1
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Süle P. Resolving heterogeneous particle mobility in deeply quenched liquid iron: an ultra-fast assembly-free two-step nucleation mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39377916 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02526a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite intensive research, little is known about the intermediate state of phase transforming materials, which may form the missing link between e.g. liquids and solids on the nanoscale. The unraveling of the nanoscale interplay between the structure and dynamics of the intermediate state of phase transformations (through which e.g. crystal nucleation proceeds) is one of the biggest challenges and unsolved problems of materials science. Here we show using unbiased molecular dynamics simulations and spatially resolved atomic displacement maps (d-maps) that upon deep quenching the solidification of undercooled liquid iron proceeds through the formation of metastable pre-nucleation clusters (PNCs). We also reveal that the hitherto hidden PNCs are nearly immobile (dynamically arrested) and the related heterogeneity in atomic mobilities becomes clearly visible on atomic displacement-maps (d-maps) when atomic jumps are referenced to the final crystalline positions. However, this is in contrast to PNCs found in molecular solutions, in which PNCs tend to aggregate, move and crystallize via an activated process. Coordination filtered d-maps resolved in real space directly demonstrate that previously unseen highly ramified intermediate atomic clusters with a short lifetime emerge after incubation of undercooled liquid iron. The supercooled liquid iron is neither a spinodal system nor a liquid and undergoes a transition into a specific state called a quasi-liquid state within the temperature regime of 700-1250 K (0.5Tm > 0.7Tm, where the melting point is Tm ≈ 1811 K). Below 700 K the supercooled system is spinodal-like and above 1300 K it behaves like an ordinary liquid with long incubation times. A two-step process is proposed to explain the anomalous drop in the incubation time in the temperature regime of 700-1250 K. The 1st step is activated aggregation of small atomic clusters followed by assembly-free nearly barrierless ultrafast growth of early ramified prenucleation clusters called germs. The display and characterization of the hidden PNCs in computer simulations could provide new perspectives on the deeper understanding of the long-standing problem of precursor development during crystal nucleation following deep quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Süle
- Centre for Energy Research, HUN-REN, Research Institute for Technical Physics and Material Science, Dept. of Nanostructures, Konkoly Thege u. 29-33, Budapest, Hungary.
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, HUN-REN, P. O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Han L, Sun C, Wang HT, Lin WX, Chen JL, Pao CW, Chuang YC, Wang CH, Zhou J, Wang J, Pong WF, Xin HL. Interrogation of 3d Transition Bimetallic Nanocrystal Nucleation and Growth Using In Situ Electron Microscope and Synchrotron X-ray Techniques. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7645-7653. [PMID: 38875704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the nucleation and growth mechanism of 3d transition bimetallic nanocrystals (NCs) is crucial to developing NCs with tailored nanostructures and properties. However, it remains a significant challenge due to the complexity of 3d bimetallic NCs formation and their sensitivity to oxygen. Here, by combining in situ electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray techniques, we elucidate the nucleation and growth pathways of Fe-Ni NCs. Interestingly, the formation of Fe-Ni NCs emerges from the assimilation of Fe into Ni clusters together with the reduction of Fe-Ni oxides. Subsequently, these NCs undergo solid-state phase transitions, resulting in two distinct solid solutions, ultimately dominated by γ-Fe3Ni2. Furthermore, we deconvolve the interplays between local coordination and electronic state concerning the growth temperature. We directly visualize the oxidation-state distributions of Fe and Ni at the nanoscale and investigate their changes. This work may reshape and enhance the understanding of nucleation and growth in atomic crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Han
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Chen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hsiao-Tsu Wang
- Bachelor's Program in Advanced Materials Science, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Xuan Lin
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Lung Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Pao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chuang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Jigang Zhou
- Canadian Light Source Inc., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 2 V3, Canada
| | - Jian Wang
- Canadian Light Source Inc., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 2 V3, Canada
| | - Way-Faung Pong
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Huolin L Xin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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3
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Yan J, Luo Y, Zhu M, Yang B, Shen X, Wang Z, Zhuang Z, Yu Y. General and Scalable Synthesis of Mesoporous 2D MZrO 2 (M = Co, Mn, Ni, Cu, Fe) Nanocatalysts by Amorphous-to-Crystalline Transformation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308016. [PMID: 38308412 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
In modern heterogeneous catalysis, it remains highly challenging to create stable, low-cost, mesoporous 2D photo-/electro-catalysts that carry atomically dispersed active sites. In this work, a general shape-preserving amorphous-to-crystalline transformation (ACT) strategy is developed to dope various transition metal (TM) heteroatoms in ZrO2, which enabled the scalable synthesis of TMs/oxide with a mesoporous 2D structure and rich defects. During the ACT process, the amorphous MZrO2 nanoparticles (M = Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Mn) are deposited within a confined space created by the NaCl template, and they transform to crystalline 2D ACT-MZrO2 nanosheets in a shape-preserving manner. The interconnected crystalline ACT-MZrO2 nanoparticles thus inherit the same structure as the original MZrO2 precursor. Owing to its rich active sites on the surface and abundant oxygen vacancies (OVs), ACT-CoZrO2 gives superior performance in catalyzing the CO2-to-syngas conversion as demonstrated by experiments and theoretical calculations. The ACT chemistry opens a general route for the scalable synthesis of advanced catalysts with precise microstructure by reconciliating the control of crystalline morphologies and the dispersion of heteroatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian, 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yifei Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian, 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Mengyao Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian, 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Bixia Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian, 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xiaoxin Shen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian, 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Zhiqi Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian, 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Zanyong Zhuang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian, 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian, 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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4
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Su Z, Duan Y, Tian Y, Guo S, Li P, Wang L, Bu Y, Nie A, Wang H, Tian Y, Yang W. Mechanical quenching phenomenon in diamond. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319663121. [PMID: 38547059 PMCID: PMC10998609 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319663121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The structure of dislocation cores, the fundamental knowledge on crystal plasticity, remains largely unexplored in covalent crystals. Here, we conducted atomically resolved characterizations of dislocation core structures in a plastically deformed diamond anvil cell tip that was unloaded from an exceptionally high pressure of 360 GPa. Our observations unveiled a series of nonequilibrium dislocation cores that deviate from the commonly accepted "five-seven-membered ring" dislocation core model found in FCC-structured covalent crystals. The nonequilibrium dislocation cores were generated through a process known as "mechanical quenching," analogous to the quenching process where a high-energy state is rapidly frozen. The density functional theory-based molecular dynamic simulations reveal that the phenomenon of mechanical quenching in diamond arises from the challenging relaxation of the nonequilibrium configuration, necessitating a large critical strain of 25% that is difficult to maintain. Further electronic-scale analysis suggested that such large critical strain is spent on the excitation of valance electrons for bond breaking and rebonding during relaxation. These findings establish a foundation for the plasticity theory of covalent materials and provide insights into the design of electrical and luminescent properties in diamond, which are intimately linked to the dislocation core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengping Su
- Center for X-mechanics, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou215100, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Center for X-mechanics, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou215100, China
| | - Yusong Tian
- Center for X-mechanics, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Shukuan Guo
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou311200, China
| | - Penghui Li
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066004, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066004, China
| | - Yeqiang Bu
- Center for X-mechanics, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Anmin Nie
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066004, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Center for X-mechanics, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou215100, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou311200, China
| | - Yongjun Tian
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066004, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Center for X-mechanics, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
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5
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Fan Z, Tanaka H. Microscopic mechanisms of pressure-induced amorphous-amorphous transitions and crystallisation in silicon. Nat Commun 2024; 15:368. [PMID: 38228606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Some low-coordination materials, including water, silica, and silicon, exhibit polyamorphism, having multiple amorphous forms. However, the microscopic mechanism and kinetic pathway of amorphous-amorphous transition (AAT) remain largely unknown. Here, we use a state-of-the-art machine-learning potential and local structural analysis to investigate the microscopic kinetics of AAT in silicon after a rapid pressure change. We find that the transition from low-density-amorphous (LDA) to high-density-amorphous (HDA) occurs through nucleation and growth, resulting in non-spherical interfaces that underscore the mechanical nature of AAT. In contrast, the reverse transition occurs through spinodal decomposition. Further pressurisation transforms LDA into very-high-density amorphous (VHDA), with HDA serving as an intermediate state. Notably, the final amorphous states are inherently unstable, transitioning into crystals. Our findings demonstrate that AAT and crystallisation are driven by joint thermodynamic and mechanical instabilities, assisted by preordering, occurring without diffusion. This unique mechanical and diffusion-less nature distinguishes AAT from liquid-liquid transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Fan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hajime Tanaka
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.
- Department of Fundamental Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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6
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Han Y, Wang L, Cao K, Zhou J, Zhu Y, Hou Y, Lu Y. In Situ TEM Characterization and Modulation for Phase Engineering of Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2023; 123:14119-14184. [PMID: 38055201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state phase transformation is an intriguing phenomenon in crystalline or noncrystalline solids due to the distinct physical and chemical properties that can be obtained and modified by phase engineering. Compared to bulk solids, nanomaterials exhibit enhanced capability for phase engineering due to their small sizes and high surface-to-volume ratios, facilitating various emerging applications. To establish a comprehensive atomistic understanding of phase engineering, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques have emerged as powerful tools, providing unprecedented atomic-resolution imaging, multiple characterization and stimulation mechanisms, and real-time integrations with various external fields. In this Review, we present a comprehensive overview of recent advances in in situ TEM studies to characterize and modulate nanomaterials for phase transformations under different stimuli, including mechanical, thermal, electrical, environmental, optical, and magnetic factors. We briefly introduce crystalline structures and polymorphism and then summarize phase stability and phase transformation models. The advanced experimental setups of in situ techniques are outlined and the advantages of in situ TEM phase engineering are highlighted, as demonstrated via several representative examples. Besides, the distinctive properties that can be obtained from in situ phase engineering are presented. Finally, current challenges and future research opportunities, along with their potential applications, are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ke Cao
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710026, China
| | - Jingzhuo Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yingxin Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yuan Hou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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7
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Liu SM, Zhang SH, Ogata S, Yang HL, Kano S, Abe H, Han WZ. Direct Observation of Vacancy-Cluster-Mediated Hydride Nucleation and the Anomalous Precipitation Memory Effect in Zirconium. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300319. [PMID: 37649223 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the heterogeneous nucleation of new phases is of importance in tuning the microstructures and properties of materials. However, the role of vacancy-a popular defect in materials that is hard to be resolved under conventional electron microscopy-in the heterogeneous phase nucleation remains intriguing. Here, this work captures direct in situ experimental evidences that vacancy clusters promote the heterogeneous hydride nucleation and cause the anomalous precipitation memory effect in zirconium. Both interstitial and vacancy dislocation loops form after hydride dissolution. Interestingly, hydride reprecipitation only occurs on those vacancy loop decorated sites during cooling. Atomistic simulations reveal that hydrogen atoms are preferentially segregated at individual vacancy and vacancy clusters, which assist hydride nucleation, and stimulate the unusual memory effect during hydride reprecipitation. The finding breaks the traditional view on the sequence of heterogeneous nucleation sites and sheds light on the solid phase transformation related to vacancy-sensitive alloying elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Mian Liu
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Ogata
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hui-Long Yang
- Nuclear Professional School, The University of Tokyo, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, 319-1188, Japan
| | - Sho Kano
- Nuclear Professional School, The University of Tokyo, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, 319-1188, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Abe
- Nuclear Professional School, The University of Tokyo, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, 319-1188, Japan
| | - Wei-Zhong Han
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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8
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Zhang Q, Li J, Wang Z, Wang J. Controlling polymorph selection during nucleation by tuning the structure of metallic melts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:25480-25491. [PMID: 37712292 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02837b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the polymorphism of crystals is crucial to the design of novel metallic materials with specific properties; however, the atomistic mechanism underlying polymorph selection during crystallization remains unclear. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations combined with well-tempered metadynamics simulations are employed to explore the atomic mechanisms of polymorph selection during the nucleation process of FCC aluminum and copper. Simulation results suggest that the distinct nucleation pathways of both FCC metals originate from different free-energy surfaces of nucleation processes and diverse symmetries of nucleation precursors. The initially forming phase from undercooled melts is most likely to be the one that has the symmetry closest to the precursors. Besides, tiny seeds with diverse crystal symmetries could induce the formation of preordered precursors for nucleation around the seed, leading to the reduction of free-energy barrier and thus the promotion of nucleation. Controlling polymorph selection with tiny seeds is realized by tuning the symmetry of precursors. Our findings not only shed significant light on understanding polymorph selection, but also provide theoretical guidance for better controlling the nucleation pathway in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China.
| | - Junjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China.
| | - Zhijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China.
| | - Jincheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China.
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9
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Yun H, Zhang D, Birol T, Wang JP, Mkhoyan KA. Structural Anisotropy-Driven Atomic Mechanisms of Phase Transformations in the Pt-Sn System. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7576-7583. [PMID: 37535801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Using in situ atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, atomic movements and rearrangements associated with diffusive solid to solid phase transformations in the Pt-Sn system are captured to reveal details of the underlying atomistic mechanisms that drive these transformations. In the PtSn4 to PtSn2 phase transformation, a periodic superlattice substructure and a unique intermediate structure precede the nucleation and growth of the PtSn2 phase. At the atomic level, all stages of the transformation are templated by the anisotropic crystal structure of the parent PtSn4 phase. In the case of the PtSn2 to Pt2Sn3 transformation, the anisotropy in the structure of product Pt2Sn3 dictates the path of transformation. Analysis of atomic configurations at the transformation front elucidates the diffusion pathways and lattice distortions required for these phase transformations. Comparison of multiple Pt-Sn phase transformations reveals the structural parameters governing solid to solid phase transformations in this technologically interesting intermetallic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwanhui Yun
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Delin Zhang
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Turan Birol
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - K Andre Mkhoyan
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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10
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Lalge R, Kumar NSK, Suryanarayanan R. Understanding the Effect of Nucleation in Amorphous Solid Dispersions through Time-Temperature Transformation. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4196-4209. [PMID: 37358932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In an earlier investigation, the critical cooling rate to prevent drug crystallization (CRcrit) during the preparation of nifedipine (NIF) amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) was determined through a time-temperature transformation (TTT) diagram (Lalge et al. Mol. Pharmaceutics 2023, 20 (3), 1806-1817). The current study aims to use the TTT diagram to determine the critical cooling rate to prevent drug nucleation (CRcrit N) during the preparation of ASDs. ASDs were prepared with each polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS). The dispersions were first stored under conditions promoting nucleation and then heated to the temperature that favors crystallization. The crystallization onset time (tC) was determined by differential scanning calorimetry and synchrotron X-ray diffractometry. TTT diagrams for nucleation were generated, which provided the critical nucleation temperature (50 °C) and the critical cooling rate to avoid nucleation (CRcrit N). The strength of the drug-polymer interactions as well as the polymer concentration affected the CRcrit N, with PVP having a stronger interaction than HPMCAS. The CRcrit of amorphous NIF was ∼17.5 °C/min. The addition of a 20% w/w polymer resulted in CRcrit of ∼0.05 and 0.2 °C/min and CRcrit N of ∼4.1 and 8.1 °C/min for the dispersions prepared with PVP and HPMCAS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Lalge
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-177 WDH, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - N S Krishna Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-177 WDH, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-177 WDH, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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11
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Zheng Z, Qi L, Gao Y, Luan X, Xue Y, He F, Li Y. Ir 0/graphdiyne atomic interface for selective epoxidation. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad156. [PMID: 37427022 PMCID: PMC10327882 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of catalysts that can selectively and efficiently promote the alkene epoxidation at ambient temperatures and pressures is an important promising path to renewable synthesis of various chemical products. Here we report a new type of zerovalent atom catalysts comprised of zerovalent Ir atoms highly dispersed and anchored on graphdiyne (Ir0/GDY) wherein the Ir0 is stabilized by the incomplete charge transfer effect and the confined effect of GDY natural cavity. The Ir0/GDY can selectively and efficiently produce styrene oxides (SO) by electro-oxidizing styrene (ST) in aqueous solutions at ambient temperatures and pressures with high conversion efficiency of ∼100%, high SO selectivity of 85.5%, and high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 55%. Experimental and density functional theory (DFT) calculation results show that the intrinsic activity and stability due to the incomplete charge transfer between Ir0 and GDY effectively promoted the electron exchange between the catalyst and reactant molecule, and realized the selective epoxidation of ST to SO. Studies of the reaction mechanism demonstrate that Ir0/GDY proceeds a distinctive pathway for highly selective and active alkene-to-epoxide conversion from the traditional processes. This work presents a new example of constructing zerovalent metal atoms within the GDY matrix toward selective electrocatalytic epoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lu Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yaqi Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyu Luan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | | | - Feng He
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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12
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Xue H, Yang C, De Geuser F, Zhang P, Zhang J, Chen B, Liu F, Peng Y, Bian J, Liu G, Deschamps A, Sun J. Highly stable coherent nanoprecipitates via diffusion-dominated solute uptake and interstitial ordering. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:434-441. [PMID: 36536142 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight design strategies and advanced energy applications call for high-strength Al alloys that can serve in the 300‒400 °C temperature range. However, the present commercial high-strength Al alloys are limited to low-temperature applications of less than ~150 °C, because it is challenging to achieve coherent nanoprecipitates with both high thermal stability (preferentially associated with slow-diffusing solutes) and large volume fraction (mostly derived from high-solubility and fast-diffusing solutes). Here we demonstrate an interstitial solute stabilizing strategy to produce high-density, highly stable coherent nanoprecipitates (termed the V phase) in Sc-added Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys, enabling the Al alloys to reach an unprecedented creep resistance as well as exceptional tensile strength (~100 MPa) at 400 °C. The formation of the V phase, assembling slow-diffusing Sc and fast-diffusing Cu atoms, is triggered by coherent ledge-aided in situ phase transformation, with diffusion-dominated Sc uptake and self-organization into the interstitial ordering of early-precipitated Ω phase. We envisage that the ledge-mediated interaction between slow- and fast-diffusing atoms may pave the way for the stabilization of coherent nanoprecipitates towards advanced 400 °C-level light alloys, which could be readily adapted to large-scale industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Materials and Energy and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fuzhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Peng
- School of Materials and Energy and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Bian
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Alexis Deschamps
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, SIMaP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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13
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Wang Y, Ye X, Shi M, Pan N, Xia P. Study of Phase Evolution Behavior of Ti6Al4V/Inconel 718 by Pulsed Laser Melting Deposition. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2437. [PMID: 36984317 PMCID: PMC10053893 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a pulsed laser was used as the heat source for the additive work. The Ti6Al4V/Inconel 718 alloy wire was deposited on the substrate by melting using a pulsed laser. Using the above method, single-layer and double-layer samples were printed. The sample material printed in this way is highly utilized. Compared to the complicated pre-preparation work of metal powder pre-mixing, this printing method is simple to prepare and only requires changing the wire feeding speed. The study of this paper provides a theoretical guide for the subsequent fusion deposition of heterogeneous wire materials. The samples were analyzed after molding using SEM, EDS and XRD to characterize the microstructure of the samples. The samples can be divided into three zones depending on the microstructure, the bottom columnar crystal zone, the middle mixed phase zone, and the bottom equiaxed crystal zone. From the bottom to the top of the sample, the phase microstructure changes as γ + Laves → α + β + Ti2Ni + TiNi + Ni3Ti → α + β. The hardness data show that the highest value in the transition zone is 951.4 HV. The hardness of the top part is second only to the transition zone due to a large number of equiaxed crystals. The bottom region is dominated by columnar crystals and is the softest of the three regions with the lowest hardness value of 701.4 HV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Xin Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.W.)
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Laser Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Mingli Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Nanxu Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Peng Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.W.)
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14
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Liu C, Cui J, Cheng Z, Zhang B, Zhang S, Ding J, Yu R, Ma E. Direct Observation of Oxygen Atoms Taking Tetrahedral Interstitial Sites in Medium-Entropy Body-Centered-Cubic Solutions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209941. [PMID: 36621778 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial solutes, such as carbon in steels, are effective solid-solution hardening agents. These alloying elements are believed to occupy the octahedral interstices in body-centered-cubic (bcc) metals. Using deep-sub-angstrom-resolution electron ptychography, here the first experimental evidence to directly observe individual oxygen atoms in a highly concentrated bcc solid solution-the (TiNbZr)86 O12 C1 N1 medium-entropy alloy (MEA)-is provided, whereby the interstitial sites in which the oxygen atoms are located are discerned. In addition to oxygen interstitials residing in octahedral sites, the first unambiguous evidence of a switch in preference to the unusual tetrahedral sites at high oxygen concentrations is shown. This shift away from octahedral occupancy is explained as resulting from the extra cost of strain energy when the requisite displacement of the host atoms is deterred in the presence of nearby octahedral interstitials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jizhe Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiying Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bozhao Zhang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jun Ding
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Rong Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - En Ma
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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15
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Jiang Y, Duchamp M, Ang SJ, Yan H, Tan TL, Mirsaidov U. Dynamics of the fcc-to-bcc phase transition in single-crystalline PdCu alloy nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:104. [PMID: 36609570 PMCID: PMC9822937 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Two most common crystal structures in metals and metal alloys are body-centered cubic (bcc) and face-centered cubic (fcc) structures. The phase transitions between these structures play an important role in the production of durable and functional metal alloys. Despite their technological significance, the details of such phase transitions are largely unknown because of the challenges associated with probing these processes. Here, we describe the nanoscopic details of an fcc-to-bcc phase transition in PdCu alloy nanoparticles (NPs) using in situ heating transmission electron microscopy. Our observations reveal that the bcc phase always nucleates from the edge of the fcc NP, and then propagates across the NP by forming a distinct few-atoms-wide coherent bcc-fcc interface. Notably, this interface acts as an intermediate precursor phase for the nucleation of a bcc phase. These insights into the fcc-to-bcc phase transition are important for understanding solid - solid phase transitions in general and can help to tailor the functional properties of metals and their alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Jiang
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117551 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117557 Singapore
| | - Martial Duchamp
- grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Shi Jun Ang
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138632 Singapore
| | - Hongwei Yan
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117551 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117557 Singapore
| | - Teck Leong Tan
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138632 Singapore
| | - Utkur Mirsaidov
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117551 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117557 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575 Singapore
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16
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Ye Z, Zhang L, Liu T, Xuan W, He X, Hou C, Han D, Yu B, Shi J, Kang J, Chen J. The effect of surface nucleation modulation on the mechanical and biocompatibility of metal-polymer biomaterials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1160351. [PMID: 37091349 PMCID: PMC10117951 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1160351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The deployment of hernia repair patches in laparoscopic procedures is gradually increasing. In this technology, however, understanding the new phases of titanium from the parent phase on polymer substrates is essential to control the microstructural transition and material properties. It remains a challenging area of condensed matter physics to predict the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of metals on polymer substrates from the molecular scale due to the lack of understanding of the properties of the metal-polymer interface. However, this paper revealed the mechanism of nucleation on polymer substrates and proposed for the first record a time-dependent regulatory mechanism for the polymer-titanium interface. The interconnection between polymer surface chain entanglement, nucleation and growth patterns, crystal structure and surface roughness were effectively unified. The secondary regulation of mechanical properties was accomplished simultaneously to satisfy the requirement of biocompatibility. Titaniumized polypropylene patches prepared by time-dependent magnetron sputtering technology demonstrated excellent interfacial mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In addition, modulation by low-temperature plasma metal deposition opened a new pathway for biomaterials. This paper provides a solid theoretical basis for the research of titanium nanofilms on medical polypropylene substrates and the medical industry of implantable biomaterials, which will be of great value in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong Ye
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai High Efficiency Cooling System Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Taiwei Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weicheng Xuan
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhao Hou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Donglin Han
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Binbin Yu
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junye Shi
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Department of General Surgery, Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Kang, ; Jiangping Chen,
| | - Jiangping Chen
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai High Efficiency Cooling System Research Center, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Kang, ; Jiangping Chen,
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17
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Chen J, Chen S, Li Y, Liao X, Zhao T, Cheng F, Wang H. Galvanic-Cell Deposition Enables the Exposure of Bismuth Grain Boundary for Efficient Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201633. [PMID: 35499192 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metallic bismuth (Bi) holds great promise in efficient conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) into formate, yet the complicated synthetic routes and unobtrusive performance hinder the practical application. Herein, a facile galvanic-cell deposition method is proposed for the rapid and one-step synthesis of Bi nanodendrites. Compared to the traditional deposition method, it is found that the special galvanic-cell configuration can promote the exposure of low-angle grain boundaries. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, in situ characterizations and theoretical calculations indicate the electronical structures can be greatly tailored by the grain boundaries, which can facilitate the CO2 adsorption and intermediate formation. Consequently, the grain boundary-enriched Bi nanodendrites exhibit a high selectivity toward formate with an impressively high production rate of 557.2 µmol h-1 cm-2 at -0.94 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, which outperforms most of the state-of-the-art Bi-based electrocatalysts with longer synthesis time. This work provides a straightforward method for rapidly fabricating active Bi electrocatalysts, and explicitly reveals the critical effect of grain boundary in Bi nanostructures on CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youzeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xuelong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tete Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fangyi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
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