1
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Spiliopoulos O, Solomos Z, Puchner KP. Buruli ulcer, tuberculosis and leprosy: Exploring the One Health dimensions of three most prevalent mycobacterial diseases: A narrative review. Trop Med Int Health 2024. [PMID: 38994702 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
ΟBJECTIVES: Although Buruli ulcer, tuberculosis, and leprosy are the three most common mycobacterial diseases, One Health dimensions of these infections remain poorly understood. This narrative review aims at exploring the scientific literature with respect to the presence of animal reservoir(s) and other environmental sources for the pathogens of these infections, their role in transmission to humans and the research on/practical implementation of One Health relevant control efforts. METHODS The literature review was conducted using the online databases PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest and Google Scholar, reviewing articles that were written in English in the last 15 years. Grey literature, published by intergovernmental agencies, was also reviewed. RESULTS For the pathogen of Buruli ulcer, evidence suggests possums as a possible animal reservoir and thus having an active role in disease transmission to humans. Cattle and some wildlife species are deemed as established animal reservoirs for tuberculosis pathogens, with a non-negligible proportion of infections in humans being of zoonotic origin. Armadillos constitute an established animal reservoir for leprosy pathogens with the transmission of the disease from armadillos to humans being deemed possible. Lentic environments, soil and other aquatic sources may represent further abiotic reservoirs for viable Buruli ulcer and leprosy pathogens infecting humans. Ongoing investigation and implementation of public health measures, targeting (sapro)zoonotic transmission can be found in all three diseases. CONCLUSION Buruli ulcer, tuberculosis and leprosy exhibit important yet still poorly understood One Health aspects. Despite the microbiological affinity of the respective causative mycobacteria, considerable differences in their animal reservoirs, potential environmental sources and modes of zoonotic transmission are being observed. Whether these differences reflect actual variations between these diseases or rather knowledge gaps remains unclear. For improved disease control, further investigation of zoonotic aspects of all three diseases and formulation of One Health relevant interventions is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Spiliopoulos
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Zisimangelos Solomos
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Karl Philipp Puchner
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, General Medicine and Health Services Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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2
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Zhou Z, van Hooij A, Wassenaar GN, Seed E, Verhard-Seymonsbergen EM, Corstjens PLAM, Meredith AL, Wilson LA, Milne EM, Beckmann KM, Geluk A. Molecular and Serological Surveillance for Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis in Wild Red Squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris) from Scotland and Northern England. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2005. [PMID: 38998117 PMCID: PMC11240566 DOI: 10.3390/ani14132005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a poverty-associated infectious disease in humans caused by Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepromatosis, often resulting in skin and peripheral nerve damage, which remains a significant public health concern in isolated areas of low- and middle-income countries. Previous studies reported leprosy in red squirrels in the British Isles, despite the fact that autochthonous human cases have been absent for centuries in this region. To investigate the extent of M. leprae and M. lepromatosis presence in wild red squirrels in the northern UK, we analyzed 220 blood/body cavity fluid samples from opportunistically sampled red squirrels (2004-2023) for specific antibodies against phenolic glycolipid-I, a cell wall component specific for these leprosy bacilli. Additionally, we assessed bacillus-derived DNA by real-time PCR (qPCR) in 250 pinnae from the same cohort. M. lepromatosis and M. leprae DNA were detected by qPCR in 20.4% and 0.8% of the squirrels, respectively. No cases of co-detection were observed. Detectable levels of anti-PGL-I antibodies by UCP-LFA were observed in 52.9% of animals with the presence of M. lepromatosis determined by qPCR, and overall in 15.5% of all animals. In total, 22.6% (n = 296) of this UK cohort had at least some exposure to leprosy bacilli. Our study shows that leprosy bacilli persist in red squirrels in the northern UK, emphasizing the necessity for ongoing molecular and serological monitoring to study leprosy ecology in red squirrels, gain insight into potential zoonotic transmission, and to determine whether the disease has a conservation impact on this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (Z.Z.); (A.v.H.); (G.N.W.); (E.M.V.-S.)
| | - Anouk van Hooij
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (Z.Z.); (A.v.H.); (G.N.W.); (E.M.V.-S.)
| | - Gaby N. Wassenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (Z.Z.); (A.v.H.); (G.N.W.); (E.M.V.-S.)
| | - Emma Seed
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (E.S.); (L.A.W.); (E.M.M.); (K.M.B.)
| | - Els M. Verhard-Seymonsbergen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (Z.Z.); (A.v.H.); (G.N.W.); (E.M.V.-S.)
| | - Paul L. A. M. Corstjens
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Anna L. Meredith
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Liam A. Wilson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (E.S.); (L.A.W.); (E.M.M.); (K.M.B.)
| | - Elspeth M. Milne
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (E.S.); (L.A.W.); (E.M.M.); (K.M.B.)
| | - Katie M. Beckmann
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (E.S.); (L.A.W.); (E.M.M.); (K.M.B.)
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (Z.Z.); (A.v.H.); (G.N.W.); (E.M.V.-S.)
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3
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Gogarten JF, Düx A, Gräßle T, Lumbu CP, Markert S, Patrono LV, Pléh KA, Singa FN, Tanga CTF, Tombolomako TB, Couacy-Hymann E, Kouadio L, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Makouloutou-Nzassi P, Calvignac-Spencer S, Leendertz FH. An ounce of prevention is better : Monitoring wildlife health as a tool for pandemic prevention. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2819-2831. [PMID: 38849672 PMCID: PMC11239677 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term observations of wildlife are key to understanding the ecological foundations of disease emergence. They provide unique opportunities to detect pathogens with zoonotic potential that could threaten human health but also pose a threat for the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frederik Gogarten
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ariane Düx
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Tobias Gräßle
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christelle Patricia Lumbu
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- Institut National de Recherche Biomedical, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Kokolopori Bonobo Research Project, Tshuapa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Stephanie Markert
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Livia Victoria Patrono
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kamilla Anna Pléh
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Frederic Niatou Singa
- WWF Central African Republic Programme Office, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Coch Tanguy Floyde Tanga
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
- Ozouga Chimpanzee Project, Loango National Park, Gabon
- Loango Gorilla Project, Loango National Park, Gabon
| | - Thais Berenger Tombolomako
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- WWF Central African Republic Programme Office, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Leonce Kouadio
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- Université Peleforo Gon Coulibaly, Korhogo, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Service de Microbiologie, Departement de Biologie Médicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK), Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Patrice Makouloutou-Nzassi
- Département de Biologie et Écologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité de Recherche en Écologie de la Santé, CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fabian Hubertus Leendertz
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany.
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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4
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Sereme Y, Zarza SM, Medkour H, Mezouar S, Dotras L, Barciela A, Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Vitte J, Šmajs D, Louni M, Mulot B, Leclerc A, Guéry JP, Orain N, Diatta G, Sokhna C, Raoult D, Davoust B, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. Treponematosis in critically endangered Western chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes verus) in Senegal. One Health 2024; 18:100694. [PMID: 39010964 PMCID: PMC11247300 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Treponematoses encompass a group of chronic and debilitating bacterial diseases transmitted sexually or by direct contact and attributed to Treponema pallidum. Despite being documented since as far back as 1963, the epidemiology of treponematoses in wild primates has remained an uninvestigated territory due to the inherent challenges associated with conducting examinations and obtaining invasive biological samples from wild animals. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the presence of treponemal infections in the critically endangered Western chimpanzees in Senegal, utilizing an innovative non-invasive stool serology method. We provide compelling evidence of the existence of anti-Treponema-specific antibodies in 13 out of 29 individual chimpanzees. Our study also underscores the significant potential of stool serology as a valuable non-invasive tool for monitoring and surveilling crucial emerging diseases in wild animals. We recognize two major implications: (1) the imperative need to assess the risks of treponematosis in Western chimpanzee populations and (2) the necessity to monitor and manage this disease following a holistic One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssouf Sereme
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Madariaga Zarza
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Hacène Medkour
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Laia Dotras
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Barciela
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal
| | - R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Serra Hunter Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain
| | - Joana Vitte
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - David Šmajs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice, Czech Republic
| | - Meriem Louni
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas Orain
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Georges Diatta
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- VITROME, Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- VITROME, Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
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5
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Urban C, Blom AA, Avanzi C, Walker-Meikle K, Warren AK, White-Iribhogbe K, Turle R, Marter P, Dawson-Hobbis H, Roffey S, Inskip SA, Schuenemann VJ. Ancient Mycobacterium leprae genome reveals medieval English red squirrels as animal leprosy host. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2221-2230.e8. [PMID: 38703773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Leprosy, one of the oldest recorded diseases in human history, remains prevalent in Asia, Africa, and South America, with over 200,000 cases every year.1,2 Although ancient DNA (aDNA) approaches on the major causative agent, Mycobacterium leprae, have elucidated the disease's evolutionary history,3,4,5 the role of animal hosts and interspecies transmission in the past remains unexplored. Research has uncovered relationships between medieval strains isolated from archaeological human remains and modern animal hosts such as the red squirrel in England.6,7 However, the time frame, distribution, and direction of transmissions remains unknown. Here, we studied 25 human and 12 squirrel samples from two archaeological sites in Winchester, a medieval English city well known for its leprosarium and connections to the fur trade. We reconstructed four medieval M. leprae genomes, including one from a red squirrel, at a 2.2-fold average coverage. Our analysis revealed a phylogenetic placement of all strains on branch 3 as well as a close relationship between the squirrel strain and one newly reconstructed medieval human strain. In particular, the medieval squirrel strain is more closely related to some medieval human strains from Winchester than to modern red squirrel strains from England, indicating a yet-undetected circulation of M. leprae in non-human hosts in the Middle Ages. Our study represents the first One Health approach for M. leprae in archaeology, which is centered around a medieval animal host strain, and highlights the future capability of such approaches to understand the disease's zoonotic past and current potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Urban
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Spalenring 145, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alette A Blom
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Spalenring 145, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK; School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Charlotte Avanzi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 401 W Pitkin St, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen Walker-Meikle
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Spalenring 145, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; Science Museum Group, Science Museum, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2DD, UK
| | - Alaine K Warren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 401 W Pitkin St, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Katie White-Iribhogbe
- School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, 10 Thornaugh Street, London WC1H 0XG, UK
| | - Ross Turle
- Hampshire Cultural Trust, Chilcomb House, Chilcomb Lane, Winchester SO23 8RB, UK
| | - Phil Marter
- School of History, Archaeology and Philosophy, University of Winchester, Medecroft Building, Sparkford Road, Winchester SO22 4NH, UK
| | - Heidi Dawson-Hobbis
- School of History, Archaeology and Philosophy, University of Winchester, Medecroft Building, Sparkford Road, Winchester SO22 4NH, UK
| | - Simon Roffey
- School of History, Archaeology and Philosophy, University of Winchester, Medecroft Building, Sparkford Road, Winchester SO22 4NH, UK
| | - Sarah A Inskip
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Verena J Schuenemann
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Spalenring 145, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Kimta N, Majdalawieh AF, Nasrallah GK, Puri S, Nepovimova E, Jomova K, Kuča K. Leprosy: Comprehensive insights into pathology, immunology, and cutting-edge treatment strategies, integrating nanoparticles and ethnomedicinal plants. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1361641. [PMID: 38818380 PMCID: PMC11137175 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1361641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae is the causative agent responsible for the chronic disease known as leprosy. This condition is characterized by dermal involvement, often leading to peripheral nerve damage, sensory-motor loss, and related abnormalities. Both innate and acquired immunological responses play a role in the disease, and even in individuals with lepromatous leprosy, there can be a transient increase in T cell immunity during lepromatous reactions. Diagnosing of early-stage leprosy poses significant challenges. In this context, nanoparticles have emerged as a promising avenue for addressing various crucial issues related to leprosy. These include combatting drug resistance, mitigating adverse effects of conventional medications, and enhancing targeted drug delivery. This review serves as a comprehensive compilation, encompassing aspects of pathology, immunology, and adverse effects of multidrug delivery systems in the context of leprosy treatment. Furthermore, the review underscores the significance of ethnomedicinal plants, bioactive secondary metabolites, and nanotherapeutics in the management of leprosy. It emphasizes the potential to bridge the gap between existing literature and ongoing research efforts, with a profound scope for validating traditional claims, developing herbal medicines, and formulating nanoscale drug delivery systems that are safe, effective, and widely accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetika Kimta
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Amin F. Majdalawieh
- Department of Biology, Chemsitry, and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Sunil Puri
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Klaudia Jomova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové, Czechia
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7
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Utap MS, Ng CJ, Lee YK, Kiyu A. Prevalence Trend and Clinical Profile of Leprosy Among the Indigenous Penan Community in Rural Baram, Sarawak, Malaysia: A Retrospective Study. Asia Pac J Public Health 2024; 36:219-224. [PMID: 38258742 DOI: 10.1177/10105395241227507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In Malaysia, despite achieving leprosy-elimination status in 1994, leprosy remains a public health issue among the indigenous Penan community in Sarawak. This study aimed to determine the prevalence trend and clinical profile of leprosy among the Penans in rural Baram, Sarawak, Malaysia. A retrospective records review was conducted on 10-year (2008-2018) time trend of annual prevalence rate and 5-year (2013-2018) Penan leprosy patient clinical profile. Out of the 257 new cases of leprosy reported in Sarawak, 42.8% were Penans, and 72.7% were from Baram. The annual Penan ethnic-specific prevalence rate ranged from 2.08 to 35.5/10 000. Forty-six cases were analyzed for clinical profile: There were more males, active case detection, and multibacillary leprosy. The prevalence trend of leprosy among the Penans in rural Baram exceeded recommended elimination targets. Majority of the cases were detected through active case detection, but cases were detected late. Interventions are needed to improve early diagnosis and detection to achieve elimination of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chirk Jenn Ng
- SingHealth Polyclinics, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yew Kong Lee
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Andrew Kiyu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
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8
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Loudon JE, Howells ME, Wolfe CA, Buana IN, Buda W, Wandia IN, Putra IGAA, Patterson M, Fuentes A. Healing Hanuman's Army: Veterinary Care as a Core Component of One Health Principles in a Southeast Asian Monkey Forest. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:117. [PMID: 38200848 PMCID: PMC10777948 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildlife that inhabit urban landscapes face the dual challenge of negotiating their positions in their group while navigating obstacles of anthropogenically modified landscapes. The dynamics of urban environments can result in novel injuries and mortalities for these animals. However, these negative impacts can be mitigated through planning, and onsite veterinary care like that provided by the Ubud Monkey Forest in Bali, Indonesia. We examined 275 recorded injuries and mortalities among six social groups of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) brought to the veterinary clinic from 2015-2018. We fit the probabilities of injury vs. death among macaques brought to the clinic using a multilevel logistic regression model to infer the relationship between injury vs. death and associated demographic parameters. Males were more likely to sustain injuries and females were more likely to die. The frequency of injuries and mortalities changed over the four-year study period, which was reflected in our model. The odds of mortality were highest among young macaques and the odds of injury vs. mortality varied across the six social groups. We categorized injuries and mortalities as "natural" or "anthropogenic". Most injuries and mortalities were naturally occurring, but powerlines, motorized vehicles, and plastic present ongoing anthropogenic threats to macaque health. Most wounds and injuries were successfully treated, with healthy animals released back to their group. We suggest other sites with high levels of human-alloprimate interplays consider the Ubud Monkey Forest veterinary office as a model of care and potentially adopt their approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Loudon
- Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA;
| | - Michaela E. Howells
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA; (M.E.H.)
| | - Christopher A. Wolfe
- Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA;
| | | | - Wayan Buda
- Ubud Monkey Forest, Padangtegal 80571, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I. Nengah Wandia
- Primate Division of Natural Resources and Environment Research Center, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar 80361, Bali, Indonesia; (I.N.W.); (I.G.A.A.P.)
| | - I. Gusti Agung Arta Putra
- Primate Division of Natural Resources and Environment Research Center, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar 80361, Bali, Indonesia; (I.N.W.); (I.G.A.A.P.)
| | - Meghan Patterson
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA; (M.E.H.)
| | - Agustín Fuentes
- Department of Anthropology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;
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9
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Hu B, Han S, He H. Effect of epidemic diseases on wild animal conservation. Integr Zool 2023; 18:963-980. [PMID: 37202360 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Under the background of global species extinction, the impact of epidemic diseases on wild animal protection is increasingly prominent. Here, we review and synthesize the literature on this topic, and discuss the relationship between diseases and biodiversity. Diseases usually reduce species diversity by decreasing or extinction of species populations, but also accelerate species evolution and promote species diversity. At the same time, species diversity can regulate disease outbreaks through dilution or amplification effects. The synergistic effect of human activities and global change is emphasized, which further aggravates the complex relationship between biodiversity and diseases. Finally, we emphasize the importance of active surveillance of wild animal diseases, which can protect wild animals from potential diseases, maintain population size and genetic variation, and reduce the damage of diseases to the balance of the whole ecosystem and human health. Therefore, we suggest that a background survey of wild animal populations and their pathogens should be carried out to assess the impact of potential outbreaks on the population or species level. The mechanism of dilution and amplification effect between species diversity and diseases of wild animals should be further studied to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for human intervention measures to change biodiversity. Most importantly, we should closely combine the protection of wild animals with the establishment of an active surveillance, prevention, and control system for wild animal epidemics, in an effort to achieve a win-win situation between wild animal protection and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyi Han
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Krausser L, Chauvaux E, Van Dyck-Lippens M, Yssouf A, Assoumani Y, Tortosa P, de Jong BC, Braet SM. Ticks are unlikely to play a role in leprosy transmission in the Comoros (East Africa) as they do not harbour M. leprae DNA. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1238914. [PMID: 37859857 PMCID: PMC10582737 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1238914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leprosy, one of the oldest known human diseases, continues to pose a global challenge for disease control due to an incomplete understanding of its transmission pathways. Ticks have been proposed as a potential contributor in leprosy transmission due to their importance as vectors for other infectious diseases. Methods In 2010, a sampling of ticks residing on cattle was conducted on the islands Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Mohéli which constitute the Union of the Comoros where leprosy remains endemic. To investigate the potential role of ticks as a vector in transmission of leprosy disease, molecular analyses were conducted. Results Out of the 526 ticks analysed, none were found to harbour Mycobacterium leprae DNA, as determined by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay targeting a family of dispersed repeats (RLEP) specific to M. leprae. Discussion Therefore, our results suggest that in the Union of the Comoros, ticks are an unlikely vector for M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Krausser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elien Chauvaux
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Amina Yssouf
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, CHU de La Réunion, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion Island, France
- Plan National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Moroni, Comoros
| | - Younoussa Assoumani
- Damien Foundation, Brussels, Belgium
- National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Program, Moroni, Comoros
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, CHU de La Réunion, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion Island, France
- Université de La Réunion, Fédération de recherche Environnement, Biodiversité et Santé, Saint-Denis, Réunion Island, France
| | | | - Sofie Marijke Braet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Koops K, Humle T, Frandsen P, Fitzgerald M, D'Auvergne L, Jackson HA, Børsting C, Siegismund HR, Soumah AG, Hvilsom C. Genetics as a novel tool in mining impact assessment and biomonitoring of critically endangered western chimpanzees in the Nimba Mountains, Guinea. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathelijne Koops
- Ape Behaviour & Ecology Group, Department of Evolutionary Anthropology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Archaeology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Tatyana Humle
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Kent UK
| | - Peter Frandsen
- Research and Conservation Copenhagen Zoo Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Maegan Fitzgerald
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Lucy D'Auvergne
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Kent UK
| | - Hazel A. Jackson
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Kent UK
| | - Claus Børsting
- Department of Forensic Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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12
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Gilmore A. Leprosy (Hansen's disease): An Update and Review. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2023; 120:39-44. [PMID: 36860602 PMCID: PMC9970335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) is caused by infection with bacilli of the Mycobacterium leprae complex. It is considered an exotic and rare diagnosis in Missouri. Past leprosy patients diagnosed locally have typically acquired it in areas of the world where leprosy is endemic. However, a recent case in a native Missourian that appears to be locally acquired suggests that leprosy may now be endemic in Missouri, possibly due to the expanded range of its zoonotic vector, the nine-banded armadillo. Health care providers in Missouri should be aware of how leprosy manifests and suspected cases referred to centers such as ours for evaluation and early institution of appropriate treatment.
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Sugawara-Mikami M, Tanigawa K, Kawashima A, Kiriya M, Nakamura Y, Fujiwara Y, Suzuki K. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium leprae. Virulence 2022; 13:1985-2011. [PMID: 36326715 PMCID: PMC9635560 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2141987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) and M. lepromatosis, an obligate intracellular organism, and over 200,000 new cases occur every year. M. leprae parasitizes histiocytes (skin macrophages) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nerves. Although leprosy can be treated by multidrug therapy, some patients relapse or have a prolonged clinical course and/or experience leprosy reaction. These varying outcomes depend on host factors such as immune responses against bacterial components that determine a range of symptoms. To understand these host responses, knowledge of the mechanisms by which M. leprae parasitizes host cells is important. This article describes the characteristics of leprosy through bacteriology, genetics, epidemiology, immunology, animal models, routes of infection, and clinical findings. It also discusses recent diagnostic methods, treatment, and measures according to the World Health Organization (WHO), including prevention. Recently, the antibacterial activities of anti-hyperlipidaemia agents against other pathogens, such as M. tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus have been investigated. Our laboratory has been focused on the metabolism of lipids which constitute the cell wall of M. leprae. Our findings may be useful for the development of future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sugawara-Mikami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,West Yokohama Sugawara Dermatology Clinic, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanigawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kiriya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujiwara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Wang C, Wu Z, Jiang H, Shi Y, Zhang W, Zhang M, Wang H. Global prevalence of resistance to rifampicin in Mycobacterium leprae: A meta-analysis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 31:119-127. [PMID: 36055549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As the only bactericidal drug in multidrug therapy is rifampicin, monitoring of antimicrobial resistance is important in leprosy patients. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis on the resistance of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) to rifampicin and estimated drug resistance in different therapeutic states and regions. METHODS Embase, Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched to identify studies between 1 January 1993 and 1 January 2022. Two independent reviewers extracted study data. Pooled cumulative incidences were computed using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS We included 32 papers describing the resistance of M. leprae to rifampicin (pooled cumulative incidences, 11% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 7% to 15%]). Therapeutic states and regional distribution were obtained for subgroup analyses. A total of 51 of 1135 new cases (pooled incidence, 10% [95% CI, 5% to 16%]) and 81 of 733 relapsed cases (pooled incidence, 20% [95% CI, 13% to 27%]) had rifampicin resistance. A total of 139 participants, including 11 patients with rifampicin resistance (pooled incidence, 42% [95% CI, -21% to 105%]), were nonresponsive and intractable cases. The incidence of rifampicin resistance was highest in the Western Pacific (pooled incidence, 21% [95% CI, 13% to 29%]) and lowest in the Americas (pooled incidence, 4% [95% CI, 1% to 7%]). CONCLUSIONS Drug resistance testing and a robust and rigorous surveillance system are recommended to detect the prevalence of drug resistance in leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziwei Wu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University; Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiqin Jiang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyue Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University; Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, China
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15
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van Doren TP. Biocultural perspectives of infectious diseases and demographic evolution: Tuberculosis and its comorbidities through history. Evol Anthropol 2022; 32:100-117. [PMID: 36436141 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anthropologists recognize the importance of conceptualizing health in the context of the mutually evolving nature of biology and culture through the biocultural approach, but biocultural anthropological perspectives of infectious diseases and their impacts on humans (and vice versa) through time are relatively underrepresented. Tuberculosis (TB) has been a constant companion of humans for thousands of years and has heavily influenced population health in almost every phase of cultural and demographic evolution. TB in human populations has been dramatically influenced by behavior, demographic and epidemiological shifts, and other comorbidities through history. This paper critically discusses TB and some of its major comorbidities through history within a biocultural framework to show how transitions in human demography and culture affected the disease-scape of TB. In doing so, I address the potential synthesis of biocultural and epidemiological transition theory to better comprehend the mutual evolution of infectious diseases and humans.
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16
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Human-Borne Pathogens: Are They Threatening Wild Great Ape Populations? Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070356. [PMID: 35878373 PMCID: PMC9323791 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Human-driven activities, including agriculture, forestry, and mining, are destroying the natural habitats of wild great ape (bonobo, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan) populations in Africa and Southeast Asia. The reduction in and fragmentation of wild great ape environments lead to (i) a decrease in population numbers, (ii) the isolation of current populations, and (iii) increased exposure to humans and their livestock. Consequently, the spatial overlap between humans and wild great apes might facilitate the transmission of infectious agents between them. Historically, animal-to-human pathogen transmission has attracted most of the attention of researchers and public health authorities. Only in recent years has the human-to-animal transmission pathway acquired notoriety, mainly due to conservation concerns. In this review, we examine and appraise literature-based evidence reporting wild great ape infections with viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens of potential anthropic nature. We select and further discuss two viral (Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus), one bacterial (diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli), and two parasitic (Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis) pathogens causing infections in wild great ape populations for which a human origin is most likely. Gaps in knowledge and future research directions are also identified. Abstract Climate change and anthropic activities are the two main factors explaining wild great ape habitat reduction and population decline. The extent to which human-borne infectious diseases are contributing to this trend is still poorly understood. This is due to insufficient or fragmented knowledge on the abundance and distribution of current wild great ape populations, the difficulty obtaining optimal biological samples for diagnostic testing, and the scarcity of pathogen typing data of sufficient quality. This review summarises current information on the most clinically relevant pathogens of viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal nature for which transmission from humans to wild great apes is suspected. After appraising the robustness of available epidemiological and/or molecular typing evidence, we attempt to categorise each pathogen according to its likelihood of truly being of human origin. We further discuss those agents for which anthroponotic transmission is more likely. These include two viral (Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus), one bacterial (diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli), and two parasitic (Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis) pathogens. Finally, we identify the main drawbacks impairing research on anthroponotic pathogen transmission in wild great apes and propose research lines that may contribute to bridging current knowledge gaps.
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17
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Pena MT, Lahiri R, Ebenezer GJ, Wheat SW, Figarola J, Truman RW, Adams LB. The Armadillo as a Model for Leprosy Nerve Function Impairment: Preventative and Therapeutic Interventions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:879097. [PMID: 35814754 PMCID: PMC9259846 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.879097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae infection of peripheral nerves and the subsequent nerve function impairment (NFI), especially in response to reactional episodes, are hallmarks of leprosy. Improved treatments for M. leprae-induced nerve injury are needed, as most if not all of the disability and stigma associated with leprosy arises from the direct or indirect effects of NFI. Nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus), like humans, exhibit the full clinical spectrum of leprosy and extensive involvement of the peripheral nerves. In this study, state-of-the-art technology was used to compare nerve function between uninfected and M. leprae-infected armadillos. Motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and compound muscle action potential (cMAP), which measure changes in the rate of impulse conduction velocity and amplitude, revealed a progression of impairment that was directly correlated with the duration of M. leprae infection and enabled development of an objective nerve impairment scoring system. Ultrasonography accompanied by color Doppler imaging detected enlargement of the M. leprae-infected nerves and increased vascularity, possibly due to inflammation. Assessment of epidermal nerve fiber density (ENFD), which shows a length-dependent innervation in armadillos that is similar to humans, identified small fiber degeneration early after M. leprae infection. Staining for neuromuscular junction (NMJ) integrity, which is an indicator of signal transduction efficiency into skeletal muscle, discerned a markedly lower number and structural integrity of NMJ in M. leprae-infected armadillo footpads. These tools for assessing nerve injury were used to monitor the effects of intervention therapy. Two potential neuro-protective drugs, ethoxyquin (EQ) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), were tested for their ability to ameliorate peripheral nerve injury in M. leprae-infected armadillos. 4-AP treatment improved MNCV, cMAP, and EFND compared to untreated animals, while EQ had less effect. These results support the armadillo as a model for M. leprae-induced peripheral nerve injury that can provide insights toward the understanding of NFI progression and contribute to the preclinical investigation of the safety and efficacy of neuro-preventive and neuro-therapeutic interventions for leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Pena
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Health Systems Bureau, National Hansen’s Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Maria Teresa Pena,
| | - Ramanuj Lahiri
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Health Systems Bureau, National Hansen’s Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Gigi J. Ebenezer
- Department of Neurology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephen W. Wheat
- Department of Neurology-Guest Lecturer, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John Figarola
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Health Systems Bureau, National Hansen’s Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Richard W. Truman
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Health Systems Bureau, National Hansen’s Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Linda B. Adams
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Health Systems Bureau, National Hansen’s Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Cabral N, de Figueiredo V, Gandini M, de Souza CF, Medeiros RA, Lery LMS, Lara FA, de Macedo CS, Pessolani MCV, Pereira GMB. Modulation of the Response to Mycobacterium leprae and Pathogenesis of Leprosy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918009. [PMID: 35722339 PMCID: PMC9201476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial infection by the obligate intracellular bacillus Mycobacterium leprae evolves to leprosy in a small subset of the infected individuals. Transmission is believed to occur mainly by exposure to bacilli present in aerosols expelled by infected individuals with high bacillary load. Mycobacterium leprae-specific DNA has been detected in the blood of asymptomatic household contacts of leprosy patients years before active disease onset, suggesting that, following infection, the bacterium reaches the lymphatic drainage and the blood of at least some individuals. The lower temperature and availability of protected microenvironments may provide the initial conditions for the survival of the bacillus in the airways and skin. A subset of skin-resident macrophages and the Schwann cells of peripheral nerves, two M. leprae permissive cells, may protect M. leprae from effector cells in the initial phase of the infection. The interaction of M. leprae with these cells induces metabolic changes, including the formation of lipid droplets, that are associated with macrophage M2 phenotype and the production of mediators that facilitate the differentiation of specific T cells for M. leprae-expressed antigens to a memory regulatory phenotype. Here, we discuss the possible initials steps of M. leprae infection that may lead to active disease onset, mainly focusing on events prior to the manifestation of the established clinical forms of leprosy. We hypothesize that the progressive differentiation of T cells to the Tregs phenotype inhibits effector function against the bacillus, allowing an increase in the bacillary load and evolution of the infection to active disease. Epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms described in other chronic inflammatory diseases are evaluated for potential application to the understanding of leprosy pathogenesis. A potential role for post-exposure prophylaxis of leprosy in reducing M. leprae-induced anti-inflammatory mediators and, in consequence, Treg/T effector ratios is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Cabral
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vilma de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gandini
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rychelle Affonso Medeiros
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Miranda Santos Lery
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávio Alves Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Santos de Macedo
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Geraldo Moura Batista Pereira
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Klowak M, Boggild AK. A review of nutrition in neuropathic pain of leprosy. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2022; 9:20499361221102663. [PMID: 35677111 PMCID: PMC9168857 DOI: 10.1177/20499361221102663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that continues to burden low- and
middle-income countries (LMICs), despite being eliminated as a public health
concern by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2000. The causative agents,
Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium
lepromatosis, affect nearly 200,000 individuals globally each year,
with over 19,000 new cases detected in the Americas in 2020 alone. Canada has
experienced an increasing incidence of leprosy, due to rising levels of travel
and migration from endemic areas, reaching over 37,000 individuals with leprosy
by the end of 2020. Patients experience a spectrum of signs and symptoms
including hypopigmented cutaneous macules alongside peripheral neuropathy
including peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) and disabling sensory neuropathies.
Despite the development of effective and curative therapeutics
via multidrug therapy (MDT), many barriers to treatment
adherence and effective immunological control of the pathogen challenge the care
of patients with leprosy. Socioeconomic barriers, such as disability-related
social stigma and often undiagnosed nutritional deficiencies, have resulted in
heightened disease severity. PNP therapeutics are associated with significant
side effects and remain ineffective as the majority of individuals will not
experience a greater than 30% reduction of symptoms. Nutrient supplementation is
known to be instrumental in reducing host oxidative stress, strengthening the
immune system and mitigating comorbidities. Likewise, dietary lifestyle
interventions known to be physiologically beneficial have recently emerged as
powerful tools conferring neuroprotective effects, potentially mitigating PNP
severity. However, a significant knowledge gap concerning the effect of adequate
nutrition on host immunological control of leprosy and PNP severity exists.
Further evaluation of this relationship will provide key insight into the
pathogenesis of leprosy, strengthening the current body of literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klowak
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea K. Boggild
- Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, 13EN-218, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Sanchez CR, Hidalgo-Hermoso E. Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto in African Apes, What Is Its True Health Impact? Pathogens 2022; 11:484. [PMID: 35631005 PMCID: PMC9145341 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the Symposium on Mycobacterial Infections of Zoo Animals held at the National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution in 1976, our understanding of tuberculosis (TB) in non-domestic animals has greatly expanded. Throughout the past decades, this knowledge has resulted in improved zoo-habitats and facilities design, stricter biosecurity measures, and advanced diagnostic methods, including molecular techniques, that have significantly decreased the number of clinical disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in apes under human care settings. In the other hand, exponential growth of human populations has led to human encroachment in wildlife habitat which has resulted in increased inter-species contact and recurrent conflict between humans and wild animals. Although it is widely accepted that non-human primates are susceptible to M. tb infection, opinions differ with regard to the susceptibility to develop disease amongst different taxa. Specifically, some authors suggest that African apes are less susceptible to clinical tuberculosis than other species of primates. The aim of this review article is to evaluate the current scientific literature to determine the actual health impact of disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and more specifically Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto in African apes. The literature review included literature databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, Wiley, Springer and Science direct, without temporal limit and proceedings of annual conferences in the field of wildlife health. Our general inclusion criteria included information about serological, molecular, pathological (macroscopic and/or microscopic), and clinical evidence of TB in African apes; while our, our more stringent inclusion selection criteria required that in addition to a gross pathology, a molecular test confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto as the cause of disease or death. We identified eleven reports of tuberculosis in African apes; of those, only four reports met the more stringent selection criteria that confirmed M. tb sensu stricto in six individuals. All reports that confirmed M. tb sensu stricto originated from zoological collections. Our review suggests that there is little evidence of disease or mortality caused by M. tb in the different species of African apes both under human care and free ranging populations. Additional studies are needed in free-ranging, semi-captive populations (sanctuaries) and animals under human care (zoos and rescue centers) to definitely conclude that this mycobacteria has a limited health effect in African ape species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R. Sanchez
- Veterinary Medical Center, Oregon Zoo, Portland, 4001 SW Canyon Rd., Portland, OR 97221, USA
| | - Ezequiel Hidalgo-Hermoso
- Conservation and Research Department, Parque Zoologico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 01730, Chile;
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21
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Fagre AC, Cohen LE, Eskew EA, Farrell M, Glennon E, Joseph MB, Frank HK, Ryan SJ, Carlson CJ, Albery GF. Assessing the risk of human-to-wildlife pathogen transmission for conservation and public health. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1534-1549. [PMID: 35318793 PMCID: PMC9313783 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic has led to increased concern over transmission of pathogens from humans to animals, and its potential to threaten conservation and public health. To assess this threat, we reviewed published evidence of human‐to‐wildlife transmission events, with a focus on how such events could threaten animal and human health. We identified 97 verified examples, involving a wide range of pathogens; however, reported hosts were mostly non‐human primates or large, long‐lived captive animals. Relatively few documented examples resulted in morbidity and mortality, and very few led to maintenance of a human pathogen in a new reservoir or subsequent “secondary spillover” back into humans. We discuss limitations in the literature surrounding these phenomena, including strong evidence of sampling bias towards non‐human primates and human‐proximate mammals and the possibility of systematic bias against reporting human parasites in wildlife, both of which limit our ability to assess the risk of human‐to‐wildlife pathogen transmission. We outline how researchers can collect experimental and observational evidence that will expand our capacity for risk assessment for human‐to‐wildlife pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Bat Health Foundation, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lily E Cohen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York City, USA
| | - Evan A Eskew
- Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Max Farrell
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Glennon
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maxwell B Joseph
- Earth Lab, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Hannah K Frank
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisina, USA
| | - Sadie J Ryan
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab Group, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Colin J Carlson
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Gregory F Albery
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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22
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Faber WR, Menke H, Rutten V, Pieters T. Lepra Bubalorum, a Potential Reservoir of Mycobacterium leprae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:786921. [PMID: 34925294 PMCID: PMC8674755 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.786921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1926, a mycobacterial skin disease was observed in water buffaloes by researchers in Indonesia. The disease was designated as skin tuberculosis, though it was hypothesized that it might be a form of leprosy or a leprosy-like disease. In a follow-up study (Ph.D. thesis Lobel, 1934, Utrecht University, Netherlands) a similar nodular skin disease was described in Indonesian water buffaloes and named "lepra bubalorum" or "nodular leprosy." Two decades later Kraneveld and Roza (1954) reported that, so far, the diagnosis lepra bubalorum had been made in 146 cases in Indonesia. After a final series of research reports by Indonesian veterinarians in 1961, no subsequent cases were published. Based on information from these reports, it can be concluded that, even though evidence of nerve involvement in buffaloes was not reported, similarities exist between lepra bubalorum and Hansen's disease (leprosy), i.e., nodular skin lesions with a chronic course and microscopically granulomatous reactions with AFB in globi in vacuoles. This raises the question as to whether these historical cases might indeed have been caused by Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepromatosis or another representative of the M. leprae complex. The future use of state-of-the-art molecular techniques may answer this question and may also help to answer the question whether water buffaloes should be considered as a potential natural reservoir of the causative pathogen of Hansen's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Faber
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henk Menke
- Faculty of Science, Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Victor Rutten
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Toine Pieters
- Faculty of Science, Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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23
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Randhawa A, Kapila R, Schwartz RA. Leprosy: what is new. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:733-738. [PMID: 34826151 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is an age-old chronic granulomatous infection characterized by prominent cutaneous and neurologic findings. Long known to be caused by Mycobacterium leprae, a new etiologic species was identified and linked in 2008, Mycobacterium lepromatosis. The BCG vaccine with highly variable efficacy may soon be replaced by the first leprosy-specific subunit vaccine LepVax, which has recently moved forward in human trials. Recent evidence supporting theories of zoonotic transmission from armadillos and the less-discussed Eurasian red squirrels has emerged. Knowledge on genetic polymorphisms that may increase leprosy susceptibility, such as the newly uncovered mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5 (MRPS5) polymorphism in the Chinese population, has provided a fresh perspective and direction. Further, we will delineate the latest information on leprosy, including the possible effects of leprosy coinfection with COVID-19, HIV, and HTLV-1, and the shift to newer leprosy therapies and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avneet Randhawa
- Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Rajendra Kapila
- Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Robert A Schwartz
- Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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24
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Bersacola E, Parathian H, Frazão-Moreira A, Jaló M, Sanhá A, Regalla A, Saíd AR, Quecuta Q, Camará ST, Quade SMFF, Jaquite SM, Lopes AG, Patrono LV, Ramon M, Bessa J, Godley BJ, Bonneaud C, Leendertz FH, Hockings KJ. Developing an Evidence-Based Coexistence Strategy to Promote Human and Wildlife Health in a Biodiverse Agroforest Landscape. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.735367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agroforest mosaics represent one of the most extensive human-impacted terrestrial systems worldwide and play an increasingly critical role in wildlife conservation. In such dynamic shared landscapes, coexistence can be compromised if people view wildlife as a source of infectious disease. A cross-disciplinary One Health knowledge base can help to identify evolving proponents and threats to sustainable coexistence and establish long-term project goals. Building on an existing knowledge base of human–wildlife interactions at Cantanhez National Park (NP), Guinea-Bissau, we developed a causal pathway Theory-of-Change approach in response to a newly identified disease threat of leprosy in the Critically Endangered western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus). The goals of our project are to improve knowledge and surveillance of leprosy in humans and wildlife and increase capacity to manage human–wildlife interactions. We describe the core project activities that aim to (1) quantify space use by chimpanzees across Cantanhez NP and determine the distribution of leprosy in chimpanzees; (2) understand the health system and local perceptions of disease; and (3) identify fine-scale risk sites through participatory mapping of resources shared by humans and chimpanzees across target villages. We discuss the development of a biodiversity and health monitoring programme, an evidence-based One Health campaign, and a One Health environmental management plan that incorporates the sharing of space and resources, and the disease implications of human–non-human great ape interactions. We demonstrate the importance of multi-stakeholder engagement, and the development of strategy that fully considers interactions between people, wildlife, and the environment.
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25
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Du Toit A. Circulating leprosy in the wild. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 20:2. [PMID: 34697496 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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