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Yan X, Zhao X, Du Y, Wang H, Liu L, Wang Q, Liu J, Wei S. Dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody responses following breakthrough infection and the predicted protective efficacy: A longitudinal community-based population study in China. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 145:107075. [PMID: 38697605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the dynamics of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels and their efficacy against COVID-19. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal serological analysis of 852 breakthrough COVID-19 infections among the community-based population in Yichang, China. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were measured by chemiluminescence at approximately 3, 4, and 9 months after infection. A linear mixed model predicted IgG antibody decline over 18 months. The effectiveness of antibodies in preventing symptomatic and severe infections was determined using an existing meta-regression model. RESULTS IgG antibodies slowly declined after breakthrough infections. Initially high at around 3 months (339.44 AU/mL, IQR: 262.78-382.95 AU/mL), levels remained significant at 9 months (297.74 AU/mL, IQR: 213.22-360.62 AU/mL). The elderly (≥60 years) had lower antibody levels compared to the young (<20 years) (P < 0.001). The protective efficacy of antibodies against symptomatic and severe infections was lower in the elderly (≥60 years) (78.34% and 86.33%) compared to the young (<20 years) (96.56% and 98.75%) after 1 year. CONCLUSION The study indicated a slow decline in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, maintaining considerable efficacy for over 1 year. However, lower levels in the elderly suggest reduced protective effects, underscoring the need for age-specific vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Yin Du
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Sheng Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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Valiate BVS, Castro JTD, Marçal TG, Andrade LAF, Oliveira LID, Maia GBF, Faustino LP, Hojo-Souza NS, Reis MAAD, Bagno FF, Salazar N, Teixeira SR, Almeida GG, Gazzinelli RT. Evaluation of an RBD-nucleocapsid fusion protein as a booster candidate for COVID-19 vaccine. iScience 2024; 27:110177. [PMID: 38993669 PMCID: PMC11238127 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite successful vaccines and updates, constant mutations of SARS-CoV-2 makes necessary the search for new vaccines. We generated a chimeric protein that comprises the receptor-binding domain from spike and the nucleocapsid antigens (SpiN) from SARS-CoV-2. Once SpiN elicits a protective immune response in rodents, here we show that convalescent and previously vaccinated individuals respond to SpiN. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from these individuals produced greater amounts of IFN-γ when stimulated with SpiN, compared to SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Also, B cells from these individuals were able to secrete antibodies that recognize SpiN. When administered as a boost dose in mice previously immunized with CoronaVac, ChAdOx1-S or BNT162b2, SpiN was able to induce a greater or equivalent immune response to homologous prime/boost. Our data reveal the ability of SpiN to induce cellular and humoral responses in vaccinated human donors, rendering it a promising candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vinicius Santos Valiate
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte 30.190-002, MG, Brazil
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31.310-260, MG, Brazil
| | - Julia Teixeira de Castro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte 30.190-002, MG, Brazil
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31.310-260, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Adan Flores Andrade
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31.310-260, MG, Brazil
| | - Livia Isabela de Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte 30.190-002, MG, Brazil
- Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31.630-901, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Natalia S Hojo-Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte 30.190-002, MG, Brazil
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31.310-260, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Fonseca Bagno
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31.310-260, MG, Brazil
| | - Natalia Salazar
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31.310-260, MG, Brazil
| | - Santuza R Teixeira
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31.310-260, MG, Brazil
| | - Gregório Guilherme Almeida
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte 30.190-002, MG, Brazil
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31.310-260, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte 30.190-002, MG, Brazil
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31.310-260, MG, Brazil
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Ho MY, Liu S, Xing B. Bacteria extracellular vesicle as nanopharmaceuticals for versatile biomedical potential. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:28. [PMID: 38990415 PMCID: PMC11239649 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-024-00434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria extracellular vesicles (BEVs), characterized as the lipid bilayer membrane-surrounded nanoparticles filled with molecular cargo from parent cells, play fundamental roles in the bacteria growth and pathogenesis, as well as facilitating essential interaction between bacteria and host systems. Notably, benefiting from their unique biological functions, BEVs hold great promise as novel nanopharmaceuticals for diverse biomedical potential, attracting significant interest from both industry and academia. Typically, BEVs are evaluated as promising drug delivery platforms, on account of their intrinsic cell-targeting capability, ease of versatile cargo engineering, and capability to penetrate physiological barriers. Moreover, attributing to considerable intrinsic immunogenicity, BEVs are able to interact with the host immune system to boost immunotherapy as the novel nanovaccine against a wide range of diseases. Towards these significant directions, in this review, we elucidate the nature of BEVs and their role in activating host immune response for a better understanding of BEV-based nanopharmaceuticals' development. Additionally, we also systematically summarize recent advances in BEVs for achieving the target delivery of genetic material, therapeutic agents, and functional materials. Furthermore, vaccination strategies using BEVs are carefully covered, illustrating their flexible therapeutic potential in combating bacterial infections, viral infections, and cancer. Finally, the current hurdles and further outlook of these BEV-based nanopharmaceuticals will also be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yao Ho
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, S637371, Singapore
| | - Songhan Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, S637371, Singapore
| | - Bengang Xing
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, S637371, Singapore.
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Dong C, Zhu W, Wei L, Kim JK, Ma Y, Kang SM, Wang BZ. Enhancing cross-protection against influenza by heterologous sequential immunization with mRNA LNP and protein nanoparticle vaccines. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5800. [PMID: 38987276 PMCID: PMC11237032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhancing influenza vaccine cross-protection is imperative to alleviate the significant public health burden of influenza. Heterologous sequential immunization may synergize diverse vaccine formulations and routes to improve vaccine potency and breadth. Here we investigate the effects of immunization strategies on the generation of cross-protective immune responses in female Balb/c mice, utilizing mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP) and protein-based PHC nanoparticle vaccines targeting influenza hemagglutinin. Our findings emphasize the crucial role of priming vaccination in shaping Th bias and immunodominance hierarchies. mRNA LNP prime favors Th1-leaning responses, while PHC prime elicits Th2-skewing responses. We demonstrate that cellular and mucosal immune responses are pivotal correlates of cross-protection against influenza. Notably, intranasal PHC immunization outperforms its intramuscular counterpart in inducing mucosal immunity and conferring cross-protection. Sequential mRNA LNP prime and intranasal PHC boost demonstrate optimal cross-protection against antigenically drifted and shifted influenza strains. Our study offers valuable insights into tailoring immunization strategies to optimize influenza vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Dong
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Wandi Zhu
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Lai Wei
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Joo Kyung Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Yao Ma
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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Cortés-Vieyra R, Gutiérrez-Castellanos S, Gómez-García A, Bravo-Patiño A, Calderón-Rico F, Martínez-Sepúlveda JD, Ortega-Flores R, Perez-Duran F, Franco-Correa LE, Zamora-Avilés AG, Nuñez-Anita RE. An observational study investigating soluble immune checkpoints as indicators of severe COVID-19. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0377623. [PMID: 38809008 PMCID: PMC11218537 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03776-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory behavior of soluble immune checkpoints (sICPs) and other biomarkers in the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study included 59 adult participants, 43 of whom tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Patients were divided into three cohorts: those with moderate disease (n = 16), recovered patients with severe disease (n = 13), and deceased patients with severe disease (n = 16). In addition, 16 participants were pre-pandemic subjects negative for SARS-CoV-2. The relative activity of neutralizing antibodies (rNAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 and the values of 14 sICPs in peripheral blood were compared between the four groups. Because the increase of markers values of inflammation [NLR > 12; CRP > 150 mg/L] and venous thromboembolism [D-dimer > 0.5 mg/L] has been associated with mortality from COVID-19, the total and differential leukocyte counts, the NLR, and CRP and D-dimer values were obtained in patients with severe disease. No differences in rNAbs were observed between the cohorts. Only the levels of five sICPs, sCD27, sHVEM sTIM-3, sPD-1, and sPDL-1, were significantly higher in patients with severe rather than moderate disease. The sPDL-2 level and NLR were higher in deceased patients than in recovered patients. However, there was no difference in CRP and D-dimer values between the two groups. Of the five soluble biomarkers compared among patients with severe disease, only sPDL-2 was higher in deceased patients than in recovered patients. This suggests that immuno-inhibitory sICPs might be used as indicators for severe COVID-19, with sPDL-2 used to assess individual risk for fatality.IMPORTANCECOVID-19, the disease caused by a SARS-CoV-2 infection, generates a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms, progressing to multiorgan failure in the most severe cases. As activation of the immune system is pivotal to eradicating the virus, future research should focus on identifying reliable biomarkers to efficiently predict the outcome in severe COVID-19 cases. Soluble immune checkpoints represent the function of the immune system and are easily determined in peripheral blood. This research could lead to implementing more effective severity biomarkers for COVID-19, which could increase patients' survival rate and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Cortés-Vieyra
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Mexico
| | - Sergio Gutiérrez-Castellanos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, División de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Anel Gómez-García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, División de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología de la FMVZ, UMSNH, Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Mexico
| | - Fernando Calderón-Rico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Mexico
| | | | - Roberto Ortega-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Mexico
| | - Francisco Perez-Duran
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Mexico
| | - Luis Enrique Franco-Correa
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Mexico
| | - Alicia Gabriela Zamora-Avilés
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Mexico
| | - Rosa Elvira Nuñez-Anita
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Mexico
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Lee JJ, Kim J, Lee SK. Trends of fear and anger on YouTube during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1496. [PMID: 38835010 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has been the most widespread and threatening health crisis experienced by the Korean society. Faced with an unprecedented threat to survival, society has been gripped by social fear and anger, questioning the culpability of this pandemic. This study explored the correlation between social cognitions and negative emotions and their changes in response to the severe events stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. METHODS The analysis was based on a cognitive-emotional model that links fear and anger to the social causes that trigger them and used discursive content from comments posted on YouTube's COVID-19-related videos. A total of 182,915 comments from 1,200 videos were collected between January and December 2020. We performed data analyses and visualizations using R, Netminer 4.0, and Gephi software and calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between emotions. RESULTS YouTube videos were analyzed for keywords indicating cognitive assessments of major events related to COVID-19 and keywords indicating negative emotions. Eight topics were identified through topic modeling: causes and risks, perceptions of China, media and information, infection prevention rules, economic activity, school and infection, political leaders, and religion, politics, and infection. The correlation coefficient between fear and anger was 0.462 (p < .001), indicating a moderate linear relationship between the two emotions. Fear was the highest from January to March in the first year of the COVID-19 outbreak, while anger occurred before and after the outbreak, with fluctuations in both emotions during this period. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed that social cognitions and negative emotions are intertwined in response to major events related to the COVID-19 pandemic, with each emotion varying individually rather than being ambiguously mixed. These findings could aid in developing social cognition-emotion-based public health strategies through education and communication during future pandemic outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Joon Lee
- Sookmyung Research Institute of Humanities, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongparo 47 gel, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, South Korea
| | - Jongwoo Kim
- BK21Four Program, Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, 3-101, 84 Mapo-daero 11 gil, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04133, South Korea
| | - Soo-Kyoung Lee
- Seoul National University, Bigdata Convergence and Open Sharing System 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Wu PC, Lin WC, Wang CW, Chung WH, Chen CB. Cutaneous adverse reactions associated with COVID-19 vaccines: Current evidence and potential immune mechanisms. Clin Immunol 2024; 263:110220. [PMID: 38642783 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
As the number of vaccinated individuals has increased, there have been increasing reports of cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. The main COVID-19 vaccines administered include messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines, non-replicating viral vector vaccines, inactivated whole-virus vaccines, and protein-based vaccines. These vaccines contain active components such as polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, aluminum, tromethamine, and disodium edetate dihydrate. Recent advances in understanding the coordination of inflammatory responses by specific subsets of lymphocytes have led to a new classification based on immune response patterns. We categorize these responses into four patterns: T helper (Th)1-, Th2-, Th17/22-, and Treg-polarized cutaneous inflammation after stimulation of COVID-19 vaccines. Although the association between COVID-19 vaccination and these cutaneous adverse reactions remains controversial, the occurrence of rare dermatoses and their short intervals suggest a possible relationship. Despite the potential adverse reactions, the administration of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial in the ongoing battle against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chien Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuang-Wei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Bing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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8
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Delmonte OM, Oguz C, Dobbs K, Myint-Hpu K, Palterer B, Abers MS, Draper D, Truong M, Kaplan IM, Gittelman RM, Zhang Y, Rosen LB, Snow AL, Dalgard CL, Burbelo PD, Imberti L, Sottini A, Quiros-Roldan E, Castelli F, Rossi C, Brugnoni D, Biondi A, Bettini LR, D'Angio M, Bonfanti P, Anderson MV, Saracino A, Chironna M, Di Stefano M, Fiore JR, Santantonio T, Castagnoli R, Marseglia GL, Magliocco M, Bosticardo M, Pala F, Shaw E, Matthews H, Weber SE, Xirasagar S, Barnett J, Oler AJ, Dimitrova D, Bergerson JRE, McDermott DH, Rao VK, Murphy PM, Holland SM, Lisco A, Su HC, Lionakis MS, Cohen JI, Freeman AF, Snyder TM, Lack J, Notarangelo LD. Perturbations of the T-cell receptor repertoire in response to SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1655-1667. [PMID: 38154666 PMCID: PMC11162338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional T-cell responses are essential for virus clearance and long-term protection after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, whereas certain clinical factors, such as older age and immunocompromise, are associated with worse outcome. OBJECTIVE We sought to study the breadth and magnitude of T-cell responses in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and in individuals with inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) who had received COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. METHODS Using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics tools to characterize the T-cell receptor β repertoire signatures in 540 individuals after SARS-CoV-2 infection, 31 IEI recipients of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, and healthy controls, we quantified HLA class I- and class II-restricted SARS-CoV-2-specific responses and also identified several HLA allele-clonotype motif associations in patients with COVID-19, including a subcohort of anti-type 1 interferon (IFN-1)-positive patients. RESULTS Our analysis revealed that elderly patients with COVID-19 with critical disease manifested lower SARS-CoV-2 T-cell clonotype diversity as well as T-cell responses with reduced magnitude, whereas the SARS-CoV-2-specific clonotypes targeted a broad range of HLA class I- and class II-restricted epitopes across the viral proteome. The presence of anti-IFN-I antibodies was associated with certain HLA alleles. Finally, COVID-19 mRNA immunization induced an increase in the breadth of SARS-CoV-2-specific clonotypes in patients with IEIs, including those who had failed to seroconvert. CONCLUSIONS Elderly individuals have impaired capacity to develop broad and sustained T-cell responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Genetic factors may play a role in the production of anti-IFN-1 antibodies. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are effective in inducing T-cell responses in patients with IEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia M Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Cihan Oguz
- Integrated Data Sciences Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Katherine Myint-Hpu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Boaz Palterer
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Michael S Abers
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Deborah Draper
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Meng Truong
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | | | | | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Lindsey B Rosen
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md; Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md; The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md
| | - Peter D Burbelo
- Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Luisa Imberti
- Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sottini
- Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Camillo Rossi
- Direzione Sanitaria, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Duilio Brugnoni
- Laboratorio Analisi Chimico-Cliniche, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Pediatric Department and Centro Tettamanti-European Reference Network on Paediatric Cancer, European Reference Network on Haematological Diseases, and European Reference Network on Hereditary Metabolic Disorders, University of Milano-Bicocca-Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Rachele Bettini
- Pediatric Department and Centro Tettamanti-European Reference Network on Paediatric Cancer, European Reference Network on Haematological Diseases, and European Reference Network on Hereditary Metabolic Disorders, University of Milano-Bicocca-Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Mariella D'Angio
- Pediatric Department and Centro Tettamanti-European Reference Network on Paediatric Cancer, European Reference Network on Haematological Diseases, and European Reference Network on Hereditary Metabolic Disorders, University of Milano-Bicocca-Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonfanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Megan V Anderson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Annalisa Saracino
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Chironna
- Hygiene Section, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Di Stefano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Jose Ramon Fiore
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Teresa Santantonio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Castagnoli
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mary Magliocco
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Francesca Pala
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Elana Shaw
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Helen Matthews
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Sarah E Weber
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Sandhya Xirasagar
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jason Barnett
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Andrew J Oler
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Dimana Dimitrova
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jenna R E Bergerson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - David H McDermott
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - V Koneti Rao
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Philip M Murphy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Andrea Lisco
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | | | - Justin Lack
- Integrated Data Sciences Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
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9
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Li J, Xiao H, Zhang C, Liu G, Liu X. From virus to immune system: Harnessing membrane-derived vesicles to fight COVID-19 by interacting with biological molecules. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350916. [PMID: 38778737 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral pandemics have emerged as a major public health concern. Highly pathogenic coronaviruses, which cause severe respiratory disease, threaten human health and socioeconomic development. Great efforts are being devoted to the development of safe and efficacious therapeutic agents and preventive vaccines to combat them. Nevertheless, the highly mutated virus poses a challenge to drug development and vaccine efficacy, and the use of common immunomodulatory agents lacks specificity. Benefiting from the burgeoning intersection of biological engineering and biotechnology, membrane-derived vesicles have shown superior potential as therapeutics due to their biocompatibility, design flexibility, remarkable bionics, and inherent interaction with phagocytes. The interactions between membrane-derived vesicles, viruses, and the immune system have emerged as a new and promising topic. This review provides insight into considerations for developing innovative antiviral strategies and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. First, membrane-derived vesicles may provide potential biomimetic decoys with a high affinity for viruses to block virus-receptor interactions for early interruption of infection. Second, membrane-derived vesicles could help achieve a balanced interplay between the virus and the host's innate immunity. Finally, membrane-derived vesicles have revealed numerous possibilities for their employment as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Vaccine Development, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haiqing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Vaccine Development, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Clinical Center for Biotherapy, Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Vaccine Development, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Clinical Center for Biotherapy, Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, China
- Shen Zhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
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10
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Liu X, Sun S, Liu J, Dang Q, Gao Y, Fang L, Min W. Isolation, Virtual Screening, and Evaluation of Hazelnut-Derived Immunoactive Peptides for the Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11561-11576. [PMID: 38739709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to validate the activity of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.)-derived immunoactive peptides inhibiting the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 and further unveil their interaction mechanism using in vitro assays, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and binding free energy calculations. In general, the enzymatic hydrolysis components, especially molecular weight < 3 kDa, possess good immune activity as measured by the proliferation ability of mouse splenic lymphocytes and phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Over 866 unique peptide sequences were isolated, purified, and then identified by nanohigh-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (NANO-HPLC-MS/MS) from hazelnut protein hydrolysates, but Trp-Trp-Asn-Leu-Asn (WWNLN) and Trp-Ala-Val-Leu-Lys (WAVLK) in particular are found to increase the cell viability and phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages as well as promote the secretion of the cytokines nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay elucidated that WWNLN and WAVLK exhibit excellent inhibitory potency against Mpro, with IC50 values of 6.695 and 16.750 μM, respectively. Classical all-atom MD simulations show that hydrogen bonds play a pivotal role in stabilizing the complex conformation and protein-peptide interaction. Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) calculation indicates that WWNLN has a lower binding free energy with Mpro than WAVLK. Furthermore, adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) predictions illustrate favorable drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties of WWNLN compared to WAVLK. This study provides a new understanding of the immunomodulatory activity of hazelnut hydrolysates and sheds light on peptide inhibitors targeting Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Jiale Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Dang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Li Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Weihong Min
- College of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, P. R. China
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, P. R. China
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11
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Puarattana-aroonkorn S, Tharakaraman K, Suriyawipada D, Ruchirawat M, Fuangthong M, Sasisekharan R, Artpradit C. Rapid and Scalable Production of Functional SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particles (VLPs) by a Stable HEK293 Cell Pool. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:561. [PMID: 38932290 PMCID: PMC11209123 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
At times of pandemics, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the situation demands rapid development and production timelines of safe and effective vaccines for delivering life-saving medications quickly to patients. Typical biologics production relies on using the lengthy and arduous approach of stable single-cell clones. Here, we used an alternative approach, a stable cell pool that takes only weeks to generate compared to a stable single-cell clone that needs several months to complete. We employed the membrane, envelope, and highly immunogenic spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) using the HEK293-F cell line as a host system with an economical transfection reagent. The cell pool showed the stability of protein expression for more than one month. We demonstrated that the production of SARS-CoV-2 VLPs using this cell pool was scalable up to a stirred-tank 2 L bioreactor in fed-batch mode. The purified VLPs were properly assembled, and their size was consistent with the authentic virus. Our particles were functional as they specifically entered the cell that naturally expresses ACE-2. Notably, this work reports a practical and cost-effective manufacturing platform for scalable SARS-CoV-2 VLPs production and chromatographic purification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kannan Tharakaraman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Disapan Suriyawipada
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand (M.F.)
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand (M.F.)
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Mayuree Fuangthong
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand (M.F.)
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Program in Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Charlermchai Artpradit
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand (M.F.)
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12
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Thanongsaksrikul J, Sritipsukho P, Srimanote P, Khantisitthiporn O, Sianglum W, Pinitchai U, Poovorawan Y. Characterization of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 Orf8 from three waves of COVID-19 outbreak in Thailand. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297272. [PMID: 38768163 PMCID: PMC11104647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A dynamic of virus adaptation and a mass vaccination campaign could significantly reduce the severity of clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and transmission. Hence, COVID-19 may become an endemic disease globally. Moreover, mass infection as the COVID-19 pandemic progressed affected the serology of the patients as a result of virus mutation and vaccination. Therefore, a need exists to acquire accurate serological testing to monitor the emergence of new outbreaks of COVID-19 to promptly prevent and control the disease spreading. In this study, the anti-Orf8 antibodies among samples collected in Thailand's first, fourth, and fifth waves of COVID-19 outbreaks compared with pre-epidemic sera were determined by indirect ELISA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the anti-Orf8 IgG ELISA for COVID-19 samples from the first, fourth, and fifth waves of outbreaks was found to be 100% compared with pre-epidemic sera. However, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the anti-Orf8 IgG ELISA for a larger number of patient samples and controls from the fifth wave of outbreaks which were collected on day 7 and 14 after an RT-PCR positive result were 58.79 and 58.44% and 89.19 and 58.44%, respectively. Our data indicated that some of the controls might have antibodies from natural past infections. Our study highlighted the potential utility of anti-Orf8 IgG antibody testing for seroprevalence surveys but still warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeraphong Thanongsaksrikul
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Healthcare Service Center, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Paskorn Sritipsukho
- Center of Excellence in Applied Epidemiology, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Potjanee Srimanote
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Healthcare Service Center, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Onruedee Khantisitthiporn
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Wipawadee Sianglum
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Uayporn Pinitchai
- Thammasat University Hospital, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Jin G, Wang R, Jin Y, Song Y, Wang T. From intramuscular to nasal: unleashing the potential of nasal spray vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1514. [PMID: 38770238 PMCID: PMC11103645 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected 700 million people worldwide since its outbreak in 2019. The current pandemic strains, including Omicron and its large subvariant series, exhibit strong transmission and stealth. After entering the human body, the virus first infects nasal epithelial cells and invades host cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and transmembrane serine protease 2 on the host cell surface. The nasal cavity is an important body part that protects against the virus. Immunisation of the nasal mucosa produces immunoglobulin A antibodies that effectively neutralise viruses. Saline nasal irrigation, a type of physical therapy, can reduce the viral load in the nasal cavity and prevent viral infections to some extent. As a commonly used means to fight SARS-CoV-2, the intramuscular (IM) vaccine can induce the human body to produce a systemic immune response and immunoglobulin G antibody; however, the antibody is difficult to distribute to the nasal mucosa in time and cannot achieve a good preventive effect. Intranasal (IN) vaccines compensate for the shortcomings of IM vaccines, induce mucosal immune responses, and have a better effect in preventing infection. In this review, we discuss the nasal defence barrier, the harm caused by SARS-CoV-2, the mechanism of its invasion into host cells, nasal cleaning, IM vaccines and IN vaccines, and suggest increasing the development of IN vaccines, and use of IN vaccines as a supplement to IM vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Jin
- Faculty of MedicineDalian University of TechnologyDalianLiaoningChina
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and InstituteShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Runze Wang
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and InstituteShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Breast SurgeryLiaoning Cancer Hospital and InstituteShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Yingqiu Song
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and InstituteShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Tianlu Wang
- Faculty of MedicineDalian University of TechnologyDalianLiaoningChina
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and InstituteShenyangLiaoningChina
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Hospital of Dalian University of TechnologyDalianLiaoningChina
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14
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Xie YJ, Liao X, Lin M, Yang L, Cheung K, Zhang Q, Li Y, Hao C, Wang HH, Gao Y, Zhang D, Molassiotis A, Siu GKH, Leung AYM. Community Engagement in Vaccination Promotion: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e49695. [PMID: 38478914 PMCID: PMC11127135 DOI: 10.2196/49695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community engagement plays a vital role in global immunization strategies, offering the potential to overcome vaccination hesitancy and enhance vaccination confidence. Although there is significant backing for community engagement in health promotion, the evidence supporting its effectiveness in vaccination promotion is fragmented and of uncertain quality. OBJECTIVE This review aims to systematically examine the effectiveness of different contents and extent of community engagement for promoting vaccination rates. METHODS This study was performed in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A comprehensive and exhaustive literature search was performed in 4 English databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) and 2 Chinese databases (CNKI and Wan Fang) to identify all possible articles. Original research articles applying an experimental study design that investigated the effectiveness of community engagement in vaccination promotion were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently performed the literature search, study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion, with the arbitration of a third reviewer where necessary. RESULTS A total of 20 articles out of 11,404 records from 2006 to 2021 were retrieved. The studies used various designs: 12 applied single-group pre-post study designs, 5 were cluster randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and 3 were non-RCTs. These studies targeted multiple vaccines, with 8 focusing on children's immunization, 8 on human papillomavirus vaccine, 3 on hepatitis B virus vaccine, and 1 on COVID-19 vaccine. The meta-analysis revealed significant increases in vaccination rates both in pre-post comparison (rate difference [RD] 0.34, 95% CI 0.21-0.47, I2=99.9%, P<.001) and between-group comparison (RD 0.18, 95% CI 0.07-0.29, I2=98.4%, P<.001). The meta-analysis revealed that participant recruitment had the largest effect size (RD 0.51, 95% CI 0.36-0.67, I2=99.9%, P<.001), followed by intervention development (RD 0.36, 95% CI 0.23-0.50, I2=100.0%, P<.001), intervention implementation (RD 0.35, 95% CI 0.22-0.47, I2=99.8%, P<.001), and data collection (RD 0.34, 95% CI 0.19-0.50, I2=99.8%, P<.001). The meta-analysis indicated that high community engagement extent yielded the largest effect size (RD 0.49, 95% CI 0.17-0.82, I2=100.0%, P<.001), followed by moderate community engagement extent (RD 0.45, 95% CI 0.33-0.58, I2=99.6%, P<.001) and low community engagement extent (RD 0.15, 95% CI 0.05-0.25, I2=99.2%, P<.001). The meta-analysis revealed that "health service support" demonstrated the largest effect sizes (RD 0.45, 95% CI 0.25-0.65, I2=99.9%, P<.001), followed by "health education and discussion" (RD 0.39, 95% CI 0.20-0.58, I2=99.7%, P<.001), "follow-up and reminder" (RD 0.33, 95% CI 0.23-0.42, I2=99.3%, P<.001), and "social marketing campaigns and community mobilization" (RD 0.24, 95% CI 0.06-0.41, I2=99.9%, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of this meta-analysis supported the effectiveness of community engagement in vaccination promotion with variations in terms of engagement contents and extent. Community engagement required a "fit-for-purpose" approach rather than a "one-size-fits-all" approach to maximize the effectiveness of vaccine promotion. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42022339081; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=339081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jie Xie
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
- Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Meijuan Lin
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Kin Cheung
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Qingpeng Zhang
- Musketeers Foundation Institute of Data Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Yan Li
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Chun Hao
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Harry Hx Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Usher Institute, Deanery of Molecular, Genetic & Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Dexing Zhang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Alex Molassiotis
- Health and Social Care Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Gilman Kit Hang Siu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Angela Yee Man Leung
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
- Research Institute on Smart Aging (RISA), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
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15
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Zhao Z, Bashiri S, Ziora ZM, Toth I, Skwarczynski M. COVID-19 Variants and Vaccine Development. Viruses 2024; 16:757. [PMID: 38793638 PMCID: PMC11125726 DOI: 10.3390/v16050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has caused millions of infections and fatalities worldwide. Extensive SARS-CoV-2 research has been conducted to develop therapeutic drugs and prophylactic vaccines, and even though some drugs have been approved to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection, treatment efficacy remains limited. Therefore, preventive vaccination has been implemented on a global scale and represents the primary approach to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Approved vaccines vary in composition, although vaccine design has been based on either the key viral structural (spike) protein or viral components carrying this protein. Therefore, mutations of the virus, particularly mutations in the S protein, severely compromise the effectiveness of current vaccines and the ability to control COVID-19 infection. This review begins by describing the SARS-CoV-2 viral composition, the mechanism of infection, the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the host defence responses against infection and the most common vaccine designs. Next, this review summarizes the common mutations of SARS-CoV-2 and how these mutations change viral properties, confer immune escape and influence vaccine efficacy. Finally, this review discusses global strategies that have been employed to mitigate the decreases in vaccine efficacy encountered against new variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.Z.); (S.B.); (I.T.)
| | - Sahra Bashiri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.Z.); (S.B.); (I.T.)
| | - Zyta M. Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.Z.); (S.B.); (I.T.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.Z.); (S.B.); (I.T.)
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16
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Zhu Y, Ma J, Shen R, Lin J, Li S, Lu X, Stelzel JL, Kong J, Cheng L, Vuong I, Yao ZC, Wei C, Korinetz NM, Toh WH, Choy J, Reynolds RA, Shears MJ, Cho WJ, Livingston NK, Howard GP, Hu Y, Tzeng SY, Zack DJ, Green JJ, Zheng L, Doloff JC, Schneck JP, Reddy SK, Murphy SC, Mao HQ. Screening for lipid nanoparticles that modulate the immune activity of helper T cells towards enhanced antitumour activity. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:544-560. [PMID: 38082180 PMCID: PMC11162325 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) can be designed to potentiate cancer immunotherapy by promoting their uptake by antigen-presenting cells, stimulating the maturation of these cells and modulating the activity of adjuvants. Here we report an LNP-screening method for the optimization of the type of helper lipid and of lipid-component ratios to enhance the delivery of tumour-antigen-encoding mRNA to dendritic cells and their immune-activation profile towards enhanced antitumour activity. The method involves screening for LNPs that enhance the maturation of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells and antigen presentation in vitro, followed by assessing immune activation and tumour-growth suppression in a mouse model of melanoma after subcutaneous or intramuscular delivery of the LNPs. We found that the most potent antitumour activity, especially when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors, resulted from a coordinated attack by T cells and NK cells, triggered by LNPs that elicited strong immune activity in both type-1 and type-2 T helper cells. Our findings highlight the importance of optimizing the LNP composition of mRNA-based cancer vaccines to tailor antigen-specific immune-activation profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jingyao Ma
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruochen Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jinghan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuyi Li
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoya Lu
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica L Stelzel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiayuan Kong
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ivan Vuong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhi-Cheng Yao
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christine Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicole M Korinetz
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wu Han Toh
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Choy
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebekah A Reynolds
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Melanie J Shears
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Won June Cho
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Natalie K Livingston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gregory P Howard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yizong Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephany Y Tzeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jordan J Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua C Doloff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sashank K Reddy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Cui Y, Ho M, Hu Y, Shi Y. Vaccine adjuvants: current status, research and development, licensing, and future opportunities. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4118-4137. [PMID: 38591323 PMCID: PMC11180427 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02861e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the most significant inventions in human history and have revolutionized global health. Generally, a vaccine functions by triggering the innate immune response and stimulating antigen-presenting cells, leading to a defensive adaptive immune response against a specific pathogen's antigen. As a key element, adjuvants are chemical materials often employed as additives to increase a vaccine's efficacy and immunogenicity. For over 90 years, adjuvants have been essential components in many human vaccines, improving their efficacy by enhancing, modulating, and prolonging the immune response. Here, we provide a timely and comprehensive review of the historical development and the current status of adjuvants, covering their classification, mechanisms of action, and roles in different vaccines. Additionally, we perform systematic analysis of the current licensing processes and highlights notable examples from clinical trials involving vaccine adjuvants. Looking ahead, we anticipate future trends in the field, including the development of new adjuvant formulations, the creation of innovative adjuvants, and their integration into the broader scope of systems vaccinology and vaccine delivery. The article posits that a deeper understanding of biochemistry, materials science, and vaccine immunology is crucial for advancing vaccine technology. Such advancements are expected to lead to the future development of more effective vaccines, capable of combating emerging infectious diseases and enhancing public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Megan Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yongjie Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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18
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Kiran KA, Kumari S, Saroj U, Kujur M, Kujur A, Kumar M, Narain S, N V, K J. An Analysis of Antibody Response to COVID-19 Vaccination Among Medicos in a Predominantly Tribal State in India: A Comparative Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e61154. [PMID: 38933647 PMCID: PMC11200304 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Global health is still being impacted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Objectives We evaluated the antibody response in this study in individuals who received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccination, both with and without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methodology It was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted among healthcare personnel at a tertiary institution of a predominantly tribal state in India. Results A total of 187 medical students made up the vaccinee group; the majority (152; 81.3%) were between the ages of 18 and 23; 128 (68.4%) of the students were female; and 104 (55.6%) had received the Covishield (AstraZeneca plc, England, UK) vaccination. Of the subjects, 51 (27.3%) had a history of COVID-19 infection. For those who were infected, the antibody titer peaked after six months, whereas it took twice as long for those who were not. Up to a year later, the antibody titers for Covaxin (Bharat Biotech, Hyderabad, India) and Covishield remained equal; however, Covishield titers drastically decreased while Covaxin stayed constant when an infection history was present. Conclusion The study's findings show that immunization in individuals who have previously contracted COVID-19 induces a higher level of antibody response than immunization in individuals who have not previously contracted the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Asha Kiran
- Preventive Medicine, Rajendra institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Sushma Kumari
- Blood Bank, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Usha Saroj
- Blood Bank, Rajendra institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Manisha Kujur
- Preventive Medicine, Rajendra institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Anit Kujur
- Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Mithilesh Kumar
- Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Smiti Narain
- Preventive and Social Medicine, Rajendra institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Venkatesh N
- Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Jeseena K
- Preventive and Social Medicine, Rajendra institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
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19
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Kumar DS, Prasanth K, Bhandari A, Kumar Jha V, Naveen A, Prasanna M. Innovations and Challenges in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines for a Safer Tomorrow. Cureus 2024; 16:e60015. [PMID: 38854201 PMCID: PMC11162516 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination, a historically effective public health intervention, has shielded millions from various diseases. Lessons from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) have improved COVID-19 vaccine development. Despite mRNA vaccines' efficacy, emerging variants pose challenges, exhibiting increased transmissibility, infectivity, and severity. Developing COVID-19 vaccines has faced hurdles due to urgency, limited virus understanding, and the need for safe solutions. Genetic variability necessitates continuous vaccine adjustments and production challenges demand scaling up manufacturing with stringent quality control. This review explores SARS-CoV-2's evolution, upcoming mutations that challenge vaccines, and strategies such as structure-based, T cell-based, respiratory mucosal-based, and nanotechnology approaches for vaccine development. This review insight provides a roadmap for navigating virus evolution and improving vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika S Kumar
- Research, Panimalar Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, IND
| | - Krishna Prasanth
- Department of Community Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND
| | - Ashni Bhandari
- Department of Community Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND
| | - Vivek Kumar Jha
- Department of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary (SGT) University, Haryana, IND
| | - Avula Naveen
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, All India Institute Of Medical Science Bilaspur, Bilaspur, IND
| | - Muthu Prasanna
- Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Surya School of Pharmacy, Surya Group of Institutions, Villupuram, IND
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20
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Liu Y, Lam DMK, Luan M, Zheng W, Ai H. Recent development of oral vaccines (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:223. [PMID: 38590568 PMCID: PMC11000446 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral immunization can elicit an effective immune response and immune tolerance to specific antigens. When compared with the traditional injection route, delivering antigens via the gastrointestinal mucosa offers superior immune effects and compliance, as well as simplicity and convenience, making it a more optimal route for immunization. At present, various oral vaccine delivery systems exist. Certain modified bacteria, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli and particularly Lactobacillus, are considered promising carriers for oral vaccines. These carriers can significantly enhance immunization efficiency by actively replicating in the intestinal tract following oral administration. The present review provided a discussion of the main mechanisms of oral immunity and the research progress made in the field of oral vaccines. Additionally, it introduced the advantages and disadvantages of the currently more commonly administered injectable COVID-19 vaccines, alongside the latest advancements in this area. Furthermore, recent developments in oral vaccines are summarized, and their potential benefits and side effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Follicular Development and Reproductive Health in Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | | | - Mei Luan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Wenfu Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Hao Ai
- Key Laboratory of Follicular Development and Reproductive Health in Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
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21
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Zhu X, Ma E, Ning K, Feng X, Quan W, Wang F, Zhu C, Ma Y, Dong Y, Jiang Q. A comparative analysis of TCR immune repertoire in COVID-19 patients. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110795. [PMID: 38582657 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has merged as a global health threat since its outbreak in December 2019. Despite widespread recognition, there has been a paucity of studies focusing on the T cell receptor (TCR) bias in adaptive immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2. This research conducted a comparative analysis of the TCR immune repertoire to identify notable αβ TCR bias sequences associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus antigen. The present study encompassed 73 symptomatic COVID-19 patients, categorized as moderate/mild or severe/critical, along with 9 healthy controls. Our findings revealed specific TCR chains prominently utilized by moderate and severe patients, identified as TRAV30-J34-TRBV3-1-J2-7 and TRAV12-3-J6-TRBV28-J1-1, respectively. Additionally, our research explored critical TCR preferences in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of COVID-19 patients at various disease stages. Indeed, monitoring the dynamics of immune repertoire changes in COVID-19 patients could serve as a crucial biomarker for predicting disease progression and recovery. Furthermore, the study explored TCR bias in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and BALF. The most common αβ VJ pair observed in BALF was TRAV12-3-J18-TRBV7-6-J2-7. In addition, a comparative analysis with the VDJdb database indicated that the HLA-A*02:01 allele exhibited the widest distribution and highest frequency in COVID-19 patients across different periods. This comprehensive examination provided a global characterization of the TCR immune repertoire in COVID-19 patients, contributing significantly to our understanding of TCR bias induced by SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- COVID-19/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Male
- Female
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Adult
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China; Lead Contact.
| | - Enze Ma
- School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ke Ning
- School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiangyan Feng
- Department of Hematology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Wei Quan
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chaoqun Zhu
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanjun Ma
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yucui Dong
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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22
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Kumar A, Tripathi P, Kumar P, Shekhar R, Pathak R. From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:459. [PMID: 38793710 PMCID: PMC11125746 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is crucial to comprehending disease progression and the significance of vaccine and therapeutic development. The emergence of highly contagious variants poses a significant challenge to humoral immunity, underscoring the necessity of grasping the intricacies of specific antibodies. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of antibodies in shaping immune responses and their implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. It delves into the kinetics and characteristics of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 and explores current antibody-based diagnostics, discussing their strengths, clinical utility, and limitations. Furthermore, we underscore the therapeutic potential of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, discussing various antibody-based therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, anti-cytokines, convalescent plasma, and hyperimmunoglobulin-based therapies. Moreover, we offer insights into antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, emphasizing the significance of neutralizing antibodies in order to confer immunity to SARS-CoV-2, along with emerging variants of concern (VOCs) and circulating Omicron subvariants. We also highlight challenges in the field, such as the risks of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and shed light on the challenges associated with the original antigenic sin (OAS) effect and long COVID. Overall, this review intends to provide valuable insights, which are crucial to advancing sensitive diagnostic tools, identifying efficient antibody-based therapeutics, and developing effective vaccines to combat the evolving threat of SARS-CoV-2 variants on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida 201309, India
| | - Prajna Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Prashant Kumar
- R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ritu Shekhar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rajiv Pathak
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
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23
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Mai F, Bergmann W, Reisinger EC, Müller-Hilke B. The varying extent of humoral and cellular immune responses to either vector- or RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines persists for at least 18 months and is independent of infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0191223. [PMID: 38501661 PMCID: PMC11019912 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01912-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spurred a worldwide race for the development of an efficient vaccine. Various strategies were pursued; however, the first vaccines to be licensed presented the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein either in the context of a non-replicating adenoviral vector or as an mRNA construct. While short-term efficacies have extensively been characterized, the duration of protection, the need for repeated boosting, and reasonable vaccination intervals have yet to be defined. We here describe the adaptive immune response resulting from homologous and heterologous vaccination regimen at 18 months after primary vaccination. To that extent, we monitored 176 healthcare workers, the majority of whom had recovered from previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. In summary, we find that differences depending on primary immunization continue to exist 18 months after the first vaccination and these findings hold true irrespective of previous infection with the virus. Homologous primary immunization with BNT162b2 was repeatedly shown to produce higher antibody levels and slower antibody decline, leading to more effective in vitro neutralization capacities. Likewise, cellular responses resulting from in vitro re-stimulation were more pronounced after primary immunization involving BNT162b2. In contrast, IL-2 producing memory T helper and cytotoxic T cells appeared independent from the primary vaccination regimen. Despite these differences, comparable infection rates among all vaccination groups suggest comparable real-life protection.IMPORTANCEVaccination against the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was shown to avert severe courses of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to mitigate spreading of the virus. However, the duration of protection and need for repeated boosting have yet to be defined. Monitoring and comparing the immune responses resulting from various vaccine strategies are therefore important to fill knowledge gaps and prepare for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Mai
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil C. Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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24
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Warner BM, Chan M, Tailor N, Vendramelli R, Audet J, Meilleur C, Truong T, Garnett L, Willman M, Soule G, Tierney K, Albietz A, Moffat E, Higgins R, Santry LA, Leacy A, Pham PH, Yates JGE, Pei Y, Safronetz D, Strong JE, Susta L, Embury-Hyatt C, Wootton SK, Kobasa D. Mucosal Vaccination with a Newcastle Disease Virus-Vectored Vaccine Reduces Viral Loads in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Cynomolgus Macaques. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:404. [PMID: 38675786 PMCID: PMC11054841 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged following an outbreak of unexplained viral illness in China in late 2019. Since then, it has spread globally causing a pandemic that has resulted in millions of deaths and has had enormous economic and social consequences. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 saw the rapid and widespread development of a number of vaccine candidates worldwide, and this never-before-seen pace of vaccine development led to several candidates progressing immediately through clinical trials. Many countries have now approved vaccines for emergency use, with large-scale vaccination programs ongoing. Despite these successes, there remains a need for ongoing pre-clinical and clinical development of vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2, as well as vaccines that can elicit strong mucosal immune responses. Here, we report on the efficacy of a Newcastle disease virus-vectored vaccine candidate expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (NDV-FLS) administered to cynomolgus macaques. Macaques given two doses of the vaccine via respiratory immunization developed robust immune responses and had reduced viral RNA levels in nasal swabs and in the lower airway. Our data indicate that NDV-FLS administered mucosally provides significant protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, resulting in reduced viral burden and disease manifestation, and should be considered as a viable candidate for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M. Warner
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Mable Chan
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Nikesh Tailor
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Robert Vendramelli
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Jonathan Audet
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Courtney Meilleur
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Thang Truong
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Lauren Garnett
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Marnie Willman
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Geoff Soule
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Kevin Tierney
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Alixandra Albietz
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Estella Moffat
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.M.); (C.E.-H.)
| | - Rick Higgins
- Department of Radiology, Health Sciences Center, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada;
| | - Lisa A. Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.A.S.); (A.L.); (P.H.P.); (J.G.E.Y.); (Y.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Alexander Leacy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.A.S.); (A.L.); (P.H.P.); (J.G.E.Y.); (Y.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Phuc H. Pham
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.A.S.); (A.L.); (P.H.P.); (J.G.E.Y.); (Y.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Jacob G. E. Yates
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.A.S.); (A.L.); (P.H.P.); (J.G.E.Y.); (Y.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Yanlong Pei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.A.S.); (A.L.); (P.H.P.); (J.G.E.Y.); (Y.P.); (L.S.)
| | - David Safronetz
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - James E. Strong
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.A.S.); (A.L.); (P.H.P.); (J.G.E.Y.); (Y.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Carissa Embury-Hyatt
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.M.); (C.E.-H.)
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.A.S.); (A.L.); (P.H.P.); (J.G.E.Y.); (Y.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (N.T.); (R.V.); (J.A.); (C.M.); (T.T.); (L.G.); (M.W.); (G.S.); (K.T.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (J.E.S.); (D.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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25
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Manu E, Douglas M, Kushitor MK, Komesuor J, Ampomah MA, Opoku NO. Lay beliefs of COVID-19 vaccine refusal among intercity commercial drivers in the Volta region of Ghana: recommendations for improved vaccine uptake. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2024; 10:5. [PMID: 38424622 PMCID: PMC10905786 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-023-00214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 vaccine has faced increased hesitancy in Ghana and the Volta region in particular since its rollout. Acceptance of the vaccine among intercity commercial drivers is crucial, especially in the Volta region, as they transport people within and outside the country and could fuel the transmission of the virus if not vaccinated. OBJECTIVE We therefore established lay beliefs surrounding COVID-19 vaccine refusal among intercity commercial drivers in the Volta region of Ghana, as well as their recommendations for improved vaccine uptake. METHODS We purposively interviewed twenty-five (25) intercity commercial drivers who had not been vaccinated for COVID-19 in the Volta region of Ghana using a semi-structured interview guide and analysed their responses thematically using the ATLAS.ti software. RESULTS Various (ten) beliefs surrounding COVID-19 vaccine refusal were identified. These include the nonexistence of COVID-19, being immune to COVID-19, and the belief in the nonexistence of vaccines and vaccines being meant for the sick. Other beliefs identified were the belief that the COVID-19 vaccine is meant to reduce Africa's population, that the vaccine triggers other health complications leading to death, the belief that vaccination could cause financial loss, political mistrust, that the COVID-19 vaccine is not permitted by God, and the belief that prayer prevents COVID-19 infection. They also suggested that the adoption of persuasive communication techniques, the publication of information on those who died of COVID-19, providing evidence of tests conducted on the vaccine, testing people before vaccination, provision of care to those who may experience side effects from the vaccine, and being able to explain why varied vaccines are used for the same virus could help improve vaccine uptake. CONCLUSION Our findings show that there is a general lack of understanding and mistrust surrounding the COVID-19 vaccine among intercity commercial drivers in the Volta region. Hence, health promotion officers and communicators in the region need to be knowledgeable on the vaccine as well as on the conspiracy theories thwarting its uptake to provide comprehensive education to the public and intercity commercial drivers to improve its uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Manu
- Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, Fred N. Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana.
| | - Mbuyiselo Douglas
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, Mthatha, 5117, South Africa
| | - Mawuli Komla Kushitor
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, Fred N. Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Joyce Komesuor
- Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, Fred N. Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Mary Akua Ampomah
- Department of Family and Community Health, Fred N. Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Nicholas Obuobisa Opoku
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fred N. Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
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26
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Tang YD, Yu C, Cai XH. Novel technologies are turning a dream into reality: conditionally replicating viruses as vaccines. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:292-301. [PMID: 37798168 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Conditionally replicating viruses (CRVs) are a type of virus with one or more essential gene functions that are impaired resulting in the disruption of viral genome replication, protein synthesis, or virus particle assembly. CRVs can replicate only if the deficient essential genes are supplied. CRVs are widely used in biomedical research, particularly as vaccines. Traditionally, CRVs are generated by creating complementary cell lines that provide the impaired genes. With the development of biotechnology, novel techniques have been invented to generate CRVs, such as targeted protein degradation (TPD) technologies and premature termination codon (PTC) read-through technologies. The advantages and disadvantages of these novel technologies are discussed. Finally, we provide perspectives on what challenges need to be overcome for CRVs to reach the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China.
| | - Changqing Yu
- Engineering Center of Agricultural Biosafety Assessment and Biotechnology, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, China.
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China.
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27
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Nealon J, Mefsin YM, McMenamin ME, Ainslie KE, Cowling BJ. Reported effectiveness of COVID-19 monovalent booster vaccines and hybrid immunity against mild and severe Omicron disease in adults: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Vaccine X 2024; 17:100451. [PMID: 38379667 PMCID: PMC10877401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Waning of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy/effectiveness (VE) has been observed across settings and epidemiological contexts. We conducted a systematic review of COVID-19 VE studies and performed a meta-regression analysis to improve understanding of determinants of waning. Methods Systematic review of PubMed, medRxiv and the WHO-International Vaccine Access Center database summarizing VE studies on 31 December 2022. Studies were those presenting primary adult VE data from hybrid immunity or third/fourth mRNA COVID-19 monovalent vaccine doses [due to limited data with other vaccines] against Omicron, compared with unvaccinated individuals or individuals eligible for corresponding booster doses but who did not receive them. We used meta-regression models, adjusting for confounders, with weeks since vaccination as a restricted cubic spline, to estimate VE over time since vaccination. Results We identified 55 eligible studies reporting 269 VE estimates. Most estimates (180/269; 67 %) described effectiveness of third dose vaccination; with 48 (18 %) and 41 (15 %) describing hybrid immunity and fourth dose effectiveness, respectively, mostly (200; 74 %) derived from test-negative design studies. Most estimates (176/269; 65 %) reported VE compared with unvaccinated comparison groups. Estimated VE against mild outcomes declined following third dose vaccination from 62 % (95 % CI: 58 % - 66 %) after 4 weeks to 48 % (41 % - 55 %) after 20 weeks. Fourth dose VE against mild COVID-19 declined from 48 % (41 % - 56 %) after 4 weeks to 47 % (19 % - 65 %) after 20 weeks. VE for severe outcomes was higher and declined in the three-dose group from 90 % (87 % - 92 %) after 4 weeks to 70 % (65 - 74 %) after 20 weeks. Conclusions Time-since vaccination is an important determinant of booster dose VE, a finding which may support seasonal COVID-19 booster doses. Integration of VE and immunological parameters - and longer-term data including from other vaccine types - are needed to better-understand determinants of clinical protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Nealon
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yonatan M Mefsin
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Martina E. McMenamin
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kylie E.C. Ainslie
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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28
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Ullah A, Ullah S, Halim SA, Waqas M, Ali B, Ataya FS, El-Sabbagh NM, Batiha GES, Avula SK, Csuk R, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Identification of new pharmacophore against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by multi-fold computational and biochemical techniques. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3590. [PMID: 38351259 PMCID: PMC10864406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 appeared as a highly contagious disease after its outbreak in December 2019 by the virus, named SARS-CoV-2. The threat, which originated in Wuhan, China, swiftly became an international emergency. Among different genomic products, spike protein of virus plays a crucial role in the initiation of the infection by binding to the human lung cells, therefore, SARS-CoV-2's spike protein is a promising therapeutic target. Using a combination of a structure-based virtual screening and biochemical assay, this study seeks possible therapeutic candidates that specifically target the viral spike protein. A database of ~ 850 naturally derived compounds was screened against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to find natural inhibitors. Using virtual screening and inhibitory experiments, we identified acetyl 11-keto-boswellic acid (AKBA) as a promising molecule for spike protein, which encouraged us to scan the rest of AKBA derivatives in our in-house database via 2D-similarity searching. Later 19 compounds with > 85% similarity with AKBA were selected and docked with receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein. Those hits declared significant interactions at the RBD interface, best possess and excellent drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics properties with high gastrointestinal absorption (GIA) without toxicity and allergenicity. Our in-silico observations were eventually validated by in vitro bioassay, interestingly, 10 compounds (A3, A4, C3, C6A, C6B, C6C, C6E, C6H, C6I, and C6J) displayed significant inhibitory ability with good percent inhibition (range: > 72-90). The compounds C3 (90.00%), C6E (91.00%), C6C (87.20%), and C6D (86.23%) demonstrated excellent anti-SARS CoV-2 spike protein activities. The docking interaction of high percent inhibition of inhibitor compounds C3 and C6E was confirmed by MD Simulation. In the molecular dynamics simulation, we observed the stable dynamics of spike protein inhibitor complexes and the influence of inhibitor binding on the protein's conformational arrangements. The binding free energy ΔGTOTAL of C3 (-38.0 ± 0.08 kcal/mol) and C6E (-41.98 ± 0.08 kcal/mol) respectively indicate a strong binding affinity to Spike protein active pocket. These findings demonstrate that these molecules particularly inhibit the function of spike protein and, therefore have the potential to be evaluated as drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Ullah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Saeed Ullah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Basharat Ali
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al-Khail-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (SA-CIRBS), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farid S Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M El-Sabbagh
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Satya Kumar Avula
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rene Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
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29
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Valdez-Cruz NA, Rosiles-Becerril D, Martínez-Olivares CE, García-Hernández E, Cobos-Marín L, Garzón D, López-Salas FE, Zavala G, Luviano A, Olvera A, Alagón A, Ramírez OT, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Oral administration of a recombinant modified RBD antigen of SARS-CoV-2 as a possible immunostimulant for the care of COVID-19. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:41. [PMID: 38321489 PMCID: PMC10848483 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 that consider manufacturing limitations, equitable access, and acceptance is necessary for developing platforms to produce antigens that can be efficiently presented for generating neutralizing antibodies and as a model for new vaccines. RESULTS This work presents the development of an applicable technology through the oral administration of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigen fused with a peptide to improve its antigenic presentation. We focused on the development and production of the recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD) produced in E. coli modified with the addition of amino acids extension designed to improve antigen presentation. The production was carried out in shake flask and bioreactor cultures, obtaining around 200 mg/L of the antigen. The peptide-fused RBD and peptide-free RBD proteins were characterized and compared using SDS-PAGE gel, high-performance chromatography, and circular dichroism. The peptide-fused RBD was formulated in an oil-in-water emulsion for oral mice immunization. The peptide-fused RBD, compared to RBD, induced robust IgG production in mice, capable of recognizing the recombinant RBD in Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, the peptide-fused RBD generated neutralizing antibodies in the sera of the dosed mice. The formulation showed no reactive episodes and no changes in temperature or vomiting. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of the designed peptide added to the RBD to improve antigen immunostimulation by oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico.
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, 22860, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Diego Rosiles-Becerril
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Constanza E Martínez-Olivares
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Enrique García-Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Laura Cobos-Marín
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Garzón
- Unidad de Modelos Biológicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Francisco E López-Salas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Zavala
- Unidad de Microscopia Electrónica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Axel Luviano
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Olvera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Octavio T Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico.
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, 22860, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
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Samanta S, Banerjee J, Das A, Das S, Ahmed R, Das S, Pal A, Ali KM, Mukhopadhyay R, Giri B, Dash SK. Enhancing Immunological Memory: Unveiling Booster Doses to Bolster Vaccine Efficacy Against Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Mutant Variants. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:91. [PMID: 38311669 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
A growing number of re-infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in previously immunized individuals has sparked discussions about the potential need for a booster vaccine dosage to counteract declining antibody levels and new strains. The protective immunity produced by vaccinations, and past illnesses relies on immunological memory. CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, B cells, and long-lasting antibody responses are all components of the adaptive immune system that can generate and maintain this immunological memory. Since novel mutant variants have emerged one after the other, the world has been hit by repeated waves. Various vaccine formulations against SARS-CoV-2 have been administered across the globe. Thus, estimating the efficacy of those vaccines against gradually developed mutant stains is the essential parameter regarding the fate of those vaccine formulations and the necessity of booster doses and their frequency. In this review, focus has also been given to how vaccination stacks up against moderate and severe acute infections in terms of the longevity of the immune cells, neutralizing antibody responses, etc. However, hybrid immunity shows a greater accuracy of re-infection of variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2 than infection and immunization. The review conveys knowledge of detailed information about several marketed vaccines and the status of their efficacy against specific mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, this review discusses the status of immunological memory after infection, mixed infection, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovan Samanta
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Jhimli Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Aparna Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Rubai Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Swarnali Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Amitava Pal
- Department of Physiology, City College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Kazi Monjur Ali
- Department of Nutrition, Maharajadhiraj Uday Chand Women's College, B.C. Road, Bardhaman, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Physiology, City College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Giri
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dash
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India.
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Sarwar MU, Waasia FZ, Aloqbi AA, Alandiyjany M, Alqahtani RM, Hafiz LA, Shamlan G, Albreiki M. Real-world effectiveness of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccines against variant of concerns: meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:245-253. [PMID: 38141544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has killed over 6 million people worldwide, making it the worst global health disaster since the 1918 influenza pandemic. Experts have worked to establish the source, track and analyse the disease, and produce treatment and preventative guidelines. Inactivated vaccines have little evidence of efficacy compared to mRNA and adenoviral vector vaccines; however, three doses of both mRNA and inactivated vaccines appear to provide significant and lasting protection against severe disease and mortality. This study examines inactivated vaccine effectiveness data by disease status, age, gender, primary immunisation, booster doses, and SARS-CoV2 virus types. METHODS We conducted a quantitative epidemiological meta-analysis study to assess the vaccine effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines. Data extraction was performed on the selected studies, and data analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to determine consolidated assessments of vaccine effectiveness. Subgroup analyses were conducted for gender, age, disease level, and vaccine status, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the results. RESULTS The overall effect size of inactivated COVID-19 vaccinations was statistically significant (p-value<0.05), suggesting that complete vaccination should be the primary method of vaccination. Partial vaccination was associated with lower levels of vaccine effectiveness (70.18 95% CI 57.33-83.02) than complete vaccination (79.52 95% CI 67.88-91.71)) and booster vaccination (84.22 95% CI 74.34-94.10), suggesting that it is essential to finish the recommended vaccine series and receive booster doses. Fig.-3: Partially vaccinated individuals showed a vaccine effect size of 70.18 (95% CI 57.33-83.02), indicating that the vaccine was moderately effective in preventing COVID-19 among this group. Fully vaccinated individuals showed a vaccine effect size of 79.52 (95% CI 67.88-91.71), indicating a higher level of vaccine effectiveness. Finally, booster-vaccinated individuals showed a vaccine effect size of 84.22 (95% CI 74.34-94.10), indicating the highest level of vaccine effectiveness. CONCLUSION Inactivated COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in preventing COVID-19, and complete vaccination and booster vaccination are associated with higher levels of vaccine effectiveness compared to partial vaccination. These findings highlight the importance of completing the recommended vaccine series and receiving booster doses to provide greater protection against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fathimathuz Zehra Waasia
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Akram Ahmed Aloqbi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher Alandiyjany
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Quality and Development Affair, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Mohammed Alqahtani
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ghalia Shamlan
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of food science and agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Albreiki
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Biosecurity Affairs Division, Innovation and Development Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Saito T, Couzinet A, Murakami T, Shimomura M, Suzuki T, Katayama Y, Nakatsura T. Rapid and high throughput assessment of cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 based on the ex vivo activation of genes in leukocyte assay with whole blood. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 694:149398. [PMID: 38134475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
During the novel coronavirus outbreak and vaccine development, antibody production garnered major focus as the primary immunogenic response. However, cellular immunity's recent demonstration of comparable or greater significance in controlling infection demands the re-evaluation of the importance of T-cell immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we developed a novel assay, the ex vivo activation of genes in leukocytes (EAGL), which employs short-term whole blood stimulation with the LeukoComplete™ system, to measure ex vivo SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses (cellular immunity). This assay measures upregulated mRNA expression related to leukocyte activation 4 h after antigen stimulation. LeukoComplete™ system uses whole blood samples, eliminating the need for pretreatment before analysis. Furthermore, this system's high reproducibility is ensured through a series of operations from mRNA extraction to cDNA synthesis on a 96-well plate. In the performance evaluation using fresh blood from previously SARS-CoV-2-infected and COVID-19-vaccinated individuals, the EAGL assay had a comparable sensitivity and specificity to the ELISpot assay (EAGL: 1.000/1.000; ELISpot: 0.900/0.973). As a simple, high-throughput assay, the EAGL assay is also a quantitative test that is useful in studies with large sample numbers, such as monitoring new vaccine efficacies against novel coronaviruses or epidemiologic studies that require cellular immune testing during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Saito
- Minaris Medical Co., Ltd, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka, 411-0932, Japan
| | - Arnaud Couzinet
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | | | - Manami Shimomura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Suzuki
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Yuki Katayama
- Minaris Medical Co., Ltd, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka, 411-0932, Japan; Resonac Corporation, Minato, Tokyo, 105-7325, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
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Esmat K, Jamil B, Kheder RK, Kombe Kombe AJ, Zeng W, Ma H, Jin T. Immunoglobulin A response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24031. [PMID: 38230244 PMCID: PMC10789627 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its infamous "Variants" of the etiological agent termed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has proven to be a global health concern. The three antibodies, IgA, IgM, and IgG, perform their dedicated role as main workhorses of the host adaptive immune system in virus neutralization. Immunoglobulin-A (IgA), also known as "Mucosal Immunoglobulin", has been under keen interest throughout the viral infection cycle. Its importance lies because IgA is predominant mucosal antibody and SARS family viruses primarily infect the mucosal surfaces of human respiratory tract. Therefore, IgA can be considered a diagnostic and prognostic marker and an active infection biomarker for SARS CoV-2 infection. Along with molecular analyses, serological tests, including IgA detection tests, are gaining ground in application as an early detectable marker and as a minimally invasive detection strategy. In the current review, it was emphasized the role of IgA response in diagnosis, host defense strategies, treatment, and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The data analysis was performed through almost 100 published peer-reviewed research reports and comprehended the importance of IgA in antiviral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and other related respiratory viruses. Taken together, it is concluded that secretory IgA- Abs can serve as a promising detection tool for respiratory viral diagnosis and treatment parallel to IgG-based therapeutics and diagnostics. Vaccine candidates that target and trigger mucosal immune response may also be employed in future dimensions of research against other respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleqsefat Esmat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Baban Jamil
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, KRG, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Ramiar Kaml Kheder
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Science, University of Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Zerey Albayrak M, Gül Yurtsever S, Peker BO, Müderris T, Kaya S. Evaluation of antibody and T Cell immunity response in different immunization groups of inactive and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 108:116122. [PMID: 37963419 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antibody and T cell responses of homologous and heterologous booster doses for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Our study was performed on those with two doses of mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 (2B, n:44), those with heterologous booster dose BNT162b2 vaccine after two doses of inactivated vaccine CoronaVac (2S+1B, n:44), those with homologous booster dose vaccine CoronaVac after two doses of vaccine CoronaVac (3S, n:44) SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels were significantly higher in individuals who received heterologous boosters(p<0.001). IFN-Ɣ, IL-2 and IL-13 median values were detected higher in 2S+1B group than in 3S group, respectively (p=0.112, p=0.057, p=0.341). Although the antibody levels in 2S+1B group were similar (p=0.153) to the 2B group; IFN-Ɣ, IL-2 and IL-13 levels were higher (p<0.001). In conclusion, supplementing an improved strategy based on inactivated vaccines with an mRNA vaccine as a heterologous booster is likely to be more beneficial in the course of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Zerey Albayrak
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health, Department of Microbiology Reference Laboratories and Biological Products, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Süreyya Gül Yurtsever
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bilal Olcay Peker
- Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tuba Müderris
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Kaya
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey
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Fang Y, Li JX, Duangdany D, Li Y, Guo XL, Phamisith C, Yu B, Shen MY, Luo B, Wang YZ, Liu SJ, Zhao FF, Xu CC, Qiu XH, Yan R, Gui YZ, Pei RJ, Wang J, Shen H, Guan WX, Li HW, Mayxay M. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a modified COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, SW-BIC-213, in healthy people aged 18 years and above: a phase 3 double-blinded, randomized, parallel controlled clinical trial in Lao PDR (Laos). EClinicalMedicine 2024; 67:102372. [PMID: 38169790 PMCID: PMC10758727 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The mRNA vaccine has demonstrated significant effectiveness in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic, including against severe forms of the disease caused by emerging variants. In this study, we examined safety, immunogenicity, and relative efficacy of a heterologous booster of the lipopolyplex (LPP)-based mRNA vaccine (SW-BIC-213) versus a homologous booster of an inactivated vaccine (BBIBP) in Laos. Methods In this phase 3 clinical trial, which was randomized, parallel controlled and double-blinded, healthy adults aged 18 years and above were recruited from the Southern Savannakhet Provincial Hospital and Champhone District Hospital. The primary outcomes were safety and immunogenicity, with efficacy as an exploratory endpoint. Participants who were fully immunized with a two-dose inactivated vaccine for more than 6 months were assigned equally to either the SW-BIC-213 group (25 μg) or BBIBP group. The primary safety endpoint was to describe the safety profile of all participants in each group up to 6 months post-booster immunization. The primary immunogenic outcome was to demonstrate the superiority of the neutralizing antibody response, in terms of geometric mean titers (GMTs) of SW-BIC-213, compared with BBIBP 28 days after the booster dose. The exploratory efficacy endpoint aimed to assess the relative efficacy of SW-BIC-213 compared to BBIBP against virologically confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 over a 6-month period. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05580159). Findings Between October 10, 2022, and January 13, 2023, 1200 participants were assigned to SW-BIC-213 group and 1203 participants in the BBIBP group. All adverse reactions observed during the study were tolerable, transient, and resolved spontaneously. Solicited local reactions were the main adverse reactions in both the SW-BIC-213 group (43.8%) and BBIBP group (14.8%) (p < 0.001). Heterologous boosting with SW-BIC-213 induced higher live virus neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 wildtype and BA.5 strains with GMTs reaching 750.1 and 192.9 than homologous boosting with BBIBP with GMTs of 131.5 (p < 0.001) and 47.5 (p < 0.001) on day 29. The statistical findings revealed that, following a period of 14-day to 6-month after booster vaccination, the SW-BIC-213 group exhibited a relative vaccine efficacy (VE) of 70.1% (95% CI: 34.2-86.4) against symptomatic COVID-19 when compared to the BBIBP group. Interpretation A heterologous booster with the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine SW-BIC-213 manifests a favorable safety profile and proves highly immunogenic and efficacious in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 in individuals who have previously received two doses of inactivated vaccine. Funding Shanghai Strategic Emerging Industries Development Special Fund, Biomedical Technology Support Special Project of Shanghai "Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan", Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fang
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yang Li
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Lin Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Bo Yu
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Bin Luo
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rong Yan
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Zhou Gui
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jie Wang
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | - Mayfong Mayxay
- University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Laos
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Zhang T, Magazine N, McGee MC, Carossino M, Veggiani G, Kousoulas KG, August A, Huang W. Th2 and Th17-associated immunopathology following SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in Spike-vaccinated ACE2-humanized mice. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29408. [PMID: 38258331 PMCID: PMC10832989 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in protecting against COVID-19; however, concerns regarding vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory diseases (VAERD) following breakthrough infections have emerged. Spike protein subunit vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 induce VAERD in hamsters, where aluminum adjuvants promote a Th2-biased immune response, leading to increased type 2 pulmonary inflammation in animals with breakthrough infections. To gain a deeper understanding of the potential risks and the underlying mechanisms of VAERD, we immunized ACE2-humanized mice with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein adjuvanted with aluminum and CpG-ODN. Subsequently, we exposed them to increasing doses of SARS-CoV-2 to establish a breakthrough infection. The vaccine elicited robust neutralizing antibody responses, reduced viral titers, and enhanced host survival. However, following a breakthrough infection, vaccinated animals exhibited severe pulmonary immunopathology, characterized by a significant perivascular infiltration of eosinophils and CD4+ T cells, along with increased expression of Th2/Th17 cytokines. Intracellular flow cytometric analysis revealed a systemic Th17 inflammatory response, particularly pronounced in the lungs. Our data demonstrate that aluminum/CpG adjuvants induce strong antibody and Th1-associated immunity against COVID-19 but also prime a robust Th2/Th17 inflammatory response, which may contribute to the rapid onset of T cell-mediated pulmonary immunopathology following a breakthrough infection. These findings underscore the necessity for further research to unravel the complexities of VAERD in COVID-19 and to enhance vaccine formulations for broad protection and maximum safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Nicholas Magazine
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Michael C. McGee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Gianluca Veggiani
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Konstantin G. Kousoulas
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Gao F, Zheng M, Fan J, Ding Y, Liu X, Zhang M, Zhang X, Dong J, Zhou X, Luo J, Li X. A trimeric spike-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate induces broad neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2186110. [PMID: 36882925 PMCID: PMC10026892 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2186110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has an impact on global public health and social economy. The emerging immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants pose great challenges to the development of vaccines based on original strains. The development of second-generation COVID-19 vaccines to induce immune responses with broad-spectrum protective effects is a matter of great urgency. Here, a prefusion-stabilized spike (S) trimer protein based on B.1.351 variant was expressed and prepared with CpG7909/aluminum hydroxide dual adjuvant to investigate the immunogenicity in mice. The results showed that the candidate vaccine could induce a significant receptor binding domain-specific antibody response and a substantial interferon-γ-mediated immune response. Furthermore, the candidate vaccine also elicited robust cross-neutralization against the pseudoviruses of the original strain, Beta variant, Delta variant and Omicron variant. The vaccine strategy of S-trimer protein formulated with CpG7909/aluminum hydroxide dual adjuvant may be considered a means to increase vaccine effectiveness against future variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixia Gao
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangfeng Fan
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Yahong Ding
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinrong Dong
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
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Dinga JN, Kabakama S, Njimoh DL, Chia JE, Morhason-Bello I, Lumu I. Quantitative Synthesis of Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Vaccine Hesitancy in 185 Countries. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:34. [PMID: 38250847 PMCID: PMC10818751 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mass vaccination against COVID-19 is the best method to ensure herd immunity in order to curb the effect of the pandemic on the global economy. It is therefore important to assess the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy on a global scale. Factors were recorded from cross-sectional studies analyzed with t-Test, ANOVA, correlation, and meta-regression analyses and synthesized to identify global trends in order to inform policy. We registered the protocol (ID: CRD42022350418) and used standard Cochrane methods and PRISMA guidelines to collect and synthesize cross-sectional articles published between January 2020 and August 2023. A total of 67 articles with 576 studies from 185 countries involving 3081,766 participants were included in this synthesis. Global COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was 65.27% (95% CI; 62.72-67.84%), while global vaccine hesitancy stood at 32.1% (95% CI; 29.05-35.17%). One-Way ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference in the percentage Gross Domestic Product spent on vaccine procurement across the World Bank income levels (p < 0.187). There was a significant difference of vaccine acceptance (p < 0.001) and vaccine hesitancy (p < 0.005) across the different World Bank Income levels. World Bank income level had a strong influence on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance (p < 0.0004) and hesitancy (p < 0.003) but percentage Gross Domestic Product spent on vaccine procurement did not. There was no correlation between percentage Gross Domestic Product spent on vaccine procurement and COVID-19 vaccine acceptance (r = -0.11, p < 0.164) or vaccine hesitancy (r = -0.09, p < 0.234). Meta-regression analysis showed that living in an urban setting (OR = 4.83, 95% CI; 0.67-212.8), rural setting (OR = 2.53, 95% CI; 0.29-119.33), older (OR = 1.98, 95% CI; 0.99-4.07), higher education (OR = 1.76, 95% CI; 0.85-3.81), and being a low income earner (OR = 2.85, 95% CI; 0.45-30.63) increased the odds of high COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Factors that increased the odds of high COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were no influenza vaccine (OR = 33.06, 95% CI; 5.03-1395.01), mistrust for vaccines (OR = 3.91, 95% CI; 1.92-8.24), complacency (OR = 2.86, 95% CI; 1.02-8.83), pregnancy (OR = 2.3, 95% CI; 0.12-141.76), taking traditional herbs (OR = 2.15, 95% CI; 0.52-10.42), being female (OR = 1.53, 95% CI; 0.78-3.01), and safety concerns (OR = 1.29, 95% CI; 0.67-2.51). We proposed a number of recommendations to increase vaccine acceptance and ensure global herd immunity against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Nyhalah Dinga
- Michael Gahnyam Gbeugvat Foundation, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Severin Kabakama
- Humanitarian and Public Health Consultant, Mwanza P.O. Box 511, Tanzania
| | - Dieudonne Lemuh Njimoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Julius Ebua Chia
- World Health Organization-Regional Office for Africa, Brazaville P.O. Box 06, Congo
| | | | - Ivan Lumu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda
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Yamani LN, Juniastuti, Megasari NLA, Utsumi T, Sahila N, Pangestika AS, Putri SMD, Li CY, Martini S, Isfandiari MA, Lusida MI. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody status in unvaccinated and 2-dose vaccinated Indonesians by AstraZeneca. J Public Health Afr 2023; 14:2697. [PMID: 38204804 PMCID: PMC10774846 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2023.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Indonesia began deploying a COVID-19 vaccine in January 2021, prioritising vaccination for high-risk groups such as healthcare workers, the elderly and those with comorbidities, and ending with the general public due to limited vaccine availability. Our study aimed to evaluate antibody response in Indonesians who had received two doses of the vaccine vs. those who had not. The study design was a cohort study involving 46 unvaccinated people and 23 people who had received the second dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine in three months. Methods used for the qualitative and quantitative detection of IgG antibodies included rapid RI-GHA and ELISA tests. Findings showed that positive IgG antibodies qualitatively detected by the rapid RI-GHA test were significantly higher in those vaccinated (60.9%) than in unvaccinated people (26.1%). Using the ELISA assay, all vaccinated individuals qualitatively showed positive antibodies (cut-off ≥4.33 BAU/ml), and the average quantitative titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 s-RBD IgG was significantly higher in vaccinated (157.06±238.68 BAU/ml) than in unvaccinated (51.90±87.60 BAU/ml) individuals. Some unvaccinated individuals with no history of infection were found to have anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that may have been previously asymptomatic, although their mean antibody titers were certainly lower than those in the 2-dose group. Approximately 56% of vaccinated individuals had antibody titers above 60 BAU/ml as a cut-off for protective threshold, a significantly higher proportion than unvaccinated individuals. In conclusion, vaccination with two doses AstraZeneca increased anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies which resulted in enhanced immunity against symptomatic COVID-19.
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Gao X, Wang X, Li S, Saif Ur Rahman M, Xu S, Liu Y. Nanovaccines for Advancing Long-Lasting Immunity against Infectious Diseases. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24514-24538. [PMID: 38055649 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases, particularly life-threatening pathogens such as small pox and influenza, have substantial implications on public health and global economies. Vaccination is a key approach to combat existing and emerging pathogens. Immunological memory is an essential characteristic used to evaluate vaccine efficacy and durability and the basis for the long-term effects of vaccines in protecting against future infections; however, optimizing the potency, improving the quality, and enhancing the durability of immune responses remains challenging and a focus for research involving investigation of nanovaccine technologies. In this review, we describe how nanovaccines can address the challenges for conventional vaccines in stimulating adaptive immune memory responses to protect against reinfection. We discuss protein and nonprotein nanoparticles as useful antigen platforms, including those with highly ordered and repetitive antigen array presentation to enhance immunogenicity through cross-linking with multiple B cell receptors, and with a focus on antigen properties. In addition, we describe how nanoadjuvants can improve immune responses by providing enhanced access to lymph nodes, lymphnode targeting, germinal center retention, and long-lasting immune response generation. Nanotechnology has the advantage to facilitate vaccine induction of long-lasting immunity against infectious diseases, now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xinlian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Shilin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | | | - Shanshan Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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DOGAN C, BILICI D, ARPINAR YIGITBAS B, ZENGIN O, ZOR O, AKMAN O, KOCABAG I, YALCIN GS, ERTAN YAZAR E. The Impact of Effective Vaccination on Clinical and Radiological Involvement in COVID-19 Patients. Medeni Med J 2023; 38:260-267. [PMID: 38148723 PMCID: PMC10759941 DOI: 10.4274/mmj.galenos.2023.88655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to analyze clinical, radiological, and laboratory differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients admitted to hospital due to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Methods Patients hospitalized in the COVID-19 clinic between February 2022 and August 2022 were included in the study. Demographic, clinical features, and treatment results. Furthermore, the COVID-19 vaccination status of the cases was recorded. The cases were divided into two groups as those with and without COVID vaccination and compared. Results A total of 215 patients were included in our study, and the patients were divided into 2 groups according to their vaccination status: those who were unvaccinated against COVID-19 (n=100) and those who vaccinated COVID-19 (n=115). The presence of comorbid chronic diseases and cancer was lower in the unvaccinated group. The duration of hospitalization was longer in the unvaccinated group than in the vaccinated group (9.6 and 7.1 days, respectively) (p<0.001). While there was no difference between the two groups in terms of the radiological involvement pattern, the number of involved segments was significantly higher in the unvaccinated group (p<0.05). The number of patients who received high-dose glucocorticoid therapy in the unvaccinated group was higher (28 cases vs. 11 cases; p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of transfer of patients to the intensive care unit (p>0.05). 11.3% (13/115) of the patients in the vaccinated group died, whereas 14% (14/100) died in the unvaccinated group. Conclusions The vaccinated cases who were infected with COVID-19 had a shorter duration of hospitalization and lower severity of radiological involvement. The requirement for pulse steroids was also less compared with unvaccinated individuals. Despite having chronic diseases and cancer, which is considered to have a significant effect on mortality in COVID-19 patients. In addition, although the vaccinated group was older, they had mortality rates similar to those of unvaccinated subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coskun DOGAN
- Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz BILICI
- Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu ARPINAR YIGITBAS
- Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer ZENGIN
- Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orhan ZOR
- Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan AKMAN
- Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilyas KOCABAG
- Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gonul Seven YALCIN
- Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra ERTAN YAZAR
- Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
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Begga A, Garibo-i-Orts Ò, de María-García S, Escolano F, Lozano MA, Oliver N, Conejero JA. Predicting COVID-19 pandemic waves including vaccination data with deep learning. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1279364. [PMID: 38162619 PMCID: PMC10757845 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1279364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the recent COVID-19 pandemics, many models were developed to predict the number of new infections. After almost a year, models had also the challenge to include information about the waning effect of vaccines and by infection, and also how this effect start to disappear. Methods We present a deep learning-based approach to predict the number of daily COVID-19 cases in 30 countries, considering the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) applied in those countries and including vaccination data of the most used vaccines. Results We empirically validate the proposed approach for 4 months between January and April 2021, once vaccination was available and applied to the population and the COVID-19 variants were closer to the one considered for developing the vaccines. With the predictions of new cases, we can prescribe NPIs plans that present the best trade-off between the expected number of COVID-19 cases and the social and economic cost of applying such interventions. Discussion Whereas, mathematical models which include the effect of vaccines in the spread of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic are available, to the best of our knowledge we are the first to propose a data driven method based on recurrent neural networks that considers the waning effect of the immunization acquired either by vaccine administration or by recovering from the illness. This work contributes with an accurate, scalable, data-driven approach to modeling the pandemic curves of cases when vaccination data is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Begga
- Instituto Universitario de Matemática Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Politécnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Òscar Garibo-i-Orts
- Instituto Universitario de Matemática Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Politécnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Sergi de María-García
- Instituto Universitario de Matemática Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Politécnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Francisco Escolano
- Departamento de Ciencia de la Computación e I.A., Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Lozano
- Departamento de Ciencia de la Computación e I.A., Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - J. Alberto Conejero
- Instituto Universitario de Matemática Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Politécnica de València, València, Spain
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Ivanova EN, Shwetar J, Devlin JC, Buus TB, Gray-Gaillard S, Koide A, Cornelius A, Samanovic MI, Herrera A, Mimitou EP, Zhang C, Karmacharya T, Desvignes L, Ødum N, Smibert P, Ulrich RJ, Mulligan MJ, Koide S, Ruggles KV, Herati RS, Koralov SB. mRNA COVID-19 vaccine elicits potent adaptive immune response without the acute inflammation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. iScience 2023; 26:108572. [PMID: 38213787 PMCID: PMC10783604 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination elicit potent immune responses. Our study presents a comprehensive multimodal single-cell analysis of blood from COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers receiving the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and booster. We profiled immune responses via transcriptional analysis and lymphocyte repertoire reconstruction. COVID-19 patients displayed an enhanced interferon signature and cytotoxic gene upregulation, absent in vaccine recipients. B and T cell repertoire analysis revealed clonal expansion among effector cells in COVID-19 patients and memory cells in vaccine recipients. Furthermore, while clonal αβ T cell responses were observed in both COVID-19 patients and vaccine recipients, expansion of clonal γδ T cells was found only in infected individuals. Our dataset enables side-by-side comparison of immune responses to infection versus vaccination, including clonal B and T cell responses. Our comparative analysis shows that vaccination induces a robust, durable clonal B and T cell responses, without the severe inflammation associated with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie N. Ivanova
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jasmine Shwetar
- Institute of Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joseph C. Devlin
- Institute of Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Terkild B. Buus
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sophie Gray-Gaillard
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Akiko Koide
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Amber Cornelius
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marie I. Samanovic
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alberto Herrera
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Chenzhen Zhang
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Trishala Karmacharya
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- High Containment Laboratories, Office of Science and Research, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Robert J. Ulrich
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mark J. Mulligan
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shohei Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kelly V. Ruggles
- Institute of Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ramin S. Herati
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sergei B. Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Wang TY, Meng FD, Sang GJ, Zhang HL, Tian ZJ, Zheng H, Cai XH, Tang YD. A novel viral vaccine platform based on engineered transfer RNA. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2157339. [PMID: 36482724 PMCID: PMC9769134 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2157339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of emerging and remerging virus outbreaks have occurred and the rapid development of vaccines against these viruses has been crucial. Controlling the replication of premature termination codon (PTC)-containing viruses is a promising approach to generate live but replication-defective viruses that can be used for potent vaccines. Here, we used anticodon-engineered transfer RNAs (ACE-tRNAs) as powerful precision switches to control the replication of PTC-containing viruses. We showed that ACE-tRNAs display higher potency of reading through PTCs than genetic code expansion (GCE) technology. Interestingly, ACE-tRNA has a site preference that may influence its read-through efficacy. We further attempted to use ACE-tRNAs as a novel viral vaccine platform. Using a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pseudotyped virus as an RNA virus model, we found that ACE-tRNAs display high potency for read-through viral PTCs and precisely control their production. Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a herpesvirus, was used as a DNA virus model. We found that ACE-tRNAs display high potency for reading through viral PTCs and precisely controlling PTC-containing virus replication. In addition, PTC-engineered PRV completely attenuated and lost virulence in mice in vivo, and immunization with PRV containing a PTC elicited a robust immune response and provided complete protection against wild-type PRV challenge. Overall, replication-controllable PTC-containing viruses based on ACE-tRNAs provide a new strategy to rapidly attenuate virus infection and prime robust immune responses. This technology can be used as a platform for rapidly developing viral vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan-Dan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Ju Sang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,Hao Zheng Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, People's Republic of China,Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China,Xue-Hui Cai State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People’s Republic of China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, People's Republic of China, Yan-Dong Tang
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Ansarifar A, Farahani RH, Rahjerdi AK, Ahi M, Sheidaei A, Gohari K, Rahimi Z, Gholami F, Basiri P, Moradi M, Jahangiri A, Naderi K, Ghasemi S, Khatami P, Honari M, Khodaverdloo S, Shooshtari M, Azin HM, Moradi S, Shafaghi B, Allahyari H, Monazah A, Poor AK, Bakhshande H, Taghva Z, Nia MK, Dodaran MS, Foroughizadeh M. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (FAKHRAVAC®) in healthy adults aged 18-55 years: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I clinical trial. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100401. [PMID: 37941802 PMCID: PMC10628354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The FAKHRAVAC®, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, was assessed for safety and immunogenicity. Methods and findings In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I trial, we randomly assigned 135 healthy adults between 18 and 55 to receive vaccine strengths of 5 or 10 μg/dose or placebo (adjuvant only) in 0-14 or 0-21 schedules. This trial was conducted in a single center in a community setting. The safety outcomes in this study were reactogenicity, local and systemic adverse reactions, abnormal laboratory findings, and Medically Attended Adverse Events (MAAE). Immunogenicity outcomes include serum neutralizing antibody activity and specific IgG antibody levels.The most frequent local adverse reaction was tenderness (28.9%), and the most frequent systemic adverse reaction was headache (9.6%). All adverse reactions were mild, occurred at a similar incidence in all six groups, and were resolved within a few days. In the 10-µg/dose vaccine group, the geometric mean ratio for neutralizing antibody titers at two weeks after the second injection compared to the placebo group was 9.03 (95% CI: 3.89-20.95) in the 0-14 schedule and 11.77 (95% CI: 2.77-49.94) in the 0-21 schedule. The corresponding figures for the 5-µg/dose group were 2.74 (1.2-6.28) and 5.2 (1.63-16.55). The highest seroconversion rate (four-fold increase) was related to the 10-µg/dose group (71% and 67% in the 0-14 and 0-21 schedules, respectively). Conclusions FAKHRAVAC® is safe and induces a strong humoral immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus at 10-µg/dose vaccine strength in adults aged 18-55. This vaccine strength was used for further assessment in the phase II trial.Trial registrationThis study is registered with https://www.irct.ir; IRCT20210206050259N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Ansarifar
- Clinical Trial Center of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohammadreza Ahi
- Clinical Trial Center of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sheidaei
- Clinical Trial Center of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimiya Gohari
- Clinical Trial Center of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rahimi
- Clinical Trial Center of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gholami
- Clinical Trial Center of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouria Basiri
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Moradi
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kosar Naderi
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheil Ghasemi
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Honari
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Sohrab Moradi
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Arina Monazah
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hooman Bakhshande
- Clinical Trial Center of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Taghva
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Tehran, Iran
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46
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Xing Z, Jeyanathan M. A next-generation inhalable dry powder COVID vaccine. Nature 2023; 624:532-534. [PMID: 38093042 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
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47
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Wang Y, Wang H. Lymph node targeting for immunotherapy. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2023; 20:100395. [PMID: 37719676 PMCID: PMC10504489 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2023.100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy that aims to boost the body's immune responses against pathogens or diseased cells has achieved significant progress for treating different diseases over the past several decades, especially with the success of checkpoint blockades, chimeric antigen receptor T therapy, and cancer vaccines in clinical cancer treatment. Effective immunotherapy necessitates the generation of potent and persistent humoral and T-cell responses, which lies in the ability of modulating and guiding antigen-presenting cells to prime antigen-specific T and B cells in the lymphoid tissues, notably in the lymph nodes proximal to the disease site. To this end, various types of strategies have been developed to facilitate the delivery of immunomodulatory agents to immune cells (e.g. dendritic cells and T cells) in the lymph nodes. Among them, intranodal injection enables the direct exposure of immunomodulators to immune cells in lymph nodes, but is limited by the technical challenge and intrinsic invasiveness. To address, multiple passive and active lymph node-targeting technologies have been developed. In this review, we will provide an overview of different lymph node-targeting technologies developed to date, as well as the mechanism and merits of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois (CCIL), Urbana, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Carle College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
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48
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Exosomes-based particles as inhalable COVID-19 vaccines. BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 4. [PMCID: PMC10031725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmt.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a severely spreading pandemic, has dramatically brought physiological and economical burdens to people. Although the injectable vaccines have some achievements for coronavirus defense, they still generate accompanied pain, untoward reaction and cannot take part in mucosal immunity. Inhalable vaccines, as a safe, facile and efficient strategy, have been presented to protect body from virus by inducing robust mucosal immunity. Here, we give a perspective of an inhalable COVID-19 vaccine composed of lung-derived exosomes (a type of virus-like particle) conjugated with viral receptor-binding domain. The lung-derived exosomes act as carriers, such inhalable particles successfully reach at lung and reveal wider distribution and longer retention on respiratory mucosa. In addition, such vaccines induce the high production of specific antibodies and T cells in lung, significantly protecting host against coronavirus invasion. It is conceived that inhalable virus-like particles with long-term stability wound open a new avenue for vaccines delivery and further achieve vaccine popularization to against with COVID-19 pandemic.
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49
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Mazzaracchio V, Rios Maciel M, Porto Santos T, Toda-Peters K, Shen AQ. Duplex Electrochemical Microfluidic Sensor for COVID-19 Antibody Detection: Natural versus Vaccine-Induced Humoral Response. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207731. [PMID: 36916701 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid transmission and resilience of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have led to urgent demands in monitoring humoral response for effective vaccine development, thus a multiplex co-detection platform to discriminate infection-induced from vaccine-induced antibodies is needed. Here a duplex electrochemical immunosensor for co-detection of anti-nucleocapsid IgG (N-IgG) and anti-spike IgG (S-IgG) is developed by using a two-working electrode system, via an indirect immunoassay, with antibody quantification obtained by differential pulse voltammetry. The screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are modified by carbon black and electrodeposited gold nanoflowers for maximized surface areas, enabling the construction of an immunological chain for S-IgG and N-IgG electrochemical detection with enhanced performance. Using an optimized immunoassay protocol, a wide linear range between 30-750 and 20-1000 ng mL-1 , and a limit of detection of 28 and 15 ng mL-1 are achieved to detect N-IgG and S-IgG simultaneously in serum samples. This duplex immunosensor is then integrated in a microfluidic device to obtain significantly reduced detection time (≤ 7 min) while maintaining its analytical performance. The duplex microfluidic immunosensor can be easily expanded into multiplex format to achieve high throughput screening for the sero-surveillance of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mazzaracchio
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata,", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauricio Rios Maciel
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tatiana Porto Santos
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Kazumi Toda-Peters
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
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50
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Holm-Yildiz S, Dysgaard T, Krag T, Pedersen BS, Hamm SR, Pérez-Alós L, Hansen CB, Pries-Heje MM, Heftdal LD, Hasselbalch RB, Fogh K, Madsen JR, Frikke-Schmidt R, Hilsted LM, Sørensen E, Ostrowski SR, Bundgaard H, Garred P, Iversen K, Nielsen SD, Vissing J. Humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccine in patients with myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 384:578215. [PMID: 37797472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the humoral response to the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 (BNT162b2) vaccine in patients with myasthenia gravis on or off immunosuppressants and compared this to the response in healthy individuals. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG response and neutralizing capacity were measured in 83 patients (57 on immunosuppressants) and 332 healthy controls at baseline, three weeks, and two and six months after the vaccine. We found that the proportion of positive humoral response was lower in patients on immunosuppressants vs. controls at three weeks and two months (p ≤ 0.001), but not at six months post-vaccination (p = 0.379).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Holm-Yildiz
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tina Dysgaard
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Britt Stævnsbo Pedersen
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Rask Hamm
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Pérez-Alós
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Bo Hansen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mia Marie Pries-Heje
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Dam Heftdal
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Bo Hasselbalch
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamille Fogh
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johannes Roth Madsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda Maria Hilsted
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Emergency Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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