1
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Bittencourt GHR, Castro M, Nunez AS, Altbir D, Allende S, Carvalho-Santos VL. Chiral spin-transfer torque induced by curvature gradient. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:16844-16851. [PMID: 39190501 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01068j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
This work analyzes the propagation of a transverse domain wall (DW) under the action of an electric current along a nanowire with a curvature gradient. Our results evidence that the curvature gradient induces a chiral spin-transfer torque (CSTT) whose effect on the DW dynamics depends on the direction along which the DW points, evidencing a curvature-induced non-reciprocity in the current-driven DW motion. The origin of the CSTT is explained in terms of a position-dependent effective field associated with the DW profile and the electric current direction. This current-driven chiral effect is responsible for direction-dependent reinforcing or blocking the DW propagation. The emergence of curvature-induced chiral spin transport is a phenomenon to consider when designing spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H R Bittencourt
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Física, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.
- Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, R. Aloísio Stoffel, 89885-000, São Carlos, SC, Brasil
| | - Mario Castro
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Departamento de Física, Cedenna, Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro S Nunez
- Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dora Altbir
- Universidad Diego Portales, Ejército 441, CEDENNA, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Allende
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Departamento de Física, Cedenna, Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vagson L Carvalho-Santos
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Física, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.
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2
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Askey J, Hunt MO, Payne L, van den Berg A, Pitsios I, Hejazi A, Langbein W, Ladak S. Direct visualization of domain wall pinning in sub-100 nm 3D magnetic nanowires with cross-sectional curvature. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39253863 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02020k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The study of 3D magnetic nanostructures has uncovered rich phenomena including the stabilization of topological spin textures using nanoscale curvature, controlled spin-wave emission, and novel ground states enabled by collective frustrated interactions. From a technological perspective, 3D nanostructures offer routes to ultrahigh density data storage, massive interconnectivity within neuromorphic devices, as well as mechanical induction of stem cell differentiation. However, the fabrication of 3D nanomagnetic systems with feature sizes down to 10 nm poses a significant challenge. Here we present a means of fabricating sub-100 nm 3D ferromagnetic nanowires, with both cross-sectional and longitudinal curvature, using two-photon lithography at a wavelength of 405 nm, combined with conventional deposition. Nanostructures with lateral features as low as 70 nm can be rapidly and reproducibly fabricated. A range of novel domain walls, with anti-vortex textures and hybrid vortex/anti-vortex textures are enabled by the cross-sectional curvature of the system, as demonstrated by micromagnetic simulations. Magnetic force microscopy experiments in an externally applied magnetic field are used to image the injection and pinning of domain walls in the 3D magnetic nanowire. At specific field values, domain walls are observed to hop from trap to trap, providing a direct means to probe the local energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Askey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | | | - Lukas Payne
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | - Arjen van den Berg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | - Ioannis Pitsios
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | - Alaa Hejazi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | - Wolfgang Langbein
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | - Sam Ladak
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
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3
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Zhao L, Hua C, Song C, Yu W, Jiang W. Realization of skyrmion shift register. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:2370-2378. [PMID: 38960814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The big data explosion demands novel data storage technology. Among many different approaches, solitonic racetrack memory devices hold great promise for accommodating nonvolatile and low-power functionalities. As representative topological solitons, magnetic skyrmions are envisioned as potential information carriers for efficient information processing. While their advantages as memory and logic elements have been vastly exploited from theoretical perspectives, the corresponding experimental efforts are rather limited. These challenges, which are key to versatile skyrmionic devices, will be studied in this work. Through patterning concaved surface topography with designed arrays of indentations on standard Si/SiO2 substrates, we demonstrate that the resultant non-flat energy landscape could lead to the formation of hexagonal and square skyrmion lattices in Ta/CoFeB/MgO multilayers. Based on these films, one-dimensional racetrack devices are subsequently fabricated, in which a long-distance deterministic shifting of skyrmions between neighboring indentations is achieved at room temperature. Through separating the word line and the bit line, a prototype shift register device, which can sequentially generate and precisely shift complex skyrmionic data strings, is presented. The deterministic writing and long-distance shifting of skyrmionic bits can find potential applications in transformative skyrmionic memory, logic as well as the in-memory computing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chensong Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chengkun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weichao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Wanjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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4
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Al Bahri M, Al-Kamiyani S. Thermal Effects on Domain Wall Stability at Magnetic Stepped Nanowire for Nanodevices Storage. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1202. [PMID: 39057879 PMCID: PMC11279391 DOI: 10.3390/nano14141202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
In the future, DW memory will replace conventional storage memories with high storage capacity and fast read/write speeds. The only failure in DW memory arises from DW thermal fluctuations at pinning sites. This work examines, through calculations, the parameters that might help control DW thermal stability at the pinning sites. It is proposed to design a new scheme using a stepped area of a certain depth (d) and length (λ). The study reveals that DW thermal stability is highly dependent on the geometry of the pinning area (d and λ), magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization (Ms) and magnetic anisotropy energy (Ku), and the dimensions of the nanowires. For certain values of d and λ, DWs remain stable at temperatures over 500 K, which is beneficial for memory applications. Higher DW thermal stability is also achieved by decreasing nanowire thickness to less than 10 nm, making DW memories stable below 800 K. Finally, our results help to construct DW memory nanodevices with nanodimensions less than a 40 nm width and less than a 10 nm thickness with high DW thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al Bahri
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, A’Sharqiyah University, P.O. Box 42, Ibra P.C 400, Oman;
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5
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Yu J, Han W, Suleiman AA, Han S, Miao N, Ling FCC. Recent Advances on Pulsed Laser Deposition of Large-Scale Thin Films. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301282. [PMID: 38084465 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
2D thin films, possessing atomically thin thickness, are emerging as promising candidates for next-generation electronic devices, due to their novel properties and high performance. In the early years, a wide variety of 2D materials are prepared using several methods (mechanical/liquid exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, etc.). However, the limited size of 2D flakes hinders their fundamental research and device applications, and hence the effective large-scale preparation of 2D films is still challenging. Recently, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has appeared to be an impactful method for wafer-scale growth of 2D films, owing to target-maintained stoichiometry, high growth rate, and efficiency. In this review, the recent advances on the PLD preparation of 2D films are summarized, including the growth mechanisms, strategies, and materials classification. First, efficacious strategies of PLD growth are highlighted. Then, the growth, characterization, and device applications of various 2D films are presented, such as graphene, h-BN, MoS2, BP, oxide, perovskite, semi-metal, etc. Finally, the potential challenges and further research directions of PLD technique is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Wei Han
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
- School of Microelectronics, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Abdulsalam Aji Suleiman
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University UNAM, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Siyu Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Naihua Miao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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6
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Jeon JC, Migliorini A, Fischer L, Yoon J, Parkin SSP. Dynamic Manipulation of Chiral Domain Wall Spacing for Advanced Spintronic Memory and Logic Devices. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14507-14513. [PMID: 38758358 PMCID: PMC11155243 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscopic magnetic domain walls (DWs), via their absence or presence, enable highly interesting binary data bits. The current-controlled, high-speed, synchronous motion of sequences of chiral DWs in magnetic nanoconduits induced by current pulses makes possible high-performance spintronic memory and logic devices. The closer the spacing between neighboring DWs in an individual conduit or nanowire, the higher the data density of the device, but at the same time, the more difficult it is to read the bits. Here, we show how the DW spacing can be dynamically varied to facilitate reading for otherwise closely packed bits. In the first method, the current density is increased in portions of the conduit that, thereby, locally speeds up the DWs, decompressing them and making them easier to read. In the second method, a localized bias current is used to compress and decompress the DW spacing. Both of these methods are demonstrated experimentally and validated by micromagnetic simulations. DW compression and decompression rates as high as 88% are shown. These methods can increase the density with which DWs can be packed in future DW-based spintronic devices by more than an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chun Jeon
- Max
Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Migliorini
- Max
Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lukas Fischer
- Max
Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Martin
Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jiho Yoon
- Max
Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stuart S. P. Parkin
- Max
Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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7
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Vermeulen BB, Sorée B, Couet S, Temst K, Nguyen VD. Progress in Spin Logic Devices Based on Domain-Wall Motion. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:696. [PMID: 38930666 PMCID: PMC11205657 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Spintronics, utilizing both the charge and spin of electrons, benefits from the nonvolatility, low switching energy, and collective behavior of magnetization. These properties allow the development of magnetoresistive random access memories, with magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) playing a central role. Various spin logic concepts are also extensively explored. Among these, spin logic devices based on the motion of magnetic domain walls (DWs) enable the implementation of compact and energy-efficient logic circuits. In these devices, DW motion within a magnetic track enables spin information processing, while MTJs at the input and output serve as electrical writing and reading elements. DW logic holds promise for simplifying logic circuit complexity by performing multiple functions within a single device. Nevertheless, the demonstration of DW logic circuits with electrical writing and reading at the nanoscale is still needed to unveil their practical application potential. In this review, we discuss material advancements for high-speed DW motion, progress in DW logic devices, groundbreaking demonstrations of current-driven DW logic, and its potential for practical applications. Additionally, we discuss alternative approaches for current-free information propagation, along with challenges and prospects for the development of DW logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Bert Vermeulen
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (B.S.); (S.C.); (K.T.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Quantum Solid-State Physics (QSP) Division, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Sorée
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (B.S.); (S.C.); (K.T.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT-INSYS Division, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physics, Universiteit Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Couet
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (B.S.); (S.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Kristiaan Temst
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (B.S.); (S.C.); (K.T.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Quantum Solid-State Physics (QSP) Division, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Van Dai Nguyen
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (B.S.); (S.C.); (K.T.)
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8
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Jani H, Harrison J, Hooda S, Prakash S, Nandi P, Hu J, Zeng Z, Lin JC, Godfrey C, Omar GJ, Butcher TA, Raabe J, Finizio S, Thean AVY, Ariando A, Radaelli PG. Spatially reconfigurable antiferromagnetic states in topologically rich free-standing nanomembranes. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:619-626. [PMID: 38374414 PMCID: PMC11068574 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Antiferromagnets hosting real-space topological textures are promising platforms to model fundamental ultrafast phenomena and explore spintronics. However, they have only been epitaxially fabricated on specific symmetry-matched substrates, thereby preserving their intrinsic magneto-crystalline order. This curtails their integration with dissimilar supports, restricting the scope of fundamental and applied investigations. Here we circumvent this limitation by designing detachable crystalline antiferromagnetic nanomembranes of α-Fe2O3. First, we show-via transmission-based antiferromagnetic vector mapping-that flat nanomembranes host a spin-reorientation transition and rich topological phenomenology. Second, we exploit their extreme flexibility to demonstrate the reconfiguration of antiferromagnetic states across three-dimensional membrane folds resulting from flexure-induced strains. Finally, we combine these developments using a controlled manipulator to realize the strain-driven non-thermal generation of topological textures at room temperature. The integration of such free-standing antiferromagnetic layers with flat/curved nanostructures could enable spin texture designs via magnetoelastic/geometric effects in the quasi-static and dynamical regimes, opening new explorations into curvilinear antiferromagnetism and unconventional computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariom Jani
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jack Harrison
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sonu Hooda
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saurav Prakash
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Proloy Nandi
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junxiong Hu
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Zhiyang Zeng
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jheng-Cyuan Lin
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles Godfrey
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ganesh Ji Omar
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tim A Butcher
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Raabe
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Simone Finizio
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Aaron Voon-Yew Thean
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Ariando
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Paolo G Radaelli
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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9
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Volkov OM, Pylypovskyi OV, Porrati F, Kronast F, Fernandez-Roldan JA, Kákay A, Kuprava A, Barth S, Rybakov FN, Eriksson O, Lamb-Camarena S, Makushko P, Mawass MA, Shakeel S, Dobrovolskiy OV, Huth M, Makarov D. Three-dimensional magnetic nanotextures with high-order vorticity in soft magnetic wireframes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2193. [PMID: 38467623 PMCID: PMC10928081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive nanotechnology enable curvilinear and three-dimensional (3D) magnetic architectures with tunable topology and functionalities surpassing their planar counterparts. Here, we experimentally reveal that 3D soft magnetic wireframe structures resemble compact manifolds and accommodate magnetic textures of high order vorticity determined by the Euler characteristic, χ. We demonstrate that self-standing magnetic tetrapods (homeomorphic to a sphere; χ = + 2) support six surface topological solitons, namely four vortices and two antivortices, with a total vorticity of + 2 equal to its Euler characteristic. Alternatively, wireframe structures with one loop (homeomorphic to a torus; χ = 0) possess equal number of vortices and antivortices, which is relevant for spin-wave splitters and 3D magnonics. Subsequent introduction of n holes into the wireframe geometry (homeomorphic to an n-torus; χ < 0) enables the accommodation of a virtually unlimited number of antivortices, which suggests their usefulness for non-conventional (e.g., reservoir) computation. Furthermore, complex stray-field topologies around these objects are of interest for superconducting electronics, particle trapping and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
- Kyiv Academic University, 03142, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Fabrizio Porrati
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Florian Kronast
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose A Fernandez-Roldan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Kuprava
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Barth
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Filipp N Rybakov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box-516, Uppsala, SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box-516, Uppsala, SE-751 20, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Uppsala University, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lamb-Camarena
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Währinger Str. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavlo Makushko
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mohamad-Assaad Mawass
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4 - 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shahrukh Shakeel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Währinger Str. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Huth
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
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10
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Fedorov P, Soldatov I, Neu V, Schäfer R, Schmidt OG, Karnaushenko D. Self-assembly of Co/Pt stripes with current-induced domain wall motion towards 3D racetrack devices. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2048. [PMID: 38448405 PMCID: PMC10918081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Modification of the magnetic properties under the induced strain and curvature is a promising avenue to build three-dimensional magnetic devices, based on the domain wall motion. So far, most of the studies with 3D magnetic structures were performed in the helixes and nanowires, mainly with stationary domain walls. In this study, we demonstrate the impact of 3D geometry, strain and curvature on the current-induced domain wall motion and spin-orbital torque efficiency in the heterostructure, realized via a self-assembly rolling technique on a polymeric platform. We introduce a complete 3D memory unit with write, read and store functionality, all based on the field-free domain wall motion. Additionally, we conducted a comparative analysis between 2D and 3D structures, particularly addressing the influence of heat during the electric current pulse sequences. Finally, we demonstrated a remarkable increase of 30% in spin-torque efficiency in 3D configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Fedorov
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ivan Soldatov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Volker Neu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schäfer
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.
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11
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Peters JJP, Mullarkey T, Hedley E, Müller KH, Porter A, Mostaed A, Jones L. Electron counting detectors in scanning transmission electron microscopy via hardware signal processing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5184. [PMID: 37626044 PMCID: PMC10457289 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40875-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy is a pivotal instrument in materials and biological sciences due to its ability to provide local structural and spectroscopic information on a wide range of materials. However, the electron detectors used in scanning transmission electron microscopy are often unable to provide quantified information, that is the number of electrons impacting the detector, without exhaustive calibration and processing. This results in arbitrary signal values with slow response times that cannot be used for quantification or comparison to simulations. Here we demonstrate and optimise a hardware signal processing approach to augment electron detectors to perform single electron counting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J P Peters
- Advanced Microscopy Laboratory (AML), Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Tiarnan Mullarkey
- Advanced Microscopy Laboratory (AML), Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Doctoral Training in the Advanced Characterisation of Materials, AMBER Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma Hedley
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karin H Müller
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Porter
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ali Mostaed
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lewys Jones
- Advanced Microscopy Laboratory (AML), Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Doctoral Training in the Advanced Characterisation of Materials, AMBER Centre, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Fullerton J, Hierro-Rodriguez A, Donnelly C, Sanz-Hernández D, Skoric L, MacLaren DA, Fernández-Pacheco A. Controlled evolution of three-dimensional magnetic states in strongly coupled cylindrical nanowire pairs. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:125301. [PMID: 36595337 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aca9d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrical magnetic nanowires are promising systems for the development of three-dimensional spintronic devices. Here, we simulate the evolution of magnetic states during fabrication of strongly-coupled cylindrical nanowires with varying degrees of overlap. By varying the separation between wires, the relative strength of exchange and magnetostatic coupling can be tuned. Hence, we observe the formation of six fundamental states as a function of both inter-wire separation and wire height. In particular, two complex three-dimensional magnetic states, a 3D Landau Pattern and a Helical domain wall, are observed to emerge for intermediate overlap. These two emergent states show complex spin configurations, including a modulated domain wall with both Néel and Bloch character. The competition of magnetic interactions and the parallel growth scheme we follow (growing both wires at the same time) favours the formation of these anti-parallel metastable states. This works shows how the engineering of strongly coupled 3D nanostructures with competing interactions can be used to create complex spin textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fullerton
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Donnelly
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
| | - D Sanz-Hernández
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - L Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D A MacLaren
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - A Fernández-Pacheco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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13
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Bhattacharya D, Chen Z, Jensen CJ, Liu C, Burks EC, Gilbert DA, Zhang X, Yin G, Liu K. 3D Interconnected Magnetic Nanowire Networks as Potential Integrated Multistate Memristors. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:10010-10017. [PMID: 36480011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interconnected magnetic nanowire (NW) networks offer a promising platform for three-dimensional (3D) information storage and integrated neuromorphic computing. Here we report discrete propagation of magnetic states in interconnected Co nanowire networks driven by magnetic field and current, manifested in distinct magnetoresistance (MR) features. In these networks, when only a few interconnected NWs were measured, multiple MR kinks and local minima were observed, including a significant minimum at a positive field during the descending field sweep. Micromagnetic simulations showed that this unusual feature was due to domain wall (DW) pinning at the NW intersections, which was confirmed by off-axis electron holography imaging. In a complex network with many intersections, sequential switching of nanowire sections separated by interconnects was observed, along with stochastic characteristics. The pinning/depinning of the DWs can be further controlled by the driving current density. These results illustrate the promise of such interconnected networks as integrated multistate memristors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.20057, United States
| | | | - Chen Liu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward C Burks
- Physics Department, University of California, Davis, California95618, United States
| | - Dustin A Gilbert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Xixiang Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gen Yin
- Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.20057, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.20057, United States
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14
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Fernández-Pacheco A, Donnelly C. The racetrack breaks free from the substrate. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:1038-1039. [PMID: 36138202 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Donnelly
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany.
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