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Hu HM, Marino G, Pérez-Mejías C, Spötl C, Yokoyama Y, Yu J, Rohling E, Kano A, Ludwig P, Pinto JG, Michel V, Valensi P, Zhang X, Jiang X, Mii HS, Chien WY, Tsai HC, Sung WH, Hsu CH, Starnini E, Zunino M, Shen CC. Sustained North Atlantic warming drove anomalously intense MIS 11c interglacial. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5933. [PMID: 39009621 PMCID: PMC11251152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11c interglacial and its preceding glacial termination represent an enigmatically intense climate response to relatively weak insolation forcing. So far, a lack of radiometric age control has confounded a detailed assessment of the insolation-climate relationship during this period. Here, we present 230Th-dated speleothem proxy data from northern Italy and compare them with palaeoclimate records from the North Atlantic region. We find that interglacial conditions started in subtropical to middle latitudes at 423.1 ± 1.3 thousand years (kyr) before present, during a first weak insolation maximum, whereas northern high latitudes remained glaciated (sea level ~ 40 m below present). Some 14.5 ± 2.8 kyr after this early subtropical onset, peak interglacial conditions were reached globally, with sea level 6-13 m above present, despite weak insolation forcing. We attribute this remarkably intense climate response to an exceptionally long (~15 kyr) episode of intense poleward heat flux transport prior to the MIS 11c optimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun-Ming Hu
- High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, ROC, Taiwan.
- Radiogenic Isotope Facility, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Research Center for Future Earth, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, ROC, Taiwan.
| | - Gianluca Marino
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, GEOMA, Palaeoclimatology Lab, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, 3610, Spain.
| | - Carlos Pérez-Mejías
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Christoph Spötl
- Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yusuke Yokoyama
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jimin Yu
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Eelco Rohling
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584, CB, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Akihiro Kano
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Patrick Ludwig
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Troposphere Research (IMKTRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joaquim G Pinto
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Troposphere Research (IMKTRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Véronique Michel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CEPAM, 06300, Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Patricia Valensi
- UMR7194 HNHP (MNHN-CNRS-UPVD), Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Geography Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xiuyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Geography Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Horng-Sheng Mii
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 11677, ROC, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Chien
- High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, ROC, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chen Tsai
- High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, ROC, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hui Sung
- High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, ROC, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Hsu
- High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, ROC, Taiwan
| | - Elisabetta Starnini
- Department of Civilizations and Forms of Knowledge, University of Pisa, Via dei Mille 19, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Zunino
- Toirano Cave, Piazzale D. Maineri 1, 17055, Toirano (SV), Italy
| | - Chuan-Chou Shen
- High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, ROC, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Future Earth, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, ROC, Taiwan.
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2
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Delicado D, Hauffe T, Wilke T. Fifth mass extinction event triggered the diversification of the largest family of freshwater gastropods (Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea: Hydrobiidae). Cladistics 2024; 40:82-96. [PMID: 37712584 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The fifth mass extinction event (MEE) at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary 66 million years ago (Ma) led to massive species loss but also triggered the diversification of higher taxa. Five models have been proposed depending on whether this diversification occurred before, during or after the K-Pg boundary and the rate of species accumulation. While the effects of the K-Pg MEE on vertebrate evolution are relatively well understood, the impact on invertebrates, particularly in freshwater ecosystems, remains controversial. One example is the hyperdiverse Hydrobiidae-the most species-rich family of freshwater gastropods. Whereas some studies place its origin in the Jurassic or even Carboniferous, most fossil records postdate the K-Pg event. We therefore used robustly time-calibrated multi-locus phylogenies of >400 species representing >100 hydrobiid genera to unravel its evolutionary history and patterns of diversification. We found that the family started diversifying shortly after the K-Pg boundary (∼60 Ma; 95% highest posterior density 52-69 Ma). Lineage richness gradually increased to the present and phylogenetic diversity until ∼25 Ma. These findings suggest that diversification was not initially driven by ecological opportunity. Combining the two criteria of timing and rate of diversification, a soft-explosive diversification model of aquatic vertebrates best fits the patterns observed. We also show that most higher hydrobiid taxa (i.e. subfamilies) diversified from the Middle Oligocene to Middle Miocene (i.e. 12-28 Ma). Two of the 15 major clades delimited are described here as new subfamilies (i.e. Bullaregiinae n. subfam. and Pontobelgrandiellinae n. subfam.), whose members are restricted to subterranean waters. Our results are an important contribution to understanding how the fifth MEE has shaped evolution and patterns of biodiversity in continental aquatic systems. Given the high extinction risks faced by many hydrobiids today, they also emphasise the need to study the biodiversity of vulnerable ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Delicado
- Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Hauffe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wilke
- Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), D-35392, Giessen, Germany
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3
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Capraro L, Incarbona A, Fornaciari E, Sabatino N, Scaillet S, Sprovieri R, Sprovieri M. Hydroclimate variability in the central Mediterranean during MIS 17 interglacial (Middle Pleistocene) highlights timing offset with monsoon activity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18938. [PMID: 37919327 PMCID: PMC10622447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean climates are characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Previous studies suggest that over the last 1.36 Myr, Mediterranean winter rainfalls were in phase with the African monsoon. Here we present a high-resolution terrestrial and marine dataset for the Marine Isotope Stage 17 interglacial (Middle Pleistocene) from Southern Italy, showing that precipitation rates and regimes in the central Mediterranean varied independently of the monsoon system. Specifically, events of extreme summer precipitation were promoted by increased regional insolation rates and/or extratropical cyclones, and their magnitude was further enhanced by the advection of cool and humid North Atlantic air during stadials. Our findings provide new information on the short- to mid-term natural hydroclimatic variability of the Mediterranean basin, and offer new critical insights on land-ocean interactions at the regional scale by complementing previous analyses on the displacement of storm tracks toward southern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capraro
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via G. Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Incarbona
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123, Palermo, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Eliana Fornaciari
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via G. Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Nadia Sabatino
- Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via del Mare 3, 91021, Torretta Granitola, Campobello di Mazara, Trapani, Italy
| | - Stéphane Scaillet
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans (ISTO), 1A rue de la Férollerie, 45071, Orléans, France
| | - Rodolfo Sprovieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Sprovieri
- Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via del Mare 3, 91021, Torretta Granitola, Campobello di Mazara, Trapani, Italy
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4
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Ruan J, Timmermann A, Raia P, Yun KS, Zeller E, Mondanaro A, Di Febbraro M, Lemmon D, Castiglione S, Melchionna M. Climate shifts orchestrated hominin interbreeding events across Eurasia. Science 2023; 381:699-704. [PMID: 37561879 DOI: 10.1126/science.add4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
When, where, and how often hominin interbreeding happened is largely unknown. We study the potential for Neanderthal-Denisovan admixture using species distribution models that integrate extensive fossil, archaeological, and genetic data with transient coupled general circulation model simulations of global climate and biomes. Our Pleistocene hindcast of past hominins' habitat suitability reveals pronounced climate-driven zonal shifts in the main overlap region of Denisovans and Neanderthals in central Eurasia. These shifts, which influenced the timing and intensity of potential interbreeding events, can be attributed to the response of climate and vegetation to past variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide and Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet volume. Therefore, glacial-interglacial climate swings likely played an important role in favoring gene flow between archaic humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyang Ruan
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea
- Center for Climate Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Axel Timmermann
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea
- Center for Climate Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Pasquale Raia
- DiSTAR, Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Kyung-Sook Yun
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea
- Center for Climate Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Elke Zeller
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Climate System, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | | | - Mirko Di Febbraro
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C. da Fonte Lappone, Pesche, Italy
| | - Danielle Lemmon
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea
- Center for Climate Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Silvia Castiglione
- DiSTAR, Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Melchionna
- DiSTAR, Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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5
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Ait Brahim Y, Sha L, Wassenburg JA, Azennoud K, Cheng H, Cruz FW, Bouchaou L. The spatiotemporal extent of the Green Sahara during the last glacial period. iScience 2023; 26:107018. [PMID: 37416475 PMCID: PMC10320408 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sahara Desert, one of today's most inhospitable environments, has known periods of enhanced precipitation that supported pre-historic humans. However, the Green Sahara timing and moisture sources are not well known due to limited paleoclimate information. Here, we present a multi-proxy (δ18O, δ13C, Δ17O, and trace elements) speleothem-based climate record from Northwest (NW) Africa. Our data document two Green Sahara periods during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5a and the Early to Mid-Holocene. Consistency with paleoclimate records across North Africa highlights the east-west geographical extent of the Green Sahara, whereas millennial-scale North Atlantic cooling (Heinrich) events consistently resulted in drier conditions. We demonstrate that an increase in westerly-originating winter precipitation during MIS5a resulted in favorable environmental conditions. The comparison of paleoclimate data with local archaeological sequences highlights the abrupt climate deterioration and the decline in human density in NW Africa during the MIS5-4 transition, which suggests climate-forced dispersals of populations, with possible implications for pathways into Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Ait Brahim
- International Water Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Lijuan Sha
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong Uniersity, Xi’an, China
| | - Jasper A. Wassenburg
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Khalil Azennoud
- International Water Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Hai Cheng
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong Uniersity, Xi’an, China
| | - Francisco W. Cruz
- Instituto de Geociências, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lhoussaine Bouchaou
- International Water Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
- Laboratory of Applied Geology and Geo-Environmental, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
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6
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Zeller E, Timmermann A, Yun KS, Raia P, Stein K, Ruan J. Human adaptation to diverse biomes over the past 3 million years. Science 2023; 380:604-608. [PMID: 37167387 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of vegetation and ecosystem diversity on hominin adaptation and migration, we identify past human habitat preferences over time using a transient 3-million-year earth system-biome model simulation and an extensive hominin fossil and archaeological database. Our analysis shows that early African hominins predominantly lived in open environments such as grassland and dry shrubland. Migrating into Eurasia, hominins adapted to a broader range of biomes over time. By linking the location and age of hominin sites with corresponding simulated regional biomes, we also find that our ancestors actively selected for spatially diverse environments. The quantitative results lead to a new diversity hypothesis: Homo species, in particular Homo sapiens, were specially equipped to adapt to landscape mosaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Zeller
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Climate System, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Axel Timmermann
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sook Yun
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pasquale Raia
- DiSTAR, Napoli Università di Napoli Federico II, Monte Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Karl Stein
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiaoyang Ruan
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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7
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Sánchez Goñi MF, Extier T, Polanco-Martínez JM, Zorzi C, Rodrigues T, Bahr A. Moist and warm conditions in Eurasia during the last glacial of the Middle Pleistocene Transition. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2700. [PMID: 37164947 PMCID: PMC10172347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The end of the Middle Pleistocene Transition (MPT, ~ 800-670 thousand years before present, ka) was characterised by the emergence of large glacial ice-sheets associated with anomalously warm North Atlantic sea surface temperatures enhancing moisture production. Still, the direction and intensity of moisture transport across Eurasia towards potential ice-sheets is poorly constrained. To reconstruct late MPT moisture production and dispersal, we combine records of upper ocean temperature and pollen-based Mediterranean forest cover, a tracer of westerlies and precipitation, from a subtropical drill-core collected off South-West Iberia, with records of East Asia summer monsoon (EASM) strength and West Pacific surface temperatures, and model simulations. Here we show that south-western European winter precipitation and EASM strength reached high levels during the Marine Isotope Stage 18 glacial. This anomalous situation was caused by nearly-continuous moisture supply from both oceans and its transport to higher latitudes through the westerlies, likely fuelling the accelerated expansion of northern hemisphere ice-sheets during the late MPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Sánchez Goñi
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE, PSL University), Paris, France.
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33600, Pessac, France.
| | - Thomas Extier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Josué M Polanco-Martínez
- Unit of Excellence GECOS, IME, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Coralie Zorzi
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Teresa Rodrigues
- Divisão de Geologia e Georecursos Marinhos, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André Bahr
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 234, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Koutsodendris A, Dakos V, Fletcher WJ, Knipping M, Kotthoff U, Milner AM, Müller UC, Kaboth-Bahr S, Kern OA, Kolb L, Vakhrameeva P, Wulf S, Christanis K, Schmiedl G, Pross J. Atmospheric CO 2 forcing on Mediterranean biomes during the past 500 kyrs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1664. [PMID: 36966144 PMCID: PMC10039881 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern on the survival of Mediterranean forests under the projected near-future droughts as a result of anthropogenic climate change. Here we determine the resilience of Mediterranean forests across the entire range of climatic boundary conditions realized during the past 500 kyrs based on continuous pollen and geochemical records of (sub)centennial-scale resolution from drillcores from Tenaghi Philippon, Greece. Using convergent cross-mapping we provide empirical confirmation that global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may affect Mediterranean vegetation through forcing on moisture availability. Our analysis documents two stable vegetation regimes across the wide range of CO2 and moisture levels realized during the past four glacial-interglacial cycles, with abrupt shifts from forest to steppe biomes occurring when a threshold in precipitation is crossed. Our approach highlights that a CO2-driven moisture decrease in the near future may bear an impending risk for abrupt vegetation regime shifts prompting forest loss in the Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasilis Dakos
- Institute des Sciences de l'Évolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
- Institut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - William J Fletcher
- School of Environment, Education and Development, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Maria Knipping
- Department of Molecular Botany, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kotthoff
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Institute of Geology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alice M Milner
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK
| | - Ulrich C Müller
- Parlamentsstraße 32, 60385, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kaboth-Bahr
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Oliver A Kern
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurin Kolb
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Wulf
- School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Gerhard Schmiedl
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Institute of Geology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Pross
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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9
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Finestone EM, Breeze PS, Breitenbach SFM, Drake N, Bergmann L, Maksudov F, Muhammadiyev A, Scott P, Cai Y, Khatsenovich AM, Rybin EP, Nehrke G, Boivin N, Petraglia M. Paleolithic occupation of arid Central Asia in the Middle Pleistocene. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273984. [PMID: 36269723 PMCID: PMC9586385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Central Asia is positioned at a crossroads linking several zones important to hominin dispersal during the Middle Pleistocene. However, the scarcity of stratified and dated archaeological material and paleoclimate records makes it difficult to understand dispersal and occupation dynamics during this time period, especially in arid zones. Here we compile and analyze paleoclimatic and archaeological data from Pleistocene Central Asia, including examination of a new layer-counted speleothem-based multiproxy record of hydrological changes in southern Uzbekistan at the end of MIS 11. Our findings indicate that Lower Palaeolithic sites in the steppe, semi-arid, and desert zones of Central Asia may have served as key areas for the dispersal of hominins into Eurasia during the Middle Pleistocene. In agreement with previous studies, we find that bifaces occur across these zones at higher latitudes and in lower altitudes relative to the other Paleolithic assemblages. We argue that arid Central Asia would have been intermittently habitable during the Middle Pleistocene when long warm interglacial phases coincided with periods when the Caspian Sea was experiencing consistently high water levels, resulting in greater moisture availability and more temperate conditions in otherwise arid regions. During periodic intervals in the Middle Pleistocene, the local environment of arid Central Asia was likely a favorable habitat for paleolithic hominins and was frequented by Lower Paleolithic toolmakers producing bifaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Finestone
- Department of Anthropology, The Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul S. Breeze
- Department of Geography, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Drake
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Department of Geography, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bergmann
- Department of Physical Geography, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany
| | - Farhod Maksudov
- National Center of Archaeology, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Akmal Muhammadiyev
- National Center of Archaeology, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Pete Scott
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Yanjun Cai
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Arina M. Khatsenovich
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny P. Rybin
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gernot Nehrke
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Michael Petraglia
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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10
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Foerster V, Asrat A, Bronk Ramsey C, Brown ET, Chapot MS, Deino A, Duesing W, Grove M, Hahn A, Junginger A, Kaboth-Bahr S, Lane CS, Opitz S, Noren A, Roberts HM, Stockhecke M, Tiedemann R, Vidal CM, Vogelsang R, Cohen AS, Lamb HF, Schaebitz F, Trauth MH. Pleistocene climate variability in eastern Africa influenced hominin evolution. NATURE GEOSCIENCE 2022; 15:805-811. [PMID: 36254302 PMCID: PMC9560894 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-022-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite more than half a century of hominin fossil discoveries in eastern Africa, the regional environmental context of hominin evolution and dispersal is not well established due to the lack of continuous palaeoenvironmental records from one of the proven habitats of early human populations, particularly for the Pleistocene epoch. Here we present a 620,000-year environmental record from Chew Bahir, southern Ethiopia, which is proximal to key fossil sites. Our record documents the potential influence of different episodes of climatic variability on hominin biological and cultural transformation. The appearance of high anatomical diversity in hominin groups coincides with long-lasting and relatively stable humid conditions from ~620,000 to 275,000 years bp (episodes 1-6), interrupted by several abrupt and extreme hydroclimate perturbations. A pattern of pronounced climatic cyclicity transformed habitats during episodes 7-9 (~275,000-60,000 years bp), a crucial phase encompassing the gradual transition from Acheulean to Middle Stone Age technologies, the emergence of Homo sapiens in eastern Africa and key human social and cultural innovations. Those accumulative innovations plus the alignment of humid pulses between northeastern Africa and the eastern Mediterranean during high-frequency climate oscillations of episodes 10-12 (~60,000-10,000 years bp) could have facilitated the global dispersal of H. sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Foerster
- Institute of Geography Education, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Asfawossen Asrat
- Department of Mining and Geological Engineering, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
- School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Erik T. Brown
- Large Lakes Observatory and Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN USA
| | - Melissa S. Chapot
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Alan Deino
- Berkeley Geochronology Center, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Walter Duesing
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthew Grove
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Annette Hahn
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Annett Junginger
- Department of Geoscience, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Stephan Opitz
- Institute for Geography, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anders Noren
- LacCore/CSDCO, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Helen M. Roberts
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Mona Stockhecke
- Large Lakes Observatory and Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN USA
| | - Ralph Tiedemann
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Céline M. Vidal
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ralf Vogelsang
- Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrew S. Cohen
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Henry F. Lamb
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frank Schaebitz
- Institute of Geography Education, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin H. Trauth
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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11
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Zaki AS, Davis JM, Edgett KS, Giegengack R, Roige M, Conway S, Schuster M, Gupta S, Salese F, Sangwan KS, Fairén AG, Hughes CM, Pain CF, Castelltort S. Fluvial Depositional Systems of the African Humid Period: An Analog for an Early, Wet Mars in the Eastern Sahara. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2022; 127:e2021JE007087. [PMID: 35860764 PMCID: PMC9285406 DOI: 10.1029/2021je007087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A widely hypothesized but complex transition from widespread fluvial activity to predominantly aeolian processes is inferred on Mars based on remote sensing data observations of ancient landforms. However, the lack of analysis of in situ martian fluvial deposits hinders our understanding of the flow regime nature and sustainability of the martian fluvial activity and the hunt for ancient life. Studying analogs from arid zones on Earth is fundamental to quantitatively understanding geomorphic processes and climate drivers that might have dominated during early Mars. Here we investigate the formation and preservation of fluvial depositional systems in the eastern Sahara, where the largest arid region on Earth hosts important repositories of past climatic changes. The fluvial systems are composed of well-preserved single-thread sinuous to branching ridges and fan-shaped deposits interpreted as deltas. The systems' configuration and sedimentary content suggest that ephemeral rivers carved these landforms by sequential intermittent episodes of erosion and deposition active for 10-100s years over ∼10,000 years during the late Quaternary. Subsequently, these landforms were sculpted by a marginal role of rainfall and aeolian processes with minimum erosion rates of 1.1 ± 0.2 mm/yr, supplying ∼96 ± 24 × 1010 m3 of disaggregated sediment to adjacent aeolian dunes. Our results imply that similar martian fluvial systems preserving single-thread, short distance source-to-sink courses may have formed due to transient drainage networks active over short durations. Altogether, this study adds to the growing recognition of the complexity of interpreting climate history from orbital images of landforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Zaki
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - J. M. Davis
- Department of Earth SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | | | - R. Giegengack
- Department of Earth & Environmental ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - M. Roige
- Department de GeologiaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - S. Conway
- CNRS UMR 6112 Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique, Université de NantesNantesFrance
| | - M. Schuster
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Terre et Environnement de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - S. Gupta
- Department of Earth Sciences and EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - F. Salese
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC‐INTA), Torrejón de ArdozMadridSpain
- International Research School of Planetary Sciences (IRSPS)Università d’AnnunzioPescaraItaly
| | - K. S. Sangwan
- Department of Earth Sciences and EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. G. Fairén
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC‐INTA), Torrejón de ArdozMadridSpain
- Department of AstronomyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - C. M. Hughes
- Department of GeosciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
| | - C. F. Pain
- MED_Soil, Departamento de Cristlografía, Mineralogía y Quimica AgrícolaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - S. Castelltort
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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12
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Leicher N, Giaccio B, Zanchetta G, Sulpizio R, Albert PG, Tomlinson EL, Lagos M, Francke A, Wagner B. Lake Ohrid's tephrochronological dataset reveals 1.36 Ma of Mediterranean explosive volcanic activity. Sci Data 2021; 8:231. [PMID: 34475409 PMCID: PMC8413285 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-01013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tephrochronology relies on the availability of the stratigraphical, geochemical and geochronological datasets of volcanic deposits, three preconditions which are both often only fragmentary accessible. This study presents the tephrochronological dataset from the Lake Ohrid (Balkans) sediment succession continuously reaching back to 1.36 Ma. 57 tephra layers were investigated for their morphological appearance, geochemical fingerprint, and (chrono-)stratigraphic position. Glass fragments of tephra layers were analyzed for their major element composition using Energy-Dispersive-Spectroscopy and Wavelength-Dispersive Spectroscopy and for their trace element composition by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Radiometric dated equivalents of 16 tephra layers and orbital tuning of geochemical proxy data provided the basis for the age-depth model of the Lake Ohrid sediment succession. The age-depth model, in turn, provides ages for unknown or undated tephra layers. This dataset forms the basis for a regional stratigraphic framework and provides insights into the central Mediterranean explosive volcanic activity during the last 1.36 Ma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Leicher
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Biagio Giaccio
- Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, CNR, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Sulpizio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali (IDPA), CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul G Albert
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art (RLAHA), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | | | - Markus Lagos
- Institute of Geosciences and Meteorology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Francke
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bernd Wagner
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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13
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1.36 million years of Mediterranean forest refugium dynamics in response to glacial-interglacial cycle strength. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026111118. [PMID: 34400496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sediment record from Lake Ohrid (Southwestern Balkans) represents the longest continuous lake archive in Europe, extending back to 1.36 Ma. We reconstruct the vegetation history based on pollen analysis of the DEEP core to reveal changes in vegetation cover and forest diversity during glacial-interglacial (G-IG) cycles and early basin development. The earliest lake phase saw a significantly different composition rich in relict tree taxa and few herbs. Subsequent establishment of a permanent steppic herb association around 1.2 Ma implies a threshold response to changes in moisture availability and temperature and gradual adjustment of the basin morphology. A change in the character of G-IG cycles during the Early-Middle Pleistocene Transition is reflected in the record by reorganization of the vegetation from obliquity- to eccentricity-paced cycles. Based on a quantitative analysis of tree taxa richness, the first large-scale decline in tree diversity occurred around 0.94 Ma. Subsequent variations in tree richness were largely driven by the amplitude and duration of G-IG cycles. Significant tree richness declines occurred in periods with abundant dry herb associations, pointing to aridity affecting tree population survival. Assessment of long-term legacy effects between global climate and regional vegetation change reveals a significant influence of cool interglacial conditions on subsequent glacial vegetation composition and diversity. This effect is contrary to observations at high latitudes, where glacial intensity is known to control subsequent interglacial vegetation, and the evidence demonstrates that the Lake Ohrid catchment functioned as a refugium for both thermophilous and temperate tree species.
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14
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Wilden B, Traunspurger W, Geisen S. Inventory of the benthic eukaryotic diversity in the oldest European lake. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11207-11215. [PMID: 34429912 PMCID: PMC8366835 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have profound knowledge on biodiversity on Earth including plants and animals. In the recent decade, we have also increased our understanding on microorganisms in different hosts and the environment. However, biodiversity is not equally well studied among different biodiversity groups and Earth's systems with eukaryotes in freshwater sediments being among the least known. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene to investigate the entire diversity of benthic eukaryotes in three distinct habitats (littoral sediment and hard substrate, profundal sediment) of Lake Ohrid, the oldest European lake. Eukaryotic sequences were dominated by annelid and arthropod animals (54% of all eukaryotic reads) and protists (Ochrophyta and Ciliophora; together 40% of all reads). Eukaryotic diversity was 15% higher in the deep profundal than on either near-surface hard substrates or littoral sediments. The three habitats differed in their taxonomic and functional community composition. Specifically, heterotrophic organisms accounted for 92% of the reads in the profundal, whereas phototrophs accounted for 43% on the littoral hard substrate. The profundal community was the most homogeneous, and its network was the most complex, suggesting its highest stability among the sampled habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wilden
- Department of Animal EcologyBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | | | - Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute for Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
The greening of the Sahara, associated with the African Humid Period (AHP) between ca. 14,500 and 5,000 y ago, is arguably the largest climate-induced environmental change in the Holocene; it is usually explained by the strengthening and northward expansion of the African monsoon in response to orbital forcing. However, the strengthened monsoon in Early to Middle Holocene climate model simulations cannot sustain vegetation in the Sahara or account for the increased humidity in the Mediterranean region. Here, we present an 18,500-y pollen and leaf-wax δD record from Lake Tislit (32° N) in Morocco, which provides quantitative reconstruction of winter and summer precipitation in northern Africa. The record from Lake Tislit shows that the northern Sahara and the Mediterranean region were wetter in the AHP because of increased winter precipitation and were not influenced by the monsoon. The increased seasonal contrast of insolation led to an intensification and southward shift of the Mediterranean winter precipitation system in addition to the intensified summer monsoon. Therefore, a winter rainfall zone must have met and possibly overlapped the monsoonal zone in the Sahara. Using a mechanistic vegetation model in Early Holocene conditions, we show that this seasonal distribution of rainfall is more efficient than the increased monsoon alone in generating a green Sahara vegetation cover, in agreement with observed vegetation. This conceptual framework should be taken into consideration in Earth system paleoclimate simulations used to explore the mechanisms of African climatic and environmental sensitivity.
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16
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Islam MJ, Kunzmann A, Slater MJ. Extreme winter cold-induced osmoregulatory, metabolic, and physiological responses in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) acclimatized at different salinities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145202. [PMID: 33736134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite climate-change challenges, for most aquaculture species, physiological responses to different salinities during ambient extreme cold events remain unknown. Here, European seabass acclimatized at 3, 6, 12, and 30 PSU were subjected to 20 days of an ambient extreme winter cold event (8 °C), and monitored for growth and physiological performance. Growth performance decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in fish exposed at 3 and 30 PSU compared to 6 and 12 PSU. During cold stress exposure, serum Na+, Cl-, and K+ concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in fish exposed at 30 PSU. Serum cortisol, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in fish exposed at 3 and 30 PSU. In contrast, opposite trends were observed for serum protein, lactate, and triglycerides content during cold exposure. Transaminase activities [glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl-transaminase (γGGT)] were significantly higher in fish exposed at 3 and 30 PSU on days 10 and 20. The abundance of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance (CFTR) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in fish exposed at 3 and 30 PSU during cold shock exposure. In contrast, insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) expression was significantly lower in fish exposed at 3 and 30 PSU. Whereas, on day 20, Na+/K+ ATPase α1 and Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter-1 (NKCC1) were significantly upregulated in fish exposed at 30 PSU, followed by 12, 6, and 3 PSU. Results demonstrated that ambient extreme winter cold events induce metabolic and physiological stress responses and provide a conceivable mechanism by which growth and physiological fitness are limited at cold thermal events. However, during ambient extreme cold (8 °C) exposure, European seabass exhibited better physiological fitness at 12 and 6 PSU water, providing possible insight into future aquaculture management options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jakiul Islam
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359 Bremen, Germany; Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Chemistry (FB 02), University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Kunzmann
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthew James Slater
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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17
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Pedrotta T, Gobet E, Schwörer C, Beffa G, Butz C, Henne PD, Morales-Molino C, Pasta S, van Leeuwen JFN, Vogel H, Zwimpfer E, Anselmetti FS, Grosjean M, Tinner W. 8,000 years of climate, vegetation, fire and land-use dynamics in the thermo-mediterranean vegetation belt of northern Sardinia (Italy). VEGETATION HISTORY AND ARCHAEOBOTANY 2021; 30:789-813. [PMID: 34720442 PMCID: PMC8550162 DOI: 10.1007/s00334-021-00832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about the vegetation history of Sardinia, the second largest island of the Mediterranean, is scanty. Here, we present a new sedimentary record covering the past ~ 8,000 years from Lago di Baratz, north-west Sardinia. Vegetation and fire history are reconstructed by pollen, spores, macrofossils and charcoal analyses and environmental dynamics by high-resolution element geochemistry together with pigment analyses. During the period 8,100-7,500 cal bp, when seasonality was high and fire and erosion were frequent, Erica arborea and E. scoparia woodlands dominated the coastal landscape. Subsequently, between 7,500 and 5,500 cal bp, seasonality gradually declined and thermo-mediterranean woodlands with Pistacia and Quercus ilex partially replaced Erica communities under diminished incidence of fire. After 5,500 cal bp, evergreen oak forests expanded markedly, erosion declined and lake levels increased, likely in response to increasing (summer) moisture availability. Increased anthropogenic fire disturbance triggered shrubland expansions (e.g. Tamarix and Pistacia) around 5,000-4,500 cal bp. Subsequently around 4,000-3,500 cal bp evergreen oak-olive forests expanded massively when fire activity declined and lake productivity and anoxia reached Holocene maxima. Land-use activities during the past 4,000 years (since the Bronze Age) gradually disrupted coastal forests, but relict stands persisted under rather stable environmental conditions until ca. 200 cal bp, when agricultural activities intensified and Pinus and Eucalyptus were planted to stabilize the sand dunes. Pervasive prehistoric land-use activities since at least the Bronze Age Nuraghi period included the cultivation of Prunus, Olea europaea and Juglans regia after 3,500-3,300 cal bp, and Quercus suber after 2,500 cal bp. We conclude that restoring less flammable native Q. ilex and O. europaea forest communities would markedly reduce fire risk and erodibility compared to recent forest plantations with flammable non-native trees (e.g. Pinus, Eucalyptus) and xerophytic shrubland (e.g. Cistus, Erica).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Pedrotta
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erika Gobet
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schwörer
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Beffa
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Butz
- Institute of Geography and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hallerstraße 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul D. Henne
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Denver Federal Center, MS 980, P.O. Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA
| | - César Morales-Molino
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Pasta
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Division of Palermo, National Research Council (CNR), Corso Calatafimi, 414, 90129 Palermo (PA), Italy
| | - Jacqueline F. N. van Leeuwen
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Vogel
- Institute of Geological Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Baltzerstraße 1+3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elias Zwimpfer
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Flavio S. Anselmetti
- Institute of Geological Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Baltzerstraße 1+3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Grosjean
- Institute of Geography and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hallerstraße 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Willy Tinner
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Thomas C, Francke A, Vogel H, Wagner B, Ariztegui D. Weak Influence of Paleoenvironmental Conditions on the Subsurface Biosphere of Lake Ohrid over the Last 515 ka. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111736. [PMID: 33167482 PMCID: PMC7716225 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lacustrine sediments are widely used to investigate the impact of climatic change on biogeochemical cycling. In these sediments, subsurface microbial communities are major actors of this cycling but can also affect the sedimentary record and overprint the original paleoenvironmental signal. We therefore investigated the subsurface microbial communities of the oldest lake in Europe, Lake Ohrid (North Macedonia, Albania), to assess the potential connection between microbial diversity and past environmental change using 16S rRNA gene sequences. Along the upper ca. 200 m of the DEEP site sediment record spanning ca. 515 thousand years (ka), our results show that Atribacteria, Bathyarchaeia and Gammaproteobacteria structured the community independently from each other. Except for the latter, these taxa are common in deep lacustrine and marine sediments due to their metabolic versatility adapted to low energy environments. Gammaproteobacteria were often co-occurring with cyanobacterial sequences or soil-related OTUs suggesting preservation of ancient DNA from the water column or catchment back to at least 340 ka, particularly in dry glacial intervals. We found significant environmental parameters influencing the overall microbial community distribution, but no strong relationship with given phylotypes and paleoclimatic signals or sediment age. Our results support a weak recording of early diagenetic processes and their actors by bulk prokaryotic sedimentary DNA in Lake Ohrid, replaced by specialized low-energy clades of the deep biosphere and a marked imprint of erosional processes on the subsurface DNA pool of Lake Ohrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Thomas
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Francke
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia;
| | - Hendrik Vogel
- Institute of Geological Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Bernd Wagner
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Daniel Ariztegui
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
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19
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Sánchez Goñi MF. Regional impacts of climate change and its relevance to human evolution. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2020; 2:e55. [PMID: 37588361 PMCID: PMC10427484 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2020.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional concept of long and gradual, glacial-interglacial climate changes during the Quaternary has been challenged since the 1980s. High temporal resolution analysis of marine, terrestrial and ice geological archives has identified rapid, millennial- to centennial-scale, and large-amplitude climatic cycles throughout the last few million years. These changes were global but have had contrasting regional impacts on the terrestrial and marine ecosystems, with in some cases strong changes in the high latitudes of both hemispheres but muted changes elsewhere. Such a regionalization has produced environmental barriers and corridors that have probably triggered niche contractions/expansions of hominin populations living in Eurasia and Africa. This article reviews the long- and short-timescale ecosystem changes that have punctuated the last few million years, paying particular attention to the environments of the last 650,000 years, which have witnessed key events in the evolution of our lineage in Africa and Eurasia. This review highlights, for the first time, a contemporaneity between the split between Denisovan and Neanderthals, at ~650-400 ka, and the strong Eurasian ice-sheet expansion down to the Black Sea. This ice expansion could form an ice barrier between Europe and Asia that may have triggered the genetic drift between these two populations.
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20
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Incarbona A, Sprovieri M. The Postglacial Isotopic Record of Intermediate Water Connects Mediterranean Sapropels and Organic‐Rich Layers. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND PALEOCLIMATOLOGY 2020; 35. [DOI: 10.1029/2020pa004009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCarbon‐rich layers exist at both sides of the Mediterranean Sea sedimentary record and are called sapropels and organic rich layers (ORLs), respectively, in the eastern and western basins. They have different levels of organic carbon accumulation and seafloor oxygen deprivation. The most recent sapropel and ORL depositions have a different timing, approximately 10.8–6.1 and 14.5–9.0 ka, respectively. Here we investigate oxygen isotopic records of three foraminifera species that occupy different habitats within the Sicily Channel water column since ~12.0 ka, thus in the sill between the eastern and western Mediterranean basins. These data are ice volume corrected, to get information on water masses density variability, and are accompanied by benthic foraminifera δ13C measurements to establish Sicily Channel seafloor ventilation. Our results, and the comparison with other chronologically well‐constrained Mediterranean records, highlight the connection of the two subbasins due to monsoon activity. The end of the maximum Nile River flooding at ~9.2 ka, and eastern Mediterranean seafloor reventilation above 1,800–1,500 m depth at ~ 8.2 and 7.2 ka, left a clear signature in the intermediate water isotopic record of the Sicily Channel. Concurrently, the western Mediterranean deep water circulation experienced a significant recovery after a long period of slowdown. We argue that African monsoon weakening was transmitted into the western Mediterranean, through the intermediate layer of circulation, where deep water formation took place and brought oxygen to the seafloor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Incarbona
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare Università di Palermo Sicily Italy
| | - Mario Sprovieri
- Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in Ambiente Marino Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Genoa Italy
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21
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Wilke T, Hauffe T, Jovanovska E, Cvetkoska A, Donders T, Ekschmitt K, Francke A, Lacey JH, Levkov Z, Marshall CR, Neubauer TA, Silvestro D, Stelbrink B, Vogel H, Albrecht C, Holtvoeth J, Krastel S, Leicher N, Leng MJ, Lindhorst K, Masi A, Ognjanova-Rumenova N, Panagiotopoulos K, Reed JM, Sadori L, Tofilovska S, Van Bocxlaer B, Wagner-Cremer F, Wesselingh FP, Wolters V, Zanchetta G, Zhang X, Wagner B. Deep drilling reveals massive shifts in evolutionary dynamics after formation of ancient ecosystem. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb2943. [PMID: 32998898 PMCID: PMC7527215 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of high-resolution empirical data directly tracking diversity over time limits our understanding of speciation and extinction dynamics and the drivers of rate changes. Here, we analyze a continuous species-level fossil record of endemic diatoms from ancient Lake Ohrid, along with environmental and climate indicator time series since lake formation 1.36 million years (Ma) ago. We show that speciation and extinction rates nearly simultaneously decreased in the environmentally dynamic phase after ecosystem formation and stabilized after deep-water conditions established in Lake Ohrid. As the lake deepens, we also see a switch in the macroevolutionary trade-off, resulting in a transition from a volatile assemblage of short-lived endemic species to a stable community of long-lived species. Our results emphasize the importance of the interplay between environmental/climate change, ecosystem stability, and environmental limits to diversity for diversification processes. The study also provides a new understanding of evolutionary dynamics in long-lived ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wilke
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Torsten Hauffe
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elena Jovanovska
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Cvetkoska
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
- Palaeoecology, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Timme Donders
- Palaeoecology, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Klemens Ekschmitt
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Francke
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jack H Lacey
- National Environmental Isotope Facility, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK
| | - Zlatko Levkov
- Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Charles R Marshall
- Department of Integrative Biology and University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubauer
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg (Ch. de Musee 10), 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Björn Stelbrink
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Vogel
- Institute of Geological Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Albrecht
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Holtvoeth
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Cambridge University, Conservation Research Institute, 19 Silver Street, Cambridge CB3 9EP, UK
| | - Sebastian Krastel
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Niklas Leicher
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie J Leng
- National Environmental Isotope Facility, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katja Lindhorst
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alessia Masi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Jane M Reed
- Department of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Laura Sadori
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Slavica Tofilovska
- Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Bert Van Bocxlaer
- CNRS, Université de Lille, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, Lille, France
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | | | - Frank P Wesselingh
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Volkmar Wolters
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Xiaosen Zhang
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bernd Wagner
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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The origin of early Acheulean expansion in Europe 700 ka ago: new findings at Notarchirico (Italy). Sci Rep 2020; 10:13802. [PMID: 32796860 PMCID: PMC7429832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Notarchirico (Southern Italy) has yielded the earliest evidence of Acheulean settlement in Italy and four older occupation levels have recently been unearthed, including one with bifaces, extending the roots of the Acheulean in Italy even further back in time. New 40Ar/39Ar on tephras and ESR dates on bleached quartz securely and accurately place these occupations between 695 and 670 ka (MIS 17), penecontemporaneous with the Moulin-Quignon and la Noira sites (France). These new data demonstrate a very rapid expansion of shared traditions over Western Europe during a period of highly variable climatic conditions, including interglacial and glacial episodes, between 670 and 650 (i.e., MIS17/MIS16 transition). The diversity of tools and activities observed in these three sites shows that Western Europe was populated by adaptable hominins during this time. These conclusions question the existence of refuge areas during intense glacial stages and raise questions concerning understudied migration pathways, such as the Sicilian route.
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