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Ge M, Liu B, Hu X, Zhang Q, Mou A, Li X, Wang Z, Zhang X, Xu Q. Biomineralization in a cold environment: Insights from shield compositions and transcriptomics of polar sternaspids (Sternaspidae, Polychaeta). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 49:101187. [PMID: 38183966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The survival and physiological functions of polar marine organisms are impacted by global climate changes. Investigation of the adaptation mechanisms underlying biomineralization in polar organisms at low temperatures is important for understanding mineralized organismal sensitivity to climate change. Here, we performed electron probe analysis on the shields of Antarctic polychaete Sternaspis sendalli and Arctic polychaete Sternaspis buzhinskajae (Sternaspidae), and sequenced the transcriptomes of the tissues surrounding shields to examine biomineral characteristics and adaptive mechanisms in persistently cold environments. Compared to the temperate relative species, the relative abundance of iron, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, sulfur and silicon in two polar sternaspid shields was similar to Sternaspis chinensis. However, the diversity and expression levels of biomineralization-related shell matrix proteins differed between the polar and temperate species, suggesting distinct molecular mechanisms underlying shield formation in cold environments. Tubulin and cyclophilin were upregulated compared to the temperate species. Furthermore, 42 positively selected genes were identified in Antarctic S. sendalli, with functions in cytoskeletal structure, DNA repair, immunity, transcription, translation, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism. Highly expressed genes in both polar species were associated with cytoskeleton, macromolecular complexes and cellular component biosynthesis. Overall, this study reveals conserved elemental composition yet distinct biomineralization processes in the shields of polar sternaspids. The unique expression of biomineralization related genes and other cold-adaptation related genes provide molecular insights into biomineralization in cold marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Ge
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Anning Mou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Zongling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinzeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China.
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Yan W, Wang Z, Pei Y, Zhou B. Adaptive responses of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) to ocean warming and acidification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108257. [PMID: 38064900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA), driven by rapid global warming accelerating at unprecedented rates, are profoundly impacting the stability of seagrass ecosystems. Yet, our current understanding of the effects of OW and OA on seagrass remains constrained. Herein, we investigated the response of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.), a representative seagrass species, to OW and OA through comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. The results showed notable variations in plant performance under varying conditions: OW, OA, and OWA (a combination of both conditions). Specifically, under average oceanic temperature conditions for eelgrass growth over the past 20 years -from May to November-OA promoted the production of differentially expressed genes and metabolites associated with alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, as well as starch and sucrose metabolism. Under warming condition, eelgrass was resistant to OA by accelerating galactose metabolism, along with glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, as well as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Under the combined OW and OA condition, eelgrass stimulated fructose and mannose metabolism, glycolysis, and carbon fixation, in addition to galactose metabolism and the TCA cycle to face the interplay. Our findings suggest that eelgrass exhibits adaptive capacity by inducing different metabolites and associated genes, primarily connected with carbon and nitrogen metabolism, in response to varying degrees of OW and OA. The data generated here support the exploration of mechanisms underlying seagrass responses to environmental fluctuations, which hold critical significance for the future conservation and management of these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Zhaohua Wang
- First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Yanzhao Pei
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Yan W, Wang Z, Pei Y, Zhou B. How does ocean acidification affect Zostera marina during a marine heatwave? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115394. [PMID: 37598524 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Extreme ocean events caused by global warming, such as marine heatwaves (MHWs) and ocean acidification (OA), are projected to intensify. A combination of extreme events may have severe consequences for marine ecosystems. Zostera marina was selected to understand how seagrass adapts to OA in extremely hot conditions. By combining morphology, transcriptomics, and metabolomics under mesoscale experimental conditions, we systematically investigated the response characteristics of Z. marina. Extremely high temperatures had a pronounced effect on growth, and the combined effect of OA mitigated the inhibitory effect of MHW. Both transcriptomic and metabolomic results showed that Z. marina resisted OA and MHW by upregulating the TCA cycle, glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, and relevant genes, as well as by activating the antioxidant system. The results of this study serve to improve our understanding of dual effects of factors of climate change on seagrass and may be used to direct future management and conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhaohua Wang
- First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yanzhao Pei
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Grémillet D, Descamps S. Ecological impacts of climate change on Arctic marine megafauna. Trends Ecol Evol 2023:S0169-5347(23)00082-4. [PMID: 37202284 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Global warming affects the Arctic more than any other region. Mass media constantly relay apocalyptic visions of climate change threatening Arctic wildlife, especially emblematic megafauna such as polar bears, whales, and seabirds. Yet, we are just beginning to understand such ecological impacts on marine megafauna at the scale of the Arctic. This knowledge is geographically and taxonomically biased, with striking deficiencies in the Russian Arctic and strong focus on exploited species such as cod. Beyond a synthesis of scientific advances in the past 5 years, we provide ten key questions to be addressed by future work and outline the requested methodology. This framework builds upon long-term Arctic monitoring inclusive of local communities whilst capitalising on high-tech and big data approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Grémillet
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France; Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Excellence Center at the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Wang H, Zhao Y, Yin S, Dai Y, Zhao J, Wang Z, Xing B. Antagonism toxicity of CuO nanoparticles and mild ocean acidification to marine algae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130857. [PMID: 36709738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) to marine microalgae (Emiliania huxleyi) under ocean acidification (OA) conditions (pHs 8.10, 7.90, 7.50) was investigated. CuO NPs (5.0 mg/L) caused significant toxicity (e.g., 48-h growth inhibition, 20%) under normal pH (8.10), and severe OA (pH 7.50) increased the toxicity of CuO NPs (e.g., 48-h growth inhibition, 68%). However, toxicity antagonism was observed with a growth inhibition (48 h) decreased to 37% after co-exposure to CuO NPs and mild OA (pH 7.90), which was attributed to the released Cu2+ ions from CuO NPs. Based on biological responses as obtained from RNA-sequencing, the dissolved Cu2+ ions (0.078 mg/L) under mild OA were found to increase algae division (by 17%) and photosynthesis (by 28%) through accelerating photosynthetic electron transport and promoting ATP synthesis. In addition, mild OA enhanced EPS secretion by 41% and further increased bioavailable Cu2+ ions, thus mitigating OA-induced toxicity. In addition, excess Cu2+ ions could be transformed into less toxic Cu2S and Cu2O based on X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), which could additionally regulate the antagonism effect of CuO NPs and mild OA. The information advances our knowledge in nanotoxicity to marine organisms under global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Yating Zhao
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Shuang Yin
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Yanhui Dai
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Henson HC, Holding JM, Meire L, Rysgaard S, Stedmon CA, Stuart-Lee A, Bendtsen J, Sejr M. Coastal freshening drives acidification state in Greenland fjords. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158962. [PMID: 36170921 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Greenland's fjords and coastal waters are highly productive and sustain important fisheries. However, retreating glaciers and increasing meltwater are changing fjord circulation and biogeochemistry, which may threaten future productivity. The freshening of Greenland fjords caused by unprecedented melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet may alter carbonate chemistry in coastal waters, influencing CO2 uptake and causing biological consequences from acidification. However, few studies to date explore the current acidification state in Greenland coastal waters. Here we present the first-ever large-scale measurements of carbonate system parameters in 16 Greenlandic fjords and seek to identify the drivers of acidification state in these freshening ecosystems. Aragonite saturation state (Ω), a proxy for ocean acidification, was calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity from fjords along the east and west coast of Greenland spanning 68-75°N. Aragonite saturation was primarily >1 in the surface mixed layer. However, undersaturated-or corrosive--conditions (Ω < 1) were observed on both coasts (west: Ω = 0.28-3.11, east: Ω = 0.70-3.07), albeit at different depths. West Greenland fjords were largely corrosive at depth while undersaturation in East Greenland fjords was only observed in surface waters. This reflects a difference in the coastal boundary conditions and mechanisms driving acidification state. We suggest that advection of Sub Polar Mode Water and accumulation of DIC from organic matter decomposition drive corrosive conditions in the West, while freshwater alkalinity dilution drives acidification in the East. The presence of marine terminating glaciers also impacted local acidification states by influencing fjord circulation: upwelling driven by subglacial discharge brought corrosive bottom waters to shallower depths. Meanwhile, discharge from land terminating glaciers strengthened stratification and diluted alkalinity. Regardless of the drivers in each system, increasing freshwater discharge will likely lower carbonate saturation states and impact biotic and abiotic carbon uptake in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johnna M Holding
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Lorenz Meire
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Yerseke, the Netherlands; Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | | | - Colin A Stedmon
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alice Stuart-Lee
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Yerseke, the Netherlands
| | - Jørgen Bendtsen
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Sejr
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
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7
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Mo A, Kim D, Yang EJ, Jung J, Ko YH, Kang SH, Cho KH, Park K, Kim TW. Factors affecting the subsurface aragonite undersaturation layer in the Pacific Arctic region. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 183:114060. [PMID: 36027628 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated interannual variation in the subsurface aragonite undersaturation zone (ΩAr<1 layer) in the Pacific Arctic Ocean, using data from the 2016-2019 period. The upper boundary (DEPΩ<1UB) of the ΩAr<1 layer generally formed at a depth where the contribution of corrosive Pacific water was approximately 98 %. The intensity of the Beaufort Gyre associated with freshwater accumulation mainly determined interannual variation in DEPΩ<1UB, but the direction of its effect was opposite west and east of ~166°W. The lower boundary (DEPΩ<1LB) of the ΩAr<1 layer was generally found at a depth range where equal contributions of Pacific and Atlantic water were expected. An Atlantic-origin cold saline water intrusion event in 2017 caused by an anomalous atmospheric circulation pattern significantly lifted the DEPΩ<1LB, thus the thickness of the ΩAr<1 layer decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahra Mo
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseon Kim
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Ko
- OJEong Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Cho
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Keyhong Park
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; OJEong Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Qi D, Ouyang Z, Chen L, Wu Y, Lei R, Chen B, Feely RA, Anderson LG, Zhong W, Lin H, Polukhin A, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Bi H, Lin X, Luo Y, Zhuang Y, He J, Chen J, Cai WJ. Climate change drives rapid decadal acidification in the Arctic Ocean from 1994 to 2020. Science 2022; 377:1544-1550. [PMID: 36173841 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Arctic Ocean has experienced rapid warming and sea ice loss in recent decades, becoming the first open-ocean basin to experience widespread aragonite undersaturation [saturation state of aragonite (Ωarag) < 1]. However, its trend toward long-term ocean acidification and the underlying mechanisms remain undocumented. Here, we report rapid acidification there, with rates three to four times higher than in other ocean basins, and attribute it to changing sea ice coverage on a decadal time scale. Sea ice melt exposes seawater to the atmosphere and promotes rapid uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide, lowering its alkalinity and buffer capacity and thus leading to sharp declines in pH and Ωarag. We predict a further decrease in pH, particularly at higher latitudes where sea ice retreat is active, whereas Arctic warming may counteract decreases in Ωarag in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Qi
- Polar and Marine Research Institute, College of Harbor and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China.,Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhangxian Ouyang
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Liqi Chen
- Polar and Marine Research Institute, College of Harbor and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China.,Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yingxu Wu
- Polar and Marine Research Institute, College of Harbor and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ruibo Lei
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Baoshan Chen
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Richard A Feely
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leif G Anderson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wenli Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ocean University of China, Shandong, China
| | - Hongmei Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Alexander Polukhin
- P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yixing Zhang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haibo Bi
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xinyu Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiming Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yanpei Zhuang
- Polar and Marine Research Institute, College of Harbor and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Jianfang Chen
- Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Wei-Jun Cai
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Chai Y, Yue Y, Slater LJ, Yin J, Borthwick AGL, Chen T, Wang G. Constrained CMIP6 projections indicate less warming and a slower increase in water availability across Asia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4124. [PMID: 35840591 PMCID: PMC9287300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate projections are essential for decision-making but contain non-negligible uncertainty. To reduce projection uncertainty over Asia, where half the world's population resides, we develop emergent constraint relationships between simulated temperature (1970-2014) and precipitation (2015-2100) growth rates using 27 CMIP6 models under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. Here we show that, with uncertainty successfully narrowed by 12.1-31.0%, constrained future precipitation growth rates are 0.39 ± 0.18 mm year-1 (29.36 mm °C-1, SSP126), 0.70 ± 0.22 mm year-1 (20.03 mm °C-1, SSP245), 1.10 ± 0.33 mm year-1 (17.96 mm °C-1, SSP370) and 1.42 ± 0.35 mm year-1 (17.28 mm °C-1, SSP585), indicating overestimates of 6.0-14.0% by the raw CMIP6 models. Accordingly, future temperature and total evaporation growth rates are also overestimated by 3.4-11.6% and -2.1-13.0%, respectively. The slower warming implies a lower snow cover loss rate by 10.5-40.2%. Overall, we find the projected increase in future water availability is overestimated by CMIP6 over Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Earth Sciences, Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Institute for Water-Carbon Cycles & Carbon Neutrality, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Louise J Slater
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Jiabo Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Alistair G L Borthwick
- Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK
- School of Engineering, Mathematics and Computing, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Tiexi Chen
- School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Guojie Wang
- School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Kuznetsova EV, Kosolapov DB, Krylov AV. Changes in Size-Morphological Structure of Bacterioplankton in Freshwater Environments of Svalbard. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s199542552202007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Olena Z, Yang Y, TingTing Y, XiaoTao Y, HaiLian R, Xun X, Dong X, CuiLing W, HaiLun H. Simultaneous preparation of antioxidant peptides and lipids from microalgae by pretreatment with bacterial proteases. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126759. [PMID: 35077814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella can produce large amounts of lipids and therefore has great potential for biodiesel production. In this study, Chlorella protothecoides was hydrolyzed by several kinds of extracellular bacterial proteases produced by Pseudoalteromonas sp. ZB23-2, B27-3 and JS4-1 before lipid extraction. Hydrolysates with high antioxidant activity were obtained. The scavenging activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl free radicals reached 33.47 ± 0.68%, 46.81 ± 2.38%, and 7.35 ± 0.37 µmol·TE/µmol, respectively. Likewise, proteolysis reduced biomass, which resulted in a reduction in lipid leaching reagents by 35.34-45.49%. Compared to the commonly used Kates and Paradis method (171.77 ± 2.50 mg/g), the modified ethanol lipid extraction combined with JS4-1 enzyme pretreatment (291.06 ± 1.70 mg/g) and acetone-ethanol lipid extraction combined with B27-3 protease pretreatment (277.20 ± 3.30 mg/g) resulted in a larger and more diverse lipid extraction. Protease pretreatment combined with less toxic solvents for lipid extraction improved microalgal biorefinery and reduced environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhur Olena
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yin TingTing
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yan XiaoTao
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Rao HaiLian
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiao Xun
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Wu CuiLing
- Department of Biochemistry, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - He HaiLun
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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12
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Campen HI, Arévalo-Martínez DL, Artioli Y, Brown IJ, Kitidis V, Lessin G, Rees AP, Bange HW. The role of a changing Arctic Ocean and climate for the biogeochemical cycling of dimethyl sulphide and carbon monoxide. AMBIO 2022; 51:411-422. [PMID: 34480730 PMCID: PMC8692525 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and carbon monoxide (CO) are climate-relevant trace gases that play key roles in the radiative budget of the Arctic atmosphere. Under global warming, Arctic sea ice retreats at an unprecedented rate, altering light penetration and biological communities, and potentially affect DMS and CO cycling in the Arctic Ocean. This could have socio-economic implications in and beyond the Arctic region. However, little is known about CO production pathways and emissions in this region and the future development of DMS and CO cycling. Here we summarize the current understanding and assess potential future changes of DMS and CO cycling in relation to changes in sea ice coverage, light penetration, bacterial and microalgal communities, pH and physical properties. We suggest that production of DMS and CO might increase with ice melting, increasing light availability and shifting phytoplankton community. Among others, policy measures should facilitate large-scale process studies, coordinated long term observations and modelling efforts to improve our current understanding of the cycling and emissions of DMS and CO in the Arctic Ocean and of global consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna I. Campen
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Yuri Artioli
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH UK
| | - Ian J. Brown
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH UK
| | | | | | | | - Hermann W. Bange
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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13
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Stratification constrains future heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S. Nat Commun 2022; 13:340. [PMID: 35039511 PMCID: PMC8764023 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S is a major sink of excess heat and anthropogenic carbon, but model projections of these sinks remain highly uncertain. Reducing such uncertainties is required to effectively guide the development of climate mitigation policies for meeting the ambitious climate targets of the Paris Agreement. Here, we show that the large spread in the projections of future excess heat uptake efficiency and cumulative anthropogenic carbon uptake in this region are strongly linked to the models' contemporary stratification. This relationship is robust across two generations of Earth system models and is used to reduce the uncertainty of future estimates of the cumulative anthropogenic carbon uptake by up to 53% and the excess heat uptake efficiency by 28%. Our results highlight that, for this region, an improved representation of stratification in Earth system models is key to constrain future carbon budgets and climate change projections.
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14
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Biomolecular Composition of Sea Ice Microalgae and Its Influence on Marine Biogeochemical Cycling and Carbon Transfer through Polar Marine Food Webs. GEOSCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae growing on the underside of sea ice are key primary producers in polar marine environments. Their nutritional status, determined by their macromolecular composition, contributes to the region’s biochemistry and the unique temporal and spatial characteristics of their growth makes them essential for sustaining polar marine food webs. Here, we review the plasticity and taxonomic diversity of sea ice microalgae macromolecular composition, with a focus on how different environmental conditions influence macromolecular production and partitioning within cells and communities. The advantages and disadvantages of methodologies for assessing macromolecular composition are presented, including techniques that provide high throughput, whole macromolecular profile and/or species-specific resolution, which are particularly recommended for future studies. The directions of environmentally driven macromolecular changes are discussed, alongside anticipated consequences on nutrients supplied to the polar marine ecosystem. Given that polar regions are facing accelerated rates of environmental change, it is argued that a climate change signature will become evident in the biochemical composition of sea ice microalgal communities, highlighting the need for further research to understand the synergistic effects of multiple environmental stressors. The importance of sea ice microalgae as primary producers in polar marine ecosystems means that ongoing research into climate-change driven macromolecular phenotyping is critical to understanding the implications for the regions biochemical cycling and carbon transfer.
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15
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Gauthier PT, Blewett TA, Garman ER, Schlekat CE, Middleton ET, Suominen E, Crémazy A. Environmental risk of nickel in aquatic Arctic ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:148921. [PMID: 34346380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic faces many environmental challenges, including the continued exploitation of its mineral resources such as nickel (Ni). The responsible development of Ni mining in the Arctic requires establishing a risk assessment framework that accounts for the specificities of this unique region. We set out to conduct preliminary assessments of Ni exposure and effects in aquatic Arctic ecosystems. Our analysis of Ni source and transport processes in the Arctic suggests that fresh, estuarine, coastal, and marine waters are potential Ni-receiving environments, with both pelagic and benthic communities being at risk of exposure. Environmental concentrations of Ni show that sites with elevated Ni concentrations are located near Ni mining operations in freshwater environments, but there is a lack of data for coastal and estuarine environments near such operations. Nickel bioavailability in Arctic freshwaters seems to be mainly driven by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations with bioavailability being the highest in the High Arctic, where DOC levels are the lowest. However, this assessment is based on bioavailability models developed from non-Arctic species. At present, the lack of chronic Ni toxicity data on Arctic species constitutes the greatest hurdle toward the development of Ni quality standards in this region. Although there are some indications that polar organisms may not be more sensitive to contaminants than non-Arctic species, biological adaptations necessary for life in polar environments may have led to differences in species sensitivities, and this must be addressed in risk assessment frameworks. Finally, Ni polar risk assessment is further complicated by climate change, which affects the Arctic at a faster rate than the rest of the world. Herein we discuss the source, fate, and toxicity of Ni in Arctic aquatic environments, and discuss how climate change effects (e.g., permafrost thawing, increased precipitation, and warming) will influence risk assessments of Ni in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Gauthier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Tamzin A Blewett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Emily Suominen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Anne Crémazy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada.
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16
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Lam SS, Foong SY, Lee BHK, Low F, Alstrup AKO, Ok YS, Peng W, Sonne C. Set sustainable goals for the Arctic gateway coordinated international governance is required to resist yet another tipping point. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:146003. [PMID: 33647650 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is reducing the Arctic sea-ice and causing energetic stress to marine key predatory species such as polar bears and narwhals contributing to the ongoing pollution already threatening the biodiversity and indigenous people of the vulnerable region. Now, the opening of the Arctic gateway and in particular the increase in shipping activities causes further stress to marine mammals in the region. These shipping activities are foreseen to happen in the Northwest and Northeast Passage, Northern Sea Route and Transpolar Sea Route in the Arctic Ocean, which could be yet another step towards a crucial tipping point destabilizing global climate, including weathering systems and sea-level rise. This calls for international governance through the establishment of Arctic International National Parks and more Marine Protected Areas through the Arctic Council and UN's Law of the Sea to ensure sustainable use of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Shin Ying Foong
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Bernard H K Lee
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Felicia Low
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Aage K O Alstrup
- Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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17
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Zerveas S, Mente MS, Tsakiri D, Kotzabasis K. Microalgal photosynthesis induces alkalization of aquatic environment as a result of H + uptake independently from CO 2 concentration - New perspectives for environmental applications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 289:112546. [PMID: 33839608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic process in microalgae and the extracellular proton environment interact with each other. The photosynthetic process in microalgae induces a pH increase in the aquatic environment as a result of cellular protons uptake rather than as an effect of CO2 consumption. The photosynthetic water photolysis and the reduction/oxidation cycle of the plastoquinone pool provide lumen with protons. Weak bases act as "permeant buffers" in lumen during the photosynthetic procedure, converting the ΔpH to Δψ. This is possibly the main reason for continuous light-driven proton uptake from the aquatic environment through cytosol and stroma, into the lumen. The proton uptake rate and, therefore, the microalgal growth is proportional to the light intensity, cell concentration, and extracellular proton concentration. The low pH in microalgae cultures, without limitation factors related to light and nutrients, strongly induces photosynthesis (and proton uptake) and, consequently, growth. In contrast, the mitochondrial respiratory process, in the absence of photosynthetic activity, does not substantially alter the culture pH. Only after intensification of the respiratory process, using exogenous glucose supply leads to significantly reduced pH values in the culture medium, almost exclusively through proton output. Enhanced dissolution of atmospheric CO2 in water causes the phenomenon of ocean acidification, which prevents the process of calcification, a significant process for numerous phytoplankton and zooplankton organisms, as well for corals. The proposed interaction between microalgal photosynthetic activity and proton concentration in the aquatic environment, independently from the CO2 concentration, paves the way for new innovative management strategies for reversing the ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Zerveas
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Melpomeni Sofia Mente
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitra Tsakiri
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kiriakos Kotzabasis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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18
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Laffoley D, Baxter J, Amon D, Claudet J, Hall‐Spencer J, Grorud‐Colvert K, Levin L, Reid P, Rogers A, Taylor M, Woodall L, Andersen N. Evolving the narrative for protecting a rapidly changing ocean, post-COVID-19. AQUATIC CONSERVATION : MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS 2021; 31:1512-1534. [PMID: 33362396 PMCID: PMC7753556 DOI: 10.1002/aqc.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ocean is the linchpin supporting life on Earth, but it is in declining health due to an increasing footprint of human use and climate change. Despite notable successes in helping to protect the ocean, the scale of actions is simply not now meeting the overriding scale and nature of the ocean's problems that confront us.Moving into a post-COVID-19 world, new policy decisions will need to be made. Some, especially those developed prior to the pandemic, will require changes to their trajectories; others will emerge as a response to this global event. Reconnecting with nature, and specifically with the ocean, will take more than good intent and wishful thinking. Words, and how we express our connection to the ocean, clearly matter now more than ever before.The evolution of the ocean narrative, aimed at preserving and expanding options and opportunities for future generations and a healthier planet, is articulated around six themes: (1) all life is dependent on the ocean; (2) by harming the ocean, we harm ourselves; (3) by protecting the ocean, we protect ourselves; (4) humans, the ocean, biodiversity, and climate are inextricably linked; (5) ocean and climate action must be undertaken together; and (6) reversing ocean change needs action now.This narrative adopts a 'One Health' approach to protecting the ocean, addressing the whole Earth ocean system for better and more equitable social, cultural, economic, and environmental outcomes at its core. Speaking with one voice through a narrative that captures the latest science, concerns, and linkages to humanity is a precondition to action, by elevating humankind's understanding of our relationship with 'planet Ocean' and why it needs to become a central theme to everyone's lives. We have only one ocean, we must protect it, now. There is no 'Ocean B'.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Laffoley
- IUCN World Commission on Protected AreasIUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)GlandSwitzerland
| | - J.M. Baxter
- Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland, School of Biology, East SandsUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - D.J. Amon
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - J. Claudet
- National Centre for Scientific ResearchPSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVDParisFrance
| | - J.M. Hall‐Spencer
- School of Marine and Biological SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
- Shimoda Marine Research CenterUniversity of TsukubaShimodaJapan
| | - K. Grorud‐Colvert
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisUSA
| | - L.A. Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaUSA
| | - P.C. Reid
- School of Marine and Biological SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
- The LaboratoryThe Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, Marine Biological AssociationCitadel HillPlymouthUK
| | - A.D. Rogers
- Somerville CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- REV OceanLysakerNorway
| | | | - L.C. Woodall
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - N.F. Andersen
- Department of Environment and GeographyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
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19
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Terhaar J, Frölicher TL, Joos F. Southern Ocean anthropogenic carbon sink constrained by sea surface salinity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/18/eabd5964. [PMID: 33910904 PMCID: PMC8081370 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd5964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ocean attenuates global warming by taking up about one quarter of global anthropogenic carbon emissions. Around 40% of this carbon sink is located in the Southern Ocean. However, Earth system models struggle to reproduce the Southern Ocean circulation and carbon fluxes. We identify a tight relationship across two multimodel ensembles between present-day sea surface salinity in the subtropical-polar frontal zone and the anthropogenic carbon sink in the Southern Ocean. Observations and model results constrain the cumulative Southern Ocean sink over 1850-2100 to 158 ± 6 petagrams of carbon under the low-emissions scenario Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 1-2.6 (SSP1-2.6) and to 279 ± 14 petagrams of carbon under the high-emissions scenario SSP5-8.5. The constrained anthropogenic carbon sink is 14 to 18% larger and 46 to 54% less uncertain than estimated by the unconstrained estimates. The identified constraint demonstrates the importance of the freshwater cycle for the Southern Ocean circulation and carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Terhaar
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas L Frölicher
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fortunat Joos
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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20
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von Friesen LW, Riemann L. Nitrogen Fixation in a Changing Arctic Ocean: An Overlooked Source of Nitrogen? Front Microbiol 2021; 11:596426. [PMID: 33391213 PMCID: PMC7775723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.596426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean on Earth, yet estimated to play a substantial role as a global carbon sink. As climate change is rapidly changing fundamental components of the Arctic, it is of local and global importance to understand and predict consequences for its carbon dynamics. Primary production in the Arctic Ocean is often nitrogen-limited, and this is predicted to increase in some regions. It is therefore of critical interest that biological nitrogen fixation, a process where some bacteria and archaea termed diazotrophs convert nitrogen gas to bioavailable ammonia, has now been detected in the Arctic Ocean. Several studies report diverse and active diazotrophs on various temporal and spatial scales across the Arctic Ocean. Their ecology and biogeochemical impact remain poorly known, and nitrogen fixation is so far absent from models of primary production in the Arctic Ocean. The composition of the diazotroph community appears distinct from other oceans – challenging paradigms of function and regulation of nitrogen fixation. There is evidence of both symbiotic cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation and heterotrophic diazotrophy, but large regions are not yet sampled, and the sparse quantitative data hamper conclusive insights. Hence, it remains to be determined to what extent nitrogen fixation represents a hitherto overlooked source of new nitrogen to consider when predicting future productivity of the Arctic Ocean. Here, we discuss current knowledge on diazotroph distribution, composition, and activity in pelagic and sea ice-associated environments of the Arctic Ocean. Based on this, we identify gaps and outline pertinent research questions in the context of a climate change-influenced Arctic Ocean – with the aim of guiding and encouraging future research on nitrogen fixation in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa W von Friesen
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Lasse Riemann
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
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21
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Solan M, Archambault P, Renaud PE, März C. The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20200266. [PMID: 32862816 PMCID: PMC7481657 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Solan
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
- e-mail:
| | - Philippe Archambault
- ArcticNet, Québec Océan, Takuvik, Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul E. Renaud
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram Center for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
- University Centre in Svalbard, Arctic Biology, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Christian März
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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