1
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Weigle AT, Shukla D. The Arabidopsis AtSWEET13 transporter discriminates sugars by selective facial and positional substrate recognition. Commun Biol 2024; 7:764. [PMID: 38914639 PMCID: PMC11196581 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transporters are targeted by endogenous metabolites and exogenous molecules to reach cellular destinations, but it is generally not understood how different substrate classes exploit the same transporter's mechanism. Any disclosure of plasticity in transporter mechanism when treated with different substrates becomes critical for developing general selectivity principles in membrane transport catalysis. Using extensive molecular dynamics simulations with an enhanced sampling approach, we select the Arabidopsis sugar transporter AtSWEET13 as a model system to identify the basis for glucose versus sucrose molecular recognition and transport. Here we find that AtSWEET13 chemical selectivity originates from a conserved substrate facial selectivity demonstrated when committing alternate access, despite mono-/di-saccharides experiencing differing degrees of conformational and positional freedom throughout other stages of transport. However, substrate interactions with structural hallmarks associated with known functional annotations can help reinforce selective preferences in molecular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin T Weigle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Diwakar Shukla
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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2
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Yee SW, Macdonald CB, Mitrovic D, Zhou X, Koleske ML, Yang J, Buitrago Silva D, Rockefeller Grimes P, Trinidad DD, More SS, Kachuri L, Witte JS, Delemotte L, Giacomini KM, Coyote-Maestas W. The full spectrum of SLC22 OCT1 mutations illuminates the bridge between drug transporter biophysics and pharmacogenomics. Mol Cell 2024; 84:1932-1947.e10. [PMID: 38703769 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in transporters can impact an individual's response to drugs and cause many diseases. Few variants in transporters have been evaluated for their functional impact. Here, we combine saturation mutagenesis and multi-phenotypic screening to dissect the impact of 11,213 missense single-amino-acid deletions, and synonymous variants across the 554 residues of OCT1, a key liver xenobiotic transporter. By quantifying in parallel expression and substrate uptake, we find that most variants exert their primary effect on protein abundance, a phenotype not commonly measured alongside function. Using our mutagenesis results combined with structure prediction and molecular dynamic simulations, we develop accurate structure-function models of the entire transport cycle, providing biophysical characterization of all known and possible human OCT1 polymorphisms. This work provides a complete functional map of OCT1 variants along with a framework for integrating functional genomics, biophysical modeling, and human genetics to predict variant effects on disease and drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christian B Macdonald
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Darko Mitrovic
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 12121 Solna, Stockholm, Stockholm County 114 28, Sweden
| | - Xujia Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Megan L Koleske
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dina Buitrago Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Patrick Rockefeller Grimes
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Donovan D Trinidad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Swati S More
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Linda Kachuri
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lucie Delemotte
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 12121 Solna, Stockholm, Stockholm County 114 28, Sweden.
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Willow Coyote-Maestas
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94148, USA.
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3
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Lindblom JR, Zhang X, Lehane AM. A pH Fingerprint Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Multiple Validated and Potential Antimalarial Drug Targets. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1185-1200. [PMID: 38499199 PMCID: PMC11019546 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
New drugs with novel modes of action are needed to safeguard malaria treatment. In recent years, millions of compounds have been tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of asexual blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites, resulting in the identification of thousands of compounds with antiplasmodial activity. Determining the mechanisms of action of antiplasmodial compounds informs their further development, but remains challenging. A relatively high proportion of compounds identified as killing asexual blood-stage parasites show evidence of targeting the parasite's plasma membrane Na+-extruding, H+-importing pump, PfATP4. Inhibitors of PfATP4 give rise to characteristic changes in the parasite's internal [Na+] and pH. Here, we designed a "pH fingerprint" assay that robustly identifies PfATP4 inhibitors while simultaneously allowing the detection of (and discrimination between) inhibitors of the lactate:H+ transporter PfFNT, which is a validated antimalarial drug target, and the V-type H+ ATPase, which was suggested as a possible target of the clinical candidate ZY19489. In our pH fingerprint assays and subsequent secondary assays, ZY19489 did not show evidence for the inhibition of pH regulation by the V-type H+ ATPase, suggesting that it has a different mode of action in the parasite. The pH fingerprint assay also has the potential to identify protonophores, inhibitors of the acid-loading Cl- transporter(s) (for which the molecular identity(ies) remain elusive), and compounds that act through inhibition of either the glucose transporter PfHT or glycolysis. The pH fingerprint assay therefore provides an efficient starting point to match a proportion of antiplasmodial compounds with their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adele M. Lehane
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital
Territory 2600, Australia
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4
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Wright NJ, Zhang F, Suo Y, Kong L, Yin Y, Fedor JG, Sharma K, Borgnia MJ, Im W, Lee SY. Antiviral drug recognition and elevator-type transport motions of CNT3. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01559-8. [PMID: 38418906 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs have broad clinical utility as antiviral drugs. Key to their systemic distribution and cellular entry are human nucleoside transporters. Here, we establish that the human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (CNT3) interacts with antiviral drugs used in the treatment of coronavirus infections. We report high-resolution single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structures of bovine CNT3 complexed with antiviral nucleosides N4-hydroxycytidine, PSI-6206, GS-441524 and ribavirin, all in inward-facing states. Notably, we found that the orally bioavailable antiviral molnupiravir arrests CNT3 in four distinct conformations, allowing us to capture cryo-electron microscopy structures of drug-loaded outward-facing and drug-loaded intermediate states. Our studies uncover the conformational trajectory of CNT3 during membrane transport of a nucleoside analog antiviral drug, yield new insights into the role of interactions between the transport and the scaffold domains in elevator-like domain movements during drug translocation, and provide insights into the design of nucleoside analog antiviral prodrugs with improved oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yang Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lingyang Kong
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin G Fedor
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kedar Sharma
- Department of Health and Human Services, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mario J Borgnia
- Department of Health and Human Services, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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5
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Assawapanumat W, Roobsoong W, Chotivanich K, Sattabongkot J, Kampaengtip A, Sungkarat W, Sunintaboon P, Nasongkla N. In Vitro Tracking of Sporozoites via Fluorescence Imaging and MRI Using Multifunctional Micelles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5324-5332. [PMID: 38039355 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Early detection could increase the treatment efficiency and prevent the recurrence of malaria disease. To track and detect malarial sporozoites, novel drug delivery systems have been explored for their ability to target these parasites specifically. This study investigates the potential of micelles to track Plasmodium vivax by targeting the Plasmodium vivax hexose transporter using glucose-based interactions. In vitro experiments were conducted using glucose/SPIO/Nile red (targeted) micelles and methoxy/SPIO/Nile red (nontargeted) micelles, revealing that the targeted micelles exhibited stronger fluorescence with the sporozoites and higher relative R2* values compared to the nontargeted micelles. These findings suggest that targeted micelles could be used for the specific detection of Plasmodium sporozoites using fluorescence imaging and MRI techniques, offering a promising approach for efficient malaria parasite detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wirat Assawapanumat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Adun Kampaengtip
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Witaya Sungkarat
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Faculty of Health Science Technology, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Panya Sunintaboon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Norased Nasongkla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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6
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Zeng YC, Sobti M, Quinn A, Smith NJ, Brown SHJ, Vandenberg JI, Ryan RM, O'Mara ML, Stewart AG. Structural basis of promiscuous substrate transport by Organic Cation Transporter 1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6374. [PMID: 37821493 PMCID: PMC10567722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1) plays a crucial role in hepatic metabolism by mediating the uptake of a range of metabolites and drugs. Genetic variations can alter the efficacy and safety of compounds transported by OCT1, such as those used for cardiovascular, oncological, and psychological indications. Despite its importance in drug pharmacokinetics, the substrate selectivity and underlying structural mechanisms of OCT1 remain poorly understood. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of full-length human OCT1 in the inward-open conformation, both ligand-free and drug-bound, indicating the basis for its broad substrate recognition. Comparison of our structures with those of outward-open OCTs provides molecular insight into the alternating access mechanism of OCTs. We observe that hydrophobic gates stabilize the inward-facing conformation, whereas charge neutralization in the binding pocket facilitates the release of cationic substrates. These findings provide a framework for understanding the structural basis of the promiscuity of drug binding and substrate translocation in OCT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi C Zeng
- Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Meghna Sobti
- Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ada Quinn
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola J Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon H J Brown
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, and Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jamie I Vandenberg
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Renae M Ryan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan L O'Mara
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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7
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Jiang Y, Li Z, Sui D, Sharma G, Wang T, MacRenaris K, Takahashi H, Merz K, Hu J. Rational engineering of an elevator-type metal transporter ZIP8 reveals a conditional selectivity filter critically involved in determining substrate specificity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:778. [PMID: 37495662 PMCID: PMC10372143 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering of transporters to alter substrate specificity as desired holds great potential for applications, including metabolic engineering. However, the lack of knowledge on molecular mechanisms of substrate specificity hinders designing effective strategies for transporter engineering. Here, we applied an integrated approach to rationally alter the substrate preference of ZIP8, a Zrt-/Irt-like protein (ZIP) metal transporter with multiple natural substrates, and uncovered the determinants of substrate specificity. By systematically replacing the differentially conserved residues with the counterparts in the zinc transporter ZIP4, we created a zinc-preferring quadruple variant (Q180H/E343H/C310A/N357H), which exhibited largely reduced transport activities towards Cd2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+ whereas increased activity toward Zn2+. Combined mutagenesis, modeling, covariance analysis, and computational studies revealed a conditional selectivity filter which functions only when the transporter adopts the outward-facing conformation. The demonstrated approach for transporter engineering and the gained knowledge about substrate specificity will facilitate engineering and mechanistic studies of other transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Dexin Sui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Keith MacRenaris
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kenneth Merz
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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8
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Suades A, Qureshi A, McComas SE, Coinçon M, Rudling A, Chatzikyriakidou Y, Landreh M, Carlsson J, Drew D. Establishing mammalian GLUT kinetics and lipid composition influences in a reconstituted-liposome system. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4070. [PMID: 37429918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are essential for organism-wide glucose homeostasis in mammals, and their dysfunction is associated with numerous diseases, such as diabetes and cancer. Despite structural advances, transport assays using purified GLUTs have proven to be difficult to implement, hampering deeper mechanistic insights. Here, we have optimized a transport assay in liposomes for the fructose-specific isoform GLUT5. By combining lipidomic analysis with native MS and thermal-shift assays, we replicate the GLUT5 transport activities seen in crude lipids using a small number of synthetic lipids. We conclude that GLUT5 is only active under a specific range of membrane fluidity, and that human GLUT1-4 prefers a similar lipid composition to GLUT5. Although GLUT3 is designated as the high-affinity glucose transporter, in vitro D-glucose kinetics demonstrates that GLUT1 and GLUT3 actually have a similar KM, but GLUT3 has a higher turnover. Interestingly, GLUT4 has a high KM for D-glucose and yet a very slow turnover, which may have evolved to ensure uptake regulation by insulin-dependent trafficking. Overall, we outline a much-needed transport assay for measuring GLUT kinetics and our analysis implies that high-levels of free fatty acid in membranes, as found in those suffering from metabolic disorders, could directly impair glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Suades
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius v. 16c, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aziz Qureshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius v. 16c, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah E McComas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius v. 16c, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Coinçon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius v. 16c, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Axel Rudling
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yurie Chatzikyriakidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius v. 16c, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Landreh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Drew
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius v. 16c, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Dvorak V, Superti-Furga G. Structural and functional annotation of solute carrier transporters: implication for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1099-1115. [PMID: 37563933 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2244760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Solute carriers (SLCs) represent the largest group of membrane transporters in the human genome. They play a central role in controlling the compartmentalization of metabolism and most of this superfamily is linked to human disease. Despite being in general considered druggable and attractive therapeutic targets, many SLCs remain poorly annotated, both functionally and structurally. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to provide an overview of functional and structural parameters of SLCs that play important roles in their druggability. To do this, the authors provide an overview of experimentally solved structures of human SLCs, with emphasis on structures solved in complex with chemical modulators. From the functional annotations, the authors focus on SLC localization and SLC substrate annotations. EXPERT OPINION Recent progress in the structural and functional annotations allows to refine the SLC druggability index. Particularly the increasing number of experimentally solved structures of SLCs provides insights into mode-of-action of a significant number of chemical modulators of SLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Dvorak
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Yee SW, Macdonald C, Mitrovic D, Zhou X, Koleske ML, Yang J, Silva DB, Grimes PR, Trinidad D, More SS, Kachuri L, Witte JS, Delemotte L, Giacomini KM, Coyote-Maestas W. The full spectrum of OCT1 (SLC22A1) mutations bridges transporter biophysics to drug pharmacogenomics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.06.543963. [PMID: 37333090 PMCID: PMC10274788 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transporters play a fundamental role in the tissue distribution of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics and are major determinants of efficacy and side effects profiles. Polymorphisms within these drug transporters result in inter-individual variation in drug response, with some patients not responding to the recommended dosage of drug whereas others experience catastrophic side effects. For example, variants within the major hepatic Human organic cation transporter OCT1 (SLC22A1) can change endogenous organic cations and many prescription drug levels. To understand how variants mechanistically impact drug uptake, we systematically study how all known and possible single missense and single amino acid deletion variants impact expression and substrate uptake of OCT1. We find that human variants primarily disrupt function via folding rather than substrate uptake. Our study revealed that the major determinants of folding reside in the first 300 amino acids, including the first 6 transmembrane domains and the extracellular domain (ECD) with a stabilizing and highly conserved stabilizing helical motif making key interactions between the ECD and transmembrane domains. Using the functional data combined with computational approaches, we determine and validate a structure-function model of OCT1s conformational ensemble without experimental structures. Using this model and molecular dynamic simulations of key mutants, we determine biophysical mechanisms for how specific human variants alter transport phenotypes. We identify differences in frequencies of reduced function alleles across populations with East Asians vs European populations having the lowest and highest frequency of reduced function variants, respectively. Mining human population databases reveals that reduced function alleles of OCT1 identified in this study associate significantly with high LDL cholesterol levels. Our general approach broadly applied could transform the landscape of precision medicine by producing a mechanistic basis for understanding the effects of human mutations on disease and drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Christian Macdonald
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Darko Mitrovic
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 12121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Xujia Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Megan L Koleske
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Dina Buitrago Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Patrick Rockefeller Grimes
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Donovan Trinidad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Swati S More
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
- Current address: Center for Drug Design (CDD), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States
| | - Linda Kachuri
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, California, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - John S Witte
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, California, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Lucie Delemotte
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 12121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Willow Coyote-Maestas
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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11
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Izquierdo L. The glycobiology of plasmodium falciparum: New approaches and recent advances. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108178. [PMID: 37216996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Like any other microorganism, pathogenic protozoan parasites rely heavily on glycoconjugates and glycan binding proteins to protect themselves from the environment and to interact with their diverse hosts. A thorough comprehension of how glycobiology contributes to the survival and virulence of these organisms may reveal unknown aspects of their biology and may open much needed avenues for the design of new strategies against them. In the case of Plasmodium falciparum, which causes the vast majority of malaria cases and deaths, the restricted variety and the simplicity of its glycans seemed to confer limited significance to the role played by glycoconjugates in the parasite. Nonetheless, the last 10 to 15 years of research are revealing a clearer and more defined picture. Thus, the use of new experimental techniques and the results obtained provide new avenues for understanding the biology of the parasite, as well as opportunities for the development of much required new tools against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Sauve S, Williamson J, Polasa A, Moradi M. Ins and Outs of Rocker Switch Mechanism in Major Facilitator Superfamily of Transporters. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13050462. [PMID: 37233523 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transporters consists of three classes of membrane transporters: symporters, uniporters, and antiporters. Despite such diverse functions, MFS transporters are believed to undergo similar conformational changes within their distinct transport cycles, known as the rocker-switch mechanism. While the similarities between conformational changes are noteworthy, the differences are also important since they could potentially explain the distinct functions of symporters, uniporters, and antiporters of the MFS superfamily. We reviewed a variety of experimental and computational structural data on a select number of antiporters, symporters, and uniporters from the MFS family to compare the similarities and differences of the conformational dynamics of three different classes of transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sauve
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Joseph Williamson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Adithya Polasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Mahmoud Moradi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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13
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Blaimschein N, Hariharan P, Manioglu S, Guan L, Müller DJ. Substrate-binding guides individual melibiose permeases MelB to structurally soften and to destabilize cytoplasmic middle-loop C3. Structure 2023; 31:58-67.e4. [PMID: 36525976 PMCID: PMC9825662 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The melibiose permease MelB is a well-studied Na+-coupled transporter of the major facilitator superfamily. However, the symport mechanism of galactosides and cations is still not fully understood, especially at structural levels. Here, we use single-molecule force spectroscopy to investigate substrate-induced structural changes of MelB from Salmonella typhimurium. In the absence of substrate, MelB equally populates two different states, from which one shows higher mechanical structural stability with additional stabilization of the cytoplasmic middle-loop C3. In the presence of either melibiose or a coupling Na+-cation, however, MelB increasingly populates the mechanically less stable state, which shows a destabilized middle-loop C3. In the presence of both substrate and co-substrate, this mechanically less stable state of MelB is predominant. Our findings describe how both substrates guide MelB transporters to populate two different mechanically stabilized states, and contribute mechanistic insights to the alternating-access action for the galactoside/cation symport catalyzed by MelB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Blaimschein
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Parameswaran Hariharan
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Selen Manioglu
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lan Guan
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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14
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Guerra F, Winzeler EA. New targets for antimalarial drug discovery. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 70:102220. [PMID: 36228458 PMCID: PMC9934905 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic screening methods have placed numerous preclinical candidates into the antimalarial drug-discovery pipeline. As more chemically validated targets become available, efforts are shifting to target-based drug discovery. Here, we briefly review some of the most attractive targets that have been identified in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics MC 0760, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics MC 0760, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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15
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Intracellular development and impact of a marine eukaryotic parasite on its zombified microalgal host. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2348-2359. [PMID: 35804051 PMCID: PMC9478091 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01274-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parasites are widespread and diverse in oceanic plankton and many of them infect single-celled algae for survival. How these parasites develop and scavenge energy within the host and how the cellular organization and metabolism of the host is altered remain open questions. Combining quantitative structural and chemical imaging with time-resolved transcriptomics, we unveil dramatic morphological and metabolic changes of the marine parasite Amoebophrya (Syndiniales) during intracellular infection, particularly following engulfment and digestion of nutrient-rich host chromosomes. Changes include a sequential acristate and cristate mitochondrion with a 200-fold increase in volume, a 13-fold increase in nucleus volume, development of Golgi apparatus and a metabolic switch from glycolysis (within the host) to TCA (free-living dinospore). Similar changes are seen in apicomplexan parasites, thus underlining convergent traits driven by metabolic constraints and the infection cycle. In the algal host, energy-producing organelles (plastid, mitochondria) remain relatively intact during most of the infection. We also observed that sugar reserves diminish while lipid droplets increase. Rapid infection of the host nucleus could be a “zombifying” strategy, allowing the parasite to digest nutrient-rich chromosomes and escape cytoplasmic defense, whilst benefiting from maintained carbon-energy production of the host cell.
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16
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Jiang X. An overview of the Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter and its therapeutic interventions. Proteins 2022; 90:1766-1778. [PMID: 35445447 PMCID: PMC9790349 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense elimination efforts, human malaria, caused by the infection of five Plasmodium species, remains the deadliest parasitic disease in the world. Even worse, with the emergence and spreading of the first-line drug-resistant Plasmodium parasites, therapeutic interventions based on novel plasmodial drug targets are more necessary than ever. Given that the blood-stage parasites primarily rely on glycolysis for their energy supply, blocking glucose uptake, the rate-limiting step of ATP generation, was considered a promising approach to kill these parasites. To achieve this goal, characterization of the plasmodial hexose transporter and development of selective inhibitors have been pursued for decades. Here, we review the identification and characterization of the Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter (PfHT1) and summarize current advances in its inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciencesthe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales
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17
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Mosavati B, Oleinikov A, Du E. 3D microfluidics-assisted modeling of glucose transport in placental malaria. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15278. [PMID: 36088464 PMCID: PMC9464215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The human placenta is a critical organ, mediating the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between fetus and mother. Placental malaria (PM) resulted from Plasmodium falciparum infections causes up to 200 thousand newborn deaths annually, mainly due to low birth weight, as well as 10 thousand mother deaths. In this work, a placenta-on-a-chip model is developed to mimic the nutrient exchange between the fetus and mother under the influence of PM. In this model, trophoblasts cells (facing infected or uninfected blood simulating maternal blood and termed “trophoblast side”) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (facing uninfected blood simulating fetal blood and termed “endothelial” side) are cultured on the opposite sides of an extracellular matrix gel in a compartmental microfluidic system, forming a physiological barrier between the co-flow tubular structure to mimic a simplified maternal–fetal interface in placental villi. The influences of infected erythrocytes (IEs) sequestration through cytoadhesion to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) expressed on the surface of trophoblast cells, a critical feature of PM, on glucose transfer efficiency across the placental barrier was studied. To create glucose gradients across the barrier, uninfected erythrocyte or IE suspension with a higher glucose concentration was introduced into the “trophoblast side” and a culture medium with lower glucose concentration was introduced into the “endothelial side”. The glucose levels in the endothelial channel in response to CSA-adherent erythrocytes infected with CS2 line of parasites in trophoblast channel under flow conditions was monitored. Uninfected erythrocytes served as a negative control. The results demonstrated that CSA-binding IEs added resistance to the simulated placental barrier for glucose perfusion and decreased the glucose transfer across this barrier. The results of this study can be used for better understanding of PM pathology and development of models useful in studying potential treatment of PM.
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18
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Jiang X, Yan N, Deng D, Yan C. Structural aspects of the glucose and monocarboxylate transporters involved in the Warburg effect. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:1180-1199. [PMID: 36082803 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells shift their glucose catabolism from aerobic respiration to lactic fermentation even in the presence of oxygen, and this is known as the "Warburg effect". To accommodate the high glucose demands and to avoid lactate accumulation, the expression levels of human glucose transporters (GLUTs) and human monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are elevated to maintain metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, inhibition of GLUTs and/or MCTs provides potential therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Here, we summarize recent advances in the structural characterization of GLUTs and MCTs, providing a comprehensive understanding of their transport and inhibition mechanisms to facilitate further development of anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nieng Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dong Deng
- Department of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuangye Yan
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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19
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Owoloye AJ, Ligali FC, Enejoh OA, Musa AZ, Aina O, Idowu ET, Oyebola KM. Molecular docking, simulation and binding free energy analysis of small molecules as PfHT1 inhibitors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268269. [PMID: 36026508 PMCID: PMC9417013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimalarial drug resistance has thrown a spanner in the works of malaria elimination. New drugs are required for ancillary support of existing malaria control efforts. Plasmodium falciparum requires host glucose for survival and proliferation. On this basis, P. falciparum hexose transporter 1 (PfHT1) protein involved in hexose permeation is considered a potential drug target. In this study, we tested the antimalarial activity of some compounds against PfHT1 using computational techniques. We performed high throughput virtual screening of 21,352 small-molecule compounds against PfHT1. The stability of the lead compound complexes was evaluated via molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for 100 nanoseconds. We also investigated the pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and physiological characteristics of the compounds in accordance with Lipinksi rules for drug-likeness to bind and inhibit PfHT1. Molecular docking and free binding energy analyses were carried out using Molecular Mechanics with Generalized Born and Surface Area (MMGBSA) solvation to determine the selectivity of the hit compounds for PfHT1 over the human glucose transporter (hGLUT1) orthologue. Five important PfHT1 inhibitors were identified: Hyperoside (CID5281643); avicularin (CID5490064); sylibin (CID5213); harpagoside (CID5481542) and quercetagetin (CID5281680). The compounds formed intermolecular interaction with the binding pocket of the PfHT1 target via conserved amino acid residues (Val314, Gly183, Thr49, Asn52, Gly183, Ser315, Ser317, and Asn48). The MMGBSA analysis of the complexes yielded high free binding energies. Four (CID5281643, CID5490064, CID5213, and CID5481542) of the identified compounds were found to be stable within the PfHT1 binding pocket throughout the 100 nanoseconds simulation run time. The four compounds demonstrated higher affinity for PfHT1 than the human major glucose transporter (hGLUT1). This investigation demonstrates the inhibition potential of sylibin, hyperoside, harpagoside, and avicularin against PfHT1 receptor. Robust preclinical investigations are required to validate the chemotherapeutic properties of the identified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afolabi J. Owoloye
- Center for Genomic Research in Biomedicine (CeGRIB), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Ibafo, Nigeria
- Parasitology and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Funmilayo C. Ligali
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ojochenemi A. Enejoh
- Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Emmanuel T. Idowu
- Parasitology and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kolapo M. Oyebola
- Center for Genomic Research in Biomedicine (CeGRIB), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Ibafo, Nigeria
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
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20
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Ouologuem DT, Maiga FO, Dara A, Djimdé A, Traore DAK, Nji E. Hands-on training in structural biology, a tool for sustainable development in Africa series 4. Biol Open 2022; 11:276295. [PMID: 35972051 PMCID: PMC9411641 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural biology is an essential tool for understanding the molecular basis of diseases, which can guide the rational design of new drugs, vaccines, and the optimisation of existing medicines. However, most African countries do not conduct structural biology research due to limited resources, lack of trained persons, and an exodus of skilled scientists. The most urgent requirement is to build on the emerging centres in Africa – some well-established, others growing. This can be achieved through workshops that improve networking, grow skills, and develop mechanisms for access to light source beamlines for defining X-ray structures across the continent. These would encourage the growth of structural biology, which is central to understanding biological functions and developing new antimicrobials and other drugs. In this light, a hands-on training workshop in structural biology series 4 was organised by BioStruct-Africa and the Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC) in Bamako, Mali, to help bridge this gap. The workshop was hosted by MRTC from the 25th to 28th of April 2022. Through a series of lectures and practicals, the workshop enlightened the participants on how structural biology can be utilised to find solutions to the prevalent diseases in Africa. The short training gave them an overview of target selection, protein production and purification, structural determination techniques, and analysis in combination with high-throughput, structure-guided, fragment-based drug design. Summary: BioStruct-Africa has been building capacity in structural biology for Africa-based biologists and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinkorma T Ouologuem
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali
| | - Fatoumata O Maiga
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali
| | - Antoine Dara
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye Djimdé
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali
| | - Daouda A K Traore
- BioStruct-Africa, 14343 Vårby, Stockholm, Sweden.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.,Life Sciences Group, Institute Laue Langevin, Grenoble 38000, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, University of Science, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP E423, Mali.,Infection Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Nji
- BioStruct-Africa, 14343 Vårby, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Research in Therapeutic Sciences (CREATES), Strathmore University, Madaraka Estate, Ole Sangale Road, 59857-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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21
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Wu Z, Han Z, Zhou W, Sun X, Chen L, Yang S, Hu J, Li C. Insight into the Nucleoside Transport and Inhibition of Human ENT1. Curr Res Struct Biol 2022; 4:192-205. [PMID: 35677775 PMCID: PMC9168172 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) is an effective controller of adenosine signaling by regulating its extracellular and intracellular concentration, and has become a solid drug target of clinical used adenosine reuptake inhibitors (AdoRIs). Currently, the mechanisms of adenosine transport and inhibition for hENT1 remain unclear, which greatly limits the in-depth understanding of its inner workings as well as the development of novel inhibitors. In this work, the dynamic details of hENT1 underlie adenosine transport and the inhibition mechanism of the non-nucleoside AdoRIs dilazep both were investigated by comparative long-time unbiased molecular dynamics simulations. The calculation results show that the conformational transitions of hENT1 from the outward open to metastable occluded state are mainly driven by TM1, TM2, TM7 and TM9. One of the trimethoxyphenyl rings in dilazep serves as the adenosyl moiety of the endogenous adenosine substrate to competitively occupy the orthosteric site of hENT1. Due to extensive and various VDW interactions with N30, M33, M84, P308 and F334, the other trimethoxyphenyl ring is stuck in the opportunistic site near the extracellular side preventing the complete occlusion of thin gate simultaneously. Obviously, dilazep shows significant inhibitory activity by disrupting the local induce-fit action in substrate binding cavity and blocking the transport cycle of whole protein. This study not only reveals the nucleoside transport mechanism by hENT1 at atomic level, but also provides structural guidance for the subsequent design of novel non-nucleoside AdoRIs with enhanced pharmacologic properties. The transitions of hENT1 from the outward open to metastable occluded state are mainly driven by TM1, TM2, TM7 and TM9. The induce-fit action by adenosine recognition precedes. inward contraction of the extracellular side. Dilazep exerts its special hENT1 inhibitory function through competitive binding and allosteric regulation. A gating strategy of extracellular loop is revealed to ensure adenosine is firmly located in the transport cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Wu
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjie Han
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxue Zhou
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources, Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources, Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| | - Chunhua Li
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
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22
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Wright NJ, Lee SY. Recent advances on the inhibition of human solute carriers: Therapeutic implications and mechanistic insights. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 74:102378. [PMID: 35487145 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Solute carriers (SLCs) are membrane transport proteins tasked with mediating passage of hydrophilic molecules across lipid bilayers. Despite the extensive roles played in all aspects of human biology, SLCs remain vastly under-explored as therapeutic targets. In this brief review, we first discuss a few successful cases of drugs that exert their mechanisms of action through inhibition of human SLCs, and introduce select examples of human SLCs that have untapped therapeutic potential. We then highlight two recent structural studies which uncovered detailed structural mechanisms of inhibition exhibited against two different human major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. https://twitter.com/@nick_rite
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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23
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Yen HY, Abramsson ML, Agasid MT, Lama D, Gault J, Liko I, Kaldmäe M, Saluri M, Qureshi AA, Suades A, Drew D, Degiacomi MT, Marklund EG, Allison TM, Robinson CV, Landreh M. Electrospray ionization of native membrane proteins proceeds via a charge equilibration step. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9671-9680. [PMID: 35424940 PMCID: PMC8972943 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01282k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is increasingly applied to study the structures and interactions of membrane protein complexes. However, the charging mechanism is complicated by the presence of detergent micelles during ionization. Here, we show that the final charge of membrane proteins can be predicted by their molecular weight when released from the non-charge reducing saccharide detergents. Our data indicate that PEG detergents lower the charge depending on the number of detergent molecules in the surrounding micelle, whereas fos-choline detergents may additionally participate in ion–ion reactions after desolvation. The supercharging reagent sulfolane, on the other hand, has no discernible effect on the charge of detergent-free membrane proteins. Taking our observations into the context of protein-detergent interactions in the gas phase, we propose a charge equilibration model for the generation of native-like membrane protein ions. During ionization of the protein-detergent complex, the ESI charges are distributed between detergent and protein according to proton affinity of the detergent, number of detergent molecules, and surface area of the protein. Charge equilibration influenced by detergents determines the final charge state of membrane proteins. This process likely contributes to maintaining a native-like fold after detergent release and can be harnessed to stabilize particularly labile membrane protein complexes in the gas phase. The electrospray ionization mechanism contributes to preserving the structures and interactions of membrane protein complexes in native mass spectrometry.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yung Yen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK .,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Mia L Abramsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet Tomtebodavägen 23A 17165 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mark T Agasid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Dilraj Lama
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet Tomtebodavägen 23A 17165 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Joseph Gault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Idlir Liko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Margit Kaldmäe
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet Tomtebodavägen 23A 17165 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mihkel Saluri
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet Tomtebodavägen 23A 17165 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Abdul Aziz Qureshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Albert Suades
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - David Drew
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Erik G Marklund
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Timothy M Allison
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Michael Landreh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet Tomtebodavägen 23A 17165 Stockholm Sweden
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24
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Lambert E, Mehdipour AR, Schmidt A, Hummer G, Perez C. Evidence for a trap-and-flip mechanism in a proton-dependent lipid transporter. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1022. [PMID: 35197476 PMCID: PMC8866510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transport of lipids across membranes is fundamental for diverse biological pathways in cells. Multiple ion-coupled transporters take part in lipid translocation, but their mechanisms remain largely unknown. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) lipid transporters play central roles in cell wall synthesis, brain development and function, lipids recycling, and cell signaling. Recent structures of MFS lipid transporters revealed overlapping architectural features pointing towards a common mechanism. Here we used cysteine disulfide trapping, molecular dynamics simulations, mutagenesis analysis, and transport assays in vitro and in vivo, to investigate the mechanism of LtaA, a proton-dependent MFS lipid transporter essential for lipoteichoic acid synthesis in the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. We reveal that LtaA displays asymmetric lateral openings with distinct functional relevance and that cycling through outward- and inward-facing conformations is essential for transport activity. We demonstrate that while the entire amphipathic central cavity of LtaA contributes to lipid binding, its hydrophilic pocket dictates substrate specificity. We propose that LtaA catalyzes lipid translocation by a ‘trap-and-flip’ mechanism that might be shared among MFS lipid transporters. LtaA catalyzes glycolipid translocation by a ‘trap-and-flip’ mechanism, pointing to a shared mechanistic model among MFS lipid transporters. Asymmetric lateral openings allow access of the entire lipid substrate to the amphipathic central cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Schmidt
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Camilo Perez
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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25
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Structural basis of the selective sugar transport in sodium-glucose cotransporters. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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An Uninvited Seat at the Dinner Table: How Apicomplexan Parasites Scavenge Nutrients from the Host. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122592. [PMID: 34946193 PMCID: PMC8707601 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obligate intracellular parasites have evolved a remarkable assortment of strategies to scavenge nutrients from the host cells they parasitize. Most apicomplexans form a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) within the invaded cell, a replicative niche within which they survive and multiply. As well as providing a physical barrier against host cell defense mechanisms, the PV membrane (PVM) is also an important site of nutrient uptake that is essential for the parasites to sustain their metabolism. This means nutrients in the extracellular milieu are separated from parasite metabolic machinery by three different membranes, the host plasma membrane, the PVM, and the parasite plasma membrane (PPM). In order to facilitate nutrient transport from the extracellular environment into the parasite itself, transporters on the host cell membrane of invaded cells can be modified by secreted and exported parasite proteins to maximize uptake of key substrates to meet their metabolic demand. To overcome the second barrier, the PVM, apicomplexan parasites secrete proteins contained in the dense granules that remodel the vacuole and make the membrane permissive to important nutrients. This bulk flow of host nutrients is followed by a more selective uptake of substrates at the PPM that is operated by specific transporters of this third barrier. In this review, we recapitulate and compare the strategies developed by Apicomplexa to scavenge nutrients from their hosts, with particular emphasis on transporters at the parasite plasma membrane and vacuolar solute transporters on the parasite intracellular digestive organelle.
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27
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Transporter engineering promotes the co-utilization of glucose and xylose by Candida glycerinogenes for d-xylonate production. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Identification of key residues for efficient glucose transport by the hexose transporter CgHxt4 in high sugar fermentation yeast Candida glycerinogenes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7295-7307. [PMID: 34515842 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Efficient hexose transporters are essential for the development of industrial yeast strains with high fermentation performance. We previously identified a hexose transporter, CgHxt4, with excellent sugar uptake performance at ultra-high glucose concentrations (200 g/L) in the high sugar fermenting yeast C. glycerinogenes. To understand the working mechanism of this transporter, we constructed 87 mutants and examined their glucose uptake performance. The results revealed that five residues (N321, N322, F325, G426, and P427) are essential for the efficient glucose transport of CgHxt4. Subsequently, we focused our analysis on the roles of N321 and P427. Specifically, N321 and P427 are likely to play a role in glucose coordination and conformational flexibility, respectively. Our results help to expand the application potential of this transporter and provide insights into the working mechanism of yeast hexose transporter. KEY POINTS: • Five residues, transmembrane segments 7 and 10, were found to be essential for CgHxt4. • N321 and P427 are likely to play a role in glucose coordination and conformational flexibility, respectively. • Chimeric CgHxt5.4TM7 significantly enhanced the performance of CgHxt5.
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29
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Structural characterization of the Plasmodium falciparum lactate transporter PfFNT alone and in complex with antimalarial compound MMV007839 reveals its inhibition mechanism. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001386. [PMID: 34499638 PMCID: PMC8428694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest causal agent of malaria, caused more than half of the 229 million malaria cases worldwide in 2019. The emergence and spreading of frontline drug-resistant Plasmodium strains are challenging to overcome in the battle against malaria and raise urgent demands for novel antimalarial agents. The P. falciparum formate-nitrite transporter (PfFNT) is a potential drug target due to its housekeeping role in lactate efflux during the intraerythrocytic stage. Targeting PfFNT, MMV007839 was identified as a lead compound that kills parasites at submicromolar concentrations. Here, we present 2 cryogenic-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of PfFNT, one with the protein in its apo form and one with it in complex with MMV007839, both at 2.3 Å resolution. Benefiting from the high-resolution structures, our study provides the molecular basis for both the lactate transport of PfFNT and the inhibition mechanism of MMV007839, which facilitates further antimalarial drug design.
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30
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Diallinas G. Transporter Specificity: A Tale of Loosened Elevator-Sliding. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:708-717. [PMID: 33903007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevator-type transporters are a group of proteins translocating nutrients and metabolites across cell membranes. Despite structural and functional differences, elevator-type transporters use a common mechanism of substrate translocation via reversible movements of a mobile core domain (the elevator), which includes the substrate binding site, along a rigid scaffold domain, stably anchored in the plasma membrane. How substrate specificity is determined in elevator transporters remains elusive. Here, I discuss how a recent report on the sliding elevator mechanism, seen under the context of genetic analysis of a prototype fungal transporter, sheds light on how specificity might be genetically modified. I propose that flexible specificity alterations might occur by 'loosening' of the sliding mechanism from tight coupling to substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Diallinas
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784, Athens, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece.
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31
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Lamy A, Macarini-Bruzaferro E, Dieudonné T, Perálvarez-Marín A, Lenoir G, Montigny C, le Maire M, Vázquez-Ibar JL. ATP2, The essential P4-ATPase of malaria parasites, catalyzes lipid-stimulated ATP hydrolysis in complex with a Cdc50 β-subunit. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:132-147. [PMID: 33372863 PMCID: PMC7832587 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1870413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gene targeting approaches have demonstrated the essential role for the malaria parasite of membrane transport proteins involved in lipid transport and in the maintenance of membrane lipid asymmetry, representing emerging oportunites for therapeutical intervention. This is the case of ATP2, a Plasmodium-encoded 4 P-type ATPase (P4-ATPase or lipid flippase), whose activity is completely irreplaceable during the asexual stages of the parasite. Moreover, a recent chemogenomic study has situated ATP2 as the possible target of two antimalarial drug candidates. In eukaryotes, P4-ATPases assure the asymmetric phospholipid distribution in membranes by translocating phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet. In this work, we have used a recombinantly-produced P. chabaudi ATP2 (PcATP2), to gain insights into the function and structural organization of this essential transporter. Our work demonstrates that PcATP2 associates with two of the three Plasmodium-encoded Cdc50 proteins: PcCdc50B and PcCdc50A. Purified PcATP2/PcCdc50B complex displays ATPase activity in the presence of either phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylethanolamine. In addition, this activity is upregulated by phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate. Overall, our work describes the first biochemical characterization of a Plasmodium lipid flippase, a first step towards the understanding of the essential physiological role of this transporter and towards its validation as a potential antimalarial drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Lamy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewerton Macarini-Bruzaferro
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Department of Clinical Medicine (FMUSP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thibaud Dieudonné
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alex Perálvarez-Marín
- Biophysics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Guillaume Lenoir
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cédric Montigny
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc le Maire
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - José Luis Vázquez-Ibar
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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32
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Goerdeler F, Seeberger PH, Moscovitz O. Unveiling the Sugary Secrets of Plasmodium Parasites. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712538. [PMID: 34335547 PMCID: PMC8322443 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites cause malaria disease, one of the leading global health burdens for humanity, infecting hundreds of millions of people each year. Different glycans on the parasite and the host cell surface play significant roles in both malaria pathogenesis and host defense mechanisms. So far, only small, truncated N- and O-glycans have been identified in Plasmodium species. In contrast, complex glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) glycolipids are highly abundant on the parasite’s cell membrane and are essential for its survival. Moreover, the parasites express lectins that bind and exploit the host cell surface glycans for different aspects of the parasite life cycle, such as adherence, invasion, and evasion of the host immune system. In parallel, the host cell glycocalyx and lectin expression serve as the first line of defense against Plasmodium parasites and directly dictate susceptibility to Plasmodium infection. This review provides an overview of the glycobiology involved in Plasmodium-host interactions and its contribution to malaria pathogenesis. Recent findings are presented and evaluated in the context of potential therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Goerdeler
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oren Moscovitz
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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33
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Insights into the Role of the Discontinuous TM7 Helix of Human Ferroportin through the Prism of the Asp325 Residue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126412. [PMID: 34203920 PMCID: PMC8232785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The negatively charged Asp325 residue has proved to be essential for iron export by human (HsFPN1) and primate Philippine tarsier (TsFpn) ferroportin, but its exact role during the iron transport cycle is still to be elucidated. It has been posited as being functionally equivalent to the metal ion-coordinating residue His261 in the C-lobe of the bacterial homolog BbFpn, but the two residues arise in different sequence motifs of the discontinuous TM7 transmembrane helix. Furthermore, BbFpn is not subject to extracellular regulation, contrary to its mammalian orthologues which are downregulated by hepcidin. To get further insight into the molecular mechanisms related to iron export in mammals in which Asp325 is involved, we investigated the behavior of the Asp325Ala, Asp325His, and Asp325Asn mutants in transiently transfected HEK293T cells, and performed a comparative structural analysis. Our biochemical studies clearly distinguished between the Asp325Ala and Asp325His mutants, which result in a dramatic decrease in plasma membrane expression of FPN1, and the Asp325Asn mutant, which alters iron egress without affecting protein localization. Analysis of the 3D structures of HsFPN1 and TsFpn in the outward-facing (OF) state indicated that Asp325 does not interact directly with metal ions but is involved in the modulation of Cys326 metal-binding capacity. Moreover, models of the architecture of mammalian proteins in the inward-facing (IF) state suggested that Asp325 may form an inter-lobe salt-bridge with Arg40 (TM1) when not interacting with Cys326. These findings allow to suggest that Asp325 may be important for fine-tuning iron recognition in the C-lobe, as well as for local structural changes during the IF-to-OF transition at the extracellular gate level. Inability to form a salt-bridge between TM1 and TM7b during iron translocation could lead to protein instability, as shown by the Asp325Ala and Asp325His mutants.
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34
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Yang T, Ottilie S, Istvan ES, Godinez-Macias KP, Lukens AK, Baragaña B, Campo B, Walpole C, Niles JC, Chibale K, Dechering KJ, Llinás M, Lee MCS, Kato N, Wyllie S, McNamara CW, Gamo FJ, Burrows J, Fidock DA, Goldberg DE, Gilbert IH, Wirth DF, Winzeler EA. MalDA, Accelerating Malaria Drug Discovery. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:493-507. [PMID: 33648890 PMCID: PMC8261838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Malaria Drug Accelerator (MalDA) is a consortium of 15 leading scientific laboratories. The aim of MalDA is to improve and accelerate the early antimalarial drug discovery process by identifying new, essential, druggable targets. In addition, it seeks to produce early lead inhibitors that may be advanced into drug candidates suitable for preclinical development and subsequent clinical testing in humans. By sharing resources, including expertise, knowledge, materials, and reagents, the consortium strives to eliminate the structural barriers often encountered in the drug discovery process. Here we discuss the mission of the consortium and its scientific achievements, including the identification of new chemically and biologically validated targets, as well as future scientific directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eva S Istvan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Karla P Godinez-Macias
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amanda K Lukens
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Wellcome Center for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Chris Walpole
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jacquin C Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Building 56-341, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Manuel Llinás
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry, Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16082, USA
| | - Marcus C S Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nobutaka Kato
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Zhongguancun Dongsheng International Science Park, 1 North Yongtaizhuang Road, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Center for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Case W McNamara
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Francisco Javier Gamo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeremy Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel E Goldberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Wellcome Center for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Dyann F Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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35
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Abstract
There is an urgent need for alternative antimalarials with the emergence of artemisinin-resistant malaria parasites. Blocking sugar uptake in Plasmodium falciparum by selectively inhibiting the hexose transporter P. falciparum hexose transporter 1 (PfHT1) kills the blood-stage parasites without affecting the host cells, making PfHT1 a promising therapeutic target. Here, we report the development of a series of small-molecule inhibitors that simultaneously target the orthosteric and the allosteric binding sites of PfHT1. These inhibitors all exhibit selective potency on the P. falciparum strains over human cell lines. Our findings establish the basis for the rational design of next-generation antimalarial drugs. Artemisinin-resistant malaria parasites have emerged and have been spreading, posing a significant public health challenge. Antimalarial drugs with novel mechanisms of action are therefore urgently needed. In this report, we exploit a “selective starvation” strategy by inhibiting Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter 1 (PfHT1), the sole hexose transporter in P. falciparum, over human glucose transporter 1 (hGLUT1), providing an alternative approach to fight against multidrug-resistant malaria parasites. The crystal structure of hGLUT3, which shares 80% sequence similarity with hGLUT1, was resolved in complex with C3361, a moderate PfHT1-specific inhibitor, at 2.3-Å resolution. Structural comparison between the present hGLUT3-C3361 and our previously reported PfHT1-C3361 confirmed the unique inhibitor binding-induced pocket in PfHT1. We then designed small molecules to simultaneously block the orthosteric and allosteric pockets of PfHT1. Through extensive structure–activity relationship studies, the TH-PF series was identified to selectively inhibit PfHT1 over hGLUT1 and potent against multiple strains of the blood-stage P. falciparum. Our findings shed light on the next-generation chemotherapeutics with a paradigm-shifting structure-based design strategy to simultaneously target the orthosteric and allosteric sites of a transporter.
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36
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Drew D, North RA, Nagarathinam K, Tanabe M. Structures and General Transport Mechanisms by the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS). Chem Rev 2021; 121:5289-5335. [PMID: 33886296 PMCID: PMC8154325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is the largest known superfamily of secondary active transporters. MFS transporters are responsible for transporting a broad spectrum of substrates, either down their concentration gradient or uphill using the energy stored in the electrochemical gradients. Over the last 10 years, more than a hundred different MFS transporter structures covering close to 40 members have provided an atomic framework for piecing together the molecular basis of their transport cycles. Here, we summarize the remarkable promiscuity of MFS members in terms of substrate recognition and proton coupling as well as the intricate gating mechanisms undergone in achieving substrate translocation. We outline studies that show how residues far from the substrate binding site can be just as important for fine-tuning substrate recognition and specificity as those residues directly coordinating the substrate, and how a number of MFS transporters have evolved to form unique complexes with chaperone and signaling functions. Through a deeper mechanistic description of glucose (GLUT) transporters and multidrug resistance (MDR) antiporters, we outline novel refinements to the rocker-switch alternating-access model, such as a latch mechanism for proton-coupled monosaccharide transport. We emphasize that a full understanding of transport requires an elucidation of MFS transporter dynamics, energy landscapes, and the determination of how rate transitions are modulated by lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Drew
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm
University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachel A. North
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm
University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kumar Nagarathinam
- Center
of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, D-23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mikio Tanabe
- Structural
Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Oho 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
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37
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Abstract
Nucleosides play central roles in all facets of life, from metabolism to cellular signaling. Because of their physiochemical properties, nucleosides are lipid bilayer impermeable and thus rely on dedicated transport systems to cross biological membranes. In humans, two unrelated protein families mediate nucleoside membrane transport: the concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporter families. The objective of this review is to provide a broad outlook on the current status of nucleoside transport research. We will discuss the role played by nucleoside transporters in human health and disease, with emphasis placed on recent structural advancements that have revealed detailed molecular principles of these important cellular transport systems and exploitable pharmacological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to: S.-Y. Lee., , tel: 919-684-1005, fax: 919-684-8885
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38
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Gökalp F. An Investigation into the Usage of Monosaccharides with GLUT1 and GLUT3 as Prognostic Indicators for Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:515-519. [PMID: 33724114 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1895233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The monosaccharides, glucose, fructose and galactose, are the most common and simplest forms of carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to determine the uptake of glucose as a potential therapeutic target agent for cancer treatment. The stability and transportation calculations of the monosaccharides were carried out in the blood phase by using the density functional theory and docking. The reactivity of monosaccharides, disaccharides and their transportation with GLUT1 and GLUT3 as prognostic indicators for cancer were investigated. The theoretical results of this study were supported by those reported in the literature and used in the prediction of the mechanisms of monosaccharides and the interpretation of their reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faik Gökalp
- Faculty of Education, Department of Maths and Science Education, Science Education, Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan/Kırıkkale, Turkey
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39
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Molecular basis for substrate recognition by the bacterial nucleoside transporter NupG. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100479. [PMID: 33640454 PMCID: PMC8042404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside homeostasis, which is mediated by transporters and channels, is essential for all life on Earth. In Escherichia coli, NupG mediates the transport of nucleosides and was deemed to be the prototype of the nucleoside proton symporter (NHS) family and the major facilitator superfamily. To date, the substrate recognition and transport mechanisms of NHS transporters are still elusive. Here, we report two crystal structures of NupG (WT and D323A NupG) resolved at 3.0 Å. Both structures reveal an identical inward-open conformation. Together with molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro uridine-binding assays, we found that the uridine binding site, which locates in the central cavity between N and C domains of NupG, is constituted by R136, T140, F143, Q225, N228, Q261, E264, Y318, and F322. Moreover, we found that D323 is very important for substrate binding via in vitro uridine-binding assays using D323 mutations, although it does not have a direct contact with uridine. Our structural and biochemical data therefore provide an important framework for the mechanistic understanding of nucleoside transporters of the NHS family.
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Schmidl S, Tamayo Rojas SA, Iancu CV, Choe JY, Oreb M. Functional Expression of the Human Glucose Transporters GLUT2 and GLUT3 in Yeast Offers Novel Screening Systems for GLUT-Targeting Drugs. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:598419. [PMID: 33681287 PMCID: PMC7930720 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.598419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human GLUT2 and GLUT3, members of the GLUT/SLC2 gene family, facilitate glucose transport in specific tissues. Their malfunction or misregulation is associated with serious diseases, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Despite being promising drug targets, GLUTs have only a few specific inhibitors. To identify and characterize potential GLUT2 and GLUT3 ligands, we developed a whole-cell system based on a yeast strain deficient in hexose uptake, whose growth defect on glucose can be rescued by the functional expression of human transporters. The simplicity of handling yeast cells makes this platform convenient for screening potential GLUT2 and GLUT3 inhibitors in a growth-based manner, amenable to high-throughput approaches. Moreover, our expression system is less laborious for detailed kinetic characterization of inhibitors than alternative methods such as the preparation of proteoliposomes or uptake assays in Xenopus oocytes. We show that functional expression of GLUT2 in yeast requires the deletion of the extended extracellular loop connecting transmembrane domains TM1 and TM2, which appears to negatively affect the trafficking of the transporter in the heterologous expression system. Furthermore, single amino acid substitutions at specific positions of the transporter sequence appear to positively affect the functionality of both GLUT2 and GLUT3 in yeast. We show that these variants are sensitive to known inhibitors phloretin and quercetin, demonstrating the potential of our expression systems to significantly accelerate the discovery of compounds that modulate the hexose transport activity of GLUT2 and GLUT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Schmidl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Tamayo Rojas
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cristina V Iancu
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Jun-Yong Choe
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mislav Oreb
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bertrams W, Griss K, Han M, Seidel K, Hippenstiel S, Suttorp N, Finkernagel F, Wilhelm J, Vogelmeier CF, Schmeck B. Transcriptional analysis identifies potential biomarkers and molecular regulators in acute malaria infection. Life Sci 2021; 270:119158. [PMID: 33545200 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Malaria is a serious health threat in tropical countries. The causative parasite of Malaria tropica, the severe form, is the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum. In humans, it infects red blood cells, compromising blood flow and tissue perfusion. This study aims to identify potential biomarkers and RNA networks in leukocyte transcriptomes from patients suffering from Malaria tropica. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified differentially regulated mRNAs and microRNAs in peripheral blood leukocytes of healthy donors and Malaria patients. Genes whose expression changes were not attributable to changes in leukocyte composition were used for bioinformatics analysis and network construction. Using a previously published cohort of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients, we established discriminating transcriptomic features versus Malaria. We aimed to establish differences between the patient groups by principal component (PCA) and receiving operator characteristic (ROC) analyses and in silico cell type deconvolution. KEY FINDINGS We found 870 genes that were significantly differentially expressed between healthy donors and Malaria patients. E2F1, BIRC5 and CCNB1 were identified to be primarily responsible for PCA separation of these two groups. We searched for biological function and found that cell cycle processes were strongly activated. By in silico cell type deconvolution, we attribute this to an expansion of γδ T cells. Additional discrimination between CAP and Malaria yielded 445 differentially expressed genes, among which immune proteasome transcripts PSMB8, PSMB9 and PSMB10 were significantly induced in Malaria. SIGNIFICANCE We identified transcripts from patient leukocytes that differentiate between healthy, Malaria and CAP, and indicate a biological context with potential pathophysiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Bertrams
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Griss
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Han
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik m.S. Hämatologie und Onkologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Finkernagel
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Bioinformatics Core Facility, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Justus-Liebig-University, Universities Giessen & Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities Giessen & Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Claus F Vogelmeier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), German Center for infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Center for Synthetic Microbiology (Synmikro), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.
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Li F, Egea PF, Vecchio AJ, Asial I, Gupta M, Paulino J, Bajaj R, Dickinson MS, Ferguson-Miller S, Monk BC, Stroud RM. Highlighting membrane protein structure and function: A celebration of the Protein Data Bank. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100557. [PMID: 33744283 PMCID: PMC8102919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes define the boundaries of cells and compartmentalize the chemical and physical processes required for life. Many biological processes are carried out by proteins embedded in or associated with such membranes. Determination of membrane protein (MP) structures at atomic or near-atomic resolution plays a vital role in elucidating their structural and functional impact in biology. This endeavor has determined 1198 unique MP structures as of early 2021. The value of these structures is expanded greatly by deposition of their three-dimensional (3D) coordinates into the Protein Data Bank (PDB) after the first atomic MP structure was elucidated in 1985. Since then, free access to MP structures facilitates broader and deeper understanding of MPs, which provides crucial new insights into their biological functions. Here we highlight the structural and functional biology of representative MPs and landmarks in the evolution of new technologies, with insights into key developments influenced by the PDB in magnifying their impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pascal F Egea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alex J Vecchio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Meghna Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joana Paulino
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ruchika Bajaj
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miles Sasha Dickinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian C Monk
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute and Department of Oral Sciences, University of Otago, North Dunedin, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert M Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Schmidl S, Iancu CV, Reifenrath M, Choe JY, Oreb M. A label-free real-time method for measuring glucose uptake kinetics in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 21:6041724. [PMID: 33338229 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose uptake assays commonly rely on the isotope-labeled sugar, which is associated with radioactive waste and exposure of the experimenter to radiation. Here, we show that the rapid decrease of the cytosolic pH after a glucose pulse to starved Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells is dependent on the rate of sugar uptake and can be used to determine the kinetic parameters of sugar transporters. The pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein variant pHluorin is employed as a genetically encoded biosensor to measure the rate of acidification as a proxy of transport velocity in real time. The measurements are performed in the hexose transporter-deficient (hxt0) strain EBY.VW4000 that has been previously used to characterize a plethora of sugar transporters from various organisms. Therefore, this method provides an isotope-free, fluorometric approach for kinetic characterization of hexose transporters in a well-established yeast expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Schmidl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cristina V Iancu
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC27834, USA
| | - Mara Reifenrath
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jun-Yong Choe
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC27834, USA
| | - Mislav Oreb
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Plasmodium falciparum Apicomplexan-Specific Glucosamine-6-Phosphate N-Acetyltransferase Is Key for Amino Sugar Metabolism and Asexual Blood Stage Development. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02045-20. [PMID: 33082260 PMCID: PMC7587441 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02045-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites cause a major burden on global health and economy. The absence of treatments, the emergence of resistances against available therapies, and the parasite’s ability to manipulate host cells and evade immune systems highlight the urgent need to characterize new drug targets to treat infections caused by these parasites. We demonstrate that glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNA1), required for the biosynthesis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), is essential for P. falciparum asexual blood stage development and that the disruption of the gene encoding this enzyme quickly causes the death of the parasite within a life cycle. The high-resolution crystal structure of the GNA1 ortholog from the apicomplexan parasite C. parvum, used here as a surrogate, highlights significant differences from human GNA1. These divergences can be exploited for the design of specific inhibitors against the malaria parasite. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the main product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, is an important metabolite in protozoan parasites since its sugar moiety is incorporated into glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) glycolipids and N- and O-linked glycans. Apicomplexan parasites have a hexosamine pathway comparable to other eukaryotic organisms, with the exception of the glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNA1) enzymatic step that has an independent evolutionary origin and significant differences from nonapicomplexan GNA1s. By using conditional genetic engineering, we demonstrate the requirement of GNA1 for the generation of a pool of UDP-GlcNAc and for the development of intraerythrocytic asexual Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Furthermore, we present the 1.95 Å resolution structure of the GNA1 ortholog from Cryptosporidium parvum, an apicomplexan parasite which is a leading cause of diarrhea in developing countries, as a surrogate for P. falciparum GNA1. The in-depth analysis of the crystal shows the presence of specific residues relevant for GNA1 enzymatic activity that are further investigated by the creation of site-specific mutants. The experiments reveal distinct features in apicomplexan GNA1 enzymes that could be exploitable for the generation of selective inhibitors against these parasites, by targeting the hexosamine pathway. This work underscores the potential of apicomplexan GNA1 as a drug target against malaria.
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Jiang X, Yuan Y, Huang J, Zhang S, Luo S, Wang N, Pu D, Zhao N, Tang Q, Hirata K, Yang X, Jiao Y, Sakata-Kato T, Wu JW, Yan C, Kato N, Yin H, Yan N. Structural Basis for Blocking Sugar Uptake into the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Cell 2020; 183:258-268.e12. [PMID: 32860739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium species, the causative agent of malaria, rely on glucose for energy supply during blood stage. Inhibition of glucose uptake thus represents a potential strategy for the development of antimalarial drugs. Here, we present the crystal structures of PfHT1, the sole hexose transporter in the genome of Plasmodium species, at resolutions of 2.6 Å in complex with D-glucose and 3.7 Å with a moderately selective inhibitor, C3361. Although both structures exhibit occluded conformations, binding of C3361 induces marked rearrangements that result in an additional pocket. This inhibitor-binding-induced pocket presents an opportunity for the rational design of PfHT1-specific inhibitors. Among our designed C3361 derivatives, several exhibited improved inhibition of PfHT1 and cellular potency against P. falciparum, with excellent selectivity to human GLUT1. These findings serve as a proof of concept for the development of the next-generation antimalarial chemotherapeutics by simultaneously targeting the orthosteric and allosteric sites of PfHT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yafei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuchen Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Debing Pu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Zhongguancun Dongsheng International Science Park, 1 North Yongtaizhuang Road, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Qingxuan Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kunio Hirata
- Advanced Photon Technology Division, Research Infrastructure Group, SR Life Science Instrumentation Unit, RIKEN/SPring-8 Center, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Xikang Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yaqing Jiao
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Zhongguancun Dongsheng International Science Park, 1 North Yongtaizhuang Road, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Tomoyo Sakata-Kato
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Zhongguancun Dongsheng International Science Park, 1 North Yongtaizhuang Road, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wu
- Institute of Molecular Enzymology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chuangye Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nobutaka Kato
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Zhongguancun Dongsheng International Science Park, 1 North Yongtaizhuang Road, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Nieng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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El Chamy Maluf S, Icimoto MY, Melo PMS, Budu A, Coimbra R, Gazarini ML, Carmona AK. Human plasma plasminogen internalization route in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Malar J 2020; 19:302. [PMID: 32847585 PMCID: PMC7449074 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The intra-erythrocytic development of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum depends on the uptake of a number of essential nutrients from the host cell and blood plasma. It is widely recognized that the parasite imports low molecular weight solutes from the plasma and the consumption of these nutrients by P. falciparum has been extensively analysed. However, although it was already shown that the parasite also imports functional proteins from the vertebrate host, the internalization route through the different infected erythrocyte membranes has not yet been elucidated. In order to further understand the uptake mechanism, the study examined the trafficking of human plasminogen from the extracellular medium into P. falciparum-infected red blood cells. Methods Plasmodium falciparum clone 3D7 was cultured in standard HEPES-buffered RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 0.5% AlbuMAX. Exogenous human plasminogen was added to the P. falciparum culture and the uptake of this protein by the parasites was analysed by electron microscopy and Western blotting. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were performed to investigate possible protein interactions that may assist plasminogen import into infected erythrocytes. The effect of pharmacological inhibitors of different cellular physiological processes in plasminogen uptake was also tested. Results It was observed that plasminogen was selectively internalized by P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes, with localization in plasma membrane erythrocyte and parasite’s cytosol. The protein was not detected in parasitic food vacuole and haemoglobin-containing vesicles. Furthermore, in erythrocyte cytoplasm, plasminogen was associated with the parasite-derived membranous structures tubovesicular network (TVN) and Maurer’s clefts. Several proteins were identified in immunoprecipitation assay and may be involved in the delivery of plasminogen across the P. falciparum multiple compartments. Conclusion The findings here reported reveal new features regarding the acquisition of plasma proteins of the host by P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes, a mechanism that involves the exomembrane system, which is distinct from the haemoglobin uptake, clarifying a route that may be potentially targeted for inhibition studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah El Chamy Maluf
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 7°andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, 04039032, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Yudi Icimoto
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 7°andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, 04039032, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Maria Saud Melo
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 7°andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, 04039032, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Budu
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 7°andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, 04039032, Brazil
| | - Rita Coimbra
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica (CEME), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Leoni Gazarini
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab. 329, 3°andar, Vila Mathias, Santos, São Paulo, 11015020, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Karaoglanovic Carmona
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 7°andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, 04039032, Brazil.
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Bueno JGR, Borelli G, Corrêa TLR, Fiamenghi MB, José J, de Carvalho M, de Oliveira LC, Pereira GAG, dos Santos LV. Novel xylose transporter Cs4130 expands the sugar uptake repertoire in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains at high xylose concentrations. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:145. [PMID: 32818042 PMCID: PMC7427733 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need to restructure the world's energy matrix based on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions stimulated the development of new biobased technologies for renewable energy. One promising and cleaner alternative is the use of second-generation (2G) fuels, produced from lignocellulosic biomass sugars. A major challenge on 2G technologies establishment is the inefficient assimilation of the five-carbon sugar xylose by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, increasing fermentation time. The uptake of xylose across the plasma membrane is a critical limiting step and the budding yeast S. cerevisiae is not designed with a broad transport system and regulatory mechanisms to assimilate xylose in a wide range of concentrations present in 2G processes. RESULTS Assessing diverse microbiomes such as the digestive tract of plague insects and several decayed lignocellulosic biomasses, we isolated several yeast species capable of using xylose. Comparative fermentations selected the yeast Candida sojae as a potential source of high-affinity transporters. Comparative genomic analysis elects four potential xylose transporters whose properties were evaluated in the transporter null EBY.VW4000 strain carrying the xylose-utilizing pathway integrated into the genome. While the traditional xylose transporter Gxf1 allows an improved growth at lower concentrations (10 g/L), strains containing Cs3894 and Cs4130 show opposite responses with superior xylose uptake at higher concentrations (up to 50 g/L). Docking and normal mode analysis of Cs4130 and Gxf1 variants pointed out important residues related to xylose transport, identifying key differences regarding substrate translocation comparing both transporters. CONCLUSIONS Considering that xylose concentrations in second-generation hydrolysates can reach high values in several designed processes, Cs4130 is a promising novel candidate for xylose uptake. Here, we demonstrate a novel eukaryotic molecular transporter protein that improves growth at high xylose concentrations and can be used as a promising target towards engineering efficient pentose utilization in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gabriel Ribeiro Bueno
- Brazilian Biorenewable National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100 Brazil
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Borelli
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thamy Lívia Ribeiro Corrêa
- Brazilian Biorenewable National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100 Brazil
| | - Mateus Bernabe Fiamenghi
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliana José
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Murilo de Carvalho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970 Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Leandro Cristante de Oliveira
- Department of Physics-Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, UNESP, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000 Brazil
| | - Gonçalo A. G. Pereira
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Leandro Vieira dos Santos
- Brazilian Biorenewable National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100 Brazil
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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48
|
|