effect of hyoscyamine against JEV and its immunomodulatory activity in embryonated chicken eggs. Pretreatment with hyoscyamine sulphate resulted in a significant decrease in the viral load in both chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and brain tissues at 48 and 96 hours postinfection. In silico studies showed stable binding and interaction between hyoscyamine and non-structural protein 5 (NS5), suggesting that this could be the basis of its antiviral effect. Embryonated eggs pretreated with hyoscyamine sulphate showed upregulation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), TLR7, TLR8, interleukin 4 (IL-4), and IL-10 as well as interferons and regulatory factors. Hyoscyamine sulphate was also found to cause significant downregulation of TLR4. The potential use of hyoscyamine for controlling JEV replication and its dissemination to the brain suggest that it may be a promising therapy option against JEV in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India.
- Department of Microbiology, Kingston College of Science, Beruanpukuria, Malikapur, Kolkata-126, West Bengal, India.
| | - Rahul Naga
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Manish Saha
- Department of Cardiology, R.G Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Srabani Karmakar
- Department of Microbiology, Kingston College of Science, Beruanpukuria, Malikapur, Kolkata-126, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhishek Pal
- Department of Microbiology, Ramkrishna Mission Vidyamandira, Belur, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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11
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Hills SL, Wong JM, Staples JE. Arboviral vaccines for use in pregnant travelers. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 55:102624. [PMID: 37517630 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women traveling abroad can be exposed to a variety of arboviruses, primarily spread by mosquitoes or ticks. Some arboviral infections can be of particular concern for pregnant women or their fetuses. Vaccination is one preventive measure that can reduce the risk for infection. Several arboviral vaccines have been licensed for many years and can be used to prevent infection in travelers, namely Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and tick-borne encephalitis vaccines. Recommendations on use of these vaccines in pregnancy vary. Other arboviral vaccines have been licensed but are not indicated for use in pregnant travelers (e.g., dengue vaccines) or are in development (e.g., chikungunya, Zika vaccines). This review describes arboviral vaccines for travelers, focusing on women who are pregnant and those planning travel during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Hills
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - J M Wong
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - J E Staples
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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12
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Piamonte BLC, Easton A, Wood GK, Davies NWS, Granerod J, Michael BD, Solomon T, Thakur KT. Addressing vaccine-preventable encephalitis in vulnerable populations. Curr Opin Neurol 2023; 36:185-197. [PMID: 37078664 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vaccinations have been pivotal in lowering the global disease burden of vaccine-preventable encephalitides, including Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, measles encephalitis, and rabies encephalitis, among others. RECENT FINDINGS Populations vulnerable to vaccine-preventable infections that may lead to encephalitis include those living in endemic and rural areas, military members, migrants, refugees, international travelers, younger and older persons, pregnant women, the immunocompromised, outdoor, healthcare and laboratory workers, and the homeless. There is scope for improving the availability and distribution of vaccinations, vaccine equity, surveillance of vaccine-preventable encephalitides, and public education and information. SUMMARY Addressing these gaps in vaccination strategies will allow for improved vaccination coverage and lead to better health outcomes for those most at risk for vaccine-preventable encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeth Lyn C Piamonte
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ava Easton
- The Encephalitis Society, Malton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences
| | - Greta K Wood
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, University of Liverpool, Liverpool
| | - Nicholas W S Davies
- The Encephalitis Society, Malton
- Department of Neurology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, NHS Trust
| | - Julia Granerod
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences
- Dr JGW Consulting Ltd., London
| | - Benedict D Michael
- The Encephalitis Society, Malton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, University of Liverpool, Liverpool
- Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Tom Solomon
- The Encephalitis Society, Malton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, University of Liverpool, Liverpool
- Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust
- Department of Neurological Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kiran T Thakur
- The Encephalitis Society, Malton
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
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13
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Hills SL, Netravathi M, Solomon T. Japanese Encephalitis among Adults: A Review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:860-864. [PMID: 37037440 PMCID: PMC10160886 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is becoming an increasingly important issue among adults. The reasons for this are multifactorial. During the past decades, new areas of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission have occurred in several locations, most notably in a markedly expanded area of Australia during 2021-2022. When JEV enters new areas, cases in adults frequently occur. This is unlike the typical pattern in endemic areas where the burden of disease is in children because most adults are protected through natural immunity following earlier exposure to the virus. Even in endemic areas, JEV has become relatively more important in adults because improved JE control through childhood immunization programs has resulted in a substantial decrease in pediatric JE cases and thus more prominence of adult JE cases. Finally, increases in tourism to JE risk areas have resulted in more exposure of adult travelers, who are usually non-immune, to infection in JE risk areas. In this review we describe the increasing importance of JE in adults in some areas and then consider the comparative clinical presentation and severity of illness among children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Hills
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - M. Netravathi
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Tom Solomon
- The Pandemic Institute and The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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14
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Vista FES, Tantengco OAG, Dispo MD, Opiso DMS, Badua CLDC, Gerardo JPZ, Perez JRM, Baldo KAT, Chao DY, Dalmacio LMM. Trends in ELISA-Based Flavivirus IgG Serosurveys: A Systematic Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8040224. [PMID: 37104349 PMCID: PMC10143827 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8040224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses include virus species that are major public health threats worldwide. To determine the immunity landscape of these viruses, seroprevalence studies are often performed using IgG ELISA, which is a simple and rapid alternative to the virus neutralization test. In this review, we aim to describe the trends in flavivirus IgG ELISA-based serosurveys. A systematic literature review using six databases was performed to collate cohort and cross-sectional studies performed on the general population. A total of 204 studies were included in this review. The results show that most studies were performed on dengue virus (DENV), whereas Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) was the least studied. For geographic distribution, serosurveys followed known disease prevalence. Temporally, the number of serosurveys increased after outbreaks and epidemics except for JEV, for which studies were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns. Commercial kits were more commonly used than in-house assays for DENV, West Nile Virus (WNV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Overall, most studies employed an indirect ELISA format, and the choice of antigens varied per virus. This review shows that flavivirus epidemiology is related to the regional and temporal distribution of serosurveys. It also highlights that endemicity, cross-reactivities, and kit availabilities affect assay choice in serosurveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ericka S Vista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Ourlad Alzeus G Tantengco
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
- Department of Biology, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Micah D Dispo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Danna Mae S Opiso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Christian Luke D C Badua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - John Patrick Z Gerardo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Juan Raphael M Perez
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Karol Ann T Baldo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Day-Yu Chao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Leslie Michelle M Dalmacio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
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15
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McGuinness SL, Lau CL, Leder K. The evolving Japanese encephalitis situation in Australia and implications for travel medicine. J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad029. [PMID: 36869722 PMCID: PMC10075061 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of Japanese encephalitis in south-eastern Australia highlights the changing epidemiology of this important disease and the need for integrated surveillance to inform risk-based discussions and vaccination advice for travellers and endemic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L McGuinness
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colleen L Lau
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karin Leder
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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16
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Srivastava KS, Jeswani V, Pal N, Bohra B, Vishwakarma V, Bapat AA, Patnaik YP, Khanna N, Shukla R. Japanese Encephalitis Virus: An Update on the Potential Antivirals and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040742. [PMID: 37112654 PMCID: PMC10146181 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the causal agent behind Japanese encephalitis (JE), a potentially severe brain infection that spreads through mosquito bites. JE is predominant over the Asia-Pacific Region and has the potential to spread globally with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality. Efforts have been made to identify and select various target molecules essential in JEV’s progression, but until now, no licensed anti-JEV drug has been available. From a prophylactic point of view, a few licensed JE vaccines are available, but various factors, viz., the high cost and different side effects imposed by them, has narrowed their global use. With an average occurrence of >67,000 cases of JE annually, there is an urgent need to find a suitable antiviral drug to treat patients at the acute phase, as presently only supportive care is available to mitigate infection. This systematic review highlights the current status of efforts put in to develop antivirals against JE and the available vaccines, along with their effectiveness. It also summarizes epidemiology, structure, pathogenesis, and potential drug targets that can be explored to develop a new range of anti-JEV drugs to combat JEV infection globally.
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17
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Tandale BV, Deshmukh PS, Narang R, Qazi MS, Padmaja GV, Deshmukh PR, Raut AV, Narlawar UW, Jha PK, Rajderkar SS. Coverage of Japanese encephalitis routine vaccination among children in central India. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28155. [PMID: 36114690 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to estimate the coverage of Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination in central India to help explain the continued occurrence of JE disease despite routine vaccination. We implemented a 30-cluster survey for estimating the coverage of JE vaccination in the medium-endemic areas implemented with JE vaccination in central India. The parents were enquired about the uptake of the JE vaccine by their children aged 2-6 years, followed by verification of the immunization cards at home along with reasons for non-vaccination. Vaccination coverage was reported as a percentage with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We estimated high coverage of live-attenuated SA 14-14-2 JE vaccination in Maharashtra (94.8%, 95% CI: 92.7-96.3) and Telangana (92.8%, 95% CI: 90.0-94.9). The vaccination card retention was 90.3% in Maharashtra and 70.4% in Telangana state. There were no gender differences in coverage in both states. A similar level of JE vaccination coverage was observed during the year 2013-2021 in both states. In Maharashtra, the maximum age-wise coverage was 96.6% in the >60 months age category, whereas in Telangana it was in the <24 months age category (97.2%). The timeliness of JE vaccination was appropriate and similar in both states. We found a very good agreement between JE and measles-rubella vaccinations administered simultaneously. The reasons for non-vaccination were the shortage of vaccines and the parental migration for work. The coverage of JE vaccination was high in medium-endemic regions in central India. Vaccination effectiveness studies may help further explain the continued incidence of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rahul Narang
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Pradeep R Deshmukh
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhishek V Raut
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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18
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Maksikharin A, Prommalikit O, Thisyakorn U. The Surveillance of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in Thailand, 2003-2019: A Perspective for Prevention and Control. WHO South East Asia J Public Health 2023; 12:45-50. [PMID: 37843180 DOI: 10.4103/who-seajph.who-seajph_92_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is an infection of the central nervous system with high case-fatality rates. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the most common vaccine preventable cause of AES in Asia and part of the Western Pacific. In 2003, the JE vaccine was introduced into Thailand's National Immunization Program and expanded to all provinces. This study reviews data from the national surveillance system on the incidence of AES, including Japanese encephalitis in Thailand to guide surveillance, control, and prevention strategies. Materials and Methods We collected data on all patients diagnosed with AES and reported to the Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, from 2003 to 2019. Results A total of 9566 AES patients and 266 death cases were reported during these 17 years. Six hundred and forty-two (6.7%) patients were JE with 16 deaths. The incidence of AES increased from 0.47-0.51-1.36 cases per 100,000 population with a preponderance of cases in adults. CFR reduced from 6.25% - 6.94% in 2003-2005 to 0.78% in 2019. AES cases occurred all year round in all the age groups with a male predilection JE vaccination coverage had reached 83% by 2019. The patients were mainly from the north-eastern region of Thailand. Conclusion Integrated surveillance regular monitoring, strengthening, and making immunization sustainable is required to improve and maintain progress toward JE control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharaporn Maksikharin
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakorn-Nayok, Thailand
| | - Olarn Prommalikit
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakorn-Nayok, Thailand
| | - Usa Thisyakorn
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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19
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Schnabel I, Schneitler S, Schüttoff T, Trawinski H, Lübbert C, Jassoy C. Diagnostic Specificity of Two Dengue Virus IgG ELISAs after Yellow Fever and Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccination. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 8:tropicalmed8010007. [PMID: 36668914 PMCID: PMC9863392 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) antibody assays frequently cross-react with sera from individuals who have been infected with or vaccinated against related flaviviruses. The goal of this study was to determine the specificity of two DENV ELISAs with sera from individuals vaccinated against yellow fever virus (YFV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The Panbio and the Novatec Dengue IgG ELISAs were tested with sera obtained 3-4 weeks or 0.5-6 years after YFV or JEV vaccination and the diagnostic specificity of the assays was determined. As controls, the sera were tested using DENV, YFV, JEV, Zika and West Nile virus neutralization assays. The diagnostic specificity of the Panbio and the Novatec ELISA with sera from YFV-vaccinated subjects was 98.2% and 88.2%, respectively. Cross-reactions were rare in the first 4 weeks despite high YFV-neutralizing antibody titers and were mostly found later. The specificity of the Panbio and Novatec assays with sera from JEV-vaccinated individuals was 100% and 92.9%. Cross-reactions occurred in the early time period after vaccination. The measurement values of the two ELISAs correlated strongly. Thus, the Panbio ELISA showed higher diagnostic specificity and may be suitable for seroprevalence studies in areas with high disease prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Schnabel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sophie Schneitler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, Building 43, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Tom Schüttoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henning Trawinski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Lübbert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Jassoy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-9714314
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20
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Sewgobind S, Johnson N, Mansfield KL. JMM Profile: Japanese encephalitis virus: an emerging threat. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36748429 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection that occurs predominantly in Asia and the Pacific Islands. It is transmitted by mosquito bites, with the main vector being Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and is maintained in enzootic cycles involving pigs, wild birds and mosquitoes. JE is caused by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic pathogen that also causes disease in mammals such as pigs and horses. In humans, most symptoms are mild or flu-like but can progress to encephalitis. Pigs are considered amplification hosts, and sows may have gestational complications. Horses may exhibit neurological signs. Detection of the virus can be confirmed by serological or molecular laboratory tests. Vaccination offers protection against JEV infection in humans, pigs and horses. Whilst there is no effective treatment of JE, human cases may require hospitalization for supportive therapy, which may include administration of fluids, oxygen and medication to treat symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Sewgobind
- Vector-borne diseases workgroup, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Vector-borne diseases workgroup, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Karen Louise Mansfield
- Vector-borne diseases workgroup, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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21
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Thigpen MC, Sarath S, Soeung SC, Vichit O, Kitsutani P, Sandhu H, Gregory C, Fischer M, Morn C, Hills SL. Improving community coverage of Japanese encephalitis vaccination: lessons learned from a mass campaign in Battambang Province, Cambodia. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2244. [PMID: 36456999 PMCID: PMC9716727 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A mass Japanese encephalitis (JE) immunization campaign for children aged 9 months through 12 years was conducted in 2013 in Battambang province, western Cambodia. Vaccinators working at almost 2,000 immunization posts in approximately 800 villages provided vaccinations to almost 310,000 children using one dose of Chengdu Institute of Biological Products' live, attenuated SA14-14-2 JE vaccine (CD-JEV), achieving a coverage rate of greater than 90%. Lessons learned, in general for mass vaccination campaigns and specifically for vaccination with CD-JEV, are described. These observations will be of benefit for public health officials and to help inform planning for future campaigns for JE or other vaccine-preventable diseases in Cambodia and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Thigpen
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | | | - Sann Chan Soeung
- grid.415732.6National Immunization Program, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ork Vichit
- grid.415732.6National Immunization Program, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul Kitsutani
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Hardeep Sandhu
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Christopher Gregory
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Marc Fischer
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Chheng Morn
- grid.415732.6National Immunization Program, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Susan L. Hills
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO USA
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22
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Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Generates Cross-Reactive Memory T Cell Responses to Zika Virus in Humans. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:8379286. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8379286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Zika virus (ZIKV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses with sequence homology. ZIKV circulates in some regions where JEV also circulates, or where JE vaccination is used. Cross-immunity between flaviviruses exists, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear. We previously demonstrated that T cell immunity induced by the live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis (JE) SA14-14-2 vaccine conferred protective immunity against ZIKV infection in mice, which could even bypass antibody-dependent enhancement. However, the role of T cell immune, especially memory T cell subsets, in cross-reactive immune responses between JE vaccine and ZIKV in humans has not been reported. Methods. We examined central and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell (TCM and TEM) responses (including degranulation, cytokines, and chemokines) in the presence of JEV and ZIKV, respectively, by using qualified peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from 18 children who had recently received a two-dose course of JE vaccine SA14-14-2 as well as seven children without JE vaccination. Results. Cross-reactive CD8+ TCM in response to ZIKV was characterized by secretion of IFN-γ, whereas CD8+ TEM did not show significant upregulation of functional factors. In the presence of ZIKV, IFN-γ and TNF-α expression was upregulated by CD4+ TEM, and the expression signature of CD4+ TCM is more cytotoxic potential. Conclusions. We profiled the cross-reactive memory T cell responses to ZIKV in JE vaccine recipients. These data will provide evidence for the mechanism of cross-reactive memory T cell immune responses between JEV and ZIKV and a more refined view of bivalent vaccine design strategy.
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23
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Mhaske A, Singh S, Abourehab MA, Kumar A, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. Recent pharmaceutical engineered trends as theranostics for Japanese encephalitis. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shi T, Meng L, Li D, Jin N, Zhao X, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zheng H, Zhao X, Li J, Shen X, Ren X. Effect of different vaccine strategies for the control of Japanese encephalitis in mainland China from 1961 to 2020: A quantitative analysis. Vaccine 2022; 40:6243-6254. [PMID: 36137902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to quantify the impact of each vaccine strategy (including the P3-inactivated vaccine strategy [1968-1987], the SA 14-14-2 live-attenuated vaccine strategy [1988-2007], and the Expanded Program on Immunization [EPI, 2008-2020]) on the incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in regions with different economic development levels. METHODS The JE incidence in mainland China from 1961 to 2020 was summarized by year, then modeled and analyzed using an interrupted time series analysis. RESULTS After the P3-inactivated vaccine was used, the JE incidence in Eastern China, Central China, Western China and Northeast China in 1968 decreased by 39.80 % (IRR = 0.602, P < 0.001), 7.80 % (IRR = 0.922, P < 0.001), 10.80 % (IRR = 0.892, P < 0.001) and 31.90 % (IRR = 0.681, P < 0.001); the slope/trend of the JE incidence from 1968 to 1987 decreased by 30.80 % (IRR = 0.692, P < 0.001), 29.30 % (IRR = 0.707, P < 0.001), 33.00 % (IRR = 0.670, P < 0.001) and 41.20 % (IRR = 0.588, P < 0.001). After the SA 14-14-2 live-attenuated vaccine was used, the JE incidence in Eastern China and Northeast China in 1988 decreased by 2.60 % (IRR = 0.974, P = 0.009) and 14.70 % (IRR = 0.853, P < 0.001); the slope/trend of the JE incidence in Eastern China and Central China from 1988 to 2007 decreased by 4.60 % (IRR = 0.954, P < 0.001) and 4.70 % (IRR = 0.953, P < 0.001). After the EPI was implemented, the JE incidence in Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2008 decreased by 10.50 % (IRR = 0.895, P = 0.013), 18.00 % (IRR = 0.820, P < 0.001) and 24.20 % (IRR = 0.758, P < 0.001), the slope/trend of the JE incidence in Eastern China from 2008 to 2020 decreased by 17.80 % (IRR = 0.822, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Each vaccine strategy has different effects on the JE incidence in regions with different economic development. Additionally, some economically underdeveloped regions have gradually become the main areas of the JE outbreak. Therefore, mainland China should provide economic assistance to areas with low economic development and improve JE vaccination plans in the future to control the epidemic of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshan Shi
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Donghua Li
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Na Jin
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiangkai Zhao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yanchen Liu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hongmiao Zheng
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Juansheng Li
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiping Shen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaowei Ren
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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25
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Wang R, Wang X, Zhang L, Feng G, Liu M, Zeng Y, Xie Z. The epidemiology and disease burden of children hospitalized for viral infections within the family Flaviviridae in China: A national cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010562. [PMID: 35788743 PMCID: PMC9286261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses of the family Flaviviridae, including Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), are widely distributed worldwide. JEV, DENV and YFV belong to the genus Flavivirus, whereas HCV belongs to the genus Hepacivirus. Children’s symptoms are usually severe. As a result, rates of hospitalization due to infection with these viruses are high. The epidemiology and disease burden of hospitalized children have rarely been described in detail to date. The objective of this study was to report the general epidemiological characteristics, clinical phenotype, length of stay (LOS), burden of disease, and potential risk factors for hospitalized children infected with JEV, DENV, YFV, or HCV in Chinese pediatric hospitals. Methodology A cross-sectional study of epidemiology and disease burden of children hospitalized for Flaviviridae virus infections between December 2015 and December 2020 in China was performed. Face sheets of discharge medical records (FSMRs) were collected from 27 tertiary children’s hospitals in the Futang Research Center of Pediatric Development and aggregated into FUTang Update medical REcords (FUTURE). Information on sociodemographic variables, clinical phenotype, and LOS as well as economic burden was included in FSMRs and compared using appropriate statistical tests. Findings The study described 490 children aged 0–15 years hospitalized for infections with Flaviviridae viruses. Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases are the highest, accounting for 92.65% of the total hospitalization cases caused by Flaviviridae virus infection. The incidence of JE peaked from July to October with a profile of a high proportion of severe cases (68.06%) and low mortality (0.44%). Rural children had a significantly higher incidence than urban children (91.63%). Most hospitalized dengue cases were reported in 2019 when dengue outbreaks occurred in many provinces of China, although only 14 dengue cases were collected during the study period. Yellow fever (YF) is still an imported disease in China. The hospitalizations for children with hepatitis C (HC) were not high, and mild chronic HC was the main clinical phenotype of patients. Among the four viral infections, JE had the highest disease burden (LOS and expenditure) for hospitalized children. Conclusion First, the present study reveals that JE remains the most serious disease due to Flaviviridae virus infection and threatens children’s health in China. Many pediatric patients have severe illnesses, but their mortality rate is lower, suggesting that existing treatment is effective. Both JEV vaccination and infection control of rural children should represent a focus of study. Second, although the dual risks of indigenous epidemics and imports of DENV still exist, the prevalence of DENV in children is generally manageable. Third, YFV currently shows no evidence of an epidemic in China. Finally, the proportion of children with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is relatively large among hospitalized children diagnosed with HCV. Thus, early and effective intervention should be offered to children infected with HCV to ease the burden of CHC on public health. We performed a general epidemiological and disease burden assessment of 490 hospitalized children infected with any virus from the family Flaviviridae [Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)] from December 2015 to December 2020 with confirmed clinical presentation and laboratory results. Our study found that hospitalization for Japanese encephalitis (JE) predominated in children who lived in rural areas, and the infection was rate was considerably higher in summer and autumn (July–October) compared with other months. In addition, children hospitalized with JE have the largest share of disease burden. However, the overall low rate of hospitalization and mortality of children shows that China’s JE prevention and control policies remain effective. However, the prevention, control and surveillance of JEV in rural areas should not be neglected. Dengue and yellow fever have not yet caused serious public health concerns among children in China, but the spatial and temporal distributions of viral infection must be assessed to be alert to the indigenous spread of imported cases. CHC is a refractory phenotype of HCV infection in children; thus, early screening and intervention are encouraged given the insidious appearance of symptoms in the early stages after HCV infection. These findings can help to understand the epidemic status of viruses classified in the family Flaviviridae in children and the disease burden of hospitalized children, which is conducive to precise prevention and control, optimization of the allocation of resources, and the formulation of more reasonable and effective policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Big Data Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Guoshuang Feng
- Big Data Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjia Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yueping Zeng
- Medical Record Management Office, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Shi T, Meng L, Li D, Jin N, Zhao X, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zheng H, Zhao X, Li J, Shen X, Ren X. Impact of the Expanded Program on Immunization on the incidence of Japanese encephalitis in different regions of Mainland China: An interrupt time series analysis. Acta Trop 2022; 233:106575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Fang E, Liu X, Liu X, Li M, Wang L, Li M, Zhang Z, Li Y, Yu Y. Investigation of immune response induction by Japanese encephalitis live‐attenuated and chimeric vaccines in mice. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e117. [PMID: 35415706 PMCID: PMC8986025 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis (JE) live‐attenuated vaccine SA14‐14‐2 and the chimeric vaccine IMOJEV (JE‐CV) are two kinds of vaccines available for use worldwide. JE‐CV was previously known as ChimeriVax‐JE, that consists of yellow fever vaccine 17D (YFV‐17D) from which the structural genes (prM/E) have been replaced with those of SA14‐14‐2. This study aimed to investigate the neutralizing antibody, protection efficacy, and specific T‐cell response elicited by both vaccines in mice. The neutralizing antibodies produced by JE‐CV were slightly lower than those produced by SA14‐14‐2, but the protection conferred by JE‐CV was considerably lower in the low vaccine dose immunization group. Furthermore, the JE‐CV did not induce a specific T‐cell response against JEV NS3, while it did induce a potent antigen‐specific T‐cell response against the viral backbone vaccine YFV. In conclusion, this study is the first detailed investigation of the cellular immune response to the two vaccines. Enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and flow staining suggest a more potent specific T‐cell response against the JEV antigen was elicited in mice immunized with SA14‐14‐2 but not JE‐CV. Using heterologous flaviviruses as a live‐attenuated vaccine backbone may unlikely generate an optimal T‐cell response against the vaccine strain virus and might affect the protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyue Fang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Co., LtD. Wuhan 430207 China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Ming Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Ling Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Miao Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Zelun Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Yuhua Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Yongxin Yu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
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Antiviral drug research for Japanese encephalitis: an updated review. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:273-296. [PMID: 35182390 PMCID: PMC8964565 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of Asia's most common viral encephalitis. JEV is a flavivirus, common in rural and sub-urban regions of Asian countries. Although only 1% of JEV-infected individuals develop JE, there is a 20-30% chance of death among these individuals and possible neurological sequelae post-infection. No licensed anti-JE drugs are currently available, despite extensive efforts to develop them. Literature search was performed using databases such as PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, etc. using keywords such as Japanese encephalitis virus, antiviral drugs, antiviral drug screening, antiviral drug targets, etc. From around 230 papers/abstracts and research reviews retrieved and reviewed for this study, approximately 180 most relevant and important ones have been cited. Different approaches in drug testing and various antiviral drug targets explored so far have been thoroughly searched from the literature and compiled, besides addressing the future perspectives of the antiviral drug development strategies. Although the development of effective anti-JE drugs is an urgent issue, only supportive care is currently available. Recent advancements in understanding the biology of infection and new drug targets have been promising improvements. Despite hindrances such as the unavailability of a proper drug delivery system or a treatment regimen irrespective of the stage of infection, several promising anti-JE candidate molecules are in different phases of clinical trials. Nonetheless, efficient therapy against JEV is expected to be achieved with drug combinations and a highly targeted drug delivery system soon.
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Effectiveness of Live-Attenuated Genotype III Japanese Encephalitis Viral Vaccine against Circulating Genotype I Viruses in Swine. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010114. [PMID: 35062317 PMCID: PMC8778556 DOI: 10.3390/v14010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of genotype I (GI) Japanese encephalitis viruses (JEV) has resulted in the replacement of the dominant genotype III (GIII) viruses, raising serious public health concerns for using GIII virus-derived vaccines to effectively control JEV epidemics. Therefore, this study used swine as the model to estimate the effectiveness of GIII live-attenuated vaccine against GI virus infection by comparing the incidence of stillbirth/abortion in gilts from vaccinated and non-vaccinated pig farms during the GI-circulation period. In total, 389 and 213 litters of gilts were recorded from four vaccinated and two non-vaccinated pig farms, respectively. All viruses detected in the aborted fetuses and mosquitoes belonged to the GI genotype during the study period. We thus estimated that the vaccine effectiveness of GIII live-attenuated vaccine against GI viruses in naive gilts based on the overall incidence of stillbirth/abortion and incidence of JEV-confirmed stillbirth/abortion was 65.5% (50.8–75.7%) and 74.7% (34.5–90.2%), respectively. In contrast to previous estimates, the GIII live-attenuated vaccine had an efficacy of 95.6% (68.3–99.4%) to prevent the incidence of stillbirth/abortion during the GIII-circulating period. These results indicate that the vaccine effectiveness of GIII live-attenuated JEV vaccine to prevent stillbirth/abortion caused by GI viruses is lower than that against GIII viruses.
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Chiou SS, Chen JM, Chen YY, Chia MY, Fan YC. The feasibility of field collected pig oronasal secretions as specimens for the virologic surveillance of Japanese encephalitis virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009977. [PMID: 34860839 PMCID: PMC8673640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Virologic surveillance of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) relies on collecting pig blood specimens and adult mosquitoes in the past. Viral RNAs extracted from pig blood specimens suffer from low detecting positivity by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The oronasal transmission of the virus has been demonstrated in experimentally infected pigs. This observation suggested oronasal specimens could be useful source in the virus surveillance. However, the role of this unusual route of transmission remains unproven in the operational pig farm. In this study, we explore the feasibility of using pig oronasal secretions collected by chewing ropes to improve the positivity of detection in commercial pig farms. The multiplex genotype-specific RT-PCR was used in this study to determine and compare the positivity of detecting JEV viral RNAs in pig’s oronasal secretions and blood specimens, and the primary mosquito vector. Oronasal specimens had the overall positive rate of 6.0% (95% CI 1.3%–16.6%) (3/50) to 10.0% (95% CI 2.1%–26.5%) (3/30) for JEV during transmission period despite the negative results of all blood-derived specimens (n = 2442). Interestingly, pig oronasal secretions and female Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito samples collected from the same pig farm showed similar viral RNA positive rates, 10.0% (95% CI 2.1%–26.5%) (3/30) and 8.9% (95% CI 2.5%–21.2%) (4/45), respectively (p> 0.05). Pig oronasal secretion-based surveillance revealed the seasonality of viral activity and identified closely related genotype I virus derived from the mosquito isolates. This finding indicates oronasal secretion-based RT-PCR assay can be a non-invasive, alternative method of implementing JEV surveillance in the epidemic area prior to the circulation of virus-positive mosquitoes. Mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has either endemic or seasonal patterns of transmission in Asia and Australia. Most hosts infected by the virus remains asymptomatic but can result in severe encephalitis in humans and horses, and abortion or stillbirth in pregnant sows. Isolation of virus in adult mosquitoes or pig seroconversion has been used as an early indicator of upcoming JE outbreak in humans. Genotype identification of the virus is important since current human and domestic animal vaccines are all genotype III (GIII) specific. GIII vaccine elicited immunity has reduced cross-protections to genotypes other than GIII. Our virologic surveillance using pig’s oronasal secretion detected higher prevalence and earlier genotype I virus activity than using pig’s blood and mosquitoes, respectively. This proposed surveillance tool might be more effective that will allow the public health agency to properly implement the preventive measures, such as implementing mosquito control, encouraging booster vaccination, and encouraging the use of mosquito repellent, to reduce the impact of upcoming outbreak. Collection of pig’s oronasal secretion is non-invasive to pigs and less technically demanding to operators. Thus we propose the use of pig’s oronasal secretions as the novel source of specimens for virologic surveillance to replace the traditional pig blood or adult mosquito specimens to monitor and control JE outbreak/epidemic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyan-Song Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Mei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yuan Chia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Cuevas-Juárez E, Pando-Robles V, Palomares LA. Flavivirus vaccines: Virus-like particles and single-round infectious particles as promising alternatives. Vaccine 2021; 39:6990-7000. [PMID: 34753613 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The genus flavivirus of the Flaviridae family includes several human pathogens, like dengue, Zika, Japanese encephalitis, and yellow fever virus. These viruses continue to be a significant threat to human health. Vaccination remains the most useful approach to reduce the impact of flavivirus fever. However, currently available vaccines can induce severe side effects or have low effectiveness. An alternative is the use of recombinant vaccines, of which virus-like particles (VLP) and single-round infectious particles (SRIP) are of especial interest. VLP consist of the virus structural proteins produced in a heterologous system that self-assemble in a structure almost identical to the native virus. They are highly immunogenic and have been effective vaccines for other viruses for over 30 years. SRIP are promising vaccine candidates, as they induce both cellular and humoral responses, as viral proteins are expressed. Here, the state of the art to produce both types of particles and their use as vaccines against flaviviruses are discussed. We summarize the different approaches used for the design and production of flavivirus VLP and SRIP, the evidence for their safety and efficacy, and the main challenges for their use as commercial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Cuevas-Juárez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos. Instituto de Biotecnología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México.
| | - Victoria Pando-Robles
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Ave. Universidad 655. Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100. México.
| | - Laura A Palomares
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos. Instituto de Biotecnología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México.
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