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Jin Y, Wan K, Liu C, Cheng W, Wang R. Mechanisms of exercise intervention in type 2 diabetes: a bibliometric and visualization analysis based on CiteSpace. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1401342. [PMID: 39149117 PMCID: PMC11324446 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1401342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a common chronic metabolic disease, and its prevalence is increasing globally. Exercise is crucial for T2D management, yet many aspects of its mechanisms remain unclear. This study employs CiteSpace to reveal research hotspots and frontier issues in exercise intervention for T2D. Method A literature review spanning from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022, was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), with keywords including "exercise," "type 2 diabetes," and "mechanisms." We analyzed network diagrams generated by CiteSpace, which depicted relationships among countries, authors, and keywords. Results This study includes 1,210 English papers from 555 journals, affiliated with 348 institutions across 80 countries/regions. Notably, the United States, China, and the United Kingdom account for nearly half of all publications. The University of Copenhagen leads in publication volume, followed by Harvard Medical School and the University of Colorado. Key authors include Kirwan, John P (Case Western Reserve University), Malin, Steven K (Rutgers University), and Pedersen, Bente Klarlund (University of Copenhagen). Based on co-occurrence analysis of keywords, it is evident that terms such as "disease," "glucagon-like peptide 1," and "cardiovascular risk factor" exhibit high intermediary centrality. Conclusion The analysis highlights ongoing investigations into molecular mechanisms, such as β-cell function enhancement, exerkines, and epigenetic mechanisms. Emerging areas include exercise response heterogeneity, circadian rhythm regulation, transcription factors, neurotrophic factors, and mitochondrial function. Future studies should prioritize understanding interactions between different exercise mechanisms and optimizing exercise prescriptions for T2D. Exercise prescriptions are crucial for effective interventions. Collaboration between countries and institutions is essential to understand the influences of different genetic backgrounds and environmental factors. Currently, a combination of aerobic and resistance training is considered the optimal form of exercise. However, considering time efficiency, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has gained widespread attention and research due to its ability to achieve similar exercise effects in a shorter duration. Additionally, circadian rhythm regulation may affect the exercise outcomes of diabetic individuals at different times of the day, particularly concerning the specific types, doses, and intensities used for precision intervention in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jin
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Wan
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Physical Education College, Henan Sport University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Mansingh S, Maier G, Delezie J, Westermark PO, Ritz D, Duchemin W, Santos G, Karrer-Cardel B, Steurer SA, Albrecht U, Handschin C. More than the clock: distinct regulation of muscle function and metabolism by PER2 and RORα. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38850551 DOI: 10.1113/jp285585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, governed by the dominant central clock, in addition to various peripheral clocks, regulate almost all biological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion and metabolism. In certain contexts, the regulation and function of the peripheral oscillations can be decoupled from the central clock. However, the specific mechanisms underlying muscle-intrinsic clock-dependent modulation of muscle function and metabolism remain unclear. We investigated the outcome of perturbations of the primary and secondary feedback loops of the molecular clock in skeletal muscle by specific gene ablation of Period circadian regulator 2 (Per2) and RAR-related orphan receptor alpha (Rorα), respectively. In both models, a dampening of core clock gene oscillation was observed, while the phase was preserved. Moreover, both loops seem to be involved in the homeostasis of amine groups. Highly divergent outcomes were seen for overall muscle gene expression, primarily affecting circadian rhythmicity in the PER2 knockouts and non-oscillating genes in the RORα knockouts, leading to distinct outcomes in terms of metabolome and phenotype. These results highlight the entanglement of the molecular clock and muscle plasticity and allude to specific functions of different clock components, i.e. the primary and secondary feedback loops, in this context. The reciprocal interaction between muscle contractility and circadian clocks might therefore be instrumental to determining a finely tuned adaptation of muscle tissue to perturbations in health and disease. KEY POINTS: Specific perturbations of the primary and secondary feedback loop of the molecular clock result in specific outcomes on muscle metabolism and function. Ablation of Per2 (primary loop) or Rorα (secondary loop) blunts the amplitude of core clock genes, in absence of a shift in phase. Perturbation of the primary feedback loop by deletion of PER2 primarily affects muscle gene oscillation. Knockout of RORα and the ensuing modulation of the secondary loop results in the aberrant expression of a large number of non-clock genes and proteins. The deletion of PER2 and RORα affects muscle metabolism and contractile function in a circadian manner, highlighting the central role of the molecular clock in modulating muscle plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pål O Westermark
- Leibniz-Institut für Nutztierbiologie, Institut für Genetik und Biometrie, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Danilo Ritz
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wandrille Duchemin
- sciCORE Center for Scientific Computing, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gesa Santos
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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3
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Das S, Khan R, Banerjee S, Ray S, Ray S. Alterations in Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Physical Activity in COVID-19: Mechanisms, Interventions, and Lessons for the Future. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04178-5. [PMID: 38702566 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Although the world is acquitting from the throes of COVID-19 and returning to the regularity of life, its effects on physical and mental health are prominently evident in the post-pandemic era. The pandemic subjected us to inadequate sleep and physical activities, stress, irregular eating patterns, and work hours beyond the regular rest-activity cycle. Thus, perturbing the synchrony of the regular circadian clock functions led to chronic psychiatric and neurological disorders and poor immunological response in several COVID-19 survivors. Understanding the links between the host immune system and viral replication machinery from a clock-infection biology perspective promises novel avenues of intervention. Behavioral improvements in our daily lifestyle can reduce the severity and expedite the convalescent stage of COVID-19 by maintaining consistent eating, sleep, and physical activity schedules. Including dietary supplements and nutraceuticals with prophylactic value aids in combating COVID-19, as their deficiency can lead to a higher risk of infection, vulnerability, and severity of COVID-19. Thus, besides developing therapeutic measures, perpetual healthy practices could also contribute to combating the upcoming pandemics. This review highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on biological rhythms, sleep-wake cycles, physical activities, and eating patterns and how those disruptions possibly contribute to the response, severity, and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284, Telangana, India
| | - Rajni Khan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Hajipur, Vaishali, Hajipur, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Srishti Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284, Telangana, India
| | - Shashikant Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, 845401, India.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Sandipan Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284, Telangana, India.
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Xu L, Jia J, Yu J, Miao S, Zhang Y. The impact of aerobic exercise timing on BMAL1 protein expression and antioxidant responses in skeletal muscle of mice. Free Radic Res 2024; 58:311-322. [PMID: 38946540 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2024.2348789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
It is well known that the adaptations of muscular antioxidant system to aerobic exercise depend on the frequency, intensity, duration, type of the exercise. Nonetheless, the timing of aerobic exercise, related to circadian rhythms or biological clock, may also affect the antioxidant defense system, but its impact remains uncertain. Bain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1) is the core orchestrator of molecular clock, which can maintain cellular redox homeostasis by directly controlling the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). So, our research objective was to evaluate the impacts of aerobic exercise training at various time points of the day on BMAL1 and NRF2-mediated antioxidant system in skeletal muscle. C57BL/6J mice were assigned to the control group, the group exercising at Zeitgeber Time 12 (ZT12), and the group exercising at ZT24. Control mice were not intervened, while ZT12 and ZT24 mice were trained for four weeks at the early and late time point of their active phase, respectively. We observed that the skeletal muscle of ZT12 mice exhibited higher total antioxidant capacity and lower reactive oxygen species compared to ZT24 mice. Furthermore, ZT12 mice improved the colocalization of BMAL1 with nucleus, the protein expression of BMAL1, NRF2, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme oxygenase 1, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit and glutathione reductase in comparison to those of ZT24 mice. In conclusion, the 4-week aerobic training performed at ZT12 is more effective for enhancing NRF2-mediated antioxidant responses of skeletal muscle, which may be attributed to the specific activation of BMAL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Jia
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Shudan Miao
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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5
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Kiperman T, Ma K. Circadian Clock in Muscle Disease Etiology and Therapeutic Potential for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4767. [PMID: 38731986 PMCID: PMC11083552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian clock and clock-controlled output pathways exert temporal control in diverse aspects of skeletal muscle physiology, including the maintenance of muscle mass, structure, function, and metabolism. They have emerged as significant players in understanding muscle disease etiology and potential therapeutic avenues, particularly in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This review examines the intricate interplay between circadian rhythms and muscle physiology, highlighting how disruptions of circadian regulation may contribute to muscle pathophysiology and the specific mechanisms linking circadian clock dysregulation with DMD. Moreover, we discuss recent advancements in chronobiological research that have shed light on the circadian control of muscle function and its relevance to DMD. Understanding clock output pathways involved in muscle mass and function offers novel insights into the pathogenesis of DMD and unveils promising avenues for therapeutic interventions. We further explore potential chronotherapeutic strategies targeting the circadian clock to ameliorate muscle degeneration which may inform drug development efforts for muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
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6
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Viggars MR, Berko HE, Hesketh SJ, Wolff CA, Gutierrez-Monreal MA, Martin RA, Jennings IG, Huo Z, Esser KA. Skeletal muscle BMAL1 is necessary for transcriptional adaptation of local and peripheral tissues in response to endurance exercise training. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.13.562100. [PMID: 37905004 PMCID: PMC10614785 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.13.562100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Objectives In this investigation, we addressed the contribution of the core circadian clock factor, BMAL1, in skeletal muscle to both acute transcriptional responses to exercise and transcriptional remodelling in response to exercise training. Additionally, we adopted a systems biology approach to investigate how loss of skeletal muscle BMAL1 altered peripheral tissue homeostasis as well as exercise training adaptations in iWAT, liver, heart, and lung of male mice. Methods Combining inducible skeletal muscle specific BMAL1 knockout mice, physiological testing and standardized exercise protocols, we performed a multi-omic analysis (transcriptomics, chromatin accessibility and metabolomics) to explore loss of muscle BMAL1 on muscle and peripheral tissue responses to exercise. Results Muscle-specific BMAL1 knockout mice demonstrated a blunted transcriptional response to acute exercise, characterized by the lack of upregulation of well-established exercise responsive transcription factors including Nr4a3 and Ppargc1a. Six weeks of exercise training in muscle-specific BMAL1 knockout mice induced significantly greater and divergent transcriptomic and metabolomic changes in muscle. Surprisingly, liver, lung, inguinal white adipose and heart showed divergent exercise training transcriptomes with less than 5% of 'exercise-training' responsive genes shared for each tissue between genotypes. Conclusion Our investigation has uncovered the critical role that BMAL1 plays in skeletal muscle as a key regulator of gene expression programs for both acute exercise and training adaptations. In addition, our work has uncovered the significant impact that altered exercise response in muscle plays in the peripheral tissue adaptation to exercise training. We also note that the transcriptome adaptations to steady state training suggest that without BMAL1, skeletal muscle does not achieve the expected homeostatic program. Our work also demonstrates that if the muscle adaptations diverge to a more maladaptive state this is linked to increased inflammation across many tissues. Understanding the molecular targets and pathways contributing to health vs. maladaptive exercise adaptations will be critical for the next stage of therapeutic design for exercise mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Viggars
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Hannah E Berko
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Stuart J Hesketh
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Wolff
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Miguel A Gutierrez-Monreal
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Ryan A Martin
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Isabel G Jennings
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Zhiguang Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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7
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Noone J, Mucinski JM, DeLany JP, Sparks LM, Goodpaster BH. Understanding the variation in exercise responses to guide personalized physical activity prescriptions. Cell Metab 2024; 36:702-724. [PMID: 38262420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that contribute to exercise response variation is the first step in achieving the goal of developing personalized exercise prescriptions. This review discusses the key molecular and other mechanistic factors, both extrinsic and intrinsic, that influence exercise responses and health outcomes. Extrinsic characteristics include the timing and dose of exercise, circadian rhythms, sleep habits, dietary interactions, and medication use, whereas intrinsic factors such as sex, age, hormonal status, race/ethnicity, and genetics are also integral. The molecular transducers of exercise (i.e., genomic/epigenomic, proteomic/post-translational, transcriptomic, metabolic/metabolomic, and lipidomic elements) are considered with respect to variability in physiological and health outcomes. Finally, this review highlights the current challenges that impede our ability to develop effective personalized exercise prescriptions. The Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) aims to fill significant gaps in the understanding of exercise response variability, yet further investigations are needed to address additional health outcomes across all populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Noone
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | | | - James P DeLany
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
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8
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Zhu X, Maier G, Panda S. Learning from circadian rhythm to transform cancer prevention, prognosis, and survivorship care. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:196-207. [PMID: 38001006 PMCID: PMC10939944 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Circadian timekeeping mechanisms and cell cycle regulation share thematic biological principles in responding to signals, repairing cellular damage, coordinating metabolism, and allocating cellular resources for optimal function. Recent studies show interactions between cell cycle regulators and circadian clock components, offering insights into potential cancer treatment approaches. Understanding circadian control of metabolism informs timing for therapies to reduce adverse effects and enhance treatment efficacy. Circadian adaptability to lifestyle factors, such as activity, sleep, and nutrition sheds light on their impact on cancer. Leveraging circadian regulatory mechanisms for cancer prevention and care is vital, as most risk stems from modifiable lifestyles. Monitoring circadian factors aids risk assessment and targeted interventions across the cancer care continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Geraldine Maier
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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9
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Yousfi N, Mejri MA, Ben Saad H, Chamari K. Lighting the way: Exploring diurnal physical performance differences in school-aged visually impaired children and adolescents. Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:417-426. [PMID: 38303130 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2312814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms play a pivotal role in governing various physiological processes, including physical performance. However, in individuals deprived of light perception, such as the blind, these circadian rhythms face disruption. This study aimed to explore the influence of disturbed circadian rhythms on short-term maximal physical performance in children and adolescents with visual impairment. Forty-five volunteers participated in this study, comprising 17 blind, 13 visually impaired, and 15 sighted participants. The participants underwent a series of tests assessing maximal isometric strength performance across two days. To mitigate the influence of morning session fatigue on the evening results, each participant group performed in two separate testing sessions (i.e. in the morning (7:00 h) and in the evening (17:00 h)) on non-consecutive days in a randomized and counterbalanced setting, with approximately 36 h of recovery time between sessions. To mitigate the impact of inter-individual differences on mean values and to account for the influence of age and sex on the studied variables, data were normalized. The outcomes revealed a significant diurnal variation in maximal isometric strength performance among sighted individuals, with peak performance observed in the evening. This pattern aligns with their well-entrained circadian rhythm. In contrast, blind and visually impaired individuals did not display significant diurnal variation, signaling disrupted circadian rhythms due to the absence of light perception. These findings emphasize the crucial consideration of circadian rhythms in assessments of physical performance, especially among participants with visual impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimen Yousfi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation" (LR09SEP01), National Center of Medicine and Science in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Arbi Mejri
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation" (LR09SEP01), National Center of Medicine and Science in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Hôpital Farhat HACHED, Laboratoire de Recherche (Insuffisance Cardiaque, LR12SP09), Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisie
| | - Karim Chamari
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
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10
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Harmsen JF, Kotte M, Habets I, Bosschee F, Frenken K, Jorgensen JA, de Kam S, Moonen-Kornips E, Cissen J, Doligkeit D, van de Weijer T, Erazo-Tapia E, Buitinga M, Hoeks J, Schrauwen P. Exercise training modifies skeletal muscle clock gene expression but not 24-hour rhythmicity in substrate metabolism of men with insulin resistance. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 38051503 DOI: 10.1113/jp285523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four hour rhythmicity in whole-body substrate metabolism, skeletal muscle clock gene expression and mitochondrial respiration is compromised upon insulin resistance. With exercise training known to ameliorate insulin resistance, our objective was to test if exercise training can reinforce diurnal variation in whole-body and skeletal muscle metabolism in men with insulin resistance. In a single-arm longitudinal design, 10 overweight and obese men with insulin resistance performed 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training recurrently in the afternoon (between 14.00 and 18.00 h) and were tested pre- and post-exercise training, while staying in a metabolic research unit for 2 days under free-living conditions with regular meals. On the second days, indirect calorimetry was performed at 08.00, 13.00, 18.00, 23.00 and 04.00 h, muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at 08.30, 13.30 and 23.30 h, and blood was drawn at least bi-hourly over 24 h. Participants did not lose body weight over 12 weeks, but improved body composition and exercise capacity. Exercise training resulted in reduced 24-h plasma glucose levels, but did not modify free fatty acid and triacylglycerol levels. Diurnal variation of muscle clock gene expression was modified by exercise training with period genes showing an interaction (time × exercise) effect and reduced mRNA levels at 13.00 h. Exercise training increased mitochondrial respiration without inducing diurnal variation. Twenty-four-hour substrate metabolism and energy expenditure remained unchanged. Future studies should investigate alternative exercise strategies or types of interventions (e.g. diet or drugs aiming at improving insulin sensitivity) for their capacity to reinforce diurnal variation in substrate metabolism and mitochondrial respiration. KEY POINTS: Insulin resistance is associated with blunted 24-h flexibility in whole-body substrate metabolism and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration, and disruptions in the skeletal muscle molecular circadian clock. We hypothesized that exercise training modifies 24-h rhythmicity in whole-body substrate metabolism and diurnal variation in skeletal muscle molecular clock and mitochondrial respiration in men with insulin resistance. We found that metabolic inflexibility over 24 h persisted after exercise training, whereas mitochondrial respiration increased independent of time of day. Gene expression of Per1-3 and Rorα in skeletal muscle changed particularly close to the time of day at which exercise training was performed. These results provide the rationale to further investigate the differential metabolic impact of differently timed exercise to treat metabolic defects of insulin resistance that manifest at a particular time of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Frieder Harmsen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marit Kotte
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Habets
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederieke Bosschee
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Frenken
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Jorgensen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Soraya de Kam
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Cissen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Doligkeit
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke van de Weijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edmundo Erazo-Tapia
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Xiao Q, Durbin J, Bauer C, Yeung CHC, Figueiro MG. Alignment Between 24-h Light-Dark and Activity-Rest Rhythms Is Associated With Diabetes and Glucose Metabolism in a Nationally Representative Sample of American Adults. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:2171-2179. [PMID: 37734073 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The alignment between environmental stimuli (e.g., dark, light) and behavior cycles (e.g., rest, activity) is an essential feature of the circadian timing system, a key contributor to metabolic health. However, no previous studies have investigated light-activity alignment in relation to glycemic control in human populations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The analysis included ∼7,000 adults (aged 20-80 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2011-2014) with actigraphy-measured, multiday, 24-h activity and light data. We used phasor analysis to derive phasor magnitude and phasor angle, which measures coupling strength and phase difference between the activity-rest and light-dark cycles, respectively. We used multinomial logistic regression and multiple linear regression to study phasor magnitude and phasor angle in relation to diabetes (primary outcome) and multiple secondary biomarkers of glycemic control. RESULTS Lower alignment strength (i.e., a shorter phasor magnitude) and more delayed activity relative to the light cycle (i.e., a larger phasor angle) were both associated with diabetes. Specifically, compared with individuals in the quintiles indicating the most proper alignment (Q5 for phasor magnitude and Q1 for phasor angle), those in the quintiles with the most impaired alignment had a >70% increase in the odds of diabetes for phasor magnitude (odds ratio 1.76 [95% CI 1.39, 2.24]) and for phasor angle (1.73 [1.34, 2.25]). Similar associations were observed for biomarkers for glucose metabolism. The results were generally consistent across diverse sociodemographic and obesity groups. CONCLUSIONS The alignment pattern between 24-h activity-rest and light-dark cycles may be a critical factor in metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
- Center for Spatial-Temporal Modeling for Applications in Population Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - John Durbin
- Light and Health Research Center, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Cici Bauer
- Center for Spatial-Temporal Modeling for Applications in Population Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Chris Ho Ching Yeung
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Mariana G Figueiro
- Light and Health Research Center, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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12
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Shen B, Ma C, Wu G, Liu H, Chen L, Yang G. Effects of exercise on circadian rhythms in humans. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1282357. [PMID: 37886134 PMCID: PMC10598774 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1282357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological clock system is an intrinsic timekeeping device that integrates internal physiology and external cues. Maintaining a healthy biological clock system is crucial for life. Disruptions to the body's internal clock can lead to disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle and abnormalities in hormone regulation, blood pressure, heart rate, and other vital processes. Long-term disturbances have been linked to the development of various common major diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, tumors, neuropsychiatric conditions, and so on. External factors, such as the diurnal rhythm of light, have a significant impact on the body's internal clock. Additionally, as an important non-photic zeitgeber, exercise can regulate the body's internal rhythms to a certain extent, making it possible to become a non-drug intervention for preventing and treating circadian rhythm disorders. This comprehensive review encompasses behavioral, physiological, and molecular perspectives to provide a deeper understanding of how exercise influences circadian rhythms and its association with related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyi Shen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Changxiao Ma
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Guanlin Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Liu
- School of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangrui Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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13
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Smith JAB, Murach KA, Dyar KA, Zierath JR. Exercise metabolism and adaptation in skeletal muscle. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:607-632. [PMID: 37225892 PMCID: PMC10527431 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Viewing metabolism through the lens of exercise biology has proven an accessible and practical strategy to gain new insights into local and systemic metabolic regulation. Recent methodological developments have advanced understanding of the central role of skeletal muscle in many exercise-associated health benefits and have uncovered the molecular underpinnings driving adaptive responses to training regimens. In this Review, we provide a contemporary view of the metabolic flexibility and functional plasticity of skeletal muscle in response to exercise. First, we provide background on the macrostructure and ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibres, highlighting the current understanding of sarcomeric networks and mitochondrial subpopulations. Next, we discuss acute exercise skeletal muscle metabolism and the signalling, transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of adaptations to exercise training. We address knowledge gaps throughout and propose future directions for the field. This Review contextualizes recent research of skeletal muscle exercise metabolism, framing further advances and translation into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon A B Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Molecular Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Kenneth A Dyar
- Metabolic Physiology, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Morena da Silva F, Esser KA, Murach KA, Greene NP. Inflammation o'clock: interactions of circadian rhythms with inflammation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. J Physiol 2023:10.1113/JP284808. [PMID: 37563881 PMCID: PMC10858298 DOI: 10.1113/jp284808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are ∼24 h cycles evident in behaviour, physiology and metabolism. The molecular mechanism directing circadian rhythms is the circadian clock, which is composed of an interactive network of transcription-translation feedback loops. The core clock genes include Bmal1, Clock, Rev-erbα/β, Per and Cry. In addition to keeping time, the core clock regulates a daily programme of gene expression that is important for overall cell homeostasis. The circadian clock mechanism is present in all cells, including skeletal muscle fibres, and disruption of the muscle clock is associated with changes in muscle phenotype and function. Skeletal muscle atrophy is largely associated with a lower quality of life, frailty and reduced lifespan. Physiological and genetic modification of the core clock mechanism yields immune dysfunction, alters inflammatory factor expression and secretion and is associated with skeletal muscle atrophy in multiple conditions, such as ageing and cancer cachexia. Here, we summarize the possible interplay between the circadian clock modulation of immune cells, systemic inflammatory status and skeletal muscle atrophy in chronic inflammatory conditions. Although there is a clear disruption of circadian clocks in various models of atrophy, the mechanism behind such alterations remains unknown. Understanding the modulatory potential of muscle and immune circadian clocks in inflammation and skeletal muscle health is essential for the development of therapeutic strategies to protect skeletal muscle mass and function of patients with chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielly Morena da Silva
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Ageing, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Molecular Muscle Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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15
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Schönke M, Esser KA, Gabriel BM. Editorial: Circadian rhythms and exercise in cardiometabolic health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1180851. [PMID: 37025402 PMCID: PMC10070961 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1180851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Schönke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Milena Schönke,
| | - Karyn A. Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brendan M. Gabriel
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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