1
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Lin K, Li Y, Ghorbani-Asl M, Sofer Z, Winnerl S, Erbe A, Krasheninnikov AV, Helm M, Zhou S, Dan Y, Prucnal S. Probing the Band Splitting near the Γ Point in the van der Waals Magnetic Semiconductor CrSBr. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6010-6016. [PMID: 38814350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the electronic band structure of chromium sulfur bromide (CrSBr) through comprehensive photoluminescence (PL) characterization. We clearly identify low-temperature optical transitions between two closely adjacent conduction-band states and two different valence-band states. The analysis on the PL data robustly unveils energy splittings, band gaps, and excitonic transitions across different thicknesses of CrSBr, from monolayer to bulk. Temperature-dependent PL measurements elucidate the stability of the band splitting below the Néel temperature, suggesting that magnons coupled with excitons are responsible for the symmetry breaking and brightening of the transitions from the secondary conduction band minimum (CBM2) to the global valence band maximum (VBM1). Collectively, these results not only reveal splitting in both the conduction and valence bands but also highlight a significant advance in our understanding of the interplay between the optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of antiferromagnetic two-dimensional van der Waals crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiman Lin
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 20024 Shanghai, P. R. China
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yi Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stephan Winnerl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Artur Erbe
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arkady V Krasheninnikov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred Helm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shengqiang Zhou
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yaping Dan
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 20024 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Slawomir Prucnal
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Canetta A, Volosheniuk S, Satheesh S, Alvarinhas Batista JP, Castellano A, Conte R, Chica DG, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Roy X, van der Zant HSJ, Burghard M, Verstraete MJ, Gehring P. Impact of Spin-Entropy on the Thermoelectric Properties of a 2D Magnet. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6513-6520. [PMID: 38652810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Heat-to-charge conversion efficiency of thermoelectric materials is closely linked to the entropy per charge carrier. Thus, magnetic materials are promising building blocks for highly efficient energy harvesters as their carrier entropy is boosted by a spin degree of freedom. In this work, we investigate how this spin-entropy impacts heat-to-charge conversion in the A-type antiferromagnet CrSBr. We perform simultaneous measurements of electrical conductance and thermocurrent while changing magnetic order using the temperature and magnetic field as tuning parameters. We find a strong enhancement of the thermoelectric power factor at around the Néel temperature. We further reveal that the power factor at low temperatures can be increased by up to 600% upon applying a magnetic field. Our results demonstrate that the thermoelectric properties of 2D magnets can be optimized by exploiting the sizable impact of spin-entropy and confirm thermoelectric measurements as a sensitive tool to investigate subtle magnetic phase transitions in low-dimensional magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Canetta
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Serhii Volosheniuk
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sayooj Satheesh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Aloïs Castellano
- Nanomat/Q-MAT/ and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility, Université de Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Riccardo Conte
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel George Chica
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Burghard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthieu Jean Verstraete
- Nanomat/Q-MAT/ and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility, Université de Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
- ITP, Physics Department, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Gehring
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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3
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Tabataba-Vakili F, Nguyen HPG, Rupp A, Mosina K, Papavasileiou A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Maletinsky P, Glazov MM, Sofer Z, Baimuratov AS, Högele A. Doping-control of excitons and magnetism in few-layer CrSBr. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4735. [PMID: 38830857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetism in two-dimensional materials reveals phenomena distinct from bulk magnetic crystals, with sensitivity to charge doping and electric fields in monolayer and bilayer van der Waals magnet CrI3. Within the class of layered magnets, semiconducting CrSBr stands out by featuring stability under ambient conditions, correlating excitons with magnetic order and thus providing strong magnon-exciton coupling, and exhibiting peculiar magneto-optics of exciton-polaritons. Here, we demonstrate that both exciton and magnetic transitions in bilayer and trilayer CrSBr are sensitive to voltage-controlled field-effect charging, exhibiting bound exciton-charge complexes and doping-induced metamagnetic transitions. Moreover, we demonstrate how these unique properties enable optical probes of local magnetic order, visualizing magnetic domains of competing phases across metamagnetic transitions induced by magnetic field or electrostatic doping. Our work identifies few-layer CrSBr as a rich platform for exploring collaborative effects of charge, optical excitations, and magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farsane Tabataba-Vakili
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, München, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799, München, Germany.
| | - Huy P G Nguyen
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Anna Rupp
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Kseniia Mosina
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anastasios Papavasileiou
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | | | | | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anvar S Baimuratov
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, München, Germany.
| | - Alexander Högele
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, München, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799, München, Germany.
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4
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Wang J, Ling C, Xue X, Ji H, Rong C, Xue Q, Zhou P, Wang C, Lu H, Liu W. Self-Powered and Broadband Photodetectors Based on High-performance Mixed Dimensional Sb 2O 3/PdTe 2/Si Heterojunction for Multiplex Environmental Monitoring. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310107. [PMID: 38111369 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Solar-blind ultraviolet (SBUV) to near-infrared (NIR) broadband photodetectors (BB-PD) have important applications in environmental monitoring and other applications. However, it is challenging to prepare SBUV-IR photosensitive materials via simple steps and to construct SBUV-IR broadband devices for multiplex detection with high sensitivity at different wavelengths. Here, self-powered and broadband photodetectors using a high-performance mixed dimensional Sb2O3 nanorod 1-dimension (1D)/monodisperse microdiamond-like PdTe2 3-dimension (3D)/Si (3D) heterojunction for multiplex detection of environmental pollutants with high sensitivity at broadband wavelength are developed. The 1D/3D mixed dimensional Sb2O3/PdTe2/Si structure combines the advantages of strong light absorption, high carrier transport efficiency of 1D Sb2O3 nanorods, and expansion of interface barrier caused by 3D microdiamond-like PdTe2 interlayer to improve the photocurrent density and self-powered ability. The efficient photogenerated charge separation enables anon/off ratio of more than 5 × 106. The device exhibits excellent photoelectric properties from 255 to 980 nm with the responsivity from 4.56 × 10-2 to 6.55 × 10-1 AW-1, the detectivity from 2.36 × 1012 to 3.39 × 1013 Jones, and the sensitivity from 3.90 × 107 to 1.10 × 1010 cm2 W-1 without external bias. Finally, the proposed device is applied for the multiplex monitoring of environmental pollution gases NO2 with the detection limit of 200 ppb and PM2.5 particles at mild pollution at broadband wavelength. The proposed BB-PD has great potential for multiplex detection of environmental pollutants and other analytes at broadband wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Cuicui Ling
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Hongguang Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Chen Rong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhong Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Peiheng Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Chuanke Wang
- Laser fusion research center, Chinese Academy of engineering physics, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China
| | - Haipeng Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Wenpeng Liu
- Renal Division and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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5
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Mosina K, Wu B, Antonatos N, Luxa J, Mazánek V, Söll A, Sedmidubsky D, Klein J, Ross FM, Sofer Z. Electrochemical Intercalation and Exfoliation of CrSBr into Ferromagnetic Fibers and Nanoribbons. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300609. [PMID: 38158388 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies dedicated to layered van der Waals crystals have attracted significant attention to magnetic atomically thin crystals offering unprecedented opportunities for applications in innovative magnetoelectric, magneto-optic, and spintronic devices. The active search for original platforms for the low-dimensional magnetism study has emphasized the entirely new magnetic properties of two dimensional (2D) semiconductor CrSBr. Herein, for the first time, the electrochemical exfoliation of bulk CrSBr in a non-aqueous environment is demonstrated. Notably, crystal cleavage governed by the structural anisotropy occurred along two directions forming atomically thin and few-layered nanoribbons. The exfoliated material possesses an orthorhombic crystalline structure and strong optical anisotropy, showing the polarization dependencies of Raman signals. The antiferromagnetism exhibited by multilayered CrSBr gives precedence to ferromagnetic ordering in the revealed CrSBr nanostructures. Furthermore, the potential application of CrSBr nanoribbons is pioneered for electrochemical photodetector fabrication and demonstrates its responsivity up to 30 µA cm-2 in the visible spectrum. Moreover, the CrSBr-based anode for lithium-ion batteries exhibited high performance and self-improving abilities. This anticipates that the results will pave the way toward the future study of CrSBr and practical applications in magneto- and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Mosina
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolas Antonatos
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Mazánek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Aljoscha Söll
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmidubsky
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Julian Klein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Frances M Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
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6
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Ziebel ME, Feuer ML, Cox J, Zhu X, Dean CR, Roy X. CrSBr: An Air-Stable, Two-Dimensional Magnetic Semiconductor. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4319-4329. [PMID: 38567828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of magnetic order at the 2D limit has sparked new exploration of van der Waals magnets for potential use in spintronics, magnonics, and quantum information applications. However, many of these materials feature low magnetic ordering temperatures and poor air stability, limiting their fabrication into practical devices. In this Mini-Review, we present a promising material for fundamental studies and functional use: CrSBr, an air-stable, two-dimensional magnetic semiconductor. Our discussion highlights experimental research on bulk CrSBr, including quasi-1D semiconducting properties, A-type antiferromagnetic order (TN = 132 K), and strong coupling between its electronic and magnetic properties. We then discuss the behavior of monolayer and few-layer flakes and present a perspective on promising avenues for further studies on CrSBr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Ziebel
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Margalit L Feuer
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jordan Cox
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Cory R Dean
- Columbia University, Department of Physics, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, New York, New York 10027, United States
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7
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Jo J, Mañas-Valero S, Coronado E, Casanova F, Gobbi M, Hueso LE. Nonvolatile Electric Control of Antiferromagnet CrSBr. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4471-4477. [PMID: 38587318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
van der Waals magnets are emerging as a promising material platform for electric field control of magnetism, offering a pathway toward the elimination of external magnetic fields from spintronic devices. A further step is the integration of such magnets with electrical gating components that would enable nonvolatile control of magnetic states. However, this approach remains unexplored for antiferromagnets, despite their growing significance in spintronics. Here, we demonstrate nonvolatile electric field control of magnetoelectric characteristics in van der Waals antiferromagnet CrSBr. We integrate a CrSBr channel in a flash-memory architecture featuring charge trapping graphene multilayers. The electrical gate operation triggers a nonvolatile 200% change in the antiferromagnetic state of CrSBr resistance by manipulating electron accumulation/depletion. Moreover, the nonvolatile gate modulates the metamagnetic transition field of CrSBr and the magnitude of magnetoresistance. Our findings highlight the potential of manipulating magnetic properties of antiferromagnetic semiconductors in a nonvolatile way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyeon Jo
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Samuel Mañas-Valero
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol) Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol) Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Marco Gobbi
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC) Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Luis E Hueso
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
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8
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Meineke C, Schlosser J, Zizlsperger M, Liebich M, Nilforoushan N, Mosina K, Terres S, Chernikov A, Sofer Z, Huber MA, Florian M, Kira M, Dirnberger F, Huber R. Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics in the Atomically Thin van der Waals Magnet CrSBr. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4101-4107. [PMID: 38507732 PMCID: PMC11010225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Among atomically thin semiconductors, CrSBr stands out as both its bulk and monolayer forms host tightly bound, quasi-one-dimensional excitons in a magnetic environment. Despite its pivotal importance for solid-state research, the exciton lifetime has remained unknown. While terahertz polarization probing can directly trace all excitons, independently of interband selection rules, the corresponding large far-field foci substantially exceed the lateral sample dimensions. Here, we combine terahertz polarization spectroscopy with near-field microscopy to reveal a femtosecond decay of paramagnetic excitons in a monolayer of CrSBr, which is 30 times shorter than the bulk lifetime. We unveil low-energy fingerprints of bound and unbound electron-hole pairs in bulk CrSBr and extract the nonequilibrium dielectric function of the monolayer in a model-free manner. Our results demonstrate the first direct access to the ultrafast dielectric response of quasi-one-dimensional excitons in CrSBr, potentially advancing the development of quantum devices based on ultrathin van der Waals magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Meineke
- Department
of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Schlosser
- Department
of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Zizlsperger
- Department
of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Liebich
- Department
of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Niloufar Nilforoushan
- Department
of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kseniia Mosina
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sophia Terres
- Institute
of Applied Physics and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Dresden University of Technology, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey Chernikov
- Institute
of Applied Physics and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Dresden University of Technology, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markus A. Huber
- Department
of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Florian
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mackillo Kira
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Florian Dirnberger
- Institute
of Applied Physics and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Dresden University of Technology, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rupert Huber
- Department
of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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9
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Zheng M, Xue W, Yan T, Jiang Z, Fang Z, Huang H, Zhong C. Fluorinated MOF-Based Hexafluoropropylene Nanotrap for Highly Efficient Purification of Octafluoropropane Electronic Specialty Gas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401770. [PMID: 38361043 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
High-purity octafluoropropane (C3F8) electronic specialty gas is a key chemical raw material in semiconductor and integrated circuit manufacturing industry, while selective removal of hexafluoropropylene (C3F6) impurity for C3F8 purification is essential but a challenging task. Here we report a fluorinated cage-like MOF Zn-bzc-CF3 (bzc=5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid) for C3F6/C3F8 separation. The incorporation of -CF3 groups not only provides suitable pore aperture size for highly efficient size-exclusive C3F6/C3F8 separation, but also creates hydrophobic microenvironments, endowing Zn-bz-CF3 high chemical stability. Remarkably, Zn-bzc-CF3 exhibits high C3F6 adsorption capacity while excluding C3F8, achieving ideal molecular-sieving C3F6/C3F8 separation. Breakthrough experiments show that Zn-bzc-CF3 can efficiently separate C3F6/C3F8 mixture and high-purity C3F8 (99.9 %) can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes., Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes., Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Tongan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes., Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Zefeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes., Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes., Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes., Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Chongli Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes., Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
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10
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Boix-Constant C, Jenkins S, Rama-Eiroa R, Santos EJG, Mañas-Valero S, Coronado E. Multistep magnetization switching in orthogonally twisted ferromagnetic monolayers. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:212-218. [PMID: 38036623 PMCID: PMC10837074 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The advent of twist engineering in two-dimensional crystals enables the design of van der Waals heterostructures with emergent properties. In the case of magnets, this approach can afford artificial antiferromagnets with tailored spin arrangements. Here we fabricate an orthogonally twisted bilayer by twisting two CrSBr ferromagnetic monolayers with an easy-axis in-plane spin anisotropy by 90°. The magnetotransport properties reveal multistep magnetization switching with a magnetic hysteresis opening, which is absent in the pristine case. By tuning the magnetic field, we modulate the remanent state and coercivity and select between hysteretic and non-hysteretic magnetoresistance scenarios. This complexity pinpoints spin anisotropy as a key aspect in twisted magnetic superlattices. Our results highlight control over the magnetic properties in van der Waals heterostructures, leading to a variety of field-induced phenomena and opening a fruitful playground for creating desired magnetic symmetries and manipulating non-collinear magnetic configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Boix-Constant
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol) - Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Sarah Jenkins
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ricardo Rama-Eiroa
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elton J G Santos
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Samuel Mañas-Valero
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol) - Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain.
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol) - Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain.
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11
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Lin K, Sun X, Dirnberger F, Li Y, Qu J, Wen P, Sofer Z, Söll A, Winnerl S, Helm M, Zhou S, Dan Y, Prucnal S. Strong Exciton-Phonon Coupling as a Fingerprint of Magnetic Ordering in van der Waals Layered CrSBr. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2898-2905. [PMID: 38240736 PMCID: PMC10832030 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The layered, air-stable van der Waals antiferromagnetic compound CrSBr exhibits pronounced coupling among its optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. As an example, exciton dynamics can be significantly influenced by lattice vibrations through exciton-phonon coupling. Using low-temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy, we demonstrate the effective coupling between excitons and phonons in nanometer-thick CrSBr. By careful analysis, we identify that the satellite peaks predominantly arise from the interaction between the exciton and an optical phonon with a frequency of 118 cm-1 (∼14.6 meV) due to the out-of-plane vibration of Br atoms. Power-dependent and temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurements support exciton-phonon coupling and indicate a coupling between magnetic and optical properties, suggesting the possibility of carrier localization in the material. The presence of strong coupling between the exciton and the lattice may have important implications for the design of light-matter interactions in magnetic semiconductors and provide insights into the exciton dynamics in CrSBr. This highlights the potential for exploiting exciton-phonon coupling to control the optical properties of layered antiferromagnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiman Lin
- University
of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai
Jiao Tong University, 20024 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- Institute
of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Dirnberger
- Institute
of Applied Physics and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence
ct.qmat, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yi Li
- Institute
of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische
Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jiang Qu
- Leibniz
Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peiting Wen
- Institute
of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische
Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aljoscha Söll
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stephan Winnerl
- Institute
of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred Helm
- Institute
of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische
Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shengqiang Zhou
- Institute
of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yaping Dan
- University
of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai
Jiao Tong University, 20024 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Slawomir Prucnal
- Institute
of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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12
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Panda J, Sahu S, Haider G, Thakur MK, Mosina K, Velický M, Vejpravova J, Sofer Z, Kalbáč M. Polarization-Resolved Position-Sensitive Self-Powered Binary Photodetection in Multilayer Janus CrSBr. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1033-1043. [PMID: 38147583 PMCID: PMC10788859 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in polarization-resolved photodetection based on low-symmetry 2D materials has formed the basis of cutting-edge optoelectronic devices, including quantum optical communication, 3D image processing, and sensing applications. Here, we report an optical polarization-resolving photodetector (PD) fabricated from multilayer semiconducting CrSBr single crystals with high structural anisotropy. We have demonstrated self-powered photodetection due to the formation of Schottky junctions at the Au-CrSBr interfaces, which also caused the photocurrent to display a position-sensitive and binary nature. The self-biased CrSBr PD showed a photoresponsivity of ∼0.26 mA/W with a detectivity of 3.4 × 108 Jones at 514 nm excitation of fluency (0.42 mW/cm2) under ambient conditions. The optical polarization-induced photoresponse exhibits a large dichroic ratio of 3.4, while the polarization is set along the a- and the b-axes of single-crystalline CrSBr. The PD also showed excellent stability, retaining >95% of the initial photoresponsivity in ambient conditions for more than five months without encapsulation. Thus, we demonstrate CrSBr as a fascinating material for ultralow-powered optical polarization-resolving optoelectronic devices for cutting-edge technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaganandha Panda
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Dolejskova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Satyam Sahu
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Dolejskova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Department
of Biophysics, Chemical and Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics
and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Golam Haider
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Dolejskova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Mukesh Kumar Thakur
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Dolejskova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Kseniia Mosina
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Velický
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Dolejskova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vejpravova
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Dolejskova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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13
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Kang H, Ma J, Li J, Zhang X, Liu X. Exciton Polaritons in Emergent Two-Dimensional Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24449-24467. [PMID: 38051774 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The "marriage" of light (i.e., photon) and matter (i.e., exciton) in semiconductors leads to the formation of hybrid quasiparticles called exciton polaritons with fascinating quantum phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) and photon blockade. The research of exciton polaritons has been evolving into an era with emergent two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors and photonic structures for their tremendous potential to break the current limitations of quantum fundamental study and photonic applications. In this Perspective, the basic concepts of 2D excitons, optical resonators, and the strong coupling regime are introduced. The research progress of exciton polaritons is reviewed, and important discoveries (especially the recent ones of 2D exciton polaritons) are highlighted. Subsequently, the emergent 2D exciton polaritons are discussed in detail, ranging from the realization of the strong coupling regime in various photonic systems to the discoveries of attractive phenomena with interesting physics and extensive applications. Moreover, emerging 2D semiconductors, such as 2D perovskites (2DPK) and 2D antiferromagnetic (AFM) semiconductors, are surveyed for the manipulation of exciton polaritons with distinct control degrees of freedom (DOFs). Finally, the outlook on the 2D exciton polaritons and their nonlinear interactions is presented with our initial numerical simulations. This Perspective not only aims to provide an in-depth overview of the latest fundamental findings in 2D exciton polaritons but also attempts to serve as a valuable resource to prospect explorations of quantum optics and topological photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Kang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Junyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, P. R. China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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14
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Ruta FL, Zhang S, Shao Y, Moore SL, Acharya S, Sun Z, Qiu S, Geurs J, Kim BSY, Fu M, Chica DG, Pashov D, Xu X, Xiao D, Delor M, Zhu XY, Millis AJ, Roy X, Hone JC, Dean CR, Katsnelson MI, van Schilfgaarde M, Basov DN. Hyperbolic exciton polaritons in a van der Waals magnet. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8261. [PMID: 38086835 PMCID: PMC10716151 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Exciton polaritons are quasiparticles of photons coupled strongly to bound electron-hole pairs, manifesting as an anti-crossing light dispersion near an exciton resonance. Highly anisotropic semiconductors with opposite-signed permittivities along different crystal axes are predicted to host exotic modes inside the anti-crossing called hyperbolic exciton polaritons (HEPs), which confine light subdiffractionally with enhanced density of states. Here, we show observational evidence of steady-state HEPs in the van der Waals magnet chromium sulfide bromide (CrSBr) using a cryogenic near-infrared near-field microscope. At low temperatures, in the magnetically-ordered state, anisotropic exciton resonances sharpen, driving the permittivity negative along one crystal axis and enabling HEP propagation. We characterize HEP momentum and losses in CrSBr, also demonstrating coupling to excitonic sidebands and enhancement by magnetic order: which boosts exciton spectral weight via wavefunction delocalization. Our findings open new pathways to nanoscale manipulation of excitons and light, including routes to magnetic, nonlocal, and quantum polaritonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco L Ruta
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Yinming Shao
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel L Moore
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Siyuan Qiu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johannes Geurs
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Nano Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian S Y Kim
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Fu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel G Chica
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dimitar Pashov
- Theory and Simulation of Condensed Matter, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - X-Y Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Millis
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail I Katsnelson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Serati de Brito C, Faria Junior PE, Ghiasi TS, Ingla-Aynés J, Rabahi CR, Cavalini C, Dirnberger F, Mañas-Valero S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Zollner K, Fabian J, Schüller C, van der Zant HSJ, Gobato YG. Charge Transfer and Asymmetric Coupling of MoSe 2 Valleys to the Magnetic Order of CrSBr. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 38019289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
van der Waals heterostructures composed of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides and vdW magnetic materials offer an intriguing platform to functionalize valley and excitonic properties in nonmagnetic TMDs. Here, we report magneto photoluminescence (PL) investigations of monolayer (ML) MoSe2 on the layered A-type antiferromagnetic (AFM) semiconductor CrSBr under different magnetic field orientations. Our results reveal a clear influence of the CrSBr magnetic order on the optical properties of MoSe2, such as an anomalous linear-polarization dependence, changes of the exciton/trion energies, a magnetic-field dependence of the PL intensities, and a valley g-factor with signatures of an asymmetric magnetic proximity interaction. Furthermore, first-principles calculations suggest that MoSe2/CrSBr forms a broken-gap (type-III) band alignment, facilitating charge transfer processes. The work establishes that antiferromagnetic-nonmagnetic interfaces can be used to control the valley and excitonic properties of TMDs, relevant for the development of opto-spintronics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caique Serati de Brito
- Physics Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Paulo E Faria Junior
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Talieh S Ghiasi
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Josep Ingla-Aynés
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - César Ricardo Rabahi
- Physics Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Camila Cavalini
- Physics Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Florian Dirnberger
- Institute of Applied Physics and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Technische Universität, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Samuel Mañas-Valero
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Klaus Zollner
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Fabian
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schüller
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yara Galvão Gobato
- Physics Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
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16
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Xie K, Zhang XW, Xiao D, Cao T. Engineering Magnetic Phases of Layered Antiferromagnets by Interfacial Charge Transfer. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22684-22690. [PMID: 37961983 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals heterostructures composed of distinct layered materials can display behaviors entirely different from those of each individual layer due to interfacial coupling. Here we investigate the manipulation of magnetic phases in two-dimensional magnets through interfacial charge transfer in heterostructures of magnetic and nonmagnetic layers. This is demonstrated by first-principles calculations, which unveil a transition toward the ferromagnetic phase by stacking antiferromagnetic bilayer CrSBr on graphene. Using an effective model consisting of two electronically coupled single layers, we show that the antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic magnetic phase transition occurs due to interfacial charge transfer, which enhances ferromagnetism. We further reveal that the magnetic phase transition can also be induced by electron and hole carriers and demonstrate that the phase transition is a spin-canting process. This allows for precise gate-control of noncollinear magnetism on demand. Our work predicts interfacial charge transfer as a potent mechanism to tune magnetic phases in van der Waals heterostructures and creates opportunities for spintronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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17
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Zhao H, Wang H, Tan W, Ren N, Ding L, Yu X, Wang A. A novel two-dimensional NiCl 2O 8 lattice with negative Poisson's ratio and magnetic modulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31050-31056. [PMID: 37942556 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02400h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials with simultaneous magnetic semiconducting properties and a negative Poisson's ratio are crucial for fabricating multifunctional electronic devices. However, progress in this area has been generally constrained. Based on first-principles calculations, we engineered a 2D Ni-based oxyhalide with a honeycomb lattice structure. It was observed that the NiCl2O8 monolayer exhibits both high- and low-buckling states in its geometry, along with intrinsic magnetic semiconductor properties in its electronic structure. Importantly, we demonstrated that the magnetic ordering of the NiCl2O8 lattice is susceptible to applied strain, which resulted in a phase transition from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic under biaxial strain. The Curie temperature was also evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations within the Ising model. Additionally, our research uncovered that the 2D NiCl2O8 lattice chain displays a negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) along the z-direction. The triangular hinge structure in its centrosymmetric configuration was identified as the origin of this unique phenomenon. The coexistence of NPR and magnetic phase transition properties in the NiCl2O8 lattice makes it quite promising for applications in nanoelectronic and spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China.
| | - Hongguang Wang
- Jinan Jingheng Electronics Co., Ltd, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China.
| | - Na Ren
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China.
| | - Longhua Ding
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China.
| | - Xin Yu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China.
| | - Aizhu Wang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China.
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18
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Jo J, Peisen Y, Yang H, Mañas-Valero S, Baldoví JJ, Lu Y, Coronado E, Casanova F, Bergeret FS, Gobbi M, Hueso LE. Local control of superconductivity in a NbSe 2/CrSBr van der Waals heterostructure. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7253. [PMID: 37945570 PMCID: PMC10636142 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional magnets and superconductors are emerging as tunable building-blocks for quantum computing and superconducting spintronic devices, and have been used to fabricate all two-dimensional versions of traditional devices, such as Josephson junctions. However, novel devices enabled by unique features of two-dimensional materials have not yet been demonstrated. Here, we present NbSe2/CrSBr van der Waals superconducting spin valves that exhibit infinite magnetoresistance and nonreciprocal charge transport. These responses arise from a unique metamagnetic transition in CrSBr, which controls the presence of localized stray fields suitably oriented to suppress the NbSe2 superconductivity in nanoscale regions and to break time reversal symmetry. Moreover, by integrating different CrSBr crystals in a lateral heterostructure, we demonstrate a superconductive spin valve characterized by multiple stable resistance states. Our results show how the unique physical properties of layered materials enable the realization of high-performance quantum devices based on novel working principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyeon Jo
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Yuan Peisen
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haozhe Yang
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Samuel Mañas-Valero
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - José J Baldoví
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Yao Lu
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC) Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - F Sebastian Bergeret
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC) Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC) Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Luis E Hueso
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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19
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Liu S, Malik IA, Zhang VL, Yu T. Lightning the Spin: Harnessing the Potential of 2D Magnets in Opto-Spintronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2306920. [PMID: 37905890 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of 2D magnets in 2017, the diversity of these materials has greatly expanded. Their 2D nature (atomic-scale thickness) endows these magnets with strong magnetic anisotropy, layer-dependent and switchable magnetic order, and quantum-confined quasiparticles, which distinguish them from conventional 3D magnetic materials. Moreover, the 2D geometry facilitates light incidence for opto-spintronic applications and potential on-chip integration. In analogy to optoelectronics based on optical-electronic interactions, opto-spintronics use light-spin interactions to process spin information stored in the solid state. In this review, opto-spintronics is divided into three types with respect to the wavelengths of radiation interacting with 2D magnets: 1) GHz (microwave) to THz (mid-infrared), 2) visible, and 3) UV to X-rays. It is focused on the recent research advancements on the newly discovered mechanisms of light-spin interactions in 2D magnets and introduces the potential design of novel opto-spintronic applications based on these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | | | - Vanessa Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ting Yu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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20
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Pawbake A, Pelini T, Mohelsky I, Jana D, Breslavetz I, Cho CW, Orlita M, Potemski M, Measson MA, Wilson NP, Mosina K, Soll A, Sofer Z, Piot BA, Zhitomirsky ME, Faugeras C. Magneto-Optical Sensing of the Pressure Driven Magnetic Ground States in Bulk CrSBr. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9587-9593. [PMID: 37823538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Competition between exchange interactions and magnetocrystalline anisotropy may bring new magnetic states that are of great current interest. An applied hydrostatic pressure can further be used to tune their balance. In this work, we investigate the magnetization process of a biaxial antiferromagnet in an external magnetic field applied along the easy axis. We find that the single metamagnetic transition of the Ising type observed in this material under ambient pressure transforms under hydrostatic pressure into two transitions, a first-order spin-flop transition followed by a second-order transition toward a polarized ferromagnetic state near saturation. This reversible tuning into a new magnetic phase is obtained in layered bulk CrSBr at low temperature by varying the interlayer distance using high hydrostatic pressure, which efficiently acts on the interlayer magnetic exchange and is probed by magneto-optical spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pawbake
- LNCMI, UPR 3228, CNRS, EMFL, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Pelini
- LNCMI, UPR 3228, CNRS, EMFL, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ivan Mohelsky
- LNCMI, UPR 3228, CNRS, EMFL, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dipankar Jana
- LNCMI, UPR 3228, CNRS, EMFL, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ivan Breslavetz
- LNCMI, UPR 3228, CNRS, EMFL, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Chang-Woo Cho
- LNCMI, UPR 3228, CNRS, EMFL, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Milan Orlita
- LNCMI, UPR 3228, CNRS, EMFL, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marek Potemski
- LNCMI, UPR 3228, CNRS, EMFL, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics, PAS, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Nathan P Wilson
- Walter Schottky Institut, Physics Department and MCQST, Technische Universitat Munchen, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kseniia Mosina
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aljoscha Soll
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Benjamin A Piot
- LNCMI, UPR 3228, CNRS, EMFL, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mike E Zhitomirsky
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, Pheliqs, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut Laue-Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Clement Faugeras
- LNCMI, UPR 3228, CNRS, EMFL, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
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21
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Long F, Ghorbani-Asl M, Mosina K, Li Y, Lin K, Ganss F, Hübner R, Sofer Z, Dirnberger F, Kamra A, Krasheninnikov AV, Prucnal S, Helm M, Zhou S. Ferromagnetic Interlayer Coupling in CrSBr Crystals Irradiated by Ions. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8468-8473. [PMID: 37669544 PMCID: PMC10540254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Layered magnetic materials are becoming a major platform for future spin-based applications. Particularly, the air-stable van der Waals compound CrSBr is attracting considerable interest due to its prominent magneto-transport and magneto-optical properties. In this work, we observe a transition from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic behavior in CrSBr crystals exposed to high-energy, non-magnetic ions. Already at moderate fluences, ion irradiation induces a remanent magnetization with hysteresis adapting to the easy-axis anisotropy of the pristine magnetic order up to a critical temperature of 110 K. Structure analysis of the irradiated crystals in conjunction with density functional theory calculations suggests that the displacement of constituent atoms due to collisions with ions and the formation of interstitials favors ferromagnetic order between the layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangchao Long
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- TU
Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kseniia Mosina
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Yi Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- TU
Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kaiman Lin
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- University
of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai
Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fabian Ganss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - René Hübner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Florian Dirnberger
- Institute
of Applied Physics and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence
ct.qmat, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Akashdeep Kamra
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Departamento de Física Teórica
de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arkady V. Krasheninnikov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Slawomir Prucnal
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred Helm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- TU
Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shengqiang Zhou
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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22
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Wang T, Zhang D, Yang S, Lin Z, Chen Q, Yang J, Gong Q, Chen Z, Ye Y, Liu W. Magnetically-dressed CrSBr exciton-polaritons in ultrastrong coupling regime. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5966. [PMID: 37749106 PMCID: PMC10520032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, exciton-polaritons have attracted substantial research interest due to their half-light-half-matter bosonic nature. Coupling exciton-polaritons with magnetic orders grants access to rich many-body phenomena, but has been limited by the availability of material systems that exhibit simultaneous exciton resonances and magnetic ordering. Here we report magnetically-dressed microcavity exciton-polaritons in the van der Waals antiferromagnetic (AFM) semiconductor CrSBr coupled to a Tamm plasmon microcavity. Using angle-resolved spectroscopy, we reveal an exceptionally high exciton-photon coupling strength, up to 169 meV, demonstrating ultrastrong coupling that persists up to room temperature. By performing temperature-dependent spectroscopy, we show the magnetic nature of the exciton-polaritons in CrSBr microcavity as the magnetic order changes from AFM to paramagnetic. By applying an out-of-plane magnetic field, we achieve effective tuning of the polariton energy while maintaining the ultrastrong exciton-photon coupling strength. We attribute this to the spin canting process that modulates the interlayer exciton interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dingyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shiqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhongchong Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Quan Chen
- School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong, 226010, China
- Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, 110167, China
| | - Zuxin Chen
- School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan, 528225, China.
| | - Yu Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong, 226010, China.
- Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, 110167, China.
| | - Wenjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong, 226010, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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23
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Wu F, Gibertini M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Gutiérrez-Lezama I, Ubrig N, Morpurgo AF. Magnetism-Induced Band-Edge Shift as the Mechanism for Magnetoconductance in CrPS 4 Transistors. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8140-8145. [PMID: 37610296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Transistors realized on the 2D antiferromagnetic semiconductor CrPS4 exhibit large magnetoconductance due to magnetic-field-induced changes in the magnetic state. The microscopic mechanism coupling the conductance and magnetic state is not understood. We identify it by analyzing the evolution of the parameters determining the transistor behavior─carrier mobility and threshold voltage─with temperature and magnetic field. For temperatures T near the Néel temperature TN, the magnetoconductance originates from a mobility increase due to the applied magnetic field that reduces spin fluctuation induced disorder. For T ≪ TN, instead, what changes is the threshold voltage, so that increasing the field at fixed gate voltage increases the density of accumulated electrons. The phenomenon is explained by a conduction band-edge shift correctly predicted by the ab initio calculations. Our results demonstrate that the band structure of CrPS4 depends on its magnetic state and reveal a mechanism for magnetoconductance that had not been identified earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Gibertini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, IT-41125 Modena, Italy
- Centro S3, CNR Istituto Nanoscienze, IT-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ignacio Gutiérrez-Lezama
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ubrig
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alberto F Morpurgo
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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He W, Yin Y, Gong Q, Evans RFL, Gutfleisch O, Xu BX, Yi M, Guo W. Giant Magnetocaloric Effect in Magnets Down to the Monolayer Limit. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300333. [PMID: 37150875 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
2D magnets can potentially revolutionize information technology, but their potential application to cooling technology and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in a material down to the monolayer limit remain unexplored. Herein, it is revealed through multiscale calculations the existence of giant MCE and its strain tunability in monolayer magnets such as CrX3 (X = F, Cl, Br, I), CrAX (A = O, S, Se; X = F, Cl, Br, I), and Fe3 GeTe2 . The maximum adiabatic temperature change (Δ T ad max $\Delta T_{{\rm{ad}}}^{\max }$ ), maximum isothermal magnetic entropy change, and specific cooling power in monolayer CrF3 are found as high as 11 K, 35 µJ m-2 K-1 , and 3.5 nW cm-2 under a magnetic field of 5 T, respectively. A 2% biaxial and 5% a-axis uniaxial compressive strain can remarkably increaseΔ T ad max $\Delta T_{{\rm{ad}}}^{\max }$ of CrCl3 and CrOF by 230% and 37% (up to 15.3 and 6.0 K), respectively. It is found that large net magnetic moment per unit area favors improved MCE. These findings advocate the giant-MCE monolayer magnets, opening new opportunities for magnetic cooling at nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures & Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education & Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Yan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures & Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education & Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Qihua Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures & Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education & Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing, 210016, China
| | | | - Oliver Gutfleisch
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bai-Xiang Xu
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Min Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures & Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education & Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Wanlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures & Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education & Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing, 210016, China
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25
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Dirnberger F, Quan J, Bushati R, Diederich GM, Florian M, Klein J, Mosina K, Sofer Z, Xu X, Kamra A, García-Vidal FJ, Alù A, Menon VM. Magneto-optics in a van der Waals magnet tuned by self-hybridized polaritons. Nature 2023; 620:533-537. [PMID: 37587298 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Controlling quantum materials with light is of fundamental and technological importance. By utilizing the strong coupling of light and matter in optical cavities1-3, recent studies were able to modify some of their most defining features4-6. Here we study the magneto-optical properties of a van der Waals magnet that supports strong coupling of photons and excitons even in the absence of external cavity mirrors. In this material-the layered magnetic semiconductor CrSBr-emergent light-matter hybrids called polaritons are shown to substantially increase the spectral bandwidth of correlations between the magnetic, electronic and optical properties, enabling largely tunable optical responses to applied magnetic fields and magnons. Our results highlight the importance of exciton-photon self-hybridization in van der Waals magnets and motivate novel directions for the manipulation of quantum material properties by strong light-matter coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiamin Quan
- Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Photonics Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rezlind Bushati
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Diederich
- Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthias Florian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Julian Klein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kseniia Mosina
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Akashdeep Kamra
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J García-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Alù
- Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Photonics Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Vinod M Menon
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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26
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Marques-Moros F, Boix-Constant C, Mañas-Valero S, Canet-Ferrer J, Coronado E. Interplay between Optical Emission and Magnetism in the van der Waals Magnetic Semiconductor CrSBr in the Two-Dimensional Limit. ACS NANO 2023; 17:13224-13231. [PMID: 37442121 PMCID: PMC10863932 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The van der Waals semiconductor metamagnet CrSBr offers an ideal platform for studying the interplay between optical and magnetic properties in the two-dimensional limit. Here, we carried out an exhaustive optical characterization of this material by means of temperature- and magnetic-field-dependent photoluminescence (PL) on flakes of different thicknesses down to the monolayer. We found a characteristic emission peak that is quenched upon switching the ferromagnetic layers from an antiparallel to a parallel configuration and exhibits a temperature dependence different from that of the peaks commonly ascribed to excitons. The contribution of this peak to the PL is boosted around 30-40 K, coinciding with the hidden order magnetic transition temperature. Our findings reveal the connection between the optical and magnetic properties via the ionization of magnetic donor vacancies. This behavior enables a useful tool for the optical reading of the magnetic states in atomically thin layers of CrSBr and shows the potential of the design of 2D heterostructures with magnetic and excitonic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Boix-Constant
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
(ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Samuel Mañas-Valero
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
(ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Josep Canet-Ferrer
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
(ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
(ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980, Paterna, Spain
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27
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Wu F, Gibertini M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Gutiérrez-Lezama I, Ubrig N, Morpurgo AF. Gate-Controlled Magnetotransport and Electrostatic Modulation of Magnetism in 2D Magnetic Semiconductor CrPS 4. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2211653. [PMID: 37098224 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using field-effect transistors (FETs) to explore atomically thin magnetic semiconductors with transport measurements is difficult, because the very narrow bands of most 2D magnetic semiconductors cause carrier localization, preventing transistor operation. Here, it is shown that exfoliated layers of CrPS4 -a 2D layered antiferromagnetic semiconductor whose bandwidth approaches 1 eV-allow the realization of FETs that operate properly down to cryogenic temperature. Using these devices, conductance measurements as a function of temperature and magnetic field are performed to determine the full magnetic phase diagram, which includes a spin-flop and a spin-flip phase. The magnetoconductance, which depends strongly on gate voltage, is determined. reaching values as high as 5000% near the threshold for electron conduction. The gate voltage also allows the magnetic states to be tuned, despite the relatively large thickness of the CrPS4 multilayers employed in the study. The results show the need to employ 2D magnetic semiconductors with sufficiently large bandwidth to realize properly functioning transistors, and identify a candidate material to realize a fully gate-tunable half-metallic conductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Marco Gibertini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, IT-41125, Italy
- Centro S3, CNR Istituto Nanoscienze, Modena, IT-41125, Italy
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ignacio Gutiérrez-Lezama
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ubrig
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Alberto F Morpurgo
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
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28
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Klein J, Pingault B, Florian M, Heißenbüttel MC, Steinhoff A, Song Z, Torres K, Dirnberger F, Curtis JB, Weile M, Penn A, Deilmann T, Dana R, Bushati R, Quan J, Luxa J, Sofer Z, Alù A, Menon VM, Wurstbauer U, Rohlfing M, Narang P, Lončar M, Ross FM. The Bulk van der Waals Layered Magnet CrSBr is a Quasi-1D Material. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5316-5328. [PMID: 36926838 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Correlated quantum phenomena in one-dimensional (1D) systems that exhibit competing electronic and magnetic order are of strong interest for the study of fundamental interactions and excitations, such as Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids and topological orders and defects with properties completely different from the quasiparticles expected in their higher-dimensional counterparts. However, clean 1D electronic systems are difficult to realize experimentally, particularly for magnetically ordered systems. Here, we show that the van der Waals layered magnetic semiconductor CrSBr behaves like a quasi-1D material embedded in a magnetically ordered environment. The strong 1D electronic character originates from the Cr-S chains and the combination of weak interlayer hybridization and anisotropy in effective mass and dielectric screening, with an effective electron mass ratio of mXe/mYe ∼ 50. This extreme anisotropy experimentally manifests in strong electron-phonon and exciton-phonon interactions, a Peierls-like structural instability, and a Fano resonance from a van Hove singularity of similar strength to that of metallic carbon nanotubes. Moreover, because of the reduced dimensionality and interlayer coupling, CrSBr hosts spectrally narrow (1 meV) excitons of high binding energy and oscillator strength that inherit the 1D character. Overall, CrSBr is best understood as a stack of weakly hybridized monolayers and appears to be an experimentally attractive candidate for the study of exotic exciton and 1D-correlated many-body physics in the presence of magnetic order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Klein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Benjamin Pingault
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Florian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - Alexander Steinhoff
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Zhigang Song
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kierstin Torres
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Florian Dirnberger
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Jonathan B Curtis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- College of Letters and Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Mads Weile
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aubrey Penn
- MIT.nano, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Thorsten Deilmann
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rami Dana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rezlind Bushati
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Jiamin Quan
- Photonics Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10026, United States
| | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10026, United States
| | - Vinod M Menon
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Ursula Wurstbauer
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Rohlfing
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Prineha Narang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- College of Letters and Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Marko Lončar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Frances M Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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29
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Klein J, Song Z, Pingault B, Dirnberger F, Chi H, Curtis JB, Dana R, Bushati R, Quan J, Dekanovsky L, Sofer Z, Alù A, Menon VM, Moodera JS, Lončar M, Narang P, Ross FM. Sensing the Local Magnetic Environment through Optically Active Defects in a Layered Magnetic Semiconductor. ACS NANO 2023; 17:288-299. [PMID: 36537371 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomic-level defects in van der Waals (vdW) materials are essential building blocks for quantum technologies and quantum sensing applications. The layered magnetic semiconductor CrSBr is an outstanding candidate for exploring optically active defects because of a direct gap, in addition to a rich magnetic phase diagram, including a recently hypothesized defect-induced magnetic order at low temperature. Here, we show optically active defects in CrSBr that are probes of the local magnetic environment. We observe a spectrally narrow (1 meV) defect emission in CrSBr that is correlated with both the bulk magnetic order and an additional low-temperature, defect-induced magnetic order. We elucidate the origin of this magnetic order in the context of local and nonlocal exchange coupling effects. Our work establishes vdW magnets like CrSBr as an exceptional platform to optically study defects that are correlated with the magnetic lattice. We anticipate that controlled defect creation allows for tailor-made complex magnetic textures and phases with direct optical access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Klein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Zhigang Song
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
- College of Letters and Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Benjamin Pingault
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GADelft, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Dirnberger
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Hang Chi
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
- U.S. Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland20783, United States
| | - Jonathan B Curtis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
- College of Letters and Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Rami Dana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Rezlind Bushati
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
- Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York10016, United States
| | - Jiamin Quan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
- Photonics Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York10031, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York10026, United States
| | - Lukas Dekanovsky
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Alù
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
- Photonics Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York10031, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York10026, United States
| | - Vinod M Menon
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
- Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York10016, United States
| | - Jagadeesh S Moodera
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Marko Lončar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
| | - Prineha Narang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
- College of Letters and Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Frances M Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
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30
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Diederich GM, Cenker J, Ren Y, Fonseca J, Chica DG, Bae YJ, Zhu X, Roy X, Cao T, Xiao D, Xu X. Tunable interaction between excitons and hybridized magnons in a layered semiconductor. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:23-28. [PMID: 36577852 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between distinct excitations in solids is of both fundamental interest and technological importance. One such interaction is the coupling between an exciton, a Coulomb bound electron-hole pair, and a magnon, a collective spin excitation. The recent emergence of van der Waals magnetic semiconductors1 provides a platform to explore these exciton-magnon interactions and their fundamental properties, such as strong correlation2, as well as their photospintronic and quantum transduction3 applications. Here we demonstrate the precise control of coherent exciton-magnon interactions in the layered magnetic semiconductor CrSBr. We varied the direction of an applied magnetic field relative to the crystal axes, and thus the rotational symmetry of the magnetic system4. Thereby, we tuned not only the exciton coupling to the bright magnon, but also to an optically dark mode via magnon-magnon hybridization. We further modulated the exciton-magnon coupling and the associated magnon dispersion curves through the application of uniaxial strain. At a critical strain, a dispersionless dark magnon band emerged. Our results demonstrate an unprecedented level of control of the opto-mechanical-magnonic coupling, and a step towards the predictable and controllable implementation of hybrid quantum magnonics5-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Diederich
- Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John Cenker
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yafei Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jordan Fonseca
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel G Chica
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Youn Jue Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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31
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Boix-Constant C, Mañas-Valero S, Ruiz AM, Rybakov A, Konieczny KA, Pillet S, Baldoví JJ, Coronado E. Probing the Spin Dimensionality in Single-Layer CrSBr Van Der Waals Heterostructures by Magneto-Transport Measurements. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204940. [PMID: 36008364 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
2D magnetic materials offer unprecedented opportunities for fundamental and applied research in spintronics and magnonics. Beyond the pioneering studies on 2D CrI3 and Cr2 Ge2 Te6 , the field has expanded to 2D antiferromagnets exhibiting different spin anisotropies and textures. Of particular interest is the layered metamagnet CrSBr, a relatively air-stable semiconductor formed by antiferromagnetically-coupled ferromagnetic layers (Tc ∼150 K) that can be exfoliated down to the single-layer. It presents a complex magnetic behavior with a dynamic magnetic crossover, exhibiting a low-temperature hidden-order below T*∼40 K. Here, the magneto-transport properties of CrSBr vertical heterostructures in the 2D limit are inspected. The results demonstrate the marked low-dimensional character of the ferromagnetic monolayer, with short-range correlations above Tc and an Ising-type in-plane anisotropy, being the spins spontaneously aligned along the easy axis b below Tc . By applying moderate magnetic fields along a and c axes, a spin-reorientation occurs, leading to a magnetoresistance enhancement below T*. In multilayers, a spin-valve behavior is observed, with negative magnetoresistance strongly enhanced along the three directions below T*. These results show that CrSBr monolayer/bilayer provides an ideal platform for studying and controlling field-induced phenomena in two-dimensions, offering new insights regarding 2D magnets and their integration into vertical spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Boix-Constant
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Samuel Mañas-Valero
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Alberto M Ruiz
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Andrey Rybakov
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | | | | | - José J Baldoví
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980, Spain
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32
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Klein J, Pham T, Thomsen JD, Curtis JB, Denneulin T, Lorke M, Florian M, Steinhoff A, Wiscons RA, Luxa J, Sofer Z, Jahnke F, Narang P, Ross FM. Control of structure and spin texture in the van der Waals layered magnet CrSBr. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5420. [PMID: 36109520 PMCID: PMC9478124 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling magnetism at nanometer length scales is essential for realizing high-performance spintronic, magneto-electric and topological devices and creating on-demand spin Hamiltonians probing fundamental concepts in physics. Van der Waals (vdW)-bonded layered magnets offer exceptional opportunities for such spin texture engineering. Here, we demonstrate nanoscale structural control in the layered magnet CrSBr with the potential to create spin patterns without the environmental sensitivity that has hindered such manipulations in other vdW magnets. We drive a local phase transformation using an electron beam that moves atoms and exchanges bond directions, effectively creating regions that have vertical vdW layers embedded within the initial horizontally vdW bonded exfoliated flakes. We calculate that the newly formed two-dimensional structure is ferromagnetically ordered in-plane with an energy gap in the visible spectrum, and weak antiferromagnetism between the planes, suggesting possibilities for creating spin textures and quantum magnetic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Klein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - T Pham
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J D Thomsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J B Curtis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T Denneulin
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - M Lorke
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - M Florian
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Steinhoff
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - R A Wiscons
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, 10027, NY, USA
| | - J Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Z Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - F Jahnke
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - P Narang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - F M Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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33
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Exciton-coupled coherent magnons in a 2D semiconductor. Nature 2022; 609:282-286. [PMID: 36071189 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The recent discoveries of two-dimensional (2D) magnets1-6 and their stacking into van der Waals structures7-11 have expanded the horizon of 2D phenomena. One exciting application is to exploit coherent magnons12 as energy-efficient information carriers in spintronics and magnonics13,14 or as interconnects in hybrid quantum systems15-17. A particular opportunity arises when a 2D magnet is also a semiconductor, as reported recently for CrSBr (refs. 18-20) and NiPS3 (refs. 21-23) that feature both tightly bound excitons with a large oscillator strength and potentially long-lived coherent magnons owing to the bandgap and spatial confinement. Although magnons and excitons are energetically mismatched by orders of magnitude, their coupling can lead to efficient optical access to spin information. Here we report strong magnon-exciton coupling in the 2D A-type antiferromagnetic semiconductor CrSBr. Coherent magnons launched by above-gap excitation modulate the exciton energies. Time-resolved exciton sensing reveals magnons that can coherently travel beyond seven micrometres, with a coherence time of above five nanoseconds. We observe these exciton-coupled coherent magnons in both even and odd numbers of layers, with and without compensated magnetization, down to the bilayer limit. Given the versatility of van der Waals heterostructures, these coherent 2D magnons may be a basis for optically accessible spintronics, magnonics and quantum interconnects.
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34
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Scheie A, Ziebel M, Chica DG, Bae YJ, Wang X, Kolesnikov AI, Zhu X, Roy X. Spin Waves and Magnetic Exchange Hamiltonian in CrSBr. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202467. [PMID: 35798311 PMCID: PMC9443475 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
CrSBr is an air-stable two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals semiconducting magnet with great technological promise, but its atomic-scale magnetic interactions-crucial information for high-frequency switching-are poorly understood. An experimental study is presented to determine the CrSBr magnetic exchange Hamiltonian and bulk magnon spectrum. The A-type antiferromagnetic order using single crystal neutron diffraction is confirmed here. The magnon dispersions are also measured using inelastic neutron scattering and rigorously fit the excitation modes to a spin wave model. The magnon spectrum is well described by an intra-plane ferromagnetic Heisenberg exchange model with seven nearest in-plane exchanges. This fitted exchange Hamiltonian enables theoretical predictions of CrSBr behavior: as one example, the fitted Hamiltonian is used to predict the presence of chiral magnon edge modes with a spin-orbit enhanced CrSBr heterostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Scheie
- Neutron Scattering DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Michael Ziebel
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Daniel G. Chica
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Youn June Bae
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Neutron Scattering DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | | | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
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35
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Cham TMJ, Karimeddiny S, Dismukes AH, Roy X, Ralph DC, Luo YK. Anisotropic Gigahertz Antiferromagnetic Resonances of the Easy-Axis van der Waals Antiferromagnet CrSBr. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6716-6723. [PMID: 35925774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of antiferromagnetic resonances in the van der Waals easy-axis antiferromagnet CrSBr. The interlayer exchange field and magnetocrystalline anisotropy fields are comparable to laboratory magnetic fields, allowing a rich variety of gigahertz-frequency dynamical modes to be accessed. By mapping the resonance frequencies as a function of the magnitude and angle of applied magnetic field, we identify the different regimes of antiferromagnetic dynamics. The spectra show good agreement with a Landau-Lifshitz model for two antiferromagnetically coupled sublattices, accounting for interlayer exchange and triaxial magnetic anisotropy. Fits allow us to quantify the parameters governing the magnetic dynamics: At 5 K, the interlayer exchange field is μ0HE = 0.395(2) T, and the hard and intermediate-axis anisotropy parameters are μ0Hc = 1.30(2) T and μ0Ha = 0.383(7) T. The existence of within-plane anisotropy makes it possible to control the degree of hybridization between the antiferromagnetic resonances using an in-plane magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Avalon H Dismukes
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel C Ralph
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yunqiu Kelly Luo
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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36
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Ye C, Wang C, Wu Q, Liu S, Zhou J, Wang G, Söll A, Sofer Z, Yue M, Liu X, Tian M, Xiong Q, Ji W, Renshaw Wang X. Layer-Dependent Interlayer Antiferromagnetic Spin Reorientation in Air-Stable Semiconductor CrSBr. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11876-11883. [PMID: 35588189 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic van der Waals (vdW) materials possess versatile spin configurations stabilized in reduced dimensions. One magnetic order is the interlayer antiferromagnetism in A-type vdW antiferromagnet, which may be effectively modified by the magnetic field, stacking order, and thickness scaling. However, atomically revealing the interlayer spin orientation in the vdW antiferromagnet is highly challenging, because most of the material candidates exhibit an insulating ground state or instability in ambient conditions. Here, we report the layer-dependent interlayer antiferromagnetic spin reorientation in air-stable semiconductor CrSBr using magnetotransport characterization and first-principles calculations. We reveal an odd-even layer effect of interlayer spin reorientation, which originates from the competitions among interlayer exchange, magnetic anisotropy energy, and extra Zeeman energy of uncompensated magnetization. Furthermore, we quantitatively constructed the layer-dependent magnetic phase diagram with the help of a linear-chain model. Our work uncovers the layer-dependent interlayer antiferromagnetic spin reorientation engineered by magnetic field in the air-stable semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Cong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Micro-Nano Devices, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa Prefecture 904-0412, Japan
| | - Jiayuan Zhou
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Guopeng Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Aljoscha Söll
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 6 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 6 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ming Yue
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mingliang Tian
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Micro-Nano Devices, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xiao Renshaw Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
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37
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López-Paz SA, Guguchia Z, Pomjakushin VY, Witteveen C, Cervellino A, Luetkens H, Casati N, Morpurgo AF, von Rohr FO. Dynamic magnetic crossover at the origin of the hidden-order in van der Waals antiferromagnet CrSBr. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4745. [PMID: 35961970 PMCID: PMC9374657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The van-der-Waals material CrSBr stands out as a promising two-dimensional magnet. Here, we report on its detailed magnetic and structural characteristics. We evidence that it undergoes a transition to an A-type antiferromagnetic state below TN ≈ 140 K with a pronounced two-dimensional character, preceded by ferromagnetic correlations within the monolayers. Furthermore, we unravel the low-temperature hidden-order within the long-range magnetically-ordered state. We find that it is associated to a slowing down of the magnetic fluctuations, accompanied by a continuous reorientation of the internal field. These take place upon cooling below Ts ≈ 100 K, until a spin freezing process occurs at T* ≈ 40 K. We argue this complex behavior to reflect a crossover driven by the in-plane uniaxial anisotropy, which is ultimately caused by its mixed-anion character. Our findings reinforce CrSBr as an important candidate for devices in the emergent field of two-dimensional magnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A López-Paz
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Zurab Guguchia
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Y Pomjakushin
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Witteveen
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Cervellino
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation - Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Hubertus Luetkens
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Casati
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation - Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Alberto F Morpurgo
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabian O von Rohr
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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38
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Qian T, Emmanouilidou E, Hu C, Green JC, Mazin II, Ni N. Unconventional Pressure-Driven Metamagnetic Transitions in Topological van der Waals Magnets. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5523-5529. [PMID: 35731986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Activating metamagnetic transitions between ordered states in van der Waals magnets and devices bring great opportunities in spintronics. We show that external pressure, which enhances the interlayer hopping without introducing chemical disorders, triggers multiple metamagnetic transitions upon cooling in the topological van der Waals magnets Mn(Bi1-xSbx)4Te7, where the antiferromagnetic interlayer superexchange coupling competes with the ferromagnetic interlayer coupling mediated by the antisite Mn spins. The temperature-pressure phase diagrams reveal that while the ordering temperature from the paramagnetic to ordered states is almost pressure-independent, the metamagnetic transitions show nontrivial pressure and temperature dependence, even re-entrance. For these highly anisotropic magnets, we attribute the former to the ordering temperature being only weakly dependent on the intralayer parameters and the latter to the parametrically different pressure and temperature dependence of the two interlayer couplings. Our independent probing of these disparate magnetic interactions paves an avenue for efficient magnetic manipulations in van der Waals magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiema Qian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Eve Emmanouilidou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jazmine C Green
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Igor I Mazin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Ni Ni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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39
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Telford EJ, Dismukes AH, Dudley RL, Wiscons RA, Lee K, Chica DG, Ziebel ME, Han MG, Yu J, Shabani S, Scheie A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Xiao D, Zhu Y, Pasupathy AN, Nuckolls C, Zhu X, Dean CR, Roy X. Coupling between magnetic order and charge transport in a two-dimensional magnetic semiconductor. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:754-760. [PMID: 35513502 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductors, featuring tunable electrical transport, and magnets, featuring tunable spin configurations, form the basis of many information technologies. A long-standing challenge has been to realize materials that integrate and connect these two distinct properties. Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer a platform to realize this concept, but known 2D magnetic semiconductors are electrically insulating in their magnetic phase. Here we demonstrate tunable electron transport within the magnetic phase of the 2D semiconductor CrSBr and reveal strong coupling between its magnetic order and charge transport. This provides an opportunity to characterize the layer-dependent magnetic order of CrSBr down to the monolayer via magnetotransport. Exploiting the sensitivity of magnetoresistance to magnetic order, we uncover a second regime characterized by coupling between charge carriers and magnetic defects. The magnetoresistance within this regime can be dynamically and reversibly tuned by varying the carrier concentration using an electrostatic gate, providing a mechanism for controlling charge transport in 2D magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Telford
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Ren A Wiscons
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kihong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel G Chica
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Myung-Geun Han
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Shabani
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allen Scheie
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yimei Zhu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Abhay N Pasupathy
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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40
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Avsar A. Highly anisotropic van der Waals magnetism. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:731-733. [PMID: 35768597 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Avsar
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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41
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Gao B, Xu S, Xu Q. CO
2
‐Induced Exposure of the Intrinsic Magnetic Surface of BaTiO
3
to Give Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117084. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 P. R. China
| | - Song Xu
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 P. R. China
| | - Qun Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 P. R. China
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 P. R. China
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42
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Wu F, Gutiérrez-Lezama I, López-Paz SA, Gibertini M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, von Rohr FO, Ubrig N, Morpurgo AF. Quasi-1D Electronic Transport in a 2D Magnetic Semiconductor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109759. [PMID: 35191570 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic transport through exfoliated multilayers of CrSBr, a 2D semiconductor of interest because of its magnetic properties, is investigated. An extremely pronounced anisotropy manifesting itself in qualitative and quantitative differences of all quantities measured along the in-plane a and b crystallographic directions is found. In particular, a qualitatively different dependence of the conductivities σa and σb on temperature and gate voltage, accompanied by orders of magnitude differences in their values (σb /σa ≈ 3 × 102 to 105 at low temperature and negative gate voltage) are observed, together with a different behavior of the longitudinal magnetoresistance in the two directions and the complete absence of the Hall effect in transverse resistance measurements. These observations appear not to be compatible with a description in terms of conventional band transport of a 2D doped semiconductor. The observed phenomenology-and unambiguous signatures of a 1D van Hove singularity detected in energy-resolved photocurrent measurements-indicate that electronic transport through CrSBr multilayers is better interpreted by considering the system as formed by weakly and incoherently coupled 1D wires, than by conventional 2D band transport. It is concluded that CrSBr is the first 2D semiconductor to show distinctly quasi-1D electronic transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Ignacio Gutiérrez-Lezama
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Sara A López-Paz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Marco Gibertini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, IT-41125, Italy
- Centro S3, CNR Istituto Nanoscienze, Modena, IT-41125, Italy
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Fabian O von Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ubrig
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Alberto F Morpurgo
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
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43
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Siday T, Sandner F, Brem S, Zizlsperger M, Perea-Causin R, Schiegl F, Nerreter S, Plankl M, Merkl P, Mooshammer F, Huber MA, Malic E, Huber R. Ultrafast Nanoscopy of High-Density Exciton Phases in WSe 2. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2561-2568. [PMID: 35157466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The density-driven transition of an exciton gas into an electron-hole plasma remains a compelling question in condensed matter physics. In two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, strongly bound excitons can undergo this phase change after transient injection of electron-hole pairs. Unfortunately, unavoidable nanoscale inhomogeneity in these materials has impeded quantitative investigation into this elusive transition. Here, we demonstrate how ultrafast polarization nanoscopy can capture the Mott transition through the density-dependent recombination dynamics of electron-hole pairs within a WSe2 homobilayer. For increasing carrier density, an initial monomolecular recombination of optically dark excitons transitions continuously into a bimolecular recombination of an unbound electron-hole plasma above 7 × 1012 cm-2. We resolve how the Mott transition modulates over nanometer length scales, directly evidencing the strong inhomogeneity in stacked monolayers. Our results demonstrate how ultrafast polarization nanoscopy could unveil the interplay of strong electronic correlations and interlayer coupling within a diverse range of stacked and twisted two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Siday
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Sandner
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Brem
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Zizlsperger
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Raul Perea-Causin
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Felix Schiegl
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Nerreter
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Plankl
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Merkl
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Mooshammer
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Markus A Huber
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ermin Malic
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rupert Huber
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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44
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Cenker J, Sivakumar S, Xie K, Miller A, Thijssen P, Liu Z, Dismukes A, Fonseca J, Anderson E, Zhu X, Roy X, Xiao D, Chu JH, Cao T, Xu X. Reversible strain-induced magnetic phase transition in a van der Waals magnet. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:256-261. [PMID: 35058657 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical deformation of a crystal can have a profound effect on its physical properties. Notably, even small modifications of bond geometry can completely change the size and sign of magnetic exchange interactions and thus the magnetic ground state. Here we report the strain tuning of the magnetic properties of the A-type layered antiferromagnetic semiconductor CrSBr achieved by designing a strain device that can apply continuous, in situ uniaxial tensile strain to two-dimensional materials, reaching several percent at cryogenic temperatures. Using this apparatus, we realize a reversible strain-induced antiferromagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition at zero magnetic field and strain control of the out-of-plane spin-canting process. First-principles calculations reveal that the tuning of the in-plane lattice constant strongly modifies the interlayer magnetic exchange interaction, which changes sign at the critical strain. Our work creates new opportunities for harnessing the strain control of magnetism and other electronic states in low-dimensional materials and heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cenker
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shivesh Sivakumar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kaichen Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron Miller
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pearl Thijssen
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Avalon Dismukes
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan Fonseca
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Anderson
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jiun-Haw Chu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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45
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Gao B, Xu S, Xu Q. CO
2
‐Induced Exposure of the Intrinsic Magnetic Surface of BaTiO
3
to Give Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 P. R. China
| | - Song Xu
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 P. R. China
| | - Qun Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 P. R. China
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 P. R. China
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46
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Li D, Li S, Zhong C, He J. Tuning magnetism at the two-dimensional limit: a theoretical perspective. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19812-19827. [PMID: 34825688 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06835k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials provides an ideal testbed for manipulating the magnetic properties at the atomically thin and 2D limit. This review gives recent progress in the emergent 2D magnets and heterostructures, focusing on the theory side. We summarize different theoretical models, ranging from the atomic to micrometer-scale, used to describe magnetic orders. Then, the current strategies for tuning magnetism in 2D materials are further discussed, such as electric field, magnetic field, strain, optics, chemical functionalization, and spin-orbit engineering. Finally, we conclude with the future challenges and opportunities for 2D magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhe Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610100, P. R. China.
| | - Shuo Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610100, P. R. China.
| | - Chengyong Zhong
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610100, P. R. China.
| | - Junjie He
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, 2835, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry & Charles University Centre of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, 128 43, Czech Republic.
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47
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Wilson NP, Yao W, Shan J, Xu X. Excitons and emergent quantum phenomena in stacked 2D semiconductors. Nature 2021; 599:383-392. [PMID: 34789905 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03979-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The design and control of material interfaces is a foundational approach to realize technologically useful effects and engineer material properties. This is especially true for two-dimensional (2D) materials, where van der Waals stacking allows disparate materials to be freely stacked together to form highly customizable interfaces. This has underpinned a recent wave of discoveries based on excitons in stacked double layers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), the archetypal family of 2D semiconductors. In such double-layer structures, the elegant interplay of charge, spin and moiré superlattice structure with many-body effects gives rise to diverse excitonic phenomena and correlated physics. Here we review some of the recent discoveries that highlight the versatility of TMD double layers to explore quantum optics and many-body effects. We identify outstanding challenges in the field and present a roadmap for unlocking the full potential of excitonic physics in TMD double layers and beyond, such as incorporating newly discovered ferroelectric and magnetic materials to engineer symmetries and add a new level of control to these remarkable engineered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Wilson
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.,Munich Centre for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics at Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Shan
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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