1
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Mata MDL, Sanz de León A, Valencia-Liñán LM, Molina SI. Plasmonic Characterization of 3D Printable Metal-Polymer Nanocomposites. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:424-435. [PMID: 39006399 PMCID: PMC11240405 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Plasmonic polymer nanocomposites (i.e., polymer matrices containing plasmonic nanostructures) are appealing candidates for the development of manifold technological devices relying on light-matter interactions, provided that they have inherent properties and processing capabilities. The smart development of plasmonic nanocomposites requires in-depth optical analyses proving the material performance, along with correlative studies guiding the synthesis of tailored materials. Importantly, plasmon resonances emerging from metal nanoparticles affect the macroscopic optical response of the nanocomposite, leading to far- and near-field perturbations useful to address the optical activity of the material. We analyze the plasmonic behavior of two nanocomposites suitable for 3D printing, based on acrylic resin matrices loaded with Au or Ag nanoparticles. We compare experimental and computed UV-vis macroscopic spectra (far-field) with single-particle electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analyses (near-field). We extended the calculations of Au and Ag plasmon-related resonances over different environments and nanoparticle sizes. Discrepancies between UV-vis and EELS are dependent on the interplay between the metal considered, the surrounding media, and the size of the nanoparticles. The study allows comparing in detail the plasmonic performance of Au- and Ag-polymer nanocomposites, whose plasmonic response is better addressed, accounting for their intended applications (i.e., whether they rely on far- or near-field interactions).
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Mata
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, I. M. y Q. I., IMEYMAT, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Albeto Sanz de León
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, I. M. y Q. I., IMEYMAT, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Luisa M Valencia-Liñán
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, I. M. y Q. I., IMEYMAT, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Sergio I Molina
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, I. M. y Q. I., IMEYMAT, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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2
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Rossi AW, Bourgeois MR, Walton C, Masiello DJ. Probing the Polarization of Low-Energy Excitations in 2D Materials from Atomic Crystals to Nanophotonic Arrays Using Momentum-Resolved Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7748-7756. [PMID: 38874581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Spectroscopies utilizing free electron beams as probes offer detailed information on the reciprocal-space excitations of 2D materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers. Yet, despite the attention paid to such quantum materials, less consideration has been given to the electron-beam characterization of 2D periodic nanostructures such as photonic crystals, metasurfaces, and plasmon arrays, which can exhibit the same lattice and excitation symmetries as their atomic analogues albeit at drastically different length, momentum, and energy scales. Because of their lack of covalent bonding and influence of retarded electromagnetic interactions, important physical distinctions arise that complicate interpretation of scattering signals. Here we present a fully-retarded theoretical framework for describing the inelastic scattering of wide-field electron beams from 2D materials and apply it to investigate the complementarity in sample excitation information gained in the measurement of a honeycomb plasmon array versus angle-resolved optical spectroscopy in comparison to single monolayer graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Marc R Bourgeois
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Caleb Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David J Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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3
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Synanidis AP, Gonçalves PAD, Ropers C, de Abajo FJG. Quantum effects in the interaction of low-energy electrons with light. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp4096. [PMID: 38905338 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp4096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between free electrons and optical fields constitutes a unique platform to investigate ultrafast processes in matter and explore fundamental quantum phenomena. Specifically, optically modulated electrons in ultrafast electron microscopy act as noninvasive probes that push space-time-energy resolution to the picometer-attosecond-microelectronvolt range. Electron energies well above the involved photon energies are commonly used, rendering a low electron-light coupling and, thus, only providing limited access to the wealth of quantum nonlinear phenomena underlying the dynamical response of nanostructures. Here, we theoretically investigate electron-light interactions between photons and electrons of comparable energies, revealing quantum and recoil effects that include a nonvanishing coupling of surface-scattered electrons to light plane waves, inelastic electron backscattering from confined optical fields, and strong electron-light coupling under grazing electron diffraction by an illuminated crystal surface. Our exploration of electron-light-matter interactions holds potential for applications in ultrafast electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios P Synanidis
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - P A D Gonçalves
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Claus Ropers
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute-Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Abdullah S, Dias EJC, Krpenský J, Mkhitaryan V, García de Abajo FJ. Toward Complete Optical Coupling to Confined Surface Polaritons. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:2183-2193. [PMID: 38911843 PMCID: PMC11191745 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Optical coupling between propagating light and confined surface polaritons plays a pivotal role in the practical design of nanophotonic devices. However, the coupling efficiency decreases dramatically with the degree of mode confinement due to the mismatch that exists between the light and polariton wavelengths, and despite the intense efforts made to explore different mechanisms proposed to circumvent this problem, the realization of a flexible scheme to efficiently couple light to polaritons remains a challenge. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an efficient coupling of light to surface-plasmon polaritons assisted by engineered dipolar scatterers placed at an optimum distance from the surface. Specifically, we fabricate gold disks separated by a silica spacer from a planar gold surface and seek to achieve perfect coupling conditions by tuning the spacer thickness for a given scatterer geometry that resonates at a designated optical frequency. We measure a maximum light-to-plasmon coupling cross section of the order of the square of the light wavelength at an optimum distance that results from the interplay between a large particle-surface interaction and a small degree of surface-driven particle-dipole quenching, both of which are favored at small separations. Our experiments, in agreement with both analytical theory and electromagnetic simulations, support the use of optimally placed engineered scatterers as a disruptive approach to solving the long-standing problem of in/out-coupling in nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Abdullah
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Eduardo J. C. Dias
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Jan Krpenský
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Vahagn Mkhitaryan
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Arnold C, Temgoua S, Barjon J. Impurity characterization in diamond for quantum and electronic applications: advances with time-resolved cathodoluminescence. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:355705. [PMID: 38781947 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4f94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The ultimate purity of synthetic diamond crystals is currently limited by traces of boron and nitrogen. Here we study diamond crystals grown at high-pressure high-temperature, which are made of 3D growth sectors with variable residual impurity contents. The boron concentration is found in the 0.5-6.4 ppb range thanks to continuous cathodoluminescence analysis. Time-resolved cathodoluminescence experiments complete the impurity analysis with measurements of free exciton lifetimes. From them, we deduced an estimate of the nitrogen concentration at the ppb level, from 0.6 to 30 ppb depending on the growth sectors. We identified n-type, p-type and highly compensated regions, which illustrates the potential of cathodoluminescence as a local characterization tool for qualifying diamond for electronic and quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arnold
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, GEMaC, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - S Temgoua
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, GEMaC, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - J Barjon
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, GEMaC, 78000 Versailles, France
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6
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Gabbani A, Della Latta E, Mohan A, Scarperi A, Li X, Ruggeri M, Martini F, Biccari F, Kociak M, Geppi M, Borsacchi S, Pineider F. Direct Determination of Carrier Parameters in Indium Tin Oxide Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15139-15153. [PMID: 38804721 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
We develop here a comprehensive experimental approach to independently determine charge carrier parameters, namely, carrier density and mass, in plasmonic indium tin oxide nanocrystals. Typically, in plasmonic nanocrystals, only the ratio between these two parameters is accessible through optical absorption experiments. The multitechnique methodology proposed here combines single particle and ensemble optical and magneto-optical spectroscopies, also using 119Sn solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to probe the surface depletion layer. Our methodology overcomes the limitations of standard fitting approaches based on absorption spectroscopy and ultimately gives access to carrier effective mass directly on the NCs, discarding the use of literature value based on bulk or thin film materials. We found that mass values depart appreciably from those measured on thin films; consequently, we found carrier density values that are different from reported literature values for similar systems. The effective mass was found to deviate from the parabolic approximation at a high carrier density. Finally, the dopant activation and defect diagram for ITO NCs for tin doping between 2.5 and 15% are determined. This approach can be generalized to other plasmonic heavily doped semiconductor nanostructures and represents, to the best of our knowledge, the only method to date to characterize the full Drude parameter space of 0-D nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gabbani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Elisa Della Latta
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ananthakrishnan Mohan
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scarperi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marina Ruggeri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Martini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Biccari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Mathieu Kociak
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marco Geppi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Italian National Research Council (ICCOM-CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Borsacchi
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Italian National Research Council (ICCOM-CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Pineider
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
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7
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Bourgeois MR, Pan F, Anyanwu CP, Nixon AG, Beutler EK, Dionne JA, Goldsmith RH, Masiello DJ. Spectroscopy in Nanoscopic Cavities: Models and Recent Experiments. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:509-534. [PMID: 38941525 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-083122-125525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The ability of nanophotonic cavities to confine and store light to nanoscale dimensions has important implications for enhancing molecular, excitonic, phononic, and plasmonic optical responses. Spectroscopic signatures of processes that are ordinarily exceedingly weak such as pure absorption and Raman scattering have been brought to the single-particle limit of detection, while new emergent polaritonic states of optical matter have been realized through coupling material and photonic cavity degrees of freedom across a wide range of experimentally accessible interaction strengths. In this review, we discuss both optical and electron beam spectroscopies of cavity-coupled material systems in weak, strong, and ultrastrong coupling regimes, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the physics inherent to each while highlighting recent experimental advances and exciting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Bourgeois
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - C Praise Anyanwu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Austin G Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Elliot K Beutler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David J Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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8
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Eldadamony NM, Ghoniem AA, Al-Askar AA, Attia AA, El-Hersh MS, Elattar KM, Alrdahi H, Saber WIA. Optimization of pullulan production by Aureobasidium pullulans using semi-solid-state fermentation and artificial neural networks: Characterization and antibacterial activity of pullulan impregnated with Ag-TiO 2 nanocomposite. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132109. [PMID: 38714281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a novel and efficient approach for pullulan production using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to optimize semi-solid-state fermentation (S-SSF) on faba bean biomass (FBB). This method achieved a record-breaking pullulan yield of 36.81 mg/g within 10.82 days, significantly exceeding previous results. Furthermore, the study goes beyond yield optimization by characterizing the purified pullulan, revealing its unique properties including thermal stability, amorphous structure, and antioxidant activity. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed its chemical composition and distinct morphology. This research introduces a groundbreaking combination of ANNs and comprehensive characterization, paving the way for sustainable and cost-effective pullulan production on FBB under S-SSF conditions. Additionally, the study demonstrates the successful integration of pullulan with Ag@TiO2 nanoparticles during synthesis using Fusarium oxysporum. This novel approach significantly enhances the stability and efficacy of the nanoparticles by modifying their surface properties, leading to remarkably improved antibacterial activity against various human pathogens. These findings showcase the low-cost production medium, and extensive potential of pullulan not only for its intrinsic properties but also for its ability to significantly improve the performance of nanomaterials. This breakthrough opens doors to diverse applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Eldadamony
- Seed Pathology Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt.
| | - Abeer A Ghoniem
- Microbial Activity Unit, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Attia A Attia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S El-Hersh
- Microbial Activity Unit, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Elattar
- Unit of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Haifa Alrdahi
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - WesamEldin I A Saber
- Microbial Activity Unit, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt.
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9
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Akerboom E, Di Giulio V, Schilder NJ, García de Abajo FJ, Polman A. Free Electron-Plasmon Coupling Strength and Near-Field Retrieval through Electron Energy-Dependent Cathodoluminescence Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13560-13567. [PMID: 38742710 PMCID: PMC11140833 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Tightly confined optical near fields in plasmonic nanostructures play a pivotal role in important applications ranging from optical sensing to light harvesting. Energetic electrons are ideally suited to probing optical near fields by collecting the resulting cathodoluminescence (CL) light emission. Intriguingly, the CL intensity is determined by the near-field profile along the electron propagation direction, but the retrieval of such field from measurements has remained elusive. Furthermore, the conditions for optimum electron near-field coupling in plasmonic systems are critically dependent on such field and remain experimentally unexplored. In this work, we use electron energy-dependent CL spectroscopy to study the tightly confined dipolar mode in plasmonic gold nanoparticles. By systematically studying gold nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 20-100 nm and electron energies from 4 to 30 keV, we determine how the coupling between swift electrons and the optical near fields depends on the energy of the incoming electron. The strongest coupling is achieved when the electron speed equals the mode phase velocity, meeting the so-called phase-matching condition. In aloof experiments, the measured data are well reproduced by electromagnetic simulations, which explain that larger particles and faster electrons favor a stronger electron near-field coupling. For penetrating electron trajectories, scattering at the particle produces severe corrections of the trajectory that defy existing theories based on the assumption of nonrecoil condition. Therefore, we develop a first-order recoil correction model that allows us to account for inelastic electron scattering, rendering better agreement with measured data. Finally, we consider the albedo of the particles and find that, to approach unity coupling, a highly confined electric field and very slow electrons are needed, both representing experimental challenges. Our findings explain how to reach unity-order coupling between free electrons and confined excitations, helping us understand fundamental aspects of light-matter interaction at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelijn Akerboom
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valerio Di Giulio
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nick J. Schilder
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Gleb
Wataghin Physics Institute, University of
Campinas, Campinas 13083-859, Brazil
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Polman
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Kumar S, Lim J, Rivera N, Wong W, Ang YS, Ang LK, Wong LJ. Strongly correlated multielectron bunches from interaction with quantum light. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm9563. [PMID: 38718122 PMCID: PMC11078178 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Strongly correlated electron systems are a cornerstone of modern physics, being responsible for groundbreaking phenomena from superconducting magnets to quantum computing. In most cases, correlations in electrons arise exclusively because of Coulomb interactions. In this work, we reveal that free electrons interacting simultaneously with a light field can become highly correlated via mechanisms beyond Coulomb interactions. In the case of two electrons, the resulting Pearson correlation coefficient for the joint probability distribution of the output electron energies is enhanced by more than 13 orders of magnitude compared to that of electrons interacting with the light field in succession (one after another). These highly correlated electrons are the result of momentum and energy exchange between the participating electrons via the external quantum light field. Our findings pave the way to the creation and control of highly correlated free electrons for applications including quantum information and ultrafast imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Kumar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Lim
- Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Rivera
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Wesley Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yee Sin Ang
- Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Lay Kee Ang
- Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Liang Jie Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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11
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Hoglund ER, Walker HA, Hussain K, Bao DL, Ni H, Mamun A, Baxter J, Caldwell JD, Khan A, Pantelides ST, Hopkins PE, Hachtel JA. Nonequivalent Atomic Vibrations at Interfaces in a Polar Superlattice. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402925. [PMID: 38717326 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
In heterostructures made from polar materials, e.g., AlN-GaN-AlN, the nonequivalence of the two interfaces is long recognized as a critical aspect of their electronic properties; in that, they host different 2D carrier gases. Interfaces play an important role in the vibrational properties of materials, where interface states enhance thermal conductivity and can generate unique infrared-optical activity. The nonequivalence of the corresponding interface atomic vibrations, however, is not investigated so far due to a lack of experimental techniques with both high spatial and high spectral resolution. Herein, the nonequivalence of AlN-(Al0.65Ga0.35)N and (Al0.65Ga0.35)N-AlN interface vibrations is experimentally demonstrated using monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM-EELS) and density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations are employed to gain insights in the physical origins of observations. It is demonstrated that STEM-EELS possesses sensitivity to the displacement vector of the vibrational modes as well as the frequency, which is as critical to understanding vibrations as polarization in optical spectroscopies. The combination enables direct mapping of the nonequivalent interface phonons between materials with different phonon polarizations. The results demonstrate the capacity to carefully assess the vibrational properties of complex heterostructures where interface states dominate the functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Hoglund
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Harrison A Walker
- Department of Physics and, Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Kamal Hussain
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - De-Liang Bao
- Department of Physics and, Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Haoyang Ni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Abdullah Mamun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jefferey Baxter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Asif Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Sokrates T Pantelides
- Department of Physics and, Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Jordan A Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
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12
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Li M, Wang X, Cao X, He Z, Liang C, Ju J, You F. In situ observation of thermal-driven structural transitions of a β-NaYF 4 single nanoparticle aided with correlative cathodoluminescence electron microscopy. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:8661-8671. [PMID: 38619542 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00442f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
NaYF4 systems have been widely studied as up-conversion host matrices, and their phase transitions are flexible and worth investigating in great detail. Herein, the evolution of morphology and crystal structure of a Eu3+-doped β-NaYF4 single nanoparticle heated in an air atmosphere was investigated using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The annealing process revealed that the hexagonal β-NaYF4 phase undergoes sequential transformations into high-temperature cubic phases at both 350 °C and 500 °C. The emission characteristics of Eu3+ in the single nanoparticle after heating treatment were also analyzed using Correlative Cathodoluminescence Electron Microscopy (CCLEM). The results of CCLEM suggest a gradual decrease followed by a subsequent increase in structural symmetry. A comprehensive spectroscopic and structural analysis encapsulates the entire transformation process as NaYF4 → YOF → Y2O3. In situ energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses (EDS) support this reaction process. The aforementioned technique yields correlative lattice-resolved TEM images and nanoscale spectroscopic information, which can be employed to assess the structure-function relationships on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaofan Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhiqun He
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Chunjun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Jing Ju
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Fangtian You
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
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13
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Bézard M, Si Hadj Mohand I, Ruggierio L, Le Roux A, Auad Y, Baroux P, Tizei LHG, Checoury X, Kociak M. High-Efficiency Coupling of Free Electrons to Sub-λ 3 Modal Volume, High-Q Photonic Cavities. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10417-10426. [PMID: 38557059 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We report on the design, realization, and experimental investigation by spatially resolved monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) of high-quality-factor cavities with modal volumes smaller than λ3, with λ being the free-space wavelength of light. The cavities are based on a slot defect in a 2D photonic crystal slab made up of silicon. They are optimized for high coupling of electrons accelerated to 100 kV to quasi-transverse electrical modes polarized along the slot direction. We studied the cavities in two geometries and took advantage of the deep sub-optical wavelength spatial resolution of the electron microscope and high spectral resolution of the monochromator to comprehensively describe the optical excitations of the slab. The first geometry, for which the cavities have been designed, corresponds to an electron beam traveling along the slot direction. The second consists of the electron beam traveling perpendicular to the slab. In both cases, a large series of modes is identified. The dielectric slot mode energies are measured to be in the 0.8-0.85 eV range, as per design, and surrounded by two bands of dielectric and air modes of the photonic structure. The dielectric even slot modes, to which the cavity mode belongs, are highly coupled to the electrons with up to 3.2% probability of creating a slot photon per incident electron. Although the experimental spectral resolution (around 30 meV) alone does not allow to disentangle cavity photons from other slot photons, the excellent agreement between the experiments and finite-difference time-domain simulations allows us to deduce that among the photons created in the slot, around 30% are stored in the cavity mode. A systematic study of the energy and coupling strength as a function of the photonic band gap parameters permits us to foresee an increase of coupling strength by fine-tuning phase-matching. Our work demonstrates free electron coupling to high-quality-factor cavities with low mode densities and sub-λ3 modal volumes, making it an excellent candidate for applications such as quantum nano-optics with free electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malo Bézard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Imene Si Hadj Mohand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Luigi Ruggierio
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Arthur Le Roux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Yves Auad
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Paul Baroux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Luiz H G Tizei
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Xavier Checoury
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Mathieu Kociak
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
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14
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Liebtrau M, Polman A. Angular Dispersion of Free-Electron-Light Coupling in an Optical Fiber-Integrated Metagrating. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:1125-1136. [PMID: 38523743 PMCID: PMC10958598 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Free electrons can couple to optical material excitations on nanometer-length and attosecond-time scales, opening-up unique opportunities for both the generation of radiation and the manipulation of the electron wave function. Here, we exploit the Smith-Purcell effect to experimentally study the coherent coupling of free electrons and light in a circular metallo-dielectric metagrating that is fabricated onto the input facet of a multimode optical fiber. Using hyperspectral angle-resolved (HSAR) far-field imaging inside a scanning electron microscope, we probe the angular dispersion of Smith-Purcell radiation (SPR) that is simultaneously generated in free space and inside the fiber by an electron beam that grazes the metagrating at a nanoscale distance. Furthermore, we analyze the spectral distribution of SPR that is emitted into guided optical modes and correlate it with the numerical aperture of the fiber. By varying the electron energy between 5 and 30 keV, we observe the emission of SPR from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared spectral range, and up to the third emission order. In addition, we detect incoherent cathodoluminescence that is generated by electrons penetrating the input facet of the fiber and scattering inelastically. As a result, our HSAR measurements reveal a Fano resonance that is coupled to a Rayleigh anomaly of the metagrating, and that overlaps with the angular dispersion of second-order SPR at 20 keV. Our findings demonstrate the potential of optical fiber-integrated metasurfaces as a versatile platform to implement novel ultrafast light sources and to synthesize complex free-electron quantum states with light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Liebtrau
- Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute
AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Polman
- Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute
AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Sun X, Williams J, Sharma S, Kunjir S, Morris D, Zhao S, Ruan CY. Precision-controlled ultrafast electron microscope platforms. A case study: Multiple-order coherent phonon dynamics in 1T-TaSe 2 probed at 50 fs-10 fm scales. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:024305. [PMID: 38566810 PMCID: PMC10987196 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We report on the first detailed beam tests attesting the fundamental principle behind the development of high-current-efficiency ultrafast electron microscope systems where a radio frequency (RF) cavity is incorporated as a condenser lens in the beam delivery system. To allow for the experiment to be carried out with a sufficient resolution to probe the performance at the emittance floor, a new cascade loop RF controller system is developed to reduce the RF noise floor. Temporal resolution at 50 fs in full-width-at-half-maximum and detection sensitivity better than 1% are demonstrated on exfoliated 1T-TaSe2 system under a moderate repetition rate. To benchmark the performance, multi-terahertz edge-mode coherent phonon excitation is employed as the standard candle. The high temporal resolution and the significant visibility to very low dynamical contrast in diffraction signals via high-precision phase-space manipulation give strong support to the working principle for the new high-brightness femtosecond electron microscope systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Joseph Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Shriraj Kunjir
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Dan Morris
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Shen Zhao
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Chong-Yu Ruan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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16
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Li J, Fang Y, Liu Y. Topologically Protected Strong-Interaction of Photonics with Free Electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:073801. [PMID: 38427867 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.073801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
We propose a robust scheme of studying the strong interactions between free electrons and photons using topological photonics. Our study reveals that the topological corner state can be used to enhance the interaction between light and a free electron significantly. The quality factor of the topological cavity can exceed 20 000 and the corner state has a very long lifetime even after the pump pulse is off. And thus, the platform enables us to achieve a strong interaction without the need for zero delay and phase matching as in traditional photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM). This work provides the new perspective that the topological photonic structures can be utilized as a platform to shape free electron wave packets, which facilitates the control of quantum electrodynamical (QED) processes and quantum optics with free electrons in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiqi Fang
- Department of Physics, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Yunquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, China
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17
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Kuang X, Pantaleón Peralta PA, Angel Silva-Guillén J, Yuan S, Guinea F, Zhan Z. Optical properties and plasmons in moiré structures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:173001. [PMID: 38232397 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad1f8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The discoveries of numerous exciting phenomena in twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) are stimulating significant investigations on moiré structures that possess a tunable moiré potential. Optical response can provide insights into the electronic structures and transport phenomena of non-twisted and twisted moiré structures. In this article, we review both experimental and theoretical studies of optical properties such as optical conductivity, dielectric function, non-linear optical response, and plasmons in moiré structures composed of graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and/or transition metal dichalcogenides. Firstly, a comprehensive introduction to the widely employed methodology on optical properties is presented. After, moiré potential induced optical conductivity and plasmons in non-twisted structures are reviewed, such as single layer graphene-hBN, bilayer graphene-hBN and graphene-metal moiré heterostructures. Next, recent investigations of twist-angle dependent optical response and plasmons are addressed in twisted moiré structures. Additionally, we discuss how optical properties and plasmons could contribute to the understanding of the many-body effects and superconductivity observed in moiré structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueheng Kuang
- Yangtze Delta Industrial Innovation Center of Quantum Science and Technology, Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jose Angel Silva-Guillén
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados, IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Shengjun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of the Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, People's Republic of China
| | - Francisco Guinea
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados, IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Zhen Zhan
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados, IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Yang Y, Henke JW, Raja AS, Kappert FJ, Huang G, Arend G, Qiu Z, Feist A, Wang RN, Tusnin A, Tikan A, Ropers C, Kippenberg TJ. Free-electron interaction with nonlinear optical states in microresonators. Science 2024; 383:168-173. [PMID: 38207019 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The short de Broglie wavelength and strong interaction empower free electrons to probe structures and excitations in materials and biomolecules. Recently, electron-photon interactions have enabled new optical manipulation schemes for electron beams. In this work, we demonstrate the interaction of electrons with nonlinear optical states inside a photonic chip-based microresonator. Optical parametric processes give rise to spatiotemporal pattern formation corresponding to coherent or incoherent optical frequency combs. We couple such "microcombs" to electron beams, demonstrate their fingerprints in the electron spectra, and achieve ultrafast temporal gating of the electron beam. Our work demonstrates the ability to access solitons inside an electron microscope and extends the use of microcombs to spatiotemporal control of electrons for imaging and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Yang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Wilke Henke
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arslan S Raja
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Jasmin Kappert
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guanhao Huang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Germaine Arend
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zheru Qiu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armin Feist
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandr Tusnin
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Tikan
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus Ropers
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Dang Z, Chen Y, Fang Z. Cathodoluminescence Nanoscopy: State of the Art and Beyond. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24431-24448. [PMID: 38054434 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathodoluminescence (CL) nanoscopy is proven to be a powerful tool to explore nanoscale optical properties, whereby free electron beams achieve a spatial resolution far beyond the diffraction limit of light. With developed methods for the control of electron beams and the collection of light, the dimension of information that CL can access has been expanded to include polarization, momentum, and time, holding promise to provide invaluable insights into the study of materials and optical near-field dynamics. With a focus on the burgeoning field of CL nanoscopy, this perspective outlines the recent advancements and applications of this technique, as illustrated by the salient experimental works. In addition, as an outlook for future research, several appealing directions that may bring about developments and discoveries are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Dang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheyu Fang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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20
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Bourgeois MR, Nixon AG, Chalifour M, Masiello DJ. Optical polarization analogs in inelastic free-electron scattering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj6038. [PMID: 38117898 PMCID: PMC10732523 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the ability to manipulate free-electron phase profiles within the electron microscope have spurred development of quantum-mechanical descriptions of electron energy loss (EEL) processes involving transitions between phase-shaped transverse states. Here, we elucidate an underlying connection between two ostensibly distinct optical polarization analogs identified in EEL experiments as manifestations of the same conserved scattering flux. Our work introduces a procedure for probing general tensorial target characteristics including global mode symmetries and local polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R. Bourgeois
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Austin G. Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - David J. Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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21
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Bucher T, Ruimy R, Tsesses S, Dahan R, Bartal G, Vanacore GM, Kaminer I. Free-electron Ramsey-type interferometry for enhanced amplitude and phase imaging of nearfields. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi5729. [PMID: 38134276 PMCID: PMC10745688 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The complex range of interactions between electrons and electromagnetic fields gave rise to countless scientific and technological advances. A prime example is photon-induced nearfield electron microscopy (PINEM), enabling the detection of confined electric fields in illuminated nanostructures with unprecedented spatial resolution. However, PINEM is limited by its dependence on strong fields, making it unsuitable for sensitive samples, and its inability to resolve complex phasor information. Here, we leverage the nonlinear, overconstrained nature of PINEM to present an algorithmic microscopy approach, achieving far superior nearfield imaging capabilities. Our algorithm relies on free-electron Ramsey-type interferometry to produce orders-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity and ambiguity-immune nearfield phase reconstruction, both of which are optimal when the electron exhibits a fully quantum behavior. Our results demonstrate the potential of combining algorithmic approaches with state-of-the-art modalities in electron microscopy and may lead to various applications from imaging sensitive biological samples to performing full-field tomography of confined light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Bucher
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ron Ruimy
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shai Tsesses
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Raphael Dahan
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Guy Bartal
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Giovanni Maria Vanacore
- Department of Material Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20121 Milano, Italy
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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22
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Maciel-Escudero C, Yankovich AB, Munkhbat B, Baranov DG, Hillenbrand R, Olsson E, Aizpurua J, Shegai TO. Probing optical anapoles with fast electron beams. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8478. [PMID: 38123545 PMCID: PMC10733292 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical anapoles are intriguing charge-current distributions characterized by a strong suppression of electromagnetic radiation. They originate from the destructive interference of the radiation produced by electric and toroidal multipoles. Although anapoles in dielectric structures have been probed and mapped with a combination of near- and far-field optical techniques, their excitation using fast electron beams has not been explored so far. Here, we theoretically and experimentally analyze the excitation of optical anapoles in tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanodisks using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM). We observe prominent dips in the electron energy loss spectra and associate them with the excitation of optical anapoles and anapole-exciton hybrids. We are able to map the anapoles excited in the WS2 nanodisks with subnanometer resolution and find that their excitation can be controlled by placing the electron beam at different positions on the nanodisk. Considering current research on the anapole phenomenon, we envision EELS in STEM to become a useful tool for accessing optical anapoles appearing in a variety of dielectric nanoresonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Maciel-Escudero
- Materials Physics Center, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- CIC NanoGUNE BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, Tolosa Hiribidea, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Andrew B Yankovich
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Battulga Munkhbat
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, 2800, Denmark
| | - Denis G Baranov
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- CIC NanoGUNE BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, Tolosa Hiribidea, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48011, Spain
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Javier Aizpurua
- Materials Physics Center, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain.
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain.
| | - Timur O Shegai
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden.
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23
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Huang S, Duan R, Pramanik N, Go M, Boothroyd C, Liu Z, Wong LJ. Multicolor x-rays from free electron-driven van der Waals heterostructures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj8584. [PMID: 38039369 PMCID: PMC10691772 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures has led to precise and versatile methods of fabricating devices with atomic-scale accuracies. Hence, vdW heterostructures have shown much promise for technologies including photodetectors, photocatalysis, photovoltaic devices, ultrafast photonic devices, and field-effect transistors. These applications, however, remain confined to optical and suboptical regimes. Here, we theoretically show and experimentally demonstrate the use of vdW heterostructures as platforms for multicolor x-ray generation. By driving the vdW heterostructures with free electrons in a table-top setup, we generate x-ray photons whose output spectral profile can be user-customized via the heterostructure design and even controlled in real time. We show that the multicolor photon energies and their corresponding intensities can be tailored by varying the electron energy, the electron beam position, as well as the geometry and composition of the vdW heterostructure. Our results reveal the promise of vdW heterostructures in realizing highly versatile x-ray sources for emerging applications in advanced x-ray imaging and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunchao Huang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ruihuan Duan
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Nikhil Pramanik
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Michael Go
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chris Boothroyd
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Facility for Analysis, Characterisation, Testing and Simulation (FACTS), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Liang Jie Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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24
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Moradifar P, Liu Y, Shi J, Siukola Thurston ML, Utzat H, van Driel TB, Lindenberg AM, Dionne JA. Accelerating Quantum Materials Development with Advances in Transmission Electron Microscopy. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37979189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum materials are driving a technology revolution in sensing, communication, and computing, while simultaneously testing many core theories of the past century. Materials such as topological insulators, complex oxides, superconductors, quantum dots, color center-hosting semiconductors, and other types of strongly correlated materials can exhibit exotic properties such as edge conductivity, multiferroicity, magnetoresistance, superconductivity, single photon emission, and optical-spin locking. These emergent properties arise and depend strongly on the material's detailed atomic-scale structure, including atomic defects, dopants, and lattice stacking. In this review, we describe how progress in the field of electron microscopy (EM), including in situ and in operando EM, can accelerate advances in quantum materials and quantum excitations. We begin by describing fundamental EM principles and operation modes. We then discuss various EM methods such as (i) EM spectroscopies, including electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), cathodoluminescence (CL), and electron energy gain spectroscopy (EEGS); (ii) four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM); (iii) dynamic and ultrafast EM (UEM); (iv) complementary ultrafast spectroscopies (UED, XFEL); and (v) atomic electron tomography (AET). We describe how these methods could inform structure-function relations in quantum materials down to the picometer scale and femtosecond time resolution, and how they enable precision positioning of atomic defects and high-resolution manipulation of quantum materials. For each method, we also describe existing limitations to solve open quantum mechanical questions, and how they might be addressed to accelerate progress. Among numerous notable results, our review highlights how EM is enabling identification of the 3D structure of quantum defects; measuring reversible and metastable dynamics of quantum excitations; mapping exciton states and single photon emission; measuring nanoscale thermal transport and coupled excitation dynamics; and measuring the internal electric field and charge density distribution of quantum heterointerfaces- all at the quantum materials' intrinsic atomic and near atomic-length scale. We conclude by describing open challenges for the future, including achieving stable sample holders for ultralow temperature (below 10K) atomic-scale spatial resolution, stable spectrometers that enable meV energy resolution, and high-resolution, dynamic mapping of magnetic and spin fields. With atomic manipulation and ultrafast characterization enabled by EM, quantum materials will be poised to integrate into many of the sustainable and energy-efficient technologies needed for the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parivash Moradifar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tim B van Driel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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25
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Gong Z, Chen J, Chen R, Zhu X, Wang C, Zhang X, Hu H, Yang Y, Zhang B, Chen H, Kaminer I, Lin X. Interfacial Cherenkov radiation from ultralow-energy electrons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306601120. [PMID: 37695899 PMCID: PMC10515145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306601120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cherenkov radiation occurs only when a charged particle moves with a velocity exceeding the phase velocity of light in that matter. This radiation mechanism creates directional light emission at a wide range of frequencies and could facilitate the development of on-chip light sources except for the hard-to-satisfy requirement for high-energy particles. Creating Cherenkov radiation from low-energy electrons that has no momentum mismatch with light in free space is still a long-standing challenge. Here, we report a mechanism to overcome this challenge by exploiting a combined effect of interfacial Cherenkov radiation and umklapp scattering, namely the constructive interference of light emission from sequential particle-interface interactions with specially designed (umklapp) momentum-shifts. We find that this combined effect is able to create the interfacial Cherenkov radiation from ultralow-energy electrons, with kinetic energies down to the electron-volt scale. Due to the umklapp scattering for the excited high-momentum Bloch modes, the resulting interfacial Cherenkov radiation is uniquely featured with spatially separated apexes for its wave cone and group cone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gong
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining314400, China
| | - Jialin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining314400, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa32000, Israel
| | - Ruoxi Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining314400, China
| | - Xingjian Zhu
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Chan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua321099, China
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining314400, China
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing211106, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Baile Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore637371, Singapore
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing312000, China
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa32000, Israel
| | - Xiao Lin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining314400, China
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26
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Chen J, Chen R, Tay F, Gong Z, Hu H, Yang Y, Zhang X, Wang C, Kaminer I, Chen H, Zhang B, Lin X. Low-Velocity-Favored Transition Radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:113002. [PMID: 37774266 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
When a charged particle penetrates through an optical interface, photon emissions emerge-a phenomenon known as transition radiation. Being paramount to fundamental physics, transition radiation has enabled many applications from high-energy particle identification to novel light sources. A rule of thumb in transition radiation is that the radiation intensity generally decreases with the decrease of particle velocity v; as a result, low-energy particles are not favored in practice. Here, we find that there exist situations where transition radiation from particles with extremely low velocities (e.g., v/c<10^{-3}) exhibits comparable intensity as that from high-energy particles (e.g., v/c=0.999), where c is the light speed in free space. The comparable radiation intensity implies an extremely high photon extraction efficiency from low-energy particles, up to 8 orders of magnitude larger than that from high-energy particles. This exotic phenomenon of low-velocity-favored transition radiation originates from the interference of the excited Ferrell-Berreman modes in an ultrathin epsilon-near-zero slab. Our findings may provide a promising route toward the design of integrated light sources based on low-energy electrons and specialized detectors for beyond-standard-model particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, the Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ruoxi Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, the Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Fuyang Tay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Zheng Gong
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, the Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Hao Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, the Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Chan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, the Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, the Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Baile Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiao Lin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, the Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
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27
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Sutter P, Khosravi-Khorashad L, Ciobanu CV, Sutter E. Chirality and dislocation effects in single nanostructures probed by whispering gallery modes. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3830-3839. [PMID: 37424314 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures such as nanoribbons and -wires are of interest as components for building integrated photonic systems, especially if their basic functionality as dielectric waveguides can be extended by chiroptical phenomena or modifications of their optoelectronic properties by extended defects, such as dislocations. However, conventional optical measurements typically require monodisperse (and chiral) ensembles, and identifying emerging chiral optical activity or dislocation effects in single nanostructures has remained an unmet challenge. Here we show that whispering gallery modes can probe chirality and dislocation effects in single nanowires. Wires of the van der Waals semiconductor germanium(II) sulfide (GeS), obtained by vapor-liquid-solid growth, invariably form as growth spirals around a single screw dislocation that gives rise to a chiral structure and can modify the electronic properties. Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy on single tapered GeS nanowires containing joined dislocated and defect-free segments, augmented by numerical simulations and ab-initio calculations, identifies chiral whispering gallery modes as well as a pronounced modulation of the electronic structure attributed to the screw dislocation. Our results establish chiral light-matter interactions and dislocation-induced electronic modifications in single nanostructures, paving the way for their application in multifunctional photonic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sutter
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | | | - Cristian V Ciobanu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Eli Sutter
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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28
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Liu ACY, Davis TJ, Coenen T, Hari S, Voortman LM, Xu Z, Yuan G, Ballard PM, Funston AM, Etheridge J. Modulation of Cathodoluminescence by Surface Plasmons in Silver Nanowires. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207747. [PMID: 37029699 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The waveguide modes in chemically-grown silver nanowires on silicon nitride substrates are observed using spectrally- and spatially-resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) excited by high-energy electrons in a scanning electron microscope. The presence of a long-range, travelling surface plasmon mode modulates the coupling efficiency of the incident electron energy into the nanowires, which is observed as oscillations in the measured CL with the point of excitation by the focused electron beam. The experimental data are modeled using the theory of surface plasmon polariton modes in cylindrical metal waveguides, enabling the complex mode wavenumbers and excitation strength of the long-range surface plasmon mode to be extracted. The experiments yield insight into the energy transfer mechanisms between fast electrons and coherent oscillations in surface charge density in metal nanowires and the relative amplitudes of the radiative processes excited in the wire by the electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia C Y Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Timothy J Davis
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Toon Coenen
- Delmic BV, Kanaalweg 4, Delft, 2628 EB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lenard M Voortman
- Delmic BV, Kanaalweg 4, Delft, 2628 EB, The Netherlands
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Zhou Xu
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Gangcheng Yuan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Patrycja M Ballard
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Alison M Funston
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Joanne Etheridge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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29
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Feist A, Huang G, Arend G, Yang Y, Henke JW, Raja AS, Jasmin Kappert F, Wang RN, Lourenço-Martins H, Qiu Z, Liu J, Kfir O, Kippenberg TJ, Ropers C. Electron-Photon Pairs Enable Contrast Enhanced Cavity Mode Imaging. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:382-383. [PMID: 37613465 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Feist
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guanhao Huang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Germaine Arend
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yujia Yang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Wilke Henke
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arslan Sajid Raja
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Jasmin Kappert
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Lourenço-Martins
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zheru Qiu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ofer Kfir
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus Ropers
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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30
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Gonçalves PAD, García de Abajo FJ. Multi-plasmon effects and plasmon satellites in photoemission from nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37401202 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmons can be excited during photoemission and produce spectral photoelectron features that yield information on the nanoscale optical response of the probed materials. However, these so-called plasmon satellites have so far been observed only for planar surfaces, while their potential for the characterization of nanostructures remains unexplored. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that core-level photoemission from nanostructures can display spectrally narrow plasmonic features, reaching relatively high probabilities similar to the direct peak. Using a nonperturbative quantum-mechanical framework, we find a dramatic effect of nanostructure morphology and dimensionality as well as universal scaling laws for the plasmon-satellite probabilities. In addition, we introduce a pump-probe scheme in which plasmons are optically excited prior to photoemission, leading to plasmon losses and gains in the photoemission spectra and granting us access to the ultrafast dynamics of the sampled nanostructure. These results emphasize the potential of plasmon satellites to explore multi-plasmon effects and ultrafast electron-plasmon dynamics in metal-based nanoparticles and two-dimensional nanoislands.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A D Gonçalves
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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31
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McPolin CPT, Vila YN, Krasavin AV, Llorca J, Zayats AV. Multimode hybrid gold-silicon nanoantennas for tailored nanoscale optical confinement. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:2997-3005. [PMID: 37457505 PMCID: PMC10344444 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
High-index dielectric nanoantennas, which provide an interplay between electric and magnetic modes, have been widely used as building blocks for a variety of devices and metasurfaces, both in linear and nonlinear regimes. Here, we investigate hybrid metal-semiconductor nanoantennas, consisting of a multimode silicon nanopillar core coated with a gold layer, that offer an enhanced degree of control over the mode selection and confinement, and emission of light on the nanoscale exploiting high-order electric and magnetic resonances. Cathodoluminescence spectra revealed a multitude of resonant modes supported by the nanoantennas due to hybridization of the Mie resonances of the core and the plasmonic resonances of the shell. Eigenmode analysis revealed the modes that exhibit enhanced field localization at the gold interface, together with high confinement within the nanopillar volume. Consequently, this architecture provides a flexible means of engineering nanoscale components with tailored optical modes and field confinement for a plethora of applications, including sensing, hot-electron photodetection and nanophotonics with cylindrical vector beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cillian P. T. McPolin
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Yago N. Vila
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, UK
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria de Telecomunicacions de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexey V. Krasavin
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Jordi Llorca
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anatoly V. Zayats
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, UK
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32
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Karnieli A, Fan S. Jaynes-Cummings interaction between low-energy free electrons and cavity photons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh2425. [PMID: 37256955 PMCID: PMC10413651 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian is at the core of cavity quantum electrodynamics; however, it relies on bound-electron emitters fundamentally limited by the binding Coulomb potential. In this work, we propose theoretically a new approach to realizing the Jaynes-Cummings model using low-energy free electrons coupled to dielectric microcavities and exemplify several quantum technologies made possible by this approach. Using quantum recoil, a large detuning inhibits the emission of multiple consecutive photons, effectively transforming the free electron into a few-level system coupled to the cavity mode. We show that this approach can be used for generation of single photons, photon pairs, and even a quantum SWAP gate between a photon and a free electron, with unity efficiency and high fidelity. Tunable by their kinetic energy, quantum free electrons are inherently versatile emitters with an engineerable emission wavelength. Hence, they pave the way toward new possibilities for quantum interconnects between photonic platforms at disparate spectral regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Karnieli
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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33
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Gonçalves PAD, García de Abajo FJ. Interrogating Quantum Nonlocal Effects in Nanoplasmonics through Electron-Beam Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4242-4249. [PMID: 37172322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A rigorous account of quantum nonlocal effects is paramount for understanding the optical response of metal nanostructures and for designing plasmonic devices at the nanoscale. Here, we present a scheme for retrieving the quantum surface response of metals, encapsulated in the Feibelman d-parameters, from electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and cathodoluminescence (CL) measurements. We theoretically demonstrate that quantum nonlocal effects have a dramatic impact on EELS and CL spectra, in the guise of spectral shifts and nonlocal damping, when either the system size or the inverse wave vector in extended structures approaches the nanometer scale. Our concept capitalizes on the unparalleled ability of free electrons to supply deeply subwavelength near-fields and, thus, probe the optical response of metals at length scales in which quantum-mechanical effects are apparent. These results pave the way for a widespread use of the d-parameter formalism, thereby facilitating a rigorous yet practical inclusion of nonclassical effects in nanoplasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A D Gonçalves
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Tay F, Lin X, Shi X, Chen H, Kaminer I, Zhang B. Bulk-Plasmon-Mediated Free-Electron Radiation Beyond the Conventional Formation Time. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2300760. [PMID: 37127889 PMCID: PMC10369295 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Free-electron radiation is a fundamental photon emission process that is induced by fast-moving electrons interacting with optical media. Historically, it has been understood that, just like any other photon emission process, free-electron radiation must be constrained within a finite time interval known as the "formation time," whose concept is applicable to both Cherenkov radiation and transition radiation, the two basic mechanisms describing radiation from a bulk medium and from an interface, respectively. Here, this work reveals an alternative mechanism of free-electron radiation far beyond the previously defined formation time. It occurs when a fast electron crosses the interface between vacuum and a plasmonic medium supporting bulk plasmons. While emitted continuously from the crossing point on the interface-thus consistent with the features of transition radiation-the extra radiation beyond the conventional formation time is supported by a long tail of bulk plasmons following the electron's trajectory deep into the plasmonic medium. Such a plasmonic tail mixes surface and bulk effects, and provides a sustained channel for electron-interface interaction. These results also settle the historical debate in Ferrell radiation, regarding whether it is a surface or bulk effect, from transition radiation or plasmonic oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyang Tay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xiao Lin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, the Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
| | - Xihang Shi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, the Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Baile Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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35
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Taleb M, Samadi M, Davoodi F, Black M, Buhl J, Lüder H, Gerken M, Talebi N. Spin-orbit interactions in plasmonic crystals probed by site-selective cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:1877-1889. [PMID: 37159805 PMCID: PMC10161781 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The study of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) of light is crucial to explore the light-matter interactions in sub-wavelength structures. By designing a plasmonic lattice with chiral configuration that provides parallel angular momentum and spin components, one can trigger the strength of the SOC phenomena in photonic or plasmonic crystals. Herein, we explore the SOC in a plasmonic crystal, both theoretically and experimentally. Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy combined with the numerically calculated photonic band structure reveals an energy band splitting that is ascribed to the peculiar spin-orbit interaction of light in the proposed plasmonic crystal. Moreover, we exploit angle-resolved CL and dark-field polarimetry to demonstrate circular-polarization-dependent scattering of surface plasmon waves interacting with the plasmonic crystal. This further confirms that the scattering direction of a given polarization is determined by the transverse spin angular momentum inherently carried by the SP wave, which is in turn locked to the direction of SP propagation. We further propose an interaction Hamiltonian based on axion electrodynamics that underpins the degeneracy breaking of the surface plasmons due to the spin-orbit interaction of light. Our study gives insight into the design of novel plasmonic devices with polarization-dependent directionality of the Bloch plasmons. We expect spin-orbit interactions in plasmonics will find much more scientific interests and potential applications with the continuous development of nanofabrication methodologies and uncovering new aspects of spin-orbit interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Taleb
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24098Kiel, Germany
| | - Mohsen Samadi
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24098Kiel, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Davoodi
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24098Kiel, Germany
| | - Maximilian Black
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24098Kiel, Germany
| | - Janek Buhl
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143Kiel, Germany
| | - Hannes Lüder
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Gerken
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143Kiel, Germany
| | - Nahid Talebi
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24098Kiel, Germany
- Kiel, Nano, Surface, and Interface Science, Kiel University, 24098Kiel, Germany
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36
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Lim J, Kumar S, Ang YS, Ang LK, Wong LJ. Quantum Interference between Fundamentally Different Processes Is Enabled by Shaped Input Wavefunctions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205750. [PMID: 36737853 PMCID: PMC10074114 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a general framework for quantum interference between processes that can involve different fundamental particles or quasi-particles. This framework shows that shaping input wavefunctions is a versatile and powerful tool for producing and controlling quantum interference between distinguishable pathways, beyond previously explored quantum interference between indistinguishable pathways. Two examples of quantum interference enabled by shaping in interactions between free electrons, bound electrons, and photons are presented: i) the vanishing of the zero-loss peak by destructive quantum interference when a shaped electron wavepacket couples to light, under conditions where the electron's zero-loss peak otherwise dominates; ii) quantum interference between free electron and atomic (bound electron) spontaneous emission processes, which can be significant even when the free electron and atom are far apart, breaking the common notion that a free electron and an atom must be close by to significantly affect each other's processes. Conclusions show that emerging quantum wave-shaping techniques unlock the door to greater versatility in light-matter interactions and other quantum processes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Lim
- Science, Mathematics and TechnologySingapore University of Technology and Design8 Somapah RoadSingapore487372Singapore
| | - Suraj Kumar
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Yee Sin Ang
- Science, Mathematics and TechnologySingapore University of Technology and Design8 Somapah RoadSingapore487372Singapore
| | - Lay Kee Ang
- Science, Mathematics and TechnologySingapore University of Technology and Design8 Somapah RoadSingapore487372Singapore
| | - Liang Jie Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
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37
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Yu R, Huo P, Liu M, Zhu W, Agrawal A, Lu YQ, Xu T. Generation of Perfect Electron Vortex Beam with a Customized Beam Size Independent of Orbital Angular Momentum. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2436-2441. [PMID: 36723626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The electron vortex beam (EVB)-carrying quantized orbital angular momentum (OAM) plays an essential role in a series of fundamental research. However, the radius of the transverse intensity profile of a doughnut-shaped EVB strongly depends on the topological charge of the OAM, impeding its wide applications in electron microscopy. Inspired by the perfect vortex in optics, herein, we demonstrate a perfect electron vortex beam (PEVB), which completely unlocks the constraint between the beam size and the beam's OAM. We design nanoscale holograms to generate PEVBs carrying different quanta of OAM but exhibiting almost the same beam size. Furthermore, we show that the beam size of the PEVB can be readily controlled by only modifying the design parameters of the hologram. The generation of PEVB with a customized beam size independent of the OAM can promote various in situ applications of free electrons carrying OAM in electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Pengcheng Huo
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Mingze Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Ting Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
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38
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Araújo NAM, Janssen LMC, Barois T, Boffetta G, Cohen I, Corbetta A, Dauchot O, Dijkstra M, Durham WM, Dussutour A, Garnier S, Gelderblom H, Golestanian R, Isa L, Koenderink GH, Löwen H, Metzler R, Polin M, Royall CP, Šarić A, Sengupta A, Sykes C, Trianni V, Tuval I, Vogel N, Yeomans JM, Zuriguel I, Marin A, Volpe G. Steering self-organisation through confinement. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:1695-1704. [PMID: 36779972 PMCID: PMC9977364 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01562e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-organisation is the spontaneous emergence of spatio-temporal structures and patterns from the interaction of smaller individual units. Examples are found across many scales in very different systems and scientific disciplines, from physics, materials science and robotics to biology, geophysics and astronomy. Recent research has highlighted how self-organisation can be both mediated and controlled by confinement. Confinement is an action over a system that limits its units' translational and rotational degrees of freedom, thus also influencing the system's phase space probability density; it can function as either a catalyst or inhibitor of self-organisation. Confinement can then become a means to actively steer the emergence or suppression of collective phenomena in space and time. Here, to provide a common framework and perspective for future research, we examine the role of confinement in the self-organisation of soft-matter systems and identify overarching scientific challenges that need to be addressed to harness its full scientific and technological potential in soft matter and related fields. By drawing analogies with other disciplines, this framework will accelerate a common deeper understanding of self-organisation and trigger the development of innovative strategies to steer it using confinement, with impact on, e.g., the design of smarter materials, tissue engineering for biomedicine and in guiding active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno A M Araújo
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liesbeth M C Janssen
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Barois
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Guido Boffetta
- Department of Physics and INFN, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Itai Cohen
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Alessandro Corbetta
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Olivier Dauchot
- Gulliver UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marjolein Dijkstra
- Soft condensed matter, Department of Physics, Debye institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - William M Durham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Audrey Dussutour
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31062, AD, France
| | - Simon Garnier
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Hanneke Gelderblom
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics and J. M. Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPI-DS), 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Metzler
- Institute of Physics & Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str 24/25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marco Polin
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, IMEDEA UIB-CSIC, C/Miquel Marqués 21, 07190, Esporles, Spain
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - C Patrick Royall
- Gulliver UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anupam Sengupta
- Physics of Living Matter, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 162 A, Avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511, Luxembourg
| | - Cécile Sykes
- Laboratoire de Physique de lÉcole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Vito Trianni
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, CNR, Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Idan Tuval
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, IMEDEA UIB-CSIC, C/Miquel Marqués 21, 07190, Esporles, Spain
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia M Yeomans
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Iker Zuriguel
- Departamento de Física y Matemática Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Marin
- Physics of Fluids Group, Mesa+ Institute, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics and J. M. Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Giorgio Volpe
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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39
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Ruimy R, Gorlach A, Baranes G, Kaminer I. Superradiant Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:779-787. [PMID: 36689300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the interaction between a free electron and an ensemble of identical optical emitters. The mutual coherence and correlations between the emitters can enhance the interaction with each electron and become imprinted on its energy spectrum. We present schemes by which such collective interactions can be realized. As a possible application, we investigate free-electron interactions with superradiant systems, showing how electrons can probe the ultrafast population dynamics of superradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Ruimy
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa32000, Israel
| | - Alexey Gorlach
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa32000, Israel
| | - Gefen Baranes
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa32000, Israel
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa32000, Israel
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40
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Morimoto Y. Attosecond electron-beam technology: a review of recent progress. Microscopy (Oxf) 2023; 72:2-17. [PMID: 36269108 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopy and diffraction with ultrashort pulsed electron beams are capable of imaging transient phenomena with the combined ultrafast temporal and atomic-scale spatial resolutions. The emerging field of optical electron beam control allowed the manipulation of relativistic and sub-relativistic electron beams at the level of optical cycles. Specifically, it enabled the generation of electron beams in the form of attosecond pulse trains and individual attosecond pulses. In this review, we describe the basics of the attosecond electron beam control and overview the recent experimental progress. High-energy electron pulses of attosecond sub-optical cycle duration open up novel opportunities for space-time-resolved imaging of ultrafast chemical and physical processes, coherent photon generation, free electron quantum optics, electron-atom scattering with shaped wave packets and laser-driven particle acceleration. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Morimoto
- Ultrashort Electron Beam Science RIKEN Hakubi research team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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41
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Hauer R, Haberfehlner G, Kothleitner G, Kociak M, Hohenester U. Tomographic Reconstruction of Quasistatic Surface Polariton Fields. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:185-196. [PMID: 36691424 PMCID: PMC9853846 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the tomographic reconstruction of the three-dimensional photonic environment of nanoparticles. As input for our reconstruction we use electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) maps for different rotation angles. We perform the tomographic reconstruction of surface polariton fields for smooth and rough nanorods and compare the reconstructed and simulated photonic local density of states, which are shown to be in very good agreement. Using these results, we critically examine the potential of our tomography scheme and discuss limitations and directions for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Hauer
- Graz
Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Kothleitner
- Graz
Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010Graz, Austria
- Institute
for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Mathieu Kociak
- Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique
des Solides, 91405Orsay, France
| | - Ulrich Hohenester
- Institute
of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010Graz, Austria
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42
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Karnieli A, Tsesses S, Yu R, Rivera N, Zhao Z, Arie A, Fan S, Kaminer I. Quantum sensing of strongly coupled light-matter systems using free electrons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd2349. [PMID: 36598994 PMCID: PMC9812396 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling in light-matter systems is a central concept in cavity quantum electrodynamics and is essential for many quantum technologies. Especially in the optical range, full control of highly connected multi-qubit systems necessitates quantum coherent probes with nanometric spatial resolution, which are currently inaccessible. Here, we propose the use of free electrons as high-resolution quantum sensors for strongly coupled light-matter systems. Shaping the free-electron wave packet enables the measurement of the quantum state of the entire hybrid systems. We specifically show how quantum interference of the free-electron wave packet gives rise to a quantum-enhanced sensing protocol for the position and dipole orientation of a subnanometer emitter inside a cavity. Our results showcase the great versatility and applicability of quantum interactions between free electrons and strongly coupled cavities, relying on the unique properties of free electrons as strongly interacting flying qubits with miniscule dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Karnieli
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Tsesses
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Renwen Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas Rivera
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zhexin Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ady Arie
- School of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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43
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Yang Y, Roques-Carmes C, Kooi SE, Tang H, Beroz J, Mazur E, Kaminer I, Joannopoulos JD, Soljačić M. Photonic flatband resonances for free-electron radiation. Nature 2023; 613:42-47. [PMID: 36600060 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Flatbands have become a cornerstone of contemporary condensed-matter physics and photonics. In electronics, flatbands entail comparable energy bandwidth and Coulomb interaction, leading to correlated phenomena such as the fractional quantum Hall effect and recently those in magic-angle systems. In photonics, they enable properties including slow light1 and lasing2. Notably, flatbands support supercollimation-diffractionless wavepacket propagation-in both systems3,4. Despite these intense parallel efforts, flatbands have never been shown to affect the core interaction between free electrons and photons. Their interaction, pivotal for free-electron lasers5, microscopy and spectroscopy6,7, and particle accelerators8,9, is, in fact, limited by a dimensionality mismatch between localized electrons and extended photons. Here we reveal theoretically that photonic flatbands can overcome this mismatch and thus remarkably boost their interaction. We design flatband resonances in a silicon-on-insulator photonic crystal slab to control and enhance the associated free-electron radiation by tuning their trajectory and velocity. We observe signatures of flatband enhancement, recording a two-order increase from the conventional diffraction-enabled Smith-Purcell radiation. The enhancement enables polarization shaping of free-electron radiation and characterization of photonic bands through electron-beam measurements. Our results support the use of flatbands as test beds for strong light-electron interaction, particularly relevant for efficient and compact free-electron light sources and accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Charles Roques-Carmes
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Steven E Kooi
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Haoning Tang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Justin Beroz
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Mazur
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - John D Joannopoulos
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marin Soljačić
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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44
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Ultrathin quantum light source with van der Waals NbOCl 2 crystal. Nature 2023; 613:53-59. [PMID: 36600061 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Interlayer electronic coupling in two-dimensional materials enables tunable and emergent properties by stacking engineering. However, it also results in significant evolution of electronic structures and attenuation of excitonic effects in two-dimensional semiconductors as exemplified by quickly degrading excitonic photoluminescence and optical nonlinearities in transition metal dichalcogenides when monolayers are stacked into van der Waals structures. Here we report a van der Waals crystal, niobium oxide dichloride (NbOCl2), featuring vanishing interlayer electronic coupling and monolayer-like excitonic behaviour in the bulk form, along with a scalable second-harmonic generation intensity of up to three orders higher than that in monolayer WS2. Notably, the strong second-order nonlinearity enables correlated parametric photon pair generation, through a spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) process, in flakes as thin as about 46 nm. To our knowledge, this is the first SPDC source unambiguously demonstrated in two-dimensional layered materials, and the thinnest SPDC source ever reported. Our work opens an avenue towards developing van der Waals material-based ultracompact on-chip SPDC sources as well as high-performance photon modulators in both classical and quantum optical technologies1-4.
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Matsukata T, Ogura S, García de Abajo FJ, Sannomiya T. Simultaneous Nanoscale Excitation and Emission Mapping by Cathodoluminescence. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21462-21470. [PMID: 36414014 PMCID: PMC9799067 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Free-electron-based spectroscopies can reveal the nanoscale optical properties of semiconductor materials and nanophotonic devices with a spatial resolution far beyond the diffraction limit of light. However, the retrieved spatial information is constrained to the excitation space defined by the electron beam position, while information on the delocalization associated with the spatial extension of the probed optical modes in the specimen has so far been missing, despite its relevance in ruling the optical properties of nanostructures. In this study, we demonstrate a cathodoluminescence method that can access both excitation and emission spaces at the nanoscale, illustrating the power of such a simultaneous excitation and emission mapping technique by revealing a subwavelength emission position modulation as well as by visualizing electromagnetic energy transport in nanoplasmonic systems. Besides the fundamental interest of these results, our technique grants us access into previously inaccessible nanoscale optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Matsukata
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ogura
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science
and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Takumi Sannomiya
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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46
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Dhami BS, Iyer V, Pant A, Tripathi RPN, Taylor EJ, Lawrie BJ, Appavoo K. Angle-resolved polarimetry of hybrid perovskite emission for photonic technologies. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17519-17527. [PMID: 36409224 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03261a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coupling between light and matter strongly depends on the polarization of the electromagnetic field and the nature of excitations in a material. As hybrid perovskites emerge as a promising class of materials for light-based technologies such as LEDs, LASERs, and photodetectors, it is critical to understand how their microstructure changes the intrinsic properties of the photon emission process. While the majority of optical studies have focused on the spectral content, quantum efficiency and lifetimes of emission in various hybrid perovskite thin films and nanostructures, few studies have investigated other properties of the emitted photons such as polarization and emission angle. Here, we use angle-resolved cathodoluminescence microscopy to access the full polarization state of photons emitted from large-grain hybrid perovskite films with spatial resolution well below the optical diffraction limit. Mapping these Stokes parameters as a function of the angle at which the photons are emitted from the thin film surface, we reveal the effect of a grain boundary on the degree of polarization and angle at which the photons are emitted. Such studies of angle- and polarization-resolved emission at the single grain level are necessary for future development of perovskite-based flat optics, where effects of grain boundaries and interfaces need to be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek S Dhami
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Vasudevan Iyer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN, 37831, USA
| | - Aniket Pant
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Ravi P N Tripathi
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Ethan J Taylor
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Benjamin J Lawrie
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN, 37831, USA
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN, 37831, USA
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Sugimoto H, Hinamoto T, Kazuoka Y, Assadillayev A, Raza S, Fujii M. Mode Hybridization in Silicon Core-Gold Shell Nanosphere. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204890. [PMID: 36156856 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A dielectric core-metal shell nanosphere has attracted scientific and technological interests due to the unique optical resonances arising from the hybridization of surface plasmon modes and cavity modes. The previous studies focus on a low-index dielectric core without its own optical resonances. Here, optical resonances of a core-shell nanosphere with a high refractive index (n ≈ 4) core with the lowest order Mie resonances in the visible range are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Scattering and absorption spectra of a core-shell nanosphere for different values of the core refractive index are first analyzed, and there is a transition of the hybridization scheme around n ≈ 2. Above the value, a characteristic hybridized mode with strong absorption and weak scattering emerges in the near-infrared range. A core-shell nanosphere composed of a silicon core and a gold shell is prepared, and the resonance modes are studied by single particle scattering spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a transmission electron microscope. The core-shell nanospheres exhibit the hybridized modes depending on the core diameter. The hybridized mode as well as the higher order one that is not observable in the scattering spectroscopy is observed in the EELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Hinamoto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kazuoka
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Artyom Assadillayev
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Søren Raza
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Minoru Fujii
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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48
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Budnik G, Scott JA, Jiao C, Maazouz M, Gledhill G, Fu L, Tan HH, Toth M. Nanoscale 3D Tomography by In-Flight Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Atoms Sputtered by a Focused Ion Beam. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8287-8293. [PMID: 36215134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale fabrication and characterization techniques critically underpin a vast range of fields, including nanoelectronics and nanobiotechnology. Focused ion beam (FIB) techniques are appealing due to their high spatial resolution and widespread use for processing of nanostructured materials. Here, we introduce FIB-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (FIB-FS) as a nanoscale technique for spectroscopic detection of atoms sputtered by an ion beam. We use semiconductor heterostructures to demonstrate nanoscale lateral and depth resolution and show that it is limited by ion-induced intermixing of nanostructured materials. Sensitivity is demonstrated qualitatively by depth profiling of 3.5, 5, and 8 nm quantum wells and quantitatively by detection of trace-level impurities present at parts-per-million levels. The utility of the FIB-FS technique is demonstrated by characterization of quantum wells and Li-ion batteries. Our work introduces FIB-FS as a high-resolution, high-sensitivity, 3D analysis and tomography technique that combines the versatility of FIB nanofabrication techniques with the power of diffraction-unlimited fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Budnik
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - John A Scott
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Chengge Jiao
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven 5651 GG, The Netherlands
| | - Mostafa Maazouz
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Galen Gledhill
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Lan Fu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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49
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Mousavi M. SS, Pofelski A, Teimoori H, Botton GA. Alignment-invariant signal reality reconstruction in hyperspectral imaging using a deep convolutional neural network architecture. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17462. [PMID: 36261495 PMCID: PMC9581942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy resolution in hyperspectral imaging techniques has always been an important matter in data interpretation. In many cases, spectral information is distorted by elements such as instruments' broad optical transfer function, and electronic high frequency noises. In the past decades, advances in artificial intelligence methods have provided robust tools to better study sophisticated system artifacts in spectral data and take steps towards removing these artifacts from the experimentally obtained data. This study evaluates the capability of a recently developed deep convolutional neural network script, EELSpecNet, in restoring the reality of a spectral data. The particular strength of the deep neural networks is to remove multiple instrumental artifacts such as random energy jitters of the source, signal convolution by the optical transfer function and high frequency noise at once using a single training data set. Here, EELSpecNet performance in reducing noise, and restoring the original reality of the spectra is evaluated for near zero-loss electron energy loss spectroscopy signals in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. EELSpecNet demonstrates to be more efficient and more robust than the currently widely used Bayesian statistical method, even in harsh conditions (e.g. high signal broadening, intense high frequency noise).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Shayan Mousavi M.
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227McMaster University, Materials Science and Engineering, Hamilton, L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Alexandre Pofelski
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - Hassan Teimoori
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227McMaster University, Walter G. Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, Hamilton, L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Gianluigi A. Botton
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227McMaster University, Materials Science and Engineering, Hamilton, L8S 4L8 Canada ,grid.423571.60000 0004 0443 7584Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, S7N 2V3 Canada
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50
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Varkentina N, Auad Y, Woo SY, Zobelli A, Bocher L, Blazit JD, Li X, Tencé M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Stéphan O, Kociak M, Tizei LHG. Cathodoluminescence excitation spectroscopy: Nanoscale imaging of excitation pathways. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq4947. [PMID: 36206335 PMCID: PMC9544325 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Following optical excitations' life span from creation to decay into photons is crucial in understanding materials photophysics. Macroscopically, this is studied using optical techniques, such as photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy. However, excitation and emission pathways can vary at nanometer scales, preventing direct access, as no characterization technique has the relevant spatial, spectral, and time resolution. Here, using combined electron spectroscopies, we explore excitations' creation and decay in two representative optical materials: plasmonic nanoparticles and luminescent two-dimensional layers. The analysis of the energy lost by an exciting electron that is coincident in time with a visible-ultraviolet photon unveils the decay pathways from excitation toward light emission. This is demonstrated for phase-locked (coherent) interactions (localized surface plasmons) and non-phase-locked ones (point defect excited states). The developed cathodoluminescence excitation spectroscopy images energy transfer pathways at the nanometer scale, widening the available toolset to explore nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Varkentina
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Yves Auad
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Steffi Y. Woo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Alberto Zobelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Laura Bocher
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Jean-Denis Blazit
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Marcel Tencé
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Odile Stéphan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Mathieu Kociak
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Luiz H. G. Tizei
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay 91405, France
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