1
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Stegmann F, Lepenies B. Myeloid C-type lectin receptors in host-pathogen interactions and glycan-based targeting. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 82:102521. [PMID: 39214069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Lectin-glycan interactions play a crucial role in the immune system. An important class of lectins in the innate immune system is myeloid C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). Myeloid CLRs act as pattern recognition receptors and are predominantly expressed by myeloid cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. In innate immunity, CLRs contribute to self/non-self discrimination. While the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by CLRs may contribute to a protective immune response, CLR engagement can also be exploited by pathogens for immune evasion. Since various CLRs act as endocytic receptors and trigger distinct signaling pathways in myeloid cells, CLR targeting has proven useful for drug/antigen delivery into antigen-presenting cells and the modulation of immune responses. This review covers recent discoveries of pathogen/CLR interactions and novel approaches for CLR targeting within the period of the past two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Stegmann
- Institute for Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Institute for Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany.
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2
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Debuysschere C, Nekoua MP, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:588-599. [PMID: 38890459 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-01004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Environmental factors, in particular viral infections, are thought to have an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The COVID-19 pandemic reinforced this hypothesis as many observational studies and meta-analyses reported a notable increase in the incidence of T1DM following infection with SARS-CoV-2 as well as an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the risk of new-onset T1DM. Experimental evidence suggests that human β-cells express SARS-CoV-2 receptors and that SARS-CoV-2 can infect and replicate in β-cells, resulting in structural or functional alterations of these cells. These alterations include reduced numbers of insulin-secreting granules, impaired pro-insulin (or insulin) secretion, and β-cell transdifferentiation or dedifferentiation. The inflammatory environment induced by local or systemic SARS-CoV-2 infection might result in a set of signals (such as pro-inflammatory cytokines) that lead to β-cell alteration or apoptosis or to a bystander activation of T cells and disruption of peripheral tolerance that triggers autoimmunity. Other mechanisms, such as viral persistence, molecular mimicry and activation of endogenous human retroviruses, are also likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of T1DM following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This Review addresses the issue of the involvement of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the development of T1DM using evidence from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Debuysschere
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de virologie ULR3610, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Didier Hober
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de virologie ULR3610, Lille, France.
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3
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Addetia A, Stewart C, Seo AJ, Sprouse KR, Asiri AY, Al-Mozaini M, Memish ZA, Alshukairi AN, Veesler D. Mapping immunodominant sites on the MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein targeted by infection-elicited antibodies in humans. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114530. [PMID: 39058596 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) first emerged in 2012 and causes human infections in endemic regions. Vaccines and therapeutics in development against MERS-CoV focus on the spike (S) glycoprotein to prevent viral entry into target cells. These efforts are limited by a poor understanding of antibody responses elicited by infection. Here, we analyze S-directed antibody responses in plasma collected from MERS-CoV-infected individuals. We observe that binding and neutralizing antibodies peak 1-6 weeks after symptom onset/hospitalization, persist for at least 6 months, and neutralize human and camel MERS-CoV strains. We show that the MERS-CoV S1 subunit is immunodominant and that antibodies targeting S1, particularly the receptor-binding domain (RBD), account for most plasma neutralizing activity. Antigenic site mapping reveals that plasma antibodies frequently target RBD epitopes, whereas targeting of S2 subunit epitopes is rare. Our data reveal the humoral immune responses elicited by MERS-CoV infection, which will guide vaccine and therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Addetia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Albert J Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ayed Y Asiri
- Al-Hayat National Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al-Mozaini
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abeer N Alshukairi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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4
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Delaunay C, Pollastri S, Thépaut M, Cavazzoli G, Belvisi L, Bouchikri C, Labiod N, Lasala F, Gimeno A, Franconetti A, Jiménez-Barbero J, Ardá A, Delgado R, Bernardi A, Fieschi F. Unprecedented selectivity for homologous lectin targets: differential targeting of the viral receptors L-SIGN and DC-SIGN. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc02980a. [PMID: 39246372 PMCID: PMC11376147 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02980a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
DC-SIGN (CD209) and L-SIGN (CD209L) are two C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infections as viral co-receptors. SARS-CoV-2 manipulates both DC-SIGN and L-SIGN for enhanced infection, leading to interest in developing receptor antagonists. Despite their structural similarity (82% sequence identity), they function differently. DC-SIGN, found in dendritic cells, shapes the immune response by recognizing pathogen-associated carbohydrate patterns. In contrast, L-SIGN, expressed in airway epithelial endothelial cells, is not directly involved in immunity. COVID-19's primary threat is the hyperactivation of the immune system, potentially reinforced if DC-SIGN engages with exogenous ligands. Therefore, L-SIGN, co-localized with ACE2-expressing cells in the respiratory tract, is a more suitable target for anti-adhesion therapy. However, designing a selective ligand for L-SIGN is challenging due to the high sequence identity of the Carbohydrate Recognition Domains (CRDs) of the two lectins. We here present Man84, a mannose ring modified with a methylene guanidine triazole at position 2. It binds L-SIGN with a K D of 12.7μM ± 1 μM (ITC) and is the first known L-SIGN selective ligand, showing 50-fold selectivity over DC-SIGN (SPR). The X-ray structure of the L-SIGN CRD/Man84 complex reveals the guanidinium group's role in achieving steric and electrostatic complementarity with L-SIGN. This allows us to trace the source of selectivity to a single amino acid difference between the two CRDs. NMR analysis confirms the binding mode in solution, highlighting Man84's conformational selection upon complex formation. Dimeric versions of Man84 achieve additional selectivity and avidity in the low nanomolar range. These compounds selectively inhibit L-SIGN dependent trans-infection by SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola virus. Man84 and its dimeric constructs display the best affinity and avidity reported to date for low-valency glycomimetics targeting CLRs. They are promising tools for competing with SARS-CoV-2 anchoring in the respiratory tract and have potential for other medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Delaunay
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale Grenoble France
| | - Sara Pollastri
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica via Golgi 19 Milano Italy
| | - Michel Thépaut
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale Grenoble France
| | - Gianluca Cavazzoli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica via Golgi 19 Milano Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica via Golgi 19 Milano Italy
| | - Clémentine Bouchikri
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale Grenoble France
| | - Nuria Labiod
- Instituto de Investigacion Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, School of Medicine Madrid Spain
| | - Fatima Lasala
- Instituto de Investigacion Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, School of Medicine Madrid Spain
| | - Ana Gimeno
- Chemical Glycobiology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) 48160 Derio Bizkaia Spain
| | - Antonio Franconetti
- Chemical Glycobiology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) 48160 Derio Bizkaia Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical Glycobiology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) 48160 Derio Bizkaia Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias 28029 Madrid Spain
| | - Ana Ardá
- Chemical Glycobiology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) 48160 Derio Bizkaia Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Instituto de Investigacion Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, School of Medicine Madrid Spain
- School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain
| | - Anna Bernardi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica via Golgi 19 Milano Italy
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale Grenoble France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) Paris France
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5
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Vu Manh TP, Gouin C, De Wolf J, Jouneau L, Pascale F, Bevilacqua C, Ar Gouilh M, Da Costa B, Chevalier C, Glorion M, Hannouche L, Urien C, Estephan J, Magnan A, Le Guen M, Marquant Q, Descamps D, Dalod M, Schwartz-Cornil I, Sage E. SARS-CoV2 infection in whole lung primarily targets macrophages that display subset-specific responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:351. [PMID: 39147987 PMCID: PMC11335275 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Deciphering the initial steps of SARS-CoV-2 infection, that influence COVID-19 outcomes, is challenging because animal models do not always reproduce human biological processes and in vitro systems do not recapitulate the histoarchitecture and cellular composition of respiratory tissues. To address this, we developed an innovative ex vivo model of whole human lung infection with SARS-CoV-2, leveraging a lung transplantation technique. Through single-cell RNA-seq, we identified that alveolar and monocyte-derived macrophages (AMs and MoMacs) were initial targets of the virus. Exposure of isolated lung AMs, MoMacs, classical monocytes and non-classical monocytes (ncMos) to SARS-CoV-2 variants revealed that while all subsets responded, MoMacs produced higher levels of inflammatory cytokines than AMs, and ncMos contributed the least. A Wuhan lineage appeared to be more potent than a D614G virus, in a dose-dependent manner. Amidst the ambiguity in the literature regarding the initial SARS-CoV-2 cell target, our study reveals that AMs and MoMacs are dominant primary entry points for the virus, and suggests that their responses may conduct subsequent injury, depending on their abundance, the viral strain and dose. Interfering on virus interaction with lung macrophages should be considered in prophylactic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien-Phong Vu Manh
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Carla Gouin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Julien De Wolf
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, Foch Hospital, 92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florentina Pascale
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, Foch Hospital, 92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Claudia Bevilacqua
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- Department of Virology, Univ Caen Normandie, Dynamicure INSERM UMR 1311, CHU Caen, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Bruno Da Costa
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Matthieu Glorion
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, Foch Hospital, 92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Laurent Hannouche
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009, Marseille, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Urien
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jérôme Estephan
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Antoine Magnan
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Department of Pulmonology, Foch Hospital, 92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Morgan Le Guen
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Department of Anesthesiology, Foch Hospital, 92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Quentin Marquant
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Department of Pulmonology, Foch Hospital, 92150, Suresnes, France
- Delegation to Clinical Research and Innovation, Foch Hospital, 92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Delphyne Descamps
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marc Dalod
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009, Marseille, France
| | | | - Edouard Sage
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, Foch Hospital, 92150, Suresnes, France
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6
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Yu F, Liu X, Ou H, Li X, Liu R, Lv X, Xiao S, Hu M, Liang T, Chen T, Wei X, Zhang Z, Liu S, Liu H, Zhu Y, Liu G, Tu T, Li P, Zhang H, Pan T, Ma X. The histamine receptor H1 acts as an alternative receptor for SARS-CoV-2. mBio 2024; 15:e0108824. [PMID: 38953634 PMCID: PMC11324024 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01088-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous host factors, in addition to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), have been identified as coreceptors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), demonstrating broad viral tropism and diversified druggable potential. We and others have found that antihistamine drugs, particularly histamine receptor H1 (HRH1) antagonists, potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we provided compelling evidence that HRH1 acts as an alternative receptor for SARS-CoV-2 by directly binding to the viral spike protein. HRH1 also synergistically enhanced hACE2-dependent viral entry by interacting with hACE2. Antihistamine drugs effectively prevent viral infection by competitively binding to HRH1, thereby disrupting the interaction between the spike protein and its receptor. Multiple inhibition assays revealed that antihistamine drugs broadly inhibited the infection of various SARS-CoV-2 mutants with an average IC50 of 2.4 µM. The prophylactic function of these drugs was further confirmed by authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection assays and humanized mouse challenge experiments, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of antihistamine drugs for combating coronavirus disease 19.IMPORTANCEIn addition to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can utilize alternative cofactors to facilitate viral entry. In this study, we discovered that histamine receptor H1 (HRH1) not only functions as an independent receptor for SARS-CoV-2 but also synergistically enhances ACE2-dependent viral entry by directly interacting with ACE2. Further studies have demonstrated that HRH1 facilitates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 by directly binding to the N-terminal domain of the spike protein. Conversely, antihistamine drugs, primarily HRH1 antagonists, can competitively bind to HRH1 and thereby prevent viral entry. These findings revealed that the administration of repurposable antihistamine drugs could be a therapeutic intervention to combat coronavirus disease 19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Medical Research
Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong
Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical
University, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Guangzhou National
Laboratory, Guangzhou International
Bio-Island, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
- Institute of Human
Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Hailan Ou
- Medical Research
Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong
Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical
University, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Shenzhen Key
Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen
Campus of Sun Yat-sen University,
Shenzhen, Guangdong,
China
| | - Ruxin Liu
- Shenzhen Key
Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen
Campus of Sun Yat-sen University,
Shenzhen, Guangdong,
China
| | - Xi Lv
- Medical Research
Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong
Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical
University, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine,
South China University of Technology,
Guangzhou, Guangdong,
China
| | - Shiqi Xiao
- Guangzhou National
Laboratory, Guangzhou International
Bio-Island, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Meilin Hu
- Guangzhou National
Laboratory, Guangzhou International
Bio-Island, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
- Department of Breast
Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical
University, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Taizhen Liang
- Guangzhou National
Laboratory, Guangzhou International
Bio-Island, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory
of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for
Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the
First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical
University, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Guangzhou National
Laboratory, Guangzhou International
Bio-Island, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory
of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for
Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the
First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical
University, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Xuepeng Wei
- Guangzhou National
Laboratory, Guangzhou International
Bio-Island, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenglai Zhang
- Guangzhou National
Laboratory, Guangzhou International
Bio-Island, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Sen Liu
- Guangzhou National
Laboratory, Guangzhou International
Bio-Island, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
- School of Biology and
Biological Engineering, South China University of
Technology, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Han Liu
- Guangzhou National
Laboratory, Guangzhou International
Bio-Island, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhu
- Guangzhou National
Laboratory, Guangzhou International
Bio-Island, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Department of Pathogen
Biology, Shenyang Medical College,
Shenyang, Liaoning,
China
| | - Tianyong Tu
- Guangzhou National
Laboratory, Guangzhou International
Bio-Island, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Peiwen Li
- Guangzhou National
Laboratory, Guangzhou International
Bio-Island, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human
Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Shenzhen Key
Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen
Campus of Sun Yat-sen University,
Shenzhen, Guangdong,
China
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Medical Research
Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong
Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical
University, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National
Laboratory, Guangzhou International
Bio-Island, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory
of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for
Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the
First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical
University, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China
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7
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Cui L, Li T, Lan M, Zhou M, Xue W, Zhang S, Wang H, Hong M, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Sun H, Ye J, Zheng Q, Guan Y, Gu Y, Xia N, Li S. A cryptic site in class 5 epitope of SARS-CoV-2 RBD maintains highly conservation across natural isolates. iScience 2024; 27:110208. [PMID: 39015149 PMCID: PMC11251093 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants raises concerns about the efficacy of existing COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics. Previously, we identified a conserved cryptic class 5 epitope of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) by two cross-neutralizing antibodies 7D6 and 6D6. Intriguingly, this site remains resistant to substantial mutations occurred in ever-changing SARS-CoV-2 subvariants. As compared to class 3 antibody S309, 6D6 maintains broad and consistent neutralizing activities against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Furthermore, 6D6 effectively protected hamster from the virulent Beta strain. Sequence alignment of approximately 6 million documented SARS-CoV-2 isolates revealed that 6D6 epitope maintains an exceptionally high conservation rate (99.92%). Structural analysis demonstrated that all 33 mutations accumulated in XBB.1.5 since the original strain do not perturb the binding 6D6 to RBD, in line with the sequence analysis throughout the antigenicity evolution of SARS-CoV-2. These findings suggest the potential of this epitope serving as a critical determinant for vaccines and therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Miaolin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wenhui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Sibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minqing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lunzhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jianghui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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8
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Hurler L, Mescia F, Bergamaschi L, Kajdácsi E, Sinkovits G, Cervenak L, Prohászka Z, Lyons PA, Toonen EJ. sMR and PTX3 levels associate with COVID-19 outcome and survival but not with Long COVID. iScience 2024; 27:110162. [PMID: 39027374 PMCID: PMC11255846 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for monitoring COVID-19 disease course are lacking. Study aim was to identify biomarkers associated with disease severity, survival, long-term outcome, and Long COVID. As excessive macrophages activation is a hallmark of COVID-19 and complement activation is key in this, we selected the following proteins involved in these processes: PTX3, C1q, C1-INH, C1s/C1-INH, and sMR. EDTA-plasma concentrations were measured in 215 patients and 47 controls using ELISA. PTX3, sMR, C1-INH, and C1s/C1-INH levels were associated with disease severity. PTX3 and sMR were also associated with survival and long-term immune recovery. Lastly, sMR levels associate with ICU admittance. sMR (AUC 0.85) and PTX3 (AUC 0.78) are good markers for disease severity, especially when used in combination (AUC 0.88). No association between biomarker levels and Long COVID was observed. sMR has not previously been associated with COVID-19 disease severity, ICU admittance or survival and may serve as marker for disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hurler
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Federica Mescia
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Laura Bergamaschi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease-National Institute of Health Research (CITIID-NIHR) COVID BioResource Collaboration
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Research Group for Immunology and Haematology, Semmelweis University - Eötvös Loránd Research Network (Office for Supported Research Groups), Budapest, Hungary
- Research and Development Department, Hycult Biotech, Uden, the Netherlands
| | - Erika Kajdácsi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Sinkovits
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Cervenak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Prohászka
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Research Group for Immunology and Haematology, Semmelweis University - Eötvös Loránd Research Network (Office for Supported Research Groups), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paul A. Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Erik J.M. Toonen
- Research and Development Department, Hycult Biotech, Uden, the Netherlands
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9
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Abstract
Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2 that has infected more than 600 million people and killed more than 6 million people worldwide. This infection affects mainly certain groups of people that have high susceptibility to present severe COVID-19 due to comorbidities. Moreover, the long-COVID-19 comprises a series of symptoms that may remain in some patients for months after infection that further compromises their health. Thus, since this pandemic is profoundly affecting health, economy, and social life of societies, a deeper understanding of viral replication cycle could help to envisage novel therapeutic alternatives that limit or stop COVID-19. Several findings have unexpectedly discovered that mitochondria play a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 cell infection. Indeed, it has been suggested that this organelle could be the origin of its replication niches, the double membrane vesicles (DMV). In this regard, mitochondria derived vesicles (MDV), involved in mitochondria quality control, discovered almost 15 years ago, comprise a subpopulation characterized by a double membrane. MDV shedding is induced by mitochondrial stress, and it has a fast assembly dynamic, reason that perhaps has precluded their identification in electron microscopy or tomography studies. These and other features of MDV together with recent SARS-CoV-2 protein interactome and other findings link SARS-CoV-2 to mitochondria and support that these vesicles are the precursors of SARS-CoV-2 induced DMV. In this work, the morphological, biochemical, molecular, and cellular evidence that supports this hypothesis is reviewed and integrated into the current model of SARS-CoV-2 cell infection. In this scheme, some relevant questions are raised as pending topics for research that would help in the near future to test this hypothesis. The intention of this work is to provide a novel framework that could open new possibilities to tackle SARS-CoV-2 pandemic through mitochondria and DMV targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Montes de Oca-B
- Neurociencia Cognitiva, Instituto de Fisiologia-UNAM, CDMX, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
- Unidad de Neurobiologia Dinamica, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, CDMX, CDMX, 14269, Mexico
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10
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Dadonaite B, Brown J, McMahon TE, Farrell AG, Figgins MD, Asarnow D, Stewart C, Lee J, Logue J, Bedford T, Murrell B, Chu HY, Veesler D, Bloom JD. Spike deep mutational scanning helps predict success of SARS-CoV-2 clades. Nature 2024; 631:617-626. [PMID: 38961298 PMCID: PMC11254757 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants acquire mutations in the spike protein that promote immune evasion1 and affect other properties that contribute to viral fitness, such as ACE2 receptor binding and cell entry2,3. Knowledge of how mutations affect these spike phenotypes can provide insight into the current and potential future evolution of the virus. Here we use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning4 to measure how more than 9,000 mutations across the full XBB.1.5 and BA.2 spikes affect ACE2 binding, cell entry or escape from human sera. We find that mutations outside the receptor-binding domain (RBD) have meaningfully affected ACE2 binding during SARS-CoV-2 evolution. We also measure how mutations to the XBB.1.5 spike affect neutralization by serum from individuals who recently had SARS-CoV-2 infections. The strongest serum escape mutations are in the RBD at sites 357, 420, 440, 456 and 473; however, the antigenic effects of these mutations vary across individuals. We also identify strong escape mutations outside the RBD; however, many of them decrease ACE2 binding, suggesting they act by modulating RBD conformation. Notably, the growth rates of human SARS-CoV-2 clades can be explained in substantial part by the measured effects of mutations on spike phenotypes, suggesting our data could enable better prediction of viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Dadonaite
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Teagan E McMahon
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ariana G Farrell
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marlin D Figgins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Asarnow
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jimin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jenni Logue
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Y Chu
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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11
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Wickenhagen A, van Tol S, Munster V. Molecular determinants of cross-species transmission in emerging viral infections. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024:e0000123. [PMID: 38912755 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00001-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYSeveral examples of high-impact cross-species transmission of newly emerging or re-emerging bat-borne viruses, such as Sudan virus, Nipah virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, have occurred in the past decades. Recent advancements in next-generation sequencing have strengthened ongoing efforts to catalog the global virome, in particular from the multitude of different bat species. However, functional characterization of these novel viruses and virus sequences is typically limited with regard to assessment of their cross-species potential. Our understanding of the intricate interplay between virus and host underlying successful cross-species transmission has focused on the basic mechanisms of entry and replication, as well as the importance of host innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the various roles of the respective molecular mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission using different recent bat-borne viruses as examples. To delineate the crucial cellular and molecular steps underlying cross-species transmission, we propose a framework of overall characterization to improve our capacity to characterize viruses as benign, of interest, or of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Wickenhagen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Sarah van Tol
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Vincent Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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12
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Reed DS, McElroy AK, Barbeau DJ, McMillen CM, Tilston-Lunel NL, Nambulli S, Cottle E, Gilliland TC, Rannulu H, Lundy J, Olsen EL, O’Malley KJ, Xia M, Hartman AL, Luke TC, Egland K, Bausch C, Wu H, Sullivan EJ, Klimstra WB, Duprex WP. No evidence for enhanced disease with human polyclonal SARS-CoV-2 antibody in the ferret model. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0290909. [PMID: 38900732 PMCID: PMC11189238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Since SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019, it spread from China to the rest of the world. An initial concern was the potential for vaccine- or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of disease as had been reported with other coronaviruses. To evaluate this, we first developed a ferret model by exposing ferrets to SARS-CoV-2 by either mucosal inoculation (intranasal/oral/ocular) or inhalation using a small particle aerosol. Mucosal inoculation caused a mild fever and weight loss that resolved quickly; inoculation via either route resulted in virus shedding detected in the nares, throat, and rectum for 7-10 days post-infection. To evaluate the potential for ADE, we then inoculated groups of ferrets intravenously with 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg doses of a human polyclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG from hyper-immunized transchromosomic bovines (SAB-185). Twelve hours later, ferrets were challenged by mucosal inoculation with SARS-CoV-2. We found no significant differences in fever, weight loss, or viral shedding after infection between the three antibody groups or the controls. Signs of pathology in the lungs were noted in infected ferrets but no differences were found between control and antibody groups. The results of this study indicate that healthy, young adult ferrets of both sexes are a suitable model of mild COVID-19 and that low doses of specific IgG in SAB-185 are unlikely to enhance the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anita K. McElroy
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dominique J. Barbeau
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M. McMillen
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Natasha L. Tilston-Lunel
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Shamkumar Nambulli
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily Cottle
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Theron C. Gilliland
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hasala Rannulu
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeneveve Lundy
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Olsen
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine J. O’Malley
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mengying Xia
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Luke
- SAB Biotherapetuics, Sioux Falls, SD, United States of America
| | - Kristi Egland
- SAB Biotherapetuics, Sioux Falls, SD, United States of America
| | | | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapetuics, Sioux Falls, SD, United States of America
| | | | - William B. Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - W. Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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13
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Wu TTH, Travaglini KJ, Rustagi A, Xu D, Zhang Y, Andronov L, Jang S, Gillich A, Dehghannasiri R, Martínez-Colón GJ, Beck A, Liu DD, Wilk AJ, Morri M, Trope WL, Bierman R, Weissman IL, Shrager JB, Quake SR, Kuo CS, Salzman J, Moerner WE, Kim PS, Blish CA, Krasnow MA. Interstitial macrophages are a focus of viral takeover and inflammation in COVID-19 initiation in human lung. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20232192. [PMID: 38597954 PMCID: PMC11009983 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Early stages of deadly respiratory diseases including COVID-19 are challenging to elucidate in humans. Here, we define cellular tropism and transcriptomic effects of SARS-CoV-2 virus by productively infecting healthy human lung tissue and using scRNA-seq to reconstruct the transcriptional program in "infection pseudotime" for individual lung cell types. SARS-CoV-2 predominantly infected activated interstitial macrophages (IMs), which can accumulate thousands of viral RNA molecules, taking over 60% of the cell transcriptome and forming dense viral RNA bodies while inducing host profibrotic (TGFB1, SPP1) and inflammatory (early interferon response, CCL2/7/8/13, CXCL10, and IL6/10) programs and destroying host cell architecture. Infected alveolar macrophages (AMs) showed none of these extreme responses. Spike-dependent viral entry into AMs used ACE2 and Sialoadhesin/CD169, whereas IM entry used DC-SIGN/CD209. These results identify activated IMs as a prominent site of viral takeover, the focus of inflammation and fibrosis, and suggest targeting CD209 to prevent early pathology in COVID-19 pneumonia. This approach can be generalized to any human lung infection and to evaluate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Ting-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyle J Travaglini
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Duo Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leonid Andronov
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - SoRi Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Astrid Gillich
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roozbeh Dehghannasiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Giovanny J Martínez-Colón
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aimee Beck
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Dan Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aaron J Wilk
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Winston L Trope
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rob Bierman
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph B Shrager
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System , Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub , San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christin S Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia Salzman
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - W E Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter S Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub , San Francisco, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Triebelhorn J, Schneider J, Spinner CD, Iakoubov R, Voit F, Wagner L, Erber J, Rothe K, Berthele A, Pernpeintner V, Strauß EM, Renders L, Willmann A, Minic M, Vogel E, Christa C, Hoffmann D, Protzer U, Jeske SD. Clinical and immunological outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-infected vaccine responders, vaccine non-responders, and unvaccinated patients evaluated for neutralizing monoclonal antibody treatment at a single German tertiary care center: a retrospective cohort study with prospective follow-up. Infection 2024; 52:1143-1151. [PMID: 38305828 PMCID: PMC11143028 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed the clinical and immunological outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with risk factors for severe disease depending on their immunological status. METHODS In this retrospective study with single follow-up visit, clinical outcome and humoral immunity was monitored in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients at risk. The results were compared based on the patients' initial immunological status: unvaccinated (UV), patients who did not develop neutralizing antibodies after vaccination (vaccine non-responders, VNR), and patients who expressed neutralizing antibodies after vaccination (vaccine responders, VR). Patients who lacked neutralizing antibodies (VNR and UV) were treated with nMABs. RESULTS In total, 113 patients at risk of severe COVID-19 consented to participate in the study. VR and UV were not admitted to the hospital. During the observation period, UVs had the highest rate of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections. Three of 41 VNRs (7.3%) were hospitalized due to severe COVID-19, with two of them having undergone iatrogenic B-cell depletion. The humoral immune response after infection was significantly lower in the VNR group than in the VR group in terms of anti-N, anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD), anti-S antibody titers, and anti-S antibody avidity. In a sub-analysis of VNR, B cell-deficient non-responders had significantly lower levels of anti-N antibodies and anti-S avidity after infection than other VNRs. CONCLUSION VNR, particularly B-cell-depleted VNR, remained at risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19. In the VR group, however, no clinical complications or severe disease were observed, despite not receiving nMAbs. Tailoring the administration of nMABs according to patient vaccination and immunological status may be advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Triebelhorn
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - J Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - C D Spinner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - R Iakoubov
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - F Voit
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - L Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - J Erber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - K Rothe
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Berthele
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - V Pernpeintner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - E-M Strauß
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - L Renders
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Willmann
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Minic
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - E Vogel
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Christa
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - U Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S D Jeske
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
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15
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Malireddi RKS, Sharma BR, Kanneganti TD. Innate Immunity in Protection and Pathogenesis During Coronavirus Infections and COVID-19. Annu Rev Immunol 2024; 42:615-645. [PMID: 38941608 PMCID: PMC11373870 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-083122-043545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by the recently emerged β-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 has had a catastrophic impact, resulting in nearly 7 million fatalities worldwide to date. The innate immune system is the first line of defense against infections, including the detection and response to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we discuss the innate immune mechanisms that sense coronaviruses, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2 infection and how these protective responses can become detrimental in severe cases of COVID-19, contributing to cytokine storm, inflammation, long-COVID, and other complications. We also highlight the complex cross talk among cytokines and the cellular components of the innate immune system, which can aid in viral clearance but also contribute to inflammatory cell death, cytokine storm, and organ damage in severe COVID-19 pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss how SARS-CoV-2 evades key protective innate immune mechanisms to enhance its virulence and pathogenicity, as well as how innate immunity can be therapeutically targeted as part of the vaccination and treatment strategy. Overall, we highlight how a comprehensive understanding of innate immune mechanisms has been crucial in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 infections and the development of novel host-directed immunotherapeutic strategies for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA;
| | - Bhesh Raj Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA;
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16
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Resa-Infante P, Erkizia I, Muñiz-Trabudua X, Linty F, Bentlage AEH, Perez-Zsolt D, Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Raïch-Regué D, Izquierdo-Useros N, Rispens T, Vidarsson G, Martinez-Picado J. Preclinical development of humanized monoclonal antibodies against CD169 as a broad antiviral therapeutic strategy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116726. [PMID: 38754263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
New therapies to treat or prevent viral infections are essential, as recently observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we propose a therapeutic strategy based on monoclonal antibodies that block the specific interaction between the host receptor Siglec-1/CD169 and gangliosides embedded in the viral envelope. Antibodies are an excellent option for treating infectious diseases based on their high specificity, strong targeting affinity, and relatively low toxicity. Through a process of humanization, we optimized monoclonal antibodies to eliminate sequence liabilities and performed biophysical characterization. We demonstrated that they maintain their ability to block viral entry into myeloid cells. These molecular improvements during the discovery stage are key if we are to maximize efforts to develop new therapeutic strategies. Humanized monoclonal antibodies targeting CD169 provide new opportunities in the treatment of infections caused by ganglioside-containing enveloped viruses, which pose a constant threat to human health. In contrast with current neutralizing antibodies that bind antigens on the infectious particle, our antibodies can prevent several types of enveloped viruses interacting with host cells because they target the host CD169 protein, thus becoming a potential pan-antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Resa-Infante
- IrsiCaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain; University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic 08500, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona 08916, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Itziar Erkizia
- IrsiCaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | | | - Federica Linty
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain; University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic 08500, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona 08916, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Madrid 28029, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain.
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17
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Lefèbre J, Falk T, Ning Y, Rademacher C. Secondary Sites of the C-type Lectin-Like Fold. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400660. [PMID: 38527187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
C-type lectins are a large superfamily of proteins involved in a multitude of biological processes. In particular, their involvement in immunity and homeostasis has rendered them attractive targets for diverse therapeutic interventions. They share a characteristic C-type lectin-like domain whose adaptability enables them to bind a broad spectrum of ligands beyond the originally defined canonical Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding. Together with variable domain architecture and high-level conformational plasticity, this enables C-type lectins to meet diverse functional demands. Secondary sites provide another layer of regulation and are often intricately linked to functional diversity. Located remote from the canonical primary binding site, secondary sites can accommodate ligands with other physicochemical properties and alter protein dynamics, thus enhancing selectivity and enabling fine-tuning of the biological response. In this review, we outline the structural determinants allowing C-type lectins to perform a large variety of tasks and to accommodate the ligands associated with it. Using the six well-characterized Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent C-type lectin receptors DC-SIGN, langerin, MGL, dectin-1, CLEC-2 and NKG2D as examples, we focus on the characteristics of non-canonical interactions and secondary sites and their potential use in drug discovery endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lefèbre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport, Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
| | - Torben Falk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport, Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yunzhan Ning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport, Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Maier I, Kontaxis G, Zimmermann C, Steininger C. Cyanovirin-N Binding to N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine Requires Carbohydrate-Binding Sites on Two Different Protomers. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1270-1277. [PMID: 38770609 PMCID: PMC11112747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) binds high-mannose oligosaccharides on enveloped viruses with two carbohydrate-binding sites, one bearing high affinity and one low affinity to Manα(1-2)Man moieties. A tandem repeat of two CV-N molecules (CVN2) was tested for antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) by using a domain-swapped dimer. CV-N was shown to bind N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) when the carbohydrate-binding sites in CV-N were free to interact with these monosaccharides independently. CVN2 recognized ManNAc at a Kd of 1.4 μM and bound this sugar in solution, regardless of the lectin making amino acid side chain contacts on the targeted viral glycoproteins. An interdomain cross-contacting residue Glu41, which has been shown to be hydrogen bonding with dimannose, was substituted in the monomeric CV-N. The amide derivative of glucose, GlcNAc, achieved similar high affinity to the new variant CVN-E41T as high-mannose N-glycans, but binding to CVN2 in the nanomolar range with four binding sites involved or binding to the monomeric CVN-E41A. A stable dimer was engineered and expressed from the alanine-to-threonine-substituted monomer to confirm binding to GlcNAc. In summary, low-affinity binding was achieved by CVN2 to dimannosylated peptide or GlcNAc with two carbohydrate-binding sites of differing affinities, mimicking biological interactions with the respective N-linked glycans of interest and cross-linking of carbohydrates on human T cells for lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maier
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Internal Medicine I, Medical University
of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Georg Kontaxis
- Department
of Computational and Structural Biology, Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Christian Zimmermann
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, Wien 1060, Austria
| | - Christoph Steininger
- Department
of Internal Medicine I, Medical University
of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria
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19
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Mühlemann B, Wilks SH, Baracco L, Bekliz M, Carreño JM, Corman VM, Davis-Gardner ME, Dejnirattisai W, Diamond MS, Douek DC, Drosten C, Eckerle I, Edara VV, Ellis M, Fouchier RAM, Frieman M, Godbole S, Haagmans B, Halfmann PJ, Henry AR, Jones TC, Katzelnick LC, Kawaoka Y, Kimpel J, Krammer F, Lai L, Liu C, Lusvarghi S, Meyer B, Mongkolsapaya J, Montefiori DC, Mykytyn A, Netzl A, Pollett S, Rössler A, Screaton GR, Shen X, Sigal A, Simon V, Subramanian R, Supasa P, Suthar MS, Türeli S, Wang W, Weiss CD, Smith DJ. Comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization titers reveals consistency between human and animal model serum and across assays. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadl1722. [PMID: 38748773 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adl1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/31/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires ongoing monitoring to judge the ability of newly arising variants to escape the immune response. A surveillance system necessitates an understanding of differences in neutralization titers measured in different assays and using human and animal serum samples. We compared 18 datasets generated using human, hamster, and mouse serum and six different neutralization assays. Datasets using animal model serum samples showed higher titer magnitudes than datasets using human serum samples in this comparison. Fold change in neutralization of variants compared to ancestral SARS-CoV-2, immunodominance patterns, and antigenic maps were similar among serum samples and assays. Most assays yielded consistent results, except for differences in fold change in cytopathic effect assays. Hamster serum samples were a consistent surrogate for human first-infection serum samples. These results inform the transition of surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 antigenic variation from dependence on human first-infection serum samples to the utilization of serum samples from animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mühlemann
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuel H Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Lauren Baracco
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Meriem Bekliz
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Meredith E Davis-Gardner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Venkata-Viswanadh Edara
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Madison Ellis
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthew Frieman
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sucheta Godbole
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bart Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Amy R Henry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Terry C Jones
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Leah C Katzelnick
- Viral Epidemiology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lilin Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sabrina Lusvarghi
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Centre of Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anna Mykytyn
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antonia Netzl
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Simon Pollett
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rahul Subramanian
- Office of Data Science and Emerging Technologies, Office of Science Management and Operations, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sina Türeli
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Carol D Weiss
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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20
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Popadyuk EE, Sizikova TE, Khmelev AL, Timofeev MA, Lebedev VN, Borisevich SV. [The use of immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies against COVID-19]. Vopr Virusol 2024; 69:119-126. [PMID: 38843018 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When a new disease occurs, one of the most affordable remedies is drugs containing specific antibodies to this infectious agent. The use of such drugs is aimed at reducing the amount of the pathogen in the macroorganism and the associated reduction in the severity of the symptoms of the disease or recovery. The purpose of this review is to analyze the experience of using immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of COVID-19 patients during the pandemic. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The two main groups of medical protective agents that block the penetration of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into permissive cells are drugs obtained from blood plasma of convalescents (immunoglobulin) and human monoclonal antibodies. The first group of drugs in the treatment of COVID-19 includes blood plasma of convalescents, which can be successfully used for emergency prevention. The main disadvantage of using blood plasma convalescents is the difficulty of standardization due to the different content of specific antibodies in donors. Another disadvantage is the undesirable side effects in recipients that occur after plasma administration. An alternative approach to COVID-19 therapy is the use of humanized and genetically engineered human monoclonal antibodies against certain epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. For example, monoclonal antibodies against receptor-binding domain of the S-protein, which prevents the virus from entering permissive cells and interrupts the development of infection. The advantages of these drugs are their safety, high specific activity, and the possibility of standardization. However, the complexity of their production and high cost make them inaccessible for mass use in practical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Popadyuk
- 48 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
| | - T E Sizikova
- 48 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
| | - A L Khmelev
- 48 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
| | - M A Timofeev
- Directorate of the Chief of the Radiation, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
| | - V N Lebedev
- 48 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
| | - S V Borisevich
- 48 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
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21
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Patino-Alonso J, Cabrera-González J, Merino J, Nieto-Ortiz G, Lasala F, Katati J, da Cruz CHB, Monnappa AK, Mateos-Gil P, Canales Á, López-Montero I, Illescas BM, Delgado R, Martín N. C 60-based Multivalent Glycoporphyrins Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Specific Interaction with the DC-SIGN Transmembrane Receptor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307045. [PMID: 38100142 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Since WHO has declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global pandemic, nearly seven million deaths have been reported. This efficient spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is facilitated by the ability of the spike glycoprotein to bind multiple cell membrane receptors. Although ACE2 is identified as the main receptor for SARS-CoV-2, other receptors could play a role in viral entry. Among others, C-type lectins such as DC-SIGN are identified as efficient trans-receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, so the use of glycomimetics to inhibit the infection through the DC-SIGN blockade is an encouraging approach. In this regard, multivalent nanostructures based on glycosylated [60]fullerenes linked to a central porphyrin scaffold have been designed and tested against DC-SIGN-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection. First results show an outstanding inhibition of the trans-infection up to 90%. In addition, a deeper understanding of nanostructure-receptor binding is achieved through microscopy techniques, high-resolution NMR experiments, Quartz Crystal Microbalance experiments, and molecular dynamic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Patino-Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - Justo Cabrera-González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - Javier Merino
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - Gema Nieto-Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - Fátima Lasala
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, 28041, Spain
| | - Jouma Katati
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - Carlos H Bezerra da Cruz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - Ajay K Monnappa
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, 28041, Spain
| | - Pablo Mateos-Gil
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, 28041, Spain
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Paseo Juan XXIII, 1, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Ángeles Canales
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - Iván López-Montero
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, 28041, Spain
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Paseo Juan XXIII, 1, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Beatriz M Illescas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, 28041, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
- Campus de Cantoblanco, IMDEA-Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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22
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Reis E Sousa C, Yamasaki S, Brown GD. Myeloid C-type lectin receptors in innate immune recognition. Immunity 2024; 57:700-717. [PMID: 38599166 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) expressed by myeloid cells constitute a versatile family of receptors that play a key role in innate immune recognition. Myeloid CLRs exhibit a remarkable ability to recognize an extensive array of ligands, from carbohydrates and beyond, and encompass pattern-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and markers of altered self. These receptors, classified into distinct subgroups, play pivotal roles in immune recognition and modulation of immune responses. Their intricate signaling pathways orchestrate a spectrum of cellular responses, influencing processes such as phagocytosis, cytokine production, and antigen presentation. Beyond their contributions to host defense in viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, myeloid CLRs have been implicated in non-infectious diseases such as cancer, allergies, and autoimmunity. A nuanced understanding of myeloid CLR interactions with endogenous and microbial triggers is starting to uncover the context-dependent nature of their roles in innate immunity, with implications for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caetano Reis E Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK.
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Gordon D Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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23
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Tortorici MA, Addetia A, Seo AJ, Brown J, Sprouse K, Logue J, Clark E, Franko N, Chu H, Veesler D. Persistent immune imprinting occurs after vaccination with the COVID-19 XBB.1.5 mRNA booster in humans. Immunity 2024; 57:904-911.e4. [PMID: 38490197 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Immune imprinting describes how the first exposure to a virus shapes immunological outcomes of subsequent exposures to antigenically related strains. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron breakthrough infections and bivalent COVID-19 vaccination primarily recall cross-reactive memory B cells induced by prior Wuhan-Hu-1 spike mRNA vaccination rather than priming Omicron-specific naive B cells. These findings indicate that immune imprinting occurs after repeated Wuhan-Hu-1 spike exposures, but whether it can be overcome remains unclear. To understand the persistence of immune imprinting, we investigated memory and plasma antibody responses after administration of the updated XBB.1.5 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine booster. We showed that the XBB.1.5 booster elicited neutralizing antibody responses against current variants that were dominated by recall of pre-existing memory B cells previously induced by the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike. Therefore, immune imprinting persists after multiple exposures to Omicron spikes through vaccination and infection, including post XBB.1.5 booster vaccination, which will need to be considered to guide future vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amin Addetia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Albert J Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jack Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kaiti Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jenni Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Erica Clark
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nicholas Franko
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Helen Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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24
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Addetia A, Stewart C, Seo AJ, Sprouse KR, Asiri AY, Al-Mozaini M, Memish ZA, Alshukairi A, Veesler D. Mapping immunodominant sites on the MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein targeted by infection-elicited antibodies in humans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.31.586409. [PMID: 38617298 PMCID: PMC11014493 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.31.586409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) first emerged in 2012 and causes human infections in endemic regions. Most vaccines and therapeutics in development against MERS-CoV focus on the spike (S) glycoprotein to prevent viral entry into target cells. These efforts, however, are limited by a poor understanding of antibody responses elicited by infection along with their durability, fine specificity and contribution of distinct S antigenic sites to neutralization. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed S-directed binding and neutralizing antibody titers in plasma collected from individuals infected with MERS-CoV in 2017-2019 (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic). We observed that binding and neutralizing antibodies peak 1 to 6 weeks after symptom onset/hospitalization, persist for at least 6 months, and broadly neutralize human and camel MERS-CoV strains. We show that the MERS-CoV S1 subunit is immunodominant and that antibodies targeting S1, particularly the RBD, account for most plasma neutralizing activity. Antigenic site mapping revealed that polyclonal plasma antibodies frequently target RBD epitopes, particularly a site exposed irrespective of the S trimer conformation, whereas targeting of S2 subunit epitopes is rare, similar to SARS-CoV-2. Our data reveal in unprecedented details the humoral immune responses elicited by MERS-CoV infection, which will guide vaccine and therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Addetia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Albert J Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ayed Y Asiri
- Al-Hayat National Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al-Mozaini
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abeer Alshukairi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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25
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Bermejo-Jambrina M, van der Donk LE, van Hamme JL, Wilflingseder D, de Bree G, Prins M, de Jong M, Nieuwkerk P, van Gils MJ, Kootstra NA, Geijtenbeek TB. Control of complement-induced inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection by anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. EMBO J 2024; 43:1135-1163. [PMID: 38418557 PMCID: PMC10987522 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated immune responses contribute to the excessive and uncontrolled inflammation observed in severe COVID-19. However, how immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is induced and regulated remains unclear. Here, we uncover the role of the complement system in the induction of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Complement rapidly opsonizes SARS-CoV-2 particles via the lectin pathway. Complement-opsonized SARS-CoV-2 efficiently induces type-I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses via activation of dendritic cells, which are inhibited by antibodies against the complement receptors (CR) 3 and 4. Serum from COVID-19 patients, or monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, attenuate innate and adaptive immunity induced by complement-opsonized SARS-CoV-2. Blocking of CD32, the FcγRII antibody receptor of dendritic cells, restores complement-induced immunity. These results suggest that opsonization of SARS-CoV-2 by complement is involved in the induction of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the acute phase of infection. Subsequent antibody responses limit inflammation and restore immune homeostasis. These findings suggest that dysregulation of the complement system and FcγRII signaling may contribute to severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bermejo-Jambrina
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Lieve Eh van der Donk
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John L van Hamme
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Godelieve de Bree
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, GGD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC location AMC University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pythia Nieuwkerk
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, GGD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology (J3-2019-1), Amsterdam UMC location AMC University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC location AMC University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis Bh Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Cramer J, Jiang X, Aliu B, Ernst B. Combating DC-SIGN-mediated SARS-CoV-2 dissemination by glycan-mimicking polymers. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300396. [PMID: 38086006 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Many viruses exploit the human C-type lectin receptor dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) for cell entry and virus dissemination. An inhibition of DC-SIGN-mediated virus attachment by glycan-derived ligands has, thus, emerged as a promising strategy toward broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics. In this contribution, several cognate fragments of oligomannose- and complex-type glycans grafted onto a poly-l-lysine scaffold are evaluated as polyvalent DC-SIGN ligands. The range of selected carbohydrate epitopes encompasses linear (α- d-Man-(1→2)-α- d-Man, α- d-Man-(1→2)-α- d-Man-(1→2)-α- d-Man-(1→3)-α- d-Man) and branched (α- d-Man-(1→6)-[α- d-Man-(1→3)]-α- d-Man) oligomannosides, as well as α- l-Fuc. The thermodynamics of binding are investigated on a mono- and multivalent level to shed light on the molecular details of the interactions with the tetravalent receptor. Cellular models of virus attachment and DC-SIGN-mediated virus dissemination reveal a high potency of the presented glycopolymers in the low pico- and nanomolar ranges, respectively. The high activity of oligomannose epitopes in combination with the biocompatible properties of the poly- l-lysine scaffold highlights the potential for further preclinical development of polyvalent DC-SIGN ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cramer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Butrint Aliu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Pegg CL, Modhiran N, Parry RH, Liang B, Amarilla AA, Khromykh AA, Burr L, Young PR, Chappell K, Schulz BL, Watterson D. The role of N-glycosylation in spike antigenicity for the SARS-CoV-2 gamma variant. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad097. [PMID: 38048640 PMCID: PMC10969516 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants alters the efficacy of existing immunity towards the viral spike protein, whether acquired from infection or vaccination. Mutations that impact N-glycosylation of spike may be particularly important in influencing antigenicity, but their consequences are difficult to predict. Here, we compare the glycosylation profiles and antigenicity of recombinant viral spike of ancestral Wu-1 and the Gamma strain, which has two additional N-glycosylation sites due to amino acid substitutions in the N-terminal domain (NTD). We found that a mutation at residue 20 from threonine to asparagine within the NTD caused the loss of NTD-specific antibody COVA2-17 binding. Glycan site-occupancy analyses revealed that the mutation resulted in N-glycosylation switching to the new sequon at N20 from the native N17 site. Site-specific glycosylation profiles demonstrated distinct glycoform differences between Wu-1, Gamma, and selected NTD variant spike proteins, but these did not affect antibody binding. Finally, we evaluated the specificity of spike proteins against convalescent COVID-19 sera and found reduced cross-reactivity against some mutants, but not Gamma spike compared to Wuhan spike. Our results illustrate the impact of viral divergence on spike glycosylation and SARS-CoV-2 antibody binding profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Pegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Chemistry Building 68, Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Chemistry Building 68, Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Building 75, Corner College Road and Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Rhys H Parry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Chemistry Building 68, Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin Liang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Chemistry Building 68, Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alberto A Amarilla
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Chemistry Building 68, Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Chemistry Building 68, Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 and 4006, Australia
| | - Lucy Burr
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Health Services, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Chemistry Building 68, Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Building 75, Corner College Road and Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 and 4006, Australia
| | - Keith Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Chemistry Building 68, Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Building 75, Corner College Road and Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 and 4006, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Chemistry Building 68, Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 and 4006, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Chemistry Building 68, Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Building 75, Corner College Road and Cooper Road, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 and 4006, Australia
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28
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Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Majedi FS, Zarubova J, Thauland TJ, Arumugaswami V, Hsiai TK, Bouchard LS, Butte MJ, Li S. Harnessing Biomaterials to Amplify Immunity in Aged Mice through T Memory Stem Cells. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6908-6926. [PMID: 38381620 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The durability of a protective immune response generated by a vaccine depends on its ability to induce long-term T cell immunity, which tends to decline in aging populations. The longest protection appears to arise from T memory stem cells (TMSCs) that confer high expandability and effector functions when challenged. Here we engineered artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) with optimized size, stiffness and activation signals to induce human and mouse CD8+ TMSCs in vitro. This platform was optimized as a vaccine booster of TMSCs (Vax-T) with prolonged release of small-molecule blockade of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β together with target antigens. By using SARS-CoV-2 antigen as a model, we show that a single injection of Vax-T induces durable antigen-specific CD8+ TMSCs in young and aged mice, and generates humoral responses at a level stronger than or similar to soluble vaccines. This Vax-T approach can boost long-term immunity to fight infectious diseases, cancer, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh S Majedi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Jana Zarubova
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Timothy J Thauland
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Tzung K Hsiai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Louis-S Bouchard
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Manish J Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
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Long MB, Abo-Leyah H, Giam YH, Vadiveloo T, Hull RC, Keir HR, Pembridge T, Alferes De Lima D, Delgado L, Inglis SK, Hughes C, Gilmour A, Gierlinski M, New BJ, MacLennan G, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Chalmers JD. SFX-01 in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00917-2023. [PMID: 38469377 PMCID: PMC10926007 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00917-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sulforaphane can induce the transcription factor, Nrf2, promoting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses. In this study, hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were treated with stabilised synthetic sulforaphane (SFX-01) to evaluate impact on clinical status and inflammation. Methods Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of SFX-01 (300 mg oral capsule, once daily for 14 days) conducted in Dundee, UK, between November 2020 and May 2021. Patients had radiologically confirmed CAP and CURB-65 (confusion, urea >7 mmol·L-1, respiratory rate ≥30 breaths·min-1, blood pressure <90 mmHg (systolic) or ≤60 mmHg (diastolic), age ≥65 years) score ≥1. The primary outcome was the seven-point World Health Organization clinical status scale at day 15. Secondary outcomes included time to clinical improvement, length of stay and mortality. Effects on Nrf2 activity and inflammation were evaluated on days 1, 8 and 15 by measurement of 45 serum cytokines and mRNA sequencing of peripheral blood leukocytes. Results The trial was terminated prematurely due to futility with 133 patients enrolled. 65 patients were randomised to SFX-01 treatment and 68 patients to placebo. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was the cause of CAP in 103 (77%) cases. SFX-01 treatment did not improve clinical status at day 15 (adjusted OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.41-1.83; p=0.71), time to clinical improvement (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.02, 95% CI 0.70-1.49), length of stay (aHR 0.84, 95% CI 0.56-1.26) or 28-day mortality (aHR 1.45, 95% CI 0.67-3.16). The expression of Nrf2 targets and pro-inflammatory genes, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α, was not significantly changed by SFX-01 treatment. At days 8 and 15, respectively, 310 and 42 significant differentially expressed genes were identified between groups (false discovery rate adjusted p<0.05, log2FC >1). Conclusion SFX-01 treatment did not improve clinical status or modulate key Nrf2 targets in patients with CAP primarily due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete B. Long
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Hani Abo-Leyah
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Yan Hui Giam
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thenmalar Vadiveloo
- Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rebecca C. Hull
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Holly R. Keir
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas Pembridge
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Daniela Alferes De Lima
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lilia Delgado
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sarah K. Inglis
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Chloe Hughes
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Amy Gilmour
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Marek Gierlinski
- Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Graeme MacLennan
- Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James D. Chalmers
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Pal R, Ferrari MG, Honda-Okubo Y, Wattay L, Caple J, Navarrete J, Andersen H, Petrovsky N. Study of immunogenicity and efficacy against Omicron BA.5 of recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine delivered by intramuscular and mucosal routes in nonhuman primates. Vaccine 2024; 42:1122-1135. [PMID: 38262808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With SARS-CoV-2 continuing to evolve, there is a need to adapt COVID-19 vaccines to enhance mucosal immunity and better address immune-evasive variants. This pilot study was performed in mice and rhesus macaques to compare Advax-adjuvanted monovalent and bivalent recombinant spike protein vaccines, including when delivered via a combination of intramuscular (IM) and intrapulmonary (IPM) or oral routes. METHODS Mice were first used to compare the immunogenicity of monovalent and bivalent vaccines containing a variety of spike protein variants. Then, rhesus macaques (n = 23) were divided into 5 groups to receive COVID-19 vaccines via different routes. Clinical signs, local vaccination site reactions, body weight, food consumption, serum, alveolar lavage, nasal and oral antibody levels, and nasal and alveolar lavage virus loads were assessed in response to a heterologous Omicron BA.5 virus challenge. RESULTS The Wuhan + Mu bivalent vaccine gave the most broadly cross-neutralizing antibody responses. Robust serum neutralizing antibodies against Wuhan, Delta and Lambda variants were obtained, but BA.5 neutralizing antibodies were not detectable pre-challenge. Overall, the IM x3 and the IM x2 plus oral x2 vaccines delivered the best protection, with reduced lung virus load versus unimmunized controls across Days 2, 4 and 7. CONCLUSIONS Advax-adjuvanted monovalent or bivalent recombinant spike protein vaccines given via parenteral and/or mucosal routes protected against a heterologous BA.5 challenge, despite absent serum BA.5 neutralizing antibody, pre-challenge. The possibility of using an oral Advax-adjuvanted protein booster to provide broad protection against newer SARS-CoV-2 variants warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Pal
- BIOQUAL, Inc., 9600 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3336, USA.
| | | | | | - Lauren Wattay
- BIOQUAL, Inc., 9600 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3336, USA.
| | - Jesica Caple
- BIOQUAL, Inc., 9600 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3336, USA.
| | - Jennifer Navarrete
- BIOQUAL, Inc., 9600 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3336, USA.
| | - Hanne Andersen
- BIOQUAL, Inc., 9600 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3336, USA.
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., 11-13 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, SA 5046, Australia.
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31
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Wang Z, Huang AS, Tang L, Wang J, Wang G. Microfluidic-assisted single-cell RNA sequencing facilitates the development of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:642-657. [PMID: 38165771 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
As a class of antibodies that specifically bind to a virus and block its entry, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (neutralizing mAbs) have been recognized as a top choice for combating COVID-19 due to their high specificity and efficacy in treating serious infections. Although conventional approaches for neutralizing mAb development have been optimized for decades, there is an urgent need for workflows with higher efficiency due to time-sensitive concerns, including the high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2. One promising approach is the identification of neutralizing mAb candidates via single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), as each B cell has a unique transcript sequence corresponding to its secreted antibody. The state-of-the-art high-throughput single-cell sequencing technologies, which have been greatly facilitated by advances in microfluidics, have greatly accelerated the process of neutralizing mAb development. Here, we provide an overview of the general procedures for high-throughput single-cell RNA-seq enabled by breakthroughs in droplet microfluidics, introduce revolutionary approaches that combine single-cell RNA-seq to facilitate the development of neutralizing mAbs against SARS-CoV-2, and outline future steps that need to be taken to further improve development strategies for effective treatments against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Amelia Siqi Huang
- Dalton Academy, The Affiliated High School of Peking University, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lingfang Tang
- Dalton Academy, The Affiliated High School of Peking University, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guanbo Wang
- Institute for Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
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32
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de Andrade LV, de Souza Sá MV, Vasconcelos B, Vasconcelos LRS, Khouri R, de Souza CDF, Armstrong ADC, do Carmo RF. High production MBL2 polymorphisms protect against COVID-19 complications in critically ill patients: A retrospective cohort study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23670. [PMID: 38187242 PMCID: PMC10770498 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) binds to SARS-CoV-2, inhibits infection of susceptible cells, and activates the complement system via the lectin pathway. In this study, we investigated the association of MBL2 polymorphisms with the risk of hospitalization and clinical worsening in patients with COVID-19. A total of 550 patients with COVID-19 were included (94 non-hospitalized and 456 hospitalized). Polymorphisms in MBL2 exon 1 (codons 52, 54 and 57) and promoter region (-550, -221, and +4) were determined by real-time PCR. MBL and complement proteins were measured by Luminex. A higher frequency of the H/H genotype and the HYPA haplotype was observed in non-hospitalized patients when compared to hospitalized. In addition, critically ill patients carrying haplotypes associated with high MBL levels (HYPA/HYPA + HYPA/LYPA + HYPA/LYQA + LYPA/LYQA + LYPA/LYPA + LYQA/LYQA + LXPA/HYPA + LXPA/LYQA + LXPA/LYPA) were protected against lower oxygen saturation levels (P = 0.02), use of invasive ventilation use (P = 0.02, OR 0.38), and shock (P = 0.01, OR 0.40), independent of other potential confounders adjusted by multivariate analysis. Our results suggest that variants in MBL2 associated with high MBL levels may play a protective role in the clinical course of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Viana de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Mirela Vanessa de Souza Sá
- Colegiado de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Khouri
- Instituto de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Feliciano do Carmo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil
- Colegiado de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil
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Huerta L, Gamboa-Meraz A, Estrada-Ochoa PS. Relevance of the Entry by Fusion at the Cytoplasmic Membrane vs. Fusion After Endocytosis in the HIV and SARS-Cov-2 Infections. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:329-344. [PMID: 37996685 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 and SARS-Cov-2 fuse at the cell surface or at endosomal compartments for entry into target cells; entry at the cell surface associates to productive infection, whereas endocytosis of low pH-independent viruses may lead to virus inactivation, slow replication, or alternatively, to productive infection. Endocytosis and fusion at the cell surface are conditioned by cell type-specific restriction factors and the presence of enzymes required for activation of the viral fusogen. Whereas fusion with the plasma membrane is considered the main pathway to productive infection of low pH-independent entry viruses, endocytosis is also productive and may be the main route of the highly efficient cell-to-cell dissemination of viruses. Alternative receptors, membrane cofactors, and the presence of enzymes processing the fusion protein at the cell membrane, determine the balance between fusion and endocytosis in specific target cells. Characterization of the mode of entry in particular cell culture conditions is desirable to better assess the effect of neutralizing and blocking agents and their mechanism of action. Whatever the pathway of virus internalization, production of the viral proteins into the cells can lead to the expression of the viral fusion protein on the cell surface; if this protein is able to induce membrane fusion at physiological pH, it promotes the fusion of the infected cell with surrounding uninfected cells, leading to the formation of syncytia or heterokaryons. Importantly, particular membrane proteins and lipids act as cofactors to support fusion. Virus-induced cell-cell fusion leads to efficient virus replication into fused cells, cell death, inflammation, and severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Huerta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Gamboa-Meraz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Pablo Samuel Estrada-Ochoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Simón-Fuentes M, Ríos I, Herrero C, Lasala F, Labiod N, Luczkowiak J, Roy-Vallejo E, Fernández de Córdoba-Oñate S, Delgado-Wicke P, Bustos M, Fernández-Ruiz E, Colmenares M, Puig-Kröger A, Delgado R, Vega MA, Corbí ÁL, Domínguez-Soto Á. MAFB shapes human monocyte-derived macrophage response to SARS-CoV-2 and controls severe COVID-19 biomarker expression. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172862. [PMID: 37917179 PMCID: PMC10807725 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages, the major source of pathogenic macrophages in COVID-19, are oppositely instructed by macrophage CSF (M-CSF) or granulocyte macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), which promote the generation of antiinflammatory/immunosuppressive MAFB+ (M-MØ) or proinflammatory macrophages (GM-MØ), respectively. The transcriptional profile of prevailing macrophage subsets in severe COVID-19 led us to hypothesize that MAFB shapes the transcriptome of pulmonary macrophages driving severe COVID-19 pathogenesis. We have now assessed the role of MAFB in the response of monocyte-derived macrophages to SARS-CoV-2 through genetic and pharmacological approaches, and we demonstrate that MAFB regulated the expression of the genes that define pulmonary pathogenic macrophages in severe COVID-19. Indeed, SARS-CoV-2 potentiated the expression of MAFB and MAFB-regulated genes in M-MØ and GM-MØ, where MAFB upregulated the expression of profibrotic and neutrophil-attracting factors. Thus, MAFB determines the transcriptome and functions of the monocyte-derived macrophage subsets that underlie pulmonary pathogenesis in severe COVID-19 and controls the expression of potentially useful biomarkers for COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Simón-Fuentes
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Ríos
- Immunometabolism and Inflammation Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Herrero
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Lasala
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Labiod
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joanna Luczkowiak
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Roy-Vallejo
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital La Princesa and Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Delgado-Wicke
- Molecular Biology Unit, University Hospital La Princesa and Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde Bustos
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), University of Seville, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital (HUVR), Seville, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Ruiz
- Molecular Biology Unit, University Hospital La Princesa and Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Colmenares
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Puig-Kröger
- Immunometabolism and Inflammation Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Vega
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel L. Corbí
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Baboo S, Diedrich JK, Torres JL, Copps J, Singh B, Garrett PT, Ward AB, Paulson JC, Yates JR. Evolving spike-protein N-glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.08.539897. [PMID: 37214937 PMCID: PMC10197516 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.08.539897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since >3 years, SARS-CoV-2 has plunged humans into a colossal pandemic. Henceforth, multiple waves of infection have swept through the human population, led by variants that were able to partially evade acquired immunity. The co-evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants with human immunity provides an excellent opportunity to study the interaction between viral pathogens and their human hosts. The heavily N-glycosylated spike-protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a pivotal role in initiating infection and is the target for host immune-response, both of which are impacted by host-installed N-glycans. Using highly-sensitive DeGlyPHER approach, we compared the N-glycan landscape on spikes of the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 strain to seven WHO-defined variants of concern/interest, using recombinantly expressed, soluble spike-protein trimers, sharing same stabilizing-mutations. We found that N-glycan processing is conserved at most sites. However, in multiple variants, processing of N-glycans from high mannose- to complex-type is reduced at sites N165, N343 and N616, implicated in spike-protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Baboo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jolene K. Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bhavya Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Patrick T. Garrett
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - James C. Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Bains A, Fischer K, Guan W, LiWang PJ. The Antiviral Activity of the Lectin Griffithsin against SARS-CoV-2 Is Enhanced by the Presence of Structural Proteins. Viruses 2023; 15:2452. [PMID: 38140693 PMCID: PMC10747160 DOI: 10.3390/v15122452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although COVID-19 transmission has been reduced by the advent of vaccinations and a variety of rapid monitoring techniques, the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself has shown a remarkable ability to mutate and persist. With this long track record of immune escape, researchers are still exploring prophylactic treatments to curtail future SARS-CoV-2 variants. Specifically, much focus has been placed on the antiviral lectin Griffithsin in preventing spike protein-mediated infection via the hACE2 receptor (direct infection). However, an oft-overlooked aspect of SARS-CoV-2 infection is viral capture by attachment receptors such as DC-SIGN, which is thought to facilitate the initial stages of COVID-19 infection in the lung tissue (called trans-infection). In addition, while immune escape is dictated by mutations in the spike protein, coronaviral virions also incorporate M, N, and E structural proteins within the particle. In this paper, we explored how several structural facets of both the SARS-CoV-2 virion and the antiviral lectin Griffithsin can affect and attenuate the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. We found that Griffithsin was a better inhibitor of hACE2-mediated direct infection when the coronaviral M protein is present compared to when it is absent (possibly providing an explanation regarding why Griffithsin shows better inhibition against authentic SARS-CoV-2 as opposed to pseudotyped viruses, which generally do not contain M) and that Griffithsin was not an effective inhibitor of DC-SIGN-mediated trans-infection. Furthermore, we found that DC-SIGN appeared to mediate trans-infection exclusively via binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, with no significant effect observed when other viral proteins (M, N, and/or E) were present. These results provide etiological data that may help to direct the development of novel antiviral treatments, either by leveraging Griffithsin binding to the M protein as a novel strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection or by narrowing efforts to inhibit trans-infection to focus on DC-SIGN binding to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Bains
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA;
| | - Kathryn Fischer
- Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA;
| | - Wenyan Guan
- Materials and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA;
| | - Patricia J. LiWang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA
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Dawoodi S, Rizvi SAA, Zaidi AK. Innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 202:127-154. [PMID: 38237984 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the recognition, activation, and evasion strategies employed by the virus. The innate immune system plays a crucial role in the early defense against viral infections, and understanding its response to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for developing effective therapeutic approaches. The chapter begins by explaining the basics of the innate immune system, including its components and salient features. It discusses the various pattern recognition receptors involved in recognizing SARS-CoV-2, such as toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and other cytosolic sensors. The binding and entry of the virus into host cells and subsequent activation of innate immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and ILCs, are explored. Furthermore, the secretion of key cytokines and chemokines, including type I interferons, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-alpha, is discussed as part of the innate immune response. The concept of PANoptosis, involving programmed cell death mechanisms, is introduced as a significant aspect of the response to SARS-CoV-2. The chapter also addresses the innate immune evasion strategies employed by SARS-CoV-2, which allow the virus to evade or subvert the host immune response, contributing to viral persistence. Understanding these strategies is crucial for developing targeted therapies against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Dawoodi
- Anaesthesiologist, University Hospitals Birmingham and NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Syed A A Rizvi
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Larkin University, Miami, Florida, United States.
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Cesar-Silva D, Pereira-Dutra FS, Giannini ALM, Maya-Monteiro CM, de Almeida CJG. Lipid compartments and lipid metabolism as therapeutic targets against coronavirus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268854. [PMID: 38106410 PMCID: PMC10722172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids perform a series of cellular functions, establishing cell and organelles' boundaries, organizing signaling platforms, and creating compartments where specific reactions occur. Moreover, lipids store energy and act as secondary messengers whose distribution is tightly regulated. Disruption of lipid metabolism is associated with many diseases, including those caused by viruses. In this scenario, lipids can favor virus replication and are not solely used as pathogens' energy source. In contrast, cells can counteract viruses using lipids as weapons. In this review, we discuss the available data on how coronaviruses profit from cellular lipid compartments and why targeting lipid metabolism may be a powerful strategy to fight these cellular parasites. We also provide a formidable collection of data on the pharmacological approaches targeting lipid metabolism to impair and treat coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Cesar-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Genetics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe S. Pereira-Dutra
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Genetics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Moraes Giannini
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Signal Transduction, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarissa M. Maya-Monteiro
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Genetics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cecília Jacques G. de Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Genetics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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39
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Chen C, Wang X, Zhang Z. Humoral and cellular immunity against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:934-947. [PMID: 37865193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019, the virus has rapidly spread worldwide. This has led to an unprecedented global pandemic, marked by millions of COVID-19 cases and a significant number of fatalities. Over a relatively short period, several different vaccine platforms are developed and deployed for use globally to curb the pandemic. However, the genome of SARS-CoV-2 continuously undergoes mutation and/or recombination, resulting in the emergence of several variants of concern (VOC). These VOCs can elevate viral transmission and evade the neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccines, leading to reinfections. Understanding the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 genomic mutation on viral pathogenesis and immune escape is crucial for assessing the threat of new variants to public health. This review focuses on the emergence and pathogenesis of VOC, with particular emphasis on their evasion of neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, the memory B cell, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell memory induced by different COVID-19 vaccines or infections are discussed, along with how these cells recognize VOC. This review summarizes the current knowledge on adaptive immunology regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccines. Such knowledge may also be applied to vaccine design for other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxu Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310001, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310001, China
| | - Zeli Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310001, China.
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40
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Tortorici MA, Addetia A, Seo AJ, Brown J, Sprouse KR, Logue J, Clark E, Franko N, Chu H, Veesler D. Persistent immune imprinting after XBB.1.5 COVID vaccination in humans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.28.569129. [PMID: 38076876 PMCID: PMC10705481 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.28.569129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Immune imprinting - also known as 'original antigenic sin' - describes how the first exposure to a virus shapes the immunological outcome of subsequent exposures to antigenically related strains. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron breakthrough infections and bivalent COVID-19 vaccination were shown to primarily recall cross-reactive memory B cells and antibodies induced by prior mRNA vaccination with the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike rather than priming naive B cells that recognize Omicron-specific epitopes. These findings underscored a strong immune imprinting resulting from repeated Wuhan-Hu-1 spike exposures. To understand if immune imprinting can be overcome, we investigated memory and plasma antibody responses after administration of the updated XBB.1.5 COVID mRNA vaccine booster. Our data show that the XBB.1.5 booster elicits neutralizing antibody responses against current variants that are dominated by recall of pre-existing memory B cells previously induced by the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike. These results indicate that immune imprinting persists even after multiple exposures to Omicron spikes through vaccination and infection, including post XBB.1.5 spike booster mRNA vaccination, which will need to be considered to guide the design of future vaccine boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amin Addetia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Albert J. Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jenni Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erica Clark
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas Franko
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Helen Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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41
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Dadonaite B, Brown J, McMahon TE, Farrell AG, Asarnow D, Stewart C, Logue J, Murrell B, Chu HY, Veesler D, Bloom JD. Full-spike deep mutational scanning helps predict the evolutionary success of SARS-CoV-2 clades. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.13.566961. [PMID: 38014024 PMCID: PMC10680755 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.13.566961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants acquire mutations in spike that promote immune evasion and impact other properties that contribute to viral fitness such as ACE2 receptor binding and cell entry. Knowledge of how mutations affect these spike phenotypes can provide insight into the current and potential future evolution of the virus. Here we use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how >9,000 mutations across the full XBB.1.5 and BA.2 spikes affect ACE2 binding, cell entry, or escape from human sera. We find that mutations outside the receptor-binding domain (RBD) have meaningfully impacted ACE2 binding during SARS-CoV-2 evolution. We also measure how mutations to the XBB.1.5 spike affect neutralization by serum from individuals who recently had SARS-CoV-2 infections. The strongest serum escape mutations are in the RBD at sites 357, 420, 440, 456, and 473-however, the antigenic impacts of these mutations vary across individuals. We also identify strong escape mutations outside the RBD; however many of them decrease ACE2 binding, suggesting they act by modulating RBD conformation. Notably, the growth rates of human SARS-CoV-2 clades can be explained in substantial part by the measured effects of mutations on spike phenotypes, suggesting our data could enable better prediction of viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Dadonaite
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Jack Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Teagan E McMahon
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Ariana G Farrell
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Daniel Asarnow
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jenni Logue
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Seattle, WA
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Seattle, WA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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42
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Wang R, Han Y, Zhang R, Zhu J, Nan X, Liu Y, Yang Z, Zhou B, Yu J, Lin Z, Li J, Chen P, Wang Y, Li Y, Liu D, Shi X, Wang X, Zhang Q, Yang YR, Li T, Zhang L. Dissecting the intricacies of human antibody responses to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunity 2023; 56:2635-2649.e6. [PMID: 37924813 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) causes more severe disease than SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for COVID-19. However, our understanding of antibody response to SARS-CoV-1 infection remains incomplete. Herein, we studied the antibody responses in 25 SARS-CoV-1 convalescent patients. Plasma neutralization was higher and lasted longer in SARS-CoV-1 patients than in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients. Among 77 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated, 60 targeted the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and formed 7 groups (RBD-1 to RBD-7) based on their distinct binding and structural profiles. Notably, RBD-7 antibodies bound to a unique RBD region interfaced with the N-terminal domain of the neighboring protomer (NTD proximal) and were more prevalent in SARS-CoV-1 patients. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and bat and pangolin coronaviruses were also identified. These results provide further insights into the antibody response to SARS-CoV-1 and inform the design of more effective strategies against diverse human and animal coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoke Wang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuanyu Nan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziqing Yang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bini Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinfang Yu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zichun Lin
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinqian Li
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangjunqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuanling Shi
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhe R Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.
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43
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Yu S, Zheng X, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Zhou B, Zhao Y, Li T, Li Y, Mou J, Cui X, Yang Y, Li D, Chen M, Lavillette D, Meng G. Antibody-mediated spike activation promotes cell-cell transmission of SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011789. [PMID: 37948454 PMCID: PMC10664894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID pandemic fueled by emerging SARS-CoV-2 new variants of concern remains a major global health concern, and the constantly emerging mutations present challenges to current therapeutics. The spike glycoprotein is not only essential for the initial viral entry, but is also responsible for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 components via syncytia formation. Spike-mediated cell-cell transmission is strongly resistant to extracellular therapeutic and convalescent antibodies via an unknown mechanism. Here, we describe the antibody-mediated spike activation and syncytia formation on cells displaying the viral spike. We found that soluble antibodies against receptor binding motif (RBM) are capable of inducing the proteolytic processing of spike at both the S1/S2 and S2' cleavage sites, hence triggering ACE2-independent cell-cell fusion. Mechanistically, antibody-induced cell-cell fusion requires the shedding of S1 and exposure of the fusion peptide at the cell surface. By inhibiting S1/S2 proteolysis, we demonstrated that cell-cell fusion mediated by spike can be re-sensitized towards antibody neutralization in vitro. Lastly, we showed that cytopathic effect mediated by authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unaffected by the addition of extracellular neutralization antibodies. Hence, these results unveil a novel mode of antibody evasion and provide insights for antibody selection and drug design strategies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhou
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhui Gao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingjie Zhou
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yapei Zhao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyi Li
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabin Mou
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxian Cui
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Yang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Min Chen
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Dimitri Lavillette
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Pasteurien College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Applied Molecular Virology Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Pasteurien College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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44
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Lusvarghi S, Stauft CB, Vassell R, Williams B, Baha H, Wang W, Neerukonda SN, Wang T, Weiss CD. Effects of N-glycan modifications on spike expression, virus infectivity, and neutralization sensitivity in ancestral compared to Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011788. [PMID: 37943965 PMCID: PMC10662749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein has 22 potential N-linked glycosylation sites per monomer that are highly conserved among diverse variants, but how individual glycans affect virus entry and neutralization of Omicron variants has not been extensively characterized. Here we compared the effects of specific glycan deletions or modifications in the Omicron BA.1 and D614G spikes on spike expression, processing, and incorporation into pseudoviruses, as well as on virus infectivity and neutralization by therapeutic antibodies. We found that loss of potential glycans at spike residues N717 and N801 each conferred a loss of pseudovirus infectivity for Omicron but not for D614G or Delta variants. This decrease in infectivity correlated with decreased spike processing and incorporation into Omicron pseudoviruses. Oligomannose-enriched Omicron pseudoviruses generated in GnTI- cells or in the presence of kifunensine were non-infectious, whereas D614G or Delta pseudoviruses generated under similar conditions remained infectious. Similarly, growth of live (authentic) SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of kifunensine resulted in a greater reduction of titers for the BA.1.1 variant than Delta or D614G variants relative to their respective, untreated controls. Finally, we found that loss of some N-glycans, including N343 and N234, increased the maximum percent neutralization by the class 3 S309 monoclonal antibody against D614G but not BA.1 variants, while these glycan deletions altered the neutralization potency of the class 1 COV2-2196 and Etesevimab monoclonal antibodies without affecting maximum percent neutralization. The maximum neutralization by some antibodies also varied with the glycan composition, with oligomannose-enriched pseudoviruses conferring the highest percent neutralization. These results highlight differences in the interactions between glycans and residues among SARS-CoV-2 variants that can affect spike expression, virus infectivity, and susceptibility of variants to antibody neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lusvarghi
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles B. Stauft
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring Maryland, United States of America
| | - Russell Vassell
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brittany Williams
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring Maryland, United States of America
| | - Haseebullah Baha
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sabari Nath Neerukonda
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tony Wang
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring Maryland, United States of America
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45
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Tulsian NK, Palur RV, Qian X, Gu Y, D/O Shunmuganathan B, Samsudin F, Wong YH, Lin J, Purushotorman K, Kozma MM, Wang B, Lescar J, Wang CI, Gupta RK, Bond PJ, MacAry PA. Defining neutralization and allostery by antibodies against COVID-19 variants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6967. [PMID: 37907459 PMCID: PMC10618280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The changing landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is linked to the emergence of variants, immune-escape and reduced efficacy of the existing repertoire of anti-viral antibodies. The functional activity of neutralizing antibodies is linked to their quaternary changes occurring as a result of antibody-Spike trimer interactions. Here, we reveal the conformational dynamics and allosteric perturbations linked to binding of novel human antibodies and the viral Spike protein. We identified epitope hotspots, and associated changes in Spike dynamics that distinguish weak, moderate and strong neutralizing antibodies. We show the impact of mutations in Wuhan-Hu-1, Delta, and Omicron variants on differences in the antibody-induced conformational changes in Spike and illustrate how these render certain antibodies ineffective. Antibodies with similar binding affinities may induce destabilizing or stabilizing allosteric effects on Spike, with implications for neutralization efficacy. Our results provide mechanistic insights into the functional modes and synergistic behavior of human antibodies against COVID-19 and may assist in designing effective antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kumar Tulsian
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
| | - Raghuvamsi Venkata Palur
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138761, Singapore
| | - Xinlei Qian
- Antibody Engineering Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Yue Gu
- Antibody Engineering Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Bhuvaneshwari D/O Shunmuganathan
- Antibody Engineering Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Firdaus Samsudin
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138761, Singapore
| | - Yee Hwa Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Jianqing Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Kiren Purushotorman
- Antibody Engineering Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Mary McQueen Kozma
- Antibody Engineering Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Bei Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Cheng-I Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Ravindra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter John Bond
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138761, Singapore.
| | - Paul Anthony MacAry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
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46
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Subramanian S, Schnell G, Iulio JD, Gupta AK, Shapiro AE, Sarkis EH, Lopuski A, Peppercorn A, Aldinger M, Hebner CM, Cathcart AL. Resistance analysis following sotrovimab treatment in participants with COVID-19 during the phase III COMET-ICE study. Future Virol 2023; 18:10.2217/fvl-2023-0146. [PMID: 38074312 PMCID: PMC10705769 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2023-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Aim: Sotrovimab is an engineered human monoclonal antibody that binds a conserved region of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The COMET-ICE phase III study evaluated sotrovimab for treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in nonhospitalized participants with ≥1 risk factor for severe disease progression. Materials & methods: We evaluated the presence of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern or interest (VOCs/VOIs) and characterized the presence of baseline, post-baseline and emergent amino acid substitutions detected in the epitope of sotrovimab in SARS-CoV-2. Results: None of the sotrovimab-treated participants with baseline epitope substitutions, and 1 of 48 sotrovimab-treated participants with post-baseline epitope substitutions, met the primary clinical endpoint for progression. Conclusion: Overall, progression was not associated with identified VOC/VOI or the presence of epitope substitutions in sotrovimab-treated participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anil K Gupta
- William Osler Health Centre, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrienne E Shapiro
- University of Washington & Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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47
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Datta S, Chen DY, Tavares AH, Reyes-Robles T, Ryu KA, Khan N, Bechtel TJ, Bertoch JM, White CH, Hazuda DJ, Vora KA, Hett EC, Fadeyi OO, Oslund RC, Emili A, Saeed M. High-resolution photocatalytic mapping of SARS-CoV-2 spike interactions on the cell surface. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1313-1322.e7. [PMID: 37499664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Identifying virus-host interactions on the cell surface can improve our understanding of viral entry and pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 disease, uses ACE2 as a receptor to enter cells. Yet the full repertoire of cell surface proteins that contribute to viral entry is unknown. We developed a photocatalyst-based viral-host protein microenvironment mapping platform (ViraMap) to probe the molecular neighborhood of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on the human cell surface. Application of ViraMap to ACE2-expressing cells captured ACE2, the established co-receptor NRP1, and several novel cell surface proteins. We systematically analyzed the relevance of these candidate proteins to SARS-CoV-2 entry by knockdown and overexpression approaches in pseudovirus and authentic infection models and identified PTGFRN and EFNB1 as bona fide viral entry factors. Our results highlight additional host targets that participate in SARS-CoV-2 infection and showcase ViraMap as a powerful platform for defining viral interactions on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprama Datta
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Da-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Alexander H Tavares
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tamara Reyes-Robles
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Keun Ah Ryu
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Nazimuddin Khan
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tyler J Bechtel
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Jayde M Bertoch
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Cory H White
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Daria J Hazuda
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Erik C Hett
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | | | - Rob C Oslund
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA.
| | - Andrew Emili
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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48
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Mishra KP, Singh M, Saraswat D, Singh S. Development of ELISA-Based Assay for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:495-502. [PMID: 37643285 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) stimulates the plasma B cells to secrete specific antibodies against the viral antigen. However, not all antibodies can prevent the virus from entering the cells. The subpopulation of antibodies which blocks the entry of the virus into host cells is termed neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). The gold standard test for the detection of NAbs is the viral plaque reduction and neutralization test; however, various other methods can also be utilized to detect NAbs. In this study, we have developed an Enzyme Linked Immunosobent Assay (ELISA)-based protocol for rapid detection of SARS CoV-2 NAb by inhibiting the binding of the spike protein receptor-binding domain to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and compared it with cPASS neutralizing antibody kit, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The results obtained suggest that the in-house ELISA developed for the detection of NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 is rapid and reliable. Compared to FDA-approved GenScript's cPass assay, the specificity and the sensitivity of the in-house-developed ELISA kit were 100% (95% confidence intervals of 69.15-100.00) and 96% (95% confidence intervals of 86.29-99.51), respectively. Thus, the ELISA protocol developed to test the neutralizing activities of antibodies is rapid, which requires a BSL-2 infrastructure facility and can be easily performed. It has very high potential applications in the rapid screening of NAb against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Mishra
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Mrinalini Singh
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Saraswat
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Somnath Singh
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
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49
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Labiod N, Luczkowiak J, Tapia MM, Lasala F, Delgado R. The role of DC-SIGN as a trans-receptor in infection by MERS-CoV. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1177270. [PMID: 37808906 PMCID: PMC10552186 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1177270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin expressed in myeloid cells such as immature dendritic cells and macrophages. Through glycan recognition in viral envelope glycoproteins, DC-SIGN has been shown to act as a receptor for a number of viral agents such as HIV, Ebola virus, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Using a system of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus pseudotyped with MERS-CoV spike protein, here, we show that DC-SIGN is partially responsible for MERS-CoV infection of dendritic cells and that DC-SIGN efficiently mediates trans-infection of MERS-CoV from dendritic cells to susceptible cells, indicating a potential role of DC-SIGN in MERS-CoV dissemination and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Labiod
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joanna Luczkowiak
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María M. Tapia
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Lasala
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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50
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Bains A, Guan W, LiWang PJ. The Effect of Select SARS-CoV-2 N-Linked Glycan and Variant of Concern Spike Protein Mutations on C-Type Lectin-Receptor-Mediated Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1901. [PMID: 37766307 PMCID: PMC10535197 DOI: 10.3390/v15091901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virion has shown remarkable resilience, capable of mutating to escape immune detection and re-establishing infectious capabilities despite new vaccine rollouts. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify relatively immutable epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 virion that are resistant to future mutations the virus may accumulate. While hACE2 has been identified as the receptor that mediates SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, it is only modestly expressed in lung tissue. C-type lectin receptors like DC-SIGN can act as attachment sites to enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection of cells with moderate or low hACE2 expression. We developed an easy-to-implement assay system that allows for the testing of SARS-CoV-2 trans-infection. Using our assay, we assessed how SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1-domain glycans and spike proteins from different strains affected the ability of pseudotyped lentivirions to undergo DC-SIGN-mediated trans-infection. Through our experiments with seven glycan point mutants, two glycan cluster mutants and four strains of SARS-CoV-2 spike, we found that glycans N17 and N122 appear to have significant roles in maintaining COVID-19's infectious capabilities. We further found that the virus cannot retain infectivity upon the loss of multiple glycosylation sites, and that Omicron BA.2 pseudovirions may have an increased ability to bind to other non-lectin receptor proteins on the surface of cells. Taken together, our work opens the door to the development of new therapeutics that can target overlooked epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 virion to prevent C-type lectin-receptor-mediated trans-infection in lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Bains
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA;
| | - Wenyan Guan
- Materials and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA;
| | - Patricia J. LiWang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA
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