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Liu X, Tian S, Guo W, Li H, Pang B, Wu Y. Competing C and N as Reactive Centers for Microsolvated Ambident Nucleophiles CN -(H 2O) n=0-3: A Theoretical Study of E2/S N2 Reactions with CH 3CH 2X (X = Cl, Br, I). J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4651-4662. [PMID: 38819200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
As an ambident nucleophile, CN- has both C and N atoms that can act as the reactive center to facilitate substitution reactions. We investigate in detail the potential energy profiles of CN-(H2O)0-3 with CH3CH2X (X = Cl, Br, I) to explore the influence of solvent molecules on competition between the different nucleophilic atoms C and N involving the SN2 and E2 pathways. The energy barrier sequence for the transition states follows C@inv-SN2 < N@inv-SN2 < C@anti-E2 < N@anti-E2. When two different atoms act as nucleophilic atoms, the SN2 reaction is always preferred over the E2 reaction, and this preference increases with microsolvation. For the ambident nucleophiles CN-(H2O)0-3, C as the reactive center always has stronger nucleophilicity and basicity than N acting as the reactive center. Regarding the leaving group, the height of the energy barrier is positively correlated with the acidity of the CH3CH2X substrate for the E2 pathway and with X-heterolysis for the SN2 pathway. Furthermore, we found that in the gas phase, the energy barrier for different leaving group systems decreases gradually in the order Cl > Br > I, while in the SMD solution, the energy barrier and product energy increase slightly in the system from X = Cl to Br; this change may be due to the significantly weakened transition-state interaction for the X = Br system. Our activation strain, quantitative molecular orbital, and charge analyses reveal the physical mechanisms underlying the various computed trends. In addition, we also demonstrate the two points recently proposed by Vermeeren, P. . Chem. Eur. J. 2020, 26, 15538-15548.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Shiqi Tian
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Wenyu Guo
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Boxue Pang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
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2
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Horst B, van Duijnen N, Janssen E, Hansen T, Ruijter E. Modular Divergent Synthesis of Indole Alkaloid Derivatives by an Atypical Ugi Multicomponent Reaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400477. [PMID: 38498145 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
We present an Ugi multicomponent approach to explore the chemical space around Aspidosperma-type monoterpene indole alkaloids. By variation of the isocyanide and carboxylic acid inputs we demonstrate the rapid generation of molecular diversity and the possibility to introduce handles for further modification. The key Ugi three-component reaction showed full diastereoselectivity towards the cis-fused ring system, which can be rationalized by DFT calculations that moreover indicate that the reaction proceeds via a Passerini-type hydrogen bonding mechanism. Several post-Ugi modifications were also performed, including Pictet-Spengler cyclization to highly complex nonacyclic natural product hybrid scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Horst
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels van Duijnen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elwin Janssen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Svatunek D. Computational Organic Chemistry: The Frontier for Understanding and Designing Bioorthogonal Cycloadditions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:17. [PMID: 38727989 PMCID: PMC11087259 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Computational organic chemistry has become a valuable tool in the field of bioorthogonal chemistry, offering insights and aiding in the progression of this branch of chemistry. In this review, I present an overview of computational work in this field, including an exploration of both the primary computational analysis methods used and their application in the main areas of bioorthogonal chemistry: (3 + 2) and [4 + 2] cycloadditions. In the context of (3 + 2) cycloadditions, detailed studies of electronic effects have informed the evolution of cycloalkyne/1,3-dipole cycloadditions. Through computational techniques, researchers have found ways to adjust the electronic structure via hyperconjugation to enhance reactions without compromising stability. For [4 + 2] cycloadditions, methods such as distortion/interaction analysis and energy decomposition analysis have been beneficial, leading to the development of bioorthogonal reactants with improved reactivity and the creation of orthogonal reaction pairs. To conclude, I touch upon the emerging fields of cheminformatics and machine learning, which promise to play a role in future reaction discovery and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Svatunek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Romano E, Barone V, Budzelaar PHM, De Rosa C, Talarico G. Revisiting Stereoselective Propene Polymerization Mechanisms: Insights through the Activation Strain Model. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400155. [PMID: 38494455 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The stereoelectronic factors responsible for stereoselectivity in propene polymerization with several metallocene and post-metallocene transition metal catalysts have been revisited using a combined approach of DFT calculations, the Activation Strain Model, Natural Energy Decomposition Analysis and a molecular descriptor (%VBur). There are in most cases two different paths leading to the formation of stereoerrors (SE), and the classical model does not suffice to fully understand stereoregulation. Improving stereoselectivity requires raising the energies of both SE insertion transition states. Our analyses show that the degrees of deformation of the active site (catalyst+chain) and the prochiral monomer differ for these two paths, and between different catalyst classes. Based on such analyses we discuss: a) the subtle differences in SE formation between stereoselective catalysts with different ligand frameworks; b) the reason for exceptional stereoselectivity reported for a special ansa-metallocene catalyst; c) the (double) stereocontrol origin for isoselective catalysts; d) the electronic contribution for isoselective catalysts generating SE by a modification of the ligand wrapping mode during the polymerization. Although this study will not immediately suggest new catalyst structures, we believe that understanding stereoregulation in great detail will increase our chances of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Romano
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138, Napoli, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
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Remmerswaal WA, de Jong T, van de Vrande KNA, Louwersheimer R, Verwaal T, Filippov DV, Codée JDC, Hansen T. Backside versus Frontside S N2 Reactions of Alkyl Triflates and Alcohols. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400590. [PMID: 38385647 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Nucleophilic substitution reactions are elementary reactions in organic chemistry that are used in many synthetic routes. By quantum chemical methods, we have investigated the intrinsic competition between the backside SN2 (SN2-b) and frontside SN2 (SN2-f) pathways using a set of simple alkyl triflates as the electrophile in combination with a systematic series of phenols and partially fluorinated ethanol nucleophiles. It is revealed how and why the well-established mechanistic preference for the SN2-b pathway slowly erodes and can even be overruled by the unusual SN2-f substitution mechanism going from strong to weak alcohol nucleophiles. Activation strain analyses disclose that the SN2-b pathway is favored for strong alcohol nucleophiles because of the well-known intrinsically more efficient approach to the electrophile resulting in a more stabilizing nucleophile-electrophile interaction. In contrast, the preference of weaker alcohol nucleophiles shifts to the SN2-f pathway, benefiting from a stabilizing hydrogen bond interaction between the incoming alcohol and the leaving group. This hydrogen bond interaction is strengthened by the increased acidity of the weaker alcohol nucleophiles, thereby steering the mechanistic preference toward the frontside SN2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Remmerswaal
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The, Netherlands
| | - Tjeerd de Jong
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The, Netherlands
| | - Koen N A van de Vrande
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The, Netherlands
| | - Rick Louwersheimer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Verwaal
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The, Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The, Netherlands
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Wu X, Bickelhaupt FM, Xie J. Solvent-induced dual nucleophiles and the α-effect in the S N2 versus E2 competition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11320-11330. [PMID: 38536735 PMCID: PMC11022550 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00671b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically investigated how microsolvation affects the various E2 and SN2 pathways, their mutual competition, and the α-effect of the model reaction system HOO-(H2O)n + CH3CH2Cl, at the CCSD(T) level. Interestingly, we identify the dual nature of the α-nucleophile HOO- which, upon solvation, is in equilibrium with HO-. This solvent-induced dual appearance gives rise to a rich network of competing reaction channels. Among both nucleophiles, SN2 is always favored over E2, and this preference increases upon increasing microsolvation. Furthermore, we found a pronounced α-effect, not only for SN2 substitution but also for E2 elimination, i.e., HOO- is more reactive than HO- in both cases. Our activation strain and quantitative molecular orbital analyses reveal the physical mechanisms behind the various computed trends. In particular, we demonstrate that two recently proposed criteria, required for solvent-free nucleophiles to display the α-effect, must also be satisfied by microsolvated HOO-(H2O)n nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Staronova L, Yamazaki K, Xu X, Shi H, Bickelhaupt FM, Hamlin TA, Dixon DJ. Cobalt-Catalyzed Enantio- and Regioselective C(sp 3 )-H Alkenylation of Thioamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316021. [PMID: 38143241 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
An enantioselective cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H alkenylation of thioamides with but-2-ynoate ester coupling partners employing thioamide directing groups is presented. The method is operationally simple and requires only mild reaction conditions, while providing alkenylated products as single regioisomers in excellent yields (up to 85 %) and high enantiomeric excess [up to 91 : 9 enantiomeric ratio (er), or up to >99 : 1 er after a single recrystallization]. Diverse downstream derivatizations of the products are demonstrated, delivering a range of enantioenriched constructs. Extensive computational studies using density functional theory provide insight into the detailed reaction mechanism, origin of enantiocontrol, and the unusual regioselectivity of the alkenylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Staronova
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Heyao Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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8
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Rawal P, Gupta P. Mapping the Catalytic-Space for the Reactivity of Metal-free Boron Nitride with O 2 for H 2O-Mediated Conversion of Methane to HCHO and CO. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303371. [PMID: 38221895 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Transition-metal based catalysts have been widely employed to catalyze partial oxidation of light alkanes. Recently, metal-free hexagonal-boron nitride (h-BN) has emerged as a promising catalyst for the oxidation of CH4 to HCHO and CO; however, the intricate catalytic surface of h-BN at molecular and electronic levels remains inadequately understood. Key questions include how electron-deficient boron atoms in h-BN reduce O2, and whether the partial oxidation of methane over h-BN exhibits similarities to traditional transition-metal catalysts. In our study, we computationally-mapped in-detail the surface catalytic-space of h-BN for methane oxidation. We considered different structures of h-BN and show that these structures contain numerous sites for O2 binding and therefore various routes for methane oxidation are possible. The activation barriers for methane oxidation via various paths varies from ~83 to ~123 kcal mol-1. To comprehend the differences in activation barriers, we employed geometrical, orbital and distortion/interaction analysis (DIA). Orbital analysis reveals that methane activation over h-BN in presence of dioxygen follows a standard hydrogen atom transfer mechanism. It is also shown that water plays an intriguing role in reducing the barrier for HCHO and CO formation by acting as a bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Rawal
- Computational Catalysis Center, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Puneet Gupta
- Computational Catalysis Center, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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9
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Bickelhaupt FM, Fernández I. What defines electrophilicity in carbonyl compounds. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3980-3987. [PMID: 38487236 PMCID: PMC10935700 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The origin of the electrophilicity of a series of cyclohexanones and benzaldehydes is investigated using the activation strain model and quantitative Kohn-Sham molecular orbital (MO) theory. We find that this electrophilicity is mainly determined by the electrostatic attractions between the carbonyl compound and the nucleophile (cyanide) along the entire reaction coordinate. Donor-acceptor frontier molecular orbital interactions, on which the current rationale behind electrophilicity trends is based, appear to have little or no significant influence on the reactivity of these carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria 28040-Madrid Spain
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10
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Bürgi HB. The Cambridge Structural Database and structural dynamics. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:021302. [PMID: 38504974 PMCID: PMC10950365 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
With the availability of the computer readable information in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), wide ranging, largely automated comparisons of fragment, molecular, and crystal structures have become possible. They show that the distributions of interatomic distances, angles, and torsion angles for a given structural fragment occurring in different environments are highly correlated among themselves and with other observables such as spectroscopic signals, reaction and activation energies. The correlations often extend continuously over large ranges of parameter values. They are reminiscent of bond breaking and forming reactions, polyhedral rearrangements, and conformational changes. They map-qualitatively-the regions of the structural parameter space in which molecular dynamics take place, namely, the low energy regions of the respective (free) energy surfaces. The extension and continuous nature of the correlations provides an organizing principle of large groups of structural data and suggests a reconsideration of traditional definitions and descriptions of bonds, "nonbonded" and "noncovalent" interactions in terms of Lewis acids interacting with Lewis bases. These aspects are illustrated with selected examples of historic importance and with some later developments. It seems that the amount of information in the CSD (and other structural databases) and the knowledge on the nature of, and the correlations within, this body of information should allow one-in the near future-to make credible interpolations and possibly predictions of structures and their properties with machine learning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Beat Bürgi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Berne, Freiestr. 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Herrmann B, Svatunek D. Directionality of Halogen-Bonds: Insights from 2D Energy Decomposition Analysis. Chem Asian J 2024:e202301106. [PMID: 38390759 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Halogen bonds are typically observed to have a linear arrangement with a 180° angle between the nucleophile and the halogen bond acceptor X-R. This linearity is commonly explained using the σ-hole model, although there have been alternative explanations involving exchange repulsion forces. We employ two-dimensional Distortion/Interaction and Energy Decomposition Analysis to examine the archetypal H3 N⋯X2 halogen bond systems. Our results indicate that although halogen bonds are predominantly electrostatic, their directionality is largely due to decreased Pauli repulsion in linear configurations as opposed to angled ones in the I2 and Br2 systems. As we move to the smaller halogens, Cl2 and F2 , the influence of Pauli repulsion diminishes, and the energy surface is shaped by orbital interactions and electrostatic forces. These results support the role of exchange repulsion forces in influencing the directionality of strong halogen bonds. Additionally, we demonstrate that the 2D Energy Decomposition Analysis is a useful tool for enhancing our understanding of the nature of potential energy surfaces in noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Herrmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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12
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de Azevedo Santos L, Trujillo-González DE, Jiménez-Halla JOC, Bickelhaupt FM, Solà M. Stabilization of Diborynes versus Destabilization of Diborenes by Coordination of Lewis Bases: Unravelling the Dichotomy. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303185. [PMID: 37870211 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically investigated the boron-boron bonds in B2 , diborynes B2 L2 , and diborenes B2 H2 L2 (L=none, OH2 , NH3 ) using dispersion-corrected relativistic density functional theory at ZORA-BLYP-D3(BJ)/TZ2P. B2 has effectively a single B-B bond provided by two half π bonds, whereas B2 H2 has effectively a double B=B bond provided by two half π bonds and one σ 2p-2p bond. This different electronic structure causes B2 and B2 H2 to react differently to the addition of ligands. Thus, in B2 L2 , electron-donating ligands shorten and strengthen the boron-boron bond whereas, in B2 H2 L2 , they lengthen and weaken the boron-boron bond. The aforementioned variations in boron-boron bond length and strength become more pronounced as the Lewis basicity of the ligands L increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Azevedo Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel E Trujillo-González
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Unversidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, C.P. 36050, Gto., Mexico
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Oscar C Jiménez-Halla
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Unversidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, C.P. 36050, Gto., Mexico
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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13
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Rodrigues Silva D, Blokker E, van der Schuur JM, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Nature and strength of group-14 A-A' bonds. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1648-1656. [PMID: 38303946 PMCID: PMC10829027 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06215e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
We have quantum chemically investigated the nature and stability of C-C and Si-Si bonds in R3A-AR3 (A = C, Si; R3 = H3, Me3, Me2Ph, MePh2, Ph3, t-Bu3) using density functional theory (DFT). Systematic increase of steric bulk of the substituents R has opposite effects on C-C and Si-Si bonds: the former becomes weaker whereas the latter becomes stronger. Only upon going further, from R = Ph to the bulkiest R = t-Bu, the R3Si-SiR3 bond begins to weaken. Our bonding analyses show how different behavior upon increasing the steric bulk of the substituents stems from the interplay of (Pauli) repulsive and (dispersion) attractive steric mechanisms. Extension of our analyses to other model systems shows that C-Si bonds display behavior that is in between that of C-C and Si-Si bonds. Further increasing the size of the group-14 atoms from C-C and Si-Si to Ge-Ge, Sn-Sn and Pb-Pb leads to a further decrease in the sensitivity of the bond strength with respect to the substituents' bulkiness. Our findings can be used as design principles for tuning A-A and A-A' bond strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 Amsterdam 1081 HZ The Netherlands https://www.theochem.nl
| | - Eva Blokker
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 Amsterdam 1081 HZ The Netherlands https://www.theochem.nl
| | | | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 Amsterdam 1081 HZ The Netherlands https://www.theochem.nl
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 Amsterdam 1081 HZ The Netherlands https://www.theochem.nl
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Auckland Park Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
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14
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de Andrade KN, Peixoto BP, Carneiro JWDM, Fiorot RG. Exploring borderline S N1-S N2 mechanisms: the role of explicit solvation protocols in the DFT investigation of isopropyl chloride. RSC Adv 2024; 14:4692-4701. [PMID: 38318615 PMCID: PMC10841197 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00066h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleophilic substitution at saturated carbon is a crucial class of organic reactions, playing a pivotal role in various chemical transformations that yield valuable compounds for society. Despite the well-established SN1 and SN2 mechanisms, secondary substrates, particularly in solvolysis reactions, often exhibit a borderline pathway. A molecular-level understanding of these processes is fundamental for developing more efficient chemical transformations. Typically, quantum-chemical simulations of the solvent medium combine explicit and implicit solvation methods. The configuration of explicit molecules can be defined through top-down approaches, such as Monte Carlo (MC) calculations for generating initial configurations, and bottom-up methods that involve user-dependent protocols to add solvent molecules around the substrate. Herein, we investigated the borderline mechanism of the hydrolysis of a secondary substrate, isopropyl chloride (iPrCl), at DFT-M06-2X/aug-cc-pVDZ level, employing explicit and explicit + implicit protocols. Top-down and bottom-up approaches were employed to generate substrate-solvent complexes of varying number (n = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12) and configurations of H2O molecules. Our findings consistently reveal that regardless of the solvation approach, the hydrolysis of iPrCl follows a loose-SN2-like mechanism with nucleophilic solvent assistance. Increasing the water cluster around the substrate in most cases led to reaction barriers of ΔH‡ ≈ 21 kcal mol-1, with nine water molecules from MC configurations sufficient to describe the reaction. The More O'Ferrall-Jencks plot demonstrates an SN1-like character for all transition state structures, showing a clear merged profile. The fragmentation activation strain analyses indicate that energy barriers are predominantly controlled by solvent-substrate interactions, supported by the leaving group stabilization assessed through CHELPG atomic charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Nascimento de Andrade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) Outeiro de São João Batista 24020-141 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Bárbara Pereira Peixoto
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) Outeiro de São João Batista 24020-141 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - José Walkimar de Mesquita Carneiro
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) Outeiro de São João Batista 24020-141 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Goetze Fiorot
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) Outeiro de São João Batista 24020-141 Niterói RJ Brazil
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15
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Cooperative small molecule activation by apolar and weakly polar bonds through the lens of a suitable computational protocol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1222-1238. [PMID: 38126734 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05614g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule activation processes are central in chemical research and cooperativity is a valuable tool for the fine-tuning of the efficiency of these reactions. In this contribution, we discuss recent and remarkable examples in which activation processes are mediated by bimetallic compounds featuring apolar or weakly polar metal-metal bonds. Relevant experimental breakthroughs are thoroughly analyzed from a computational perspective. We highlight how the rational and non-trivial application of selected computational approaches not only allows rationalization of the observed reactivities but also inferring of general principles applicable to activation processes, such as the breakdown of the structure-reactivity relationship in carbon dioxide activation in a cooperative framework. We finally provide a simple yet unbiased computational protocol to study these reactions, which can support experimental advances aimed at expanding the range of applications of apolar and weakly polar bonds as catalysts for small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123, Perugia, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123, Perugia, Italy.
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16
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Kancherla R, Muralirajan K, Dutta S, Pal K, Li B, Maity B, Cavallo L, Rueping M. Photoexcitation of Distinct Divalent Palladium Complexes in Cross-Coupling Amination Under Air. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314508. [PMID: 37956272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of metal complexes that function as both photocatalyst and cross-coupling catalyst remains a challenging research topic. So far, progress has been shown in palladium(0) excited-state transition metal catalysis for the construction of carbon-carbon bonds where the oxidative addition of alkyl/aryl halides to zero-valent palladium (Pd0 ) is achievable at room temperature. In contrast, the analogous process with divalent palladium (PdII ) is uphill and endothermic. For the first time, we report that divalent palladium can act as a light-absorbing species that undergoes double excitation to realize carbon-nitrogen (C-N) cross-couplings under air. Differently substituted aryl halides can be applied in the mild, and selective cross-coupling amination using palladium acetate as both photocatalyst and cross-coupling catalyst at room temperature. Density functional theory studies supported by mechanistic investigations provide insight into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kancherla
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishnamoorthy Muralirajan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayan Dutta
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuntal Pal
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bo Li
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bholanath Maity
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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17
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de Azevedo Santos L, van der Voort S, Burema SR, Fonseca Guerra C, Bickelhaupt FM. Blueshift in Trifurcated Hydrogen Bonds: A Tradeoff between Tetrel Bonding and Steric Repulsion. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300480. [PMID: 37864778 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically investigated the origin of the atypical blueshift of the H-C bond stretching frequency in the hydrogen-bonded complex X- •••H3 C-Y (X, Y=F, Cl, Br, I), as compared to the corresponding redshift occurring in Cl- •••H3 N and Cl- •••H3 C-H, using relativistic density functional theory (DFT) at ZORA-BLYP-D3(BJ)/QZ4P. Previously, this blueshift was attributed, among others, to the contraction of the H-C bonds as the H3 C moiety becomes less pyramidal. Herein, we provide quantitative evidence that, instead, the blueshift arises from a direct and strong X- •••C interaction of the HOMO of A- with the backside lobe on carbon of the low-lying C-Y antibonding σ* LUMO of the H3 C-Y fragment. This X- •••C bond, in essence a tetrel bond, pushes the H atoms towards a shorter H-C distance and makes the H3 C moiety more planar. The blueshift may, therefore, serve as a diagnostic for tetrel bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Azevedo Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Storm van der Voort
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shiri R Burema
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
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18
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Nieuwland C, Verdijk R, Fonseca Guerra C, Bickelhaupt FM. More Electropositive is More Electronegative: Atom Size Determines C=X Group Electronegativity. Chemistry 2023:e202304161. [PMID: 38117278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Opposite to what one might expect, we find that the C=X group can become effectively more, not less, electronegative when the Pauling electronegativity of atom X decreases down Groups 16, 15, and 14 of the Periodic Table. Our quantum-chemical analyses, show that, and why, this phenomenon is a direct consequence of the increasing size of atom X down a group. These findings can be applied to tuning and improving the hydrogen-bond donor strength of amides H2 NC(=X)R by increasingly withdrawing density from the NH2 group. A striking example is that H2 NC(=SiR2 )R is a stronger hydrogen-bond donor than H2 NC(=CR2 )R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Nieuwland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Verdijk
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
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19
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Liu P, Han J, Chen Y, Lu S, Su Q, Zhou X, Zhang W. Carbon dioxide activation by discandium dioxide cations in the gas phase: a combined investigation of infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 38048053 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04995g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a combined computational and experimental study of CO2 activation at the Sc2O2+ metal oxide ion center in the gas phase. Density functional theory calculations on the structures of [Sc2O2(CO2)n]+ (n = 1-4) ion-molecule complexes reveal a typical end-on binding motif as well as bidentate and tridentate carbonate-containing configurations. As the number of attached CO2 molecules increases, activated forms tend to dominate the isomeric populations. Distortion energies are unveiled to account for the conversion barriers from molecularly bound isomers to carbonate structures, and show a monotonically decreasing trend with successive CO2 ligand addition. The infrared photodissociation spectra of target ion-molecule complexes were recorded in the 2100-2500 cm-1 frequency region and interpreted by comparison with simulated IR spectra of low-lying isomers representing distinct configurations, demonstrating a high possibility of carbonate structure formation in current experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jia Han
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Quyan Su
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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20
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Denhez C, Lameiras P, Berber H. Atropisomerism about aryl-C(sp 3) bonds: chemically driven rotational pathway in cannabidiol derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 38009203 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01617j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The conformational behaviour arising from the restricted C(sp2)-C(sp3) axis in ortho O-substituted naphthylcyclohexane and naphthylcyclohexene oxide derivatives of cannabidiol was examined by means of VT-NMR experiments and DFT calculations. Atropisomeric compounds with barriers in the range of 91.1 to 95.1 kJ mol-1 were obtained at 298 K. Two possible transition states (TS1 and TS2) were located, one is more stable depending on the chemical modification made on the monoterpene ring close to the pivot bond. Extended analysis of TS structures to previously reported phenyl derivatives bearing the same O-substituent led to similar rotational pathways according to the series: through TS1 in arylcylohexenes and TS2 in arylcyclohexanes. Likewise, conversion of arylcyclohexenes into both series affects the rotation speed by decelerating it, and the nature of the aryl ring seems to have a very minor effect on this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Denhez
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France.
| | - Pedro Lameiras
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France.
| | - Hatice Berber
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France.
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21
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Almacellas D, Fonseca Guerra C, Poater J. Strengthened cooperativity of DNA-based cyclic hydrogen-bonded rosettes by subtle functionalization. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8403-8412. [PMID: 37830458 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01391j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Cooperative effects cause extra stabilization of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular systems. In this work we have designed hydrogen-bonded rosettes derived from a guanine-cytosine Janus-type motif with the aim of finding a monomer that enhances the synergy of supramolecular systems. For this, relativistic dispersion-corrected density functional theory computations have been performed. Our proposal involves a monomer with three hydrogen-bonds pointing in the same direction, which translates into shorter bonds, stronger donor-acceptor interactions, and more attractive electrostatic interactions, thus giving rise to rosettes with strengthened cooperativity. This newly designed rosette has triple the cooperativity found for the naturally occurring guanine quadruplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Almacellas
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Fernández I, Bickelhaupt FM, Svatunek D. Unraveling the Bürgi-Dunitz Angle with Precision: The Power of a Two-Dimensional Energy Decomposition Analysis. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7300-7306. [PMID: 37791978 PMCID: PMC10601473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the geometrical preferences in chemical reactions is crucial for advancing the field of organic chemistry and improving synthetic strategies. One such preference, the Bürgi-Dunitz angle, is central to nucleophilic addition reactions involving carbonyl groups. This study successfully employs a novel two-dimensional Distortion-Interaction/Activation-Strain Model in combination with a two-dimensional Energy Decomposition Analysis to investigate the origins of the Bürgi-Dunitz angle in the addition reaction of CN- to (CH3)2C═O. We constructed a 2D potential energy surface defined by the distance between the nucleophile and carbonylic carbon atom and by the attack angle, followed by an in-depth exploration of energy components, including strain and interaction energy. Our analysis reveals that the Bürgi-Dunitz angle emerges from a delicate balance between two key factors: strain energy and interaction energy. High strain energy, as a result of the carbonyl compound distorting to avoid Pauli repulsion, is encountered at high angles, thus setting the upper bound. On the other hand, interaction energy is shaped by a dominant Pauli repulsion when the angles are lower. This work emphasizes the value of the 2D Energy Decomposition Analysis as a refined tool, offering both quantitative and qualitative insights into chemical reactivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Universidad Complutense
de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud
University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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23
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Zeppilli D, Madabeni A, Sancineto L, Bagnoli L, Santi C, Orian L. Role of Group 12 Metals in the Reduction of H 2O 2 by Santi's Reagent: A Computational Mechanistic Investigation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17288-17298. [PMID: 37769326 PMCID: PMC10598800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
PhSeZnCl, which is also known as Santi's reagent, can catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide by thiols with a GPx-like mechanism. In this work, the first step of this catalytic cycle, i.e., the reduction of H2O2 by PhSeZnCl, is investigated in silico using state-of-the-art density functional theory calculations. Then, the role of the metal is evaluated by replacing Zn with its group 12 siblings (Cd and Hg). The thermodynamic and kinetic factors favoring Zn are elucidated. Furthermore, the role of the halogen is considered by replacing Cl with Br in all three metal compounds, and this turns out to be negligible. Finally, the overall GPx-like mechanism of PhSeZnCl and PhSeZnBr is discussed by evaluating the energetics of the mechanistic path leading to the disulfide product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Zeppilli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Madabeni
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Sancineto
- Gruppo
di Catalisi Sintesi e Chimica Organica Verde Dipartimento di Scienze
Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi
di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luana Bagnoli
- Gruppo
di Catalisi Sintesi e Chimica Organica Verde Dipartimento di Scienze
Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi
di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Santi
- Gruppo
di Catalisi Sintesi e Chimica Organica Verde Dipartimento di Scienze
Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi
di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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24
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Parr JM, Crimmin MR. Carbon-carbon bond activation by Mg, Al, and Zn complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11012-11021. [PMID: 37860653 PMCID: PMC10583701 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03336h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Examples of carbon-carbon bond activation reactions at Mg, Al, and Zn are described in this review. Several distinct mechanisms for C-C bond activation at these metals have been proposed, with the key C-C bond activation step occurring by (i) α-alkyl elimination, (ii) β-alkyl elimination, (iii) oxidative addition, or (iv) an electrocyclic reaction. Many of the known pathways involve an overall 2-electron redox process. Despite this, the direct oxidative addition of C-C bonds to these metals is relatively rare, instead most reactions occur through initial installation of the metal on a hydrocarbon scaffold (e.g. by a cycloaddition reaction or hydrometallation) followed by an α-alkyl or β-alkyl elimination step. Emerging applications of Mg, Al, and Zn complexes as catalysts for the functionalisation of C-C bonds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Parr
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City London W12 0BZ UK
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25
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Alves TV, Fernández I. Understanding the reactivity and selectivity of Diels-Alder reactions involving furans. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7767-7775. [PMID: 37698053 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01343j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity and endo/exo selectivity of the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions involving furan and substituted furans as dienes have been computationally explored. In comparison to cyclopentadiene, it is found that furan is comparatively less reactive and also less endo-selective in the reaction with maleic anhydride as the dienophile. Despite that, both the reactivity and the selectivity can be successfully modified by the presence of substituents at either 2- or 3-positions of the heterocycle. In this sense, it is found that the presence of strong electron-donor groups significantly increases the reactivity of the system while the opposite is found in the presence of electron-withdrawing groups. The observed trends in both the reactivity and selectivity are analyzed quantitatively in detail by means of the activation strain model of reactivity in combination with the energy decomposition analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Vinicius Alves
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departmento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Santos CV, Monteiro SA, Soares ASC, Souto ICA, Moura RT. Decoding Chemical Bonds: Assessment of the Basis Set Effect on Overlap Electron Density Descriptors and Topological Properties in Comparison to QTAIM. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7997-8014. [PMID: 37703453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical bonding descriptors based on the total and overlap density can provide valuable information about chemical interactions in different systems. However, these descriptors can be sensitive to the basis set used. To address this, different numerical treatments of electron density have been proposed to reduce the basis set dependency. In this work, we introduce overlap properties (OPs) obtained through numerical treatment of the electron density and present the topology of overlap density (TOP) for the first time. We compare the basis set dependency of numerical OP and TOP descriptors with their quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) counterparts, considering the total electron density. Three single (C-C, C-O, and C-F) bonds in ethane, methanol, and fluoromethane and two double (C═C and C═O) bonds in ethene and formaldehyde were analyzed. Diatomic molecules Li-X with X = F, Cl, and Br were also analyzed. Eight parameters, including QTAIM descriptors and OP/TOP descriptors, are used to assess the basis dependency at the ωB97X-D level of theory using 28 basis sets from three classes: Pople, Ahlrichs, and Dunning. The study revealed that the topological overlap electron density properties exhibit comparatively lesser dependence on the basis set compared to their total electron density counterparts. Remarkably, these properties retain their chemical significance even with reduced basis set dependency. Similarly, numerical OP descriptors show less basis set dependency than their QTAIM counterparts. The excess of polarization functions increases charge concentration in the interatomic region and influences both QTAIM and OP descriptors. The basis sets Def2TZVP, 6-31++G(d,p), 6-311++G(d,p), cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ, and cc-pVQZ demonstrate reduced variability for the tested bond classes in this study, with particular emphasis on the triple-ζ quality Ahlrichs' basis set. We recommend against using basis sets with numerous polarization functions, such as augmented Dunning's and Ahlrichs' quadruple-ζ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos V Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58051-970, Brazil
| | - Shirlene A Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande, Paraiba 58051-970, Brazil
| | - Amanda S C Soares
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Isabeli C A Souto
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Renaldo T Moura
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba 58397-000, Brazil
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
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27
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Trujillo-González DE, González-García G, Jiménez-Halla JOC, Solà M. Beryllium compounds for the carbon-halogen bond activation of phenyl halides: the role of non-innocent ligands. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13068-13078. [PMID: 37700680 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02251j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Beryllium is a metallomimetic main-group element, i.e., it behaves similarly to transition metals (TMs) in some bond activation processes. To investigate the ability of Be compounds to activate C-X bonds (X = F-I), we have computationally investigated, using DFT methods, the reaction of (CAAC)2Be (CAAC = 1-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidin-2-ylidene) and a series of five-membered heterocyclic beryllium bidentate ligands with phenyl halides. We have analysed all plausible reaction mechanisms and our results show that, after the initial C-X oxidative addition, migration of the phenyl group occurs towards the less electronegative heteroatom. Our theoretical study highlights the important role of bidentate non-innocent ligands in providing the required electrons for the initial Ph-X oxidative addition. In contrast, the monodentate ligand, CAAC, does not favour this oxidative addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Trujillo-González
- Departamento de Química, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico.
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Gerardo González-García
- Departamento de Química, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico.
| | - J Oscar C Jiménez-Halla
- Departamento de Química, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico.
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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28
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Lindeboom W, Deacy AC, Phanopoulos A, Buchard A, Williams CK. Correlating Metal Redox Potentials to Co(III)K(I) Catalyst Performances in Carbon Dioxide and Propene Oxide Ring Opening Copolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308378. [PMID: 37409487 PMCID: PMC10952574 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide copolymerization is a front-runner CO2 utilization strategy but its viability depends on improving the catalysis. So far, catalyst structure-performance correlations have not been straightforward, limiting the ability to predict how to improve both catalytic activity and selectivity. Here, a simple measure of a catalyst ground-state parameter, metal reduction potential, directly correlates with both polymerization activity and selectivity. It is applied to compare performances of 6 new heterodinuclear Co(III)K(I) catalysts for propene oxide (PO)/CO2 ring opening copolymerization (ROCOP) producing poly(propene carbonate) (PPC). The best catalyst shows an excellent turnover frequency of 389 h-1 and high PPC selectivity of >99 % (50 °C, 20 bar, 0.025 mol% catalyst). As demonstration of its utility, neither DFT calculations nor ligand Hammett parameter analyses are viable predictors. It is proposed that the cobalt redox potential informs upon the active site electron density with a more electron rich cobalt centre showing better performances. The method may be widely applicable and is recommended to guide future catalyst discovery for other (co)polymerizations and carbon dioxide utilizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Lindeboom
- Department ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Arron C. Deacy
- Department ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubLondonW12 OBZUK
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of ChemistryInstitute for SustainabilityUniversity of BathBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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29
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Hansen T, Vermeeren P, Zijderveld KWJ, Bickelhaupt FM, Hamlin TA. S N 2 versus E2 Competition of Cyclic Ethers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301308. [PMID: 37338310 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically studied the influence of ring strain on the competition between the two mechanistically different SN 2 and E2 pathways using a series of archetypal ethers as substrate in combination with a diverse set of Lewis bases (F- , Cl- , Br- , HO- , H3 CO- , HS- , H3 CS- ), using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA-OLYP/QZ4P. The ring strain in the substrate is systematically increased on going from a model acyclic ether to a 6- to 5- to 4- to 3-membered ether ring. We have found that the activation energy of the SN 2 pathway sharply decreases when the ring strain of the system is increased, thus on going from large to small cyclic ethers, the SN 2 reactivity increases. In contrast, the activation energy of the E2 pathway generally rises along this same series, that is, from large to small cyclic ethers. The opposing reactivity trends induce a mechanistic switch in the preferred reaction pathway for strong Lewis bases from E2, for large cyclic substrates, to SN 2, for small cyclic substrates. Weak Lewis bases are unable to overcome the higher intrinsic distortivity of the E2 pathway and, therefore, always favor the less distortive SN 2 reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Kim W J Zijderveld
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
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30
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Rodríguez HA, Bickelhaupt FM, Fernández I. Origin of the Bürgi-Dunitz Angle. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300379. [PMID: 37306022 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Bürgi-Dunitz (BD) angle plays a pivotal role in organic chemistry to rationalize the nucleophilic addition to carbonyl groups. Yet, the origin of the obtuse trajectory of the nucleophile remains incompletely understood. Herein, we quantify the importance of the underlying physical factors quantum chemically. The obtuse BD angle appears to originate from the concerted action of a reduced Pauli repulsion between the nucleophile HOMO and carbonyl π bond, a more stabilizing HOMO-π*-LUMO(C=O) interaction, as well as a more favorable electrostatic attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto A Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, 28040-, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 38206-, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, 28040-, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Maltz L, Gabbaï FP. Analyzing Fluoride Binding by Group 15 Lewis Acids: Pnictogen Bonding in the Pentavalent State. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13566-13572. [PMID: 37551938 PMCID: PMC10862541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a computational investigation into fluoride binding by a series of pentavalent pnictogen Lewis acids: pnictogen pentahalides (PnX5), tetraphenyl pnictogeniums (PnPh4+), and triphenyl pnictogen tetrachlorocatecholates (PnPh3Cat). Activation strain and energy decomposition analyses of the Lewis adducts not only clearly delineate the electrostatic and orbital contributions to these acid-base interactions but also highlight the importance of Pauli repulsion and molecular flexibility in determining relative Lewis acidity among the pnictogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan
T. Maltz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - François P. Gabbaï
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
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32
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Poater J, Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM, Solà M. On the existence of collective interactions reinforcing the metal-ligand bond in organometallic compounds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3872. [PMID: 37400461 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39498-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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33
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D'Anania O, De Rosa C, Talarico G. A Computational Evaluation of the Steric and Electronic Contributions in Stereoselective Olefin Polymerization with Pyridylamido-Type Catalysts. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093768. [PMID: 37175175 PMCID: PMC10180424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A density functional theory (DFT) study combined with the steric maps of buried volume (%VBur) as molecular descriptors and an energy decomposition analysis through the ASM (activation strain model)-NEDA (natural energy decomposition analysis) approach were applied to investigate the origins of stereoselectivity for propene polymerization promoted by pyridylamido-type nonmetallocene systems. The relationships between the fine tuning of the ligand and the propene stereoregularity were rationalized (e.g., the metallacycle size, chemical nature of the bridge, and substituents at the ortho-position on the aniline moieties). The DFT calculations and %VBur steric maps reproduced the experimental trend: substituents on the bridge and on the ortho-positions of aniline fragments enhance the stereoselectivity. The ASM-NEDA analysis enabled the separation of the steric and electronic effects and revealed how subtle ligand modification may affect the stereoselectivity of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga D'Anania
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80124 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80124 Napoli, Italy
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34
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Tiekink EH, Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA. Not antiaromaticity gain, but increased asynchronicity enhances the Diels-Alder reactivity of tropone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3703-3706. [PMID: 36880301 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00512g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Tropone is an unreactive diene in normal electron demand Diels-Alder reactions, but it can be activated via carbonyl umpolung by using hydrazone ion analogs. Recently, the higher reactivity of hydrazone ion analogs was ascribed to a raised HOMO energy induced by antiaromaticity (L. J. Karas, A. T. Campbell, I. V. Alabugin and J. I. Wu, Org. Lett., 2020, 22, 7083). We show that this is incorrect, and that the activation barrier is lowered by increased asynchronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline H Tiekink
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecfular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecfular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecfular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
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35
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Li L, Mayer RJ, Ofial AR, Mayr H. One-Bond-Nucleophilicity and -Electrophilicity Parameters: An Efficient Ordering System for 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7416-7434. [PMID: 36952671 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Diazoalkanes are ambiphilic 1,3-dipoles that undergo fast Huisgen cycloadditions with both electron-rich and electron-poor dipolarophiles but react slowly with alkenes of low polarity. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory considering the 3-center-4-electron π-system of the propargyl fragment of diazoalkanes is commonly applied to rationalize these reactivity trends. However, we recently found that a change in the mechanism from cycloadditions to azo couplings takes place due to the existence of a previously overlooked lower-lying unoccupied molecular orbital. We now propose an alternative approach to analyze 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, which relies on the linear free energy relationship lg k2(20 °C) = sN(N + E) (eq 1) with two solvent-dependent parameters (N, sN) to characterize nucleophiles and one parameter (E) for electrophiles. Rate constants for the cycloadditions of diazoalkanes with dipolarophiles were measured and compared with those calculated for the formation of zwitterions by eq 1. The difference between experimental and predicted Gibbs energies of activation is interpreted as the energy of concert, i.e., the stabilization of the transition states by the concerted formation of two new bonds. By linking the plot of lg k2 vs N for nucleophilic dipolarophiles with that of lg k2 vs E for electrophilic dipolarophiles, one obtains V-shaped plots which provide absolute rate constants for the stepwise reactions on the borderlines. These plots furthermore predict relative reactivities of dipolarophiles in concerted, highly asynchronous cycloadditions more precisely than the classical correlations of rate constants with FMO energies or ionization potentials. DFT calculations using the SMD solvent model confirm these interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Robert J Mayer
- CNRS, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allee Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Armin R Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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36
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Influence of Group 15 elements on the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactivity of G15 = G15-G15-based 1,3-dipoles with cyclooctyne. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4796-4807. [PMID: 36939158 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00313b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of Group 15 elements (G15s) on the reactivity of the cycloaddition reactions of inorganic 1,3-dipolar analogs with cyclooctyne was computationally explored with density functional theory. To this end, the G15G15G15'-based 1,3-dipole, an interestingly representative model molecule of 1,3-dipole chemistry, was selected. The present computational investigations suggest that all NNG15-Rea and G15G15P-Rea molecules can be energetically feasible to undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with cyclic alkynes, except for only the NNN-Rea 1,3-dipole molecule. The key factor, which can greatly affect the activation barriers, is quantitatively analyzed in detail through the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory, the activation strain model (ASM), and the energy decomposition analysis (EDA) approach. Our theoretical findings based on the FMO theory and the EDA suggest that two types of bonding interactions occur in such 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions: forward bonding (filled p-π orbital (cyclooctyne) → the empty p-π* orbital (G15 = G15)) and back bonding (empty p-π* orbital (cyclooctyne) ← the lone pair (G15')). Notably, the bonding interactions of the former mechanism are much stronger than those of the latter mechanism. Evidence from the ASM reveals that the activation barriers of G15G15G15'-based 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions strongly depend on the atomic radius of the G15 element. These theoretical conclusions allow a number of predictions to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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37
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de Azevedo Santos L, Ramalho TC, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Intermolecular Covalent Interactions: Nature and Directionality. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203791. [PMID: 36478415 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical methods were employed to analyze the nature and the origin of the directionality of pnictogen (PnB), chalcogen (ChB), and halogen bonds (XB) in archetypal Fm Z⋅⋅⋅F- complexes (Z=Pn, Ch, X), using relativistic density functional theory (DFT) at ZORA-M06/QZ4P. Quantitative Kohn-Sham MO and energy decomposition analyses (EDA) show that all these intermolecular interactions have in common that covalence, that is, HOMO-LUMO interactions, provide a crucial contribution to the bond energy, besides electrostatic attraction. Strikingly, all these bonds are directional (i.e., F-Z⋅⋅⋅F- is approximately linear) despite, and not because of, the electrostatic interactions which, in fact, favor bending. This constitutes a breakdown of the σ-hole model. It was shown how the σ-hole model fails by neglecting both, the essential physics behind the electrostatic interaction and that behind the directionality of electron-rich intermolecular interactions. Our findings are general and extend to the neutral, weaker ClI⋅⋅⋅NH3 , HClTe⋅⋅⋅NH3 , and H2 ClSb⋅⋅⋅NH3 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Azevedo Santos
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teodorico C Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras CEP, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.,Center for Basic and Applied Research, University Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
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38
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Remmerswaal WA, Hansen T, Hamlin TA, Codée JDC. Origin of Stereoselectivity in S E 2' Reactions of Six-membered Ring Oxocarbenium Ions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203490. [PMID: 36511875 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxocarbenium ions are key reactive intermediates in organic chemistry. To generate a series of structure-reactivity-stereoselectivity principles for these species, we herein investigated the bimolecular electrophilic substitution reactions (SE 2') between allyltrimethylsilane and a series of archetypal six-membered ring oxocarbenium ions using a combined density functional theory (DFT) and coupled-cluster theory approach. These reactions preferentially proceed following a reaction path where the oxocarbenium ion transforms from a half chair (3 H4 or 4 H3 ) to a chair conformation. The introduction of alkoxy substituents on six-membered ring oxocarbenium ions, dramatically influences the conformational preference of the canonical 3 H4 and 4 H3 conformers, and thereby the stereochemical outcome of the SE 2' reaction. In general, we find that the stereoselectivity in the reactions correlates to the "intrinsic preference" of the cations, as dictated by their shape. However, for the C5-CH2 OMe substituent, steric factors override the "intrinsic preference", showing a more selective reaction than expected based on the shape of the ion. Our SE 2' energetics correlate well with experimentally observed stereoselectivity, and the use of the activation strain model has enabled us to quantify important interactions and structural features that occur in the transition state of the reactions to precisely understand the relative energy barriers of the diastereotopic addition reactions. The fundamental mechanistic insight provided in this study will aid in understanding the reactivity of more complex glycosyl cations featuring multiple substituents and will facilitate our general understanding of glycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Remmerswaal
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands
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39
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Hu L, Gao H, Hu Y, Wu YB, Lv X, Lu G. Origins of Regioselectivity in CuH-Catalyzed Hydrofunctionalization of Alkenes. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36790843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Factors controlling the regioselectivity in alkene hydrocupration were computationally investigated using energy decomposition analysis. The results demonstrate that the Markovnikov-selective hydrocupration with electronically activated mono-substituted olefins is mostly affected by the destabilizing Pauli repulsion, which is due to the electron delocalization effect. The anti-Markovnikov-selective hydrocupration with 1,1-dialkyl-substituted terminal olefins is dominated by the repulsive electrostatic interactions, which is because of the unequal π electron distribution caused by the induction effect of alkyl substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Han Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yanlei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Lab for Materials of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province and Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xiangying Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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40
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Zhang L, Kaukver S, McMullen J, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Catalytic C–H Alumination of Thiophenes: DFT Predictions and Experimental Verification. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siim Kaukver
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jacob McMullen
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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41
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Kee CW. Molecular Understanding and Practical In Silico Catalyst Design in Computational Organocatalysis and Phase Transfer Catalysis-Challenges and Opportunities. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041715. [PMID: 36838703 PMCID: PMC9966076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the lens of organocatalysis and phase transfer catalysis, we will examine the key components to calculate or predict catalysis-performance metrics, such as turnover frequency and measurement of stereoselectivity, via computational chemistry. The state-of-the-art tools available to calculate potential energy and, consequently, free energy, together with their caveats, will be discussed via examples from the literature. Through various examples from organocatalysis and phase transfer catalysis, we will highlight the challenges related to the mechanism, transition state theory, and solvation involved in translating calculated barriers to the turnover frequency or a metric of stereoselectivity. Examples in the literature that validated their theoretical models will be showcased. Lastly, the relevance and opportunity afforded by machine learning will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Wee Kee
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
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42
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Theoretical Study on the Origin of Abnormal Regioselectivity in Ring-Opening Reaction of Hexafluoropropylene Oxide. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041669. [PMID: 36838653 PMCID: PMC9962681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
That nucleophiles preferentially attack at the less sterically hindered carbon of epoxides under neutral and basic conditions has been generally accepted as a fundamental rule for predicting the regioselectivity of this type of reaction. However, this rule does not hold for perfluorinated epoxides, such as hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO), in which nucleophiles were found to attack at the more hindered CF3 substituted β-C rather than the fluorine substituted α-C. In this contribution, we aim to shed light on the nature of this intriguing regioselectivity by density functional theory methods. Our calculations well reproduced the observed abnormal regioselectivities and revealed that the unusual regiochemical preference for the sterically hindered β-C of HFPO mainly arises from the lower destabilizing distortion energy needed to reach the corresponding ring-opening transition state. The higher distortion energy required for the attack of the less sterically hindered α-C results from a significant strengthening of the C(α)-O bond by the negative hyperconjugation between the lone pair of epoxide O atom and the antibonding C-F orbital.
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43
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Parr JM, Phanopoulos A, Vickneswaran A, Crimmin MR. Understanding the role of ring strain in β-alkyl migration at Mg and Zn centres. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1590-1597. [PMID: 36794202 PMCID: PMC9906642 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06288g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of C-C σ-bonds within strained three- and four-membered hydrocarbons at electrophilic Mg and Zn centres is reported. This was achieved in a two-step process involving (i) hydrometallation of a methylidene cycloalkane followed by (ii) intramolecular C-C bond activation. While hydrometallation of methylidene cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane and cyclohexane occurs for both Mg and Zn reagents, the C-C bond activation step is sensitive to ring size. For Mg, both cyclopropane and cyclobutane rings participate in C-C bond activation. For Zn, only the smallest cyclopropane ring reacts. These findings were used to expand the scope of catalytic hydrosilylation of C-C σ-bonds to include cyclobutane rings. The mechanism of C-C σ-bond activation was investigated through kinetic analysis (Eyring), spectroscopic observation of intermediates, and a comprehensive series of DFT calculations, including activation strain analysis. Based on our current understanding, C-C bond activation is proposed to occur by a β-alkyl migration step. β-Alkyl migration is more facile for more strained rings and occurs with lower barriers for Mg compared to Zn. Relief of ring strain is a key factor in determining the thermodynamics of C-C bond activation, but not in stabilising the transition state for β-alkyl migration. Rather, we ascribe the differences in reactivity to the stabilising interaction between the metal centre and the hydrocarbon ring-system, with the smaller rings and more electropositive metal (Mg) leading to a smaller destabilisation interaction energy as the transition state is approached. Our findings represent the first example of C-C bond activation at Zn and provide detailed new insight into the factors at play in β-alkyl migration at main group centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Parr
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London82 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds BushLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Aaranjah Vickneswaran
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London82 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds BushLondonW12 0BZUK
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44
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Moloto BP, Vermeeren P, Tiezza MD, Bouwens T, Esterhuysen C, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Palladium-catalyzed activation of H nA–AH n bonds (AH n = CH 3, NH 2, OH, F). PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2022-1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have quantum chemically studied activation of HnA–AHn bonds (AHn = CH3, NH2, OH, F) by PdLn catalysts with Ln = no ligand, PH3, (PH3)2, using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA-BLYP/TZ2P. The activation energy associated with the oxidative addition step decreases from H3C–CH3 to H2N–NH2 to HO–OH to F–F, where the activation of the F–F bond is barrierless. Activation strain and Kohn–Sham molecular orbital analyses reveal that the enhanced reactivity along this series of substrates originates from a combination of (i) reduced activation strain due to a weaker HnA–AHn bond; (ii) decreased Pauli repulsion as a result of a difference in steric shielding of the HnA–AHn bond; and (iii) enhanced backbonding interaction between the occupied 4d atomic orbitals of the palladium catalyst and σ* acceptor orbital of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Phuti Moloto
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands , URL:
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland , Stellenbosch , 7602 , South Africa
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands , URL:
| | - Marco Dalla Tiezza
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands , URL:
| | - Tessel Bouwens
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands , URL:
| | - Catharine Esterhuysen
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland , Stellenbosch , 7602 , South Africa
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands , URL:
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands , URL:
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen , The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Johannesburg , Auckland Park , Johannesburg 2006 , South Africa
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45
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Yu S, Tiekink EH, Vermeeren P, Bickelhaupt FM, Hamlin TA. How Bases Catalyze Diels-Alder Reactions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203121. [PMID: 36330879 PMCID: PMC10108159 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically studied the base-catalyzed Diels-Alder (DA) reaction between 3-hydroxy-2-pyrone and N-methylmaleimide using dispersion-corrected density functional theory. The uncatalyzed reaction is slow and is preceded by the extrusion of CO2 via a retro-DA reaction. Base catalysis, for example, by triethylamine, lowers the reaction barrier up to 10 kcal mol-1 , causing the reaction to proceed smoothly at low temperature, which quenches the expulsion of CO2 , yielding efficient access to polyoxygenated natural compounds. Our activation strain analyses reveal that the base accelerates the DA reaction via two distinct electronic mechanisms: i) by the HOMO-raising effect, which enhances the normal electron demand orbital interaction; and ii) by donating charge into 3-hydroxy-2-pyrone which accumulates in its reactive region and promotes strongly stabilizing secondary electrostatic interactions with N-methylmaleimide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yu
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, (TheNetherlands
| | - Eveline H Tiekink
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, (TheNetherlands
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, (TheNetherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, (TheNetherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, (TheNetherlands
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46
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Radical-like reactivity for dihydrogen activation by coinage metal-aluminyl complexes: computational evidence inspired by experimental main group chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:889-896. [PMID: 36755722 PMCID: PMC9890964 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05815d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The computational study of an unprecedented reactivity of coinage metal-aluminyl complexes with dihydrogen is reported. In close resemblance to group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes, the complexes are predicted to activate H2 under mild conditions. Two different reaction pathways are found disclosing a common driving force, i.e., the nucleophilic behavior of the electron-sharing M-Al (M = Cu, Ag, Au) bond, which enables a cooperative and diradical-like mechanism. This mode of chemical reactivity emerges as a new paradigm for dihydrogen activation and calls for experimental feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy .,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy .,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
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47
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Widening the Landscape of Small Molecule Activation with Gold-Aluminyl Complexes: A Systematic Study of E-H (E=O, N) Bonds, SO 2 and N 2 O Activation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203584. [PMID: 36660925 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The electronic features of gold-aluminyl complexes have been thoroughly explored. Their similarity with Group 14 dimetallenes and other metal-aluminyl complexes suggests that their reactivity with small molecules beyond carbon dioxide could be accessed. In this work, the reactivity of the [t Bu3 PAuAl(NON)] (NON=4,5-bis(2,6 diisopropylanilido)-2,7-ditert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) complex towards water, ammonia, sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide is computationally explored. The reaction mechanisms computed for each substrate strongly suggest that all activation processes are in principle experimentally feasible. Electronic structure analysis highlights that, in all cases, the reactivity is driven by the presence of the poorly polarized electron-sharing gold-aluminyl bond, which induces a radical-like reactivity of the complex towards all the substrates. A flat topology of the potential energy surface (PES) has been found for the reaction with N2 O, where two almost isoenergetic transition states can be located along the same reaction coordinate with different geometries, suggesting that the N2 O binding mode may not be a good indicator of the nature of N2 O activation in a cooperative bimetallic reactivity. In addition, the catalytic potentialities of these complexes have been explored in the framework of nitrous oxide reduction. The study reveals that the [t Bu3 PAuAl(NON)] complex might be an efficient catalyst towards oxidation of phosphines (and boranes) via N2 O reduction. These findings underline recurring trends in the novel chemistry of gold-aluminyl complexes and call for experimental feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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48
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Yang X, Wei L, Wu Y, Zhou L, Zhang X, Chi YR. Atroposelective Access to 1,3-Oxazepine-Containing Bridged Biaryls via Carbene-Catalyzed Desymmetrization of Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211977. [PMID: 36087019 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We disclose herein an atroposelective synthesis of novel bridged biaryls containing medium-sized rings via N-heterocyclic carbene organocatalysis. The reaction starts with addition of the carbene catalyst to the aminophenol-derived aldimine substrate. Subsequent oxidation and intramolecular desymmetrization lead to the formation of 1,3-oxazepine-containing bridged biaryls in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. These novel bridged biaryl products can be readily transformed into chiral phosphite ligands. Preliminary density function theory calculations suggest that the origin of enantioselectivity arises from the more favorable frontier molecular orbital interactions in the transition state leading to the major product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Liwen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Yuelin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Liejin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.,Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, P. R. China
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49
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Mechanistic Study of Alkyne Insertion into Cu-Al and Au-Al Bonds: A Paradigm Shift for Coinage Metal Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:21095-21106. [PMID: 36493466 PMCID: PMC9795551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the mechanism of the insertion reaction of 3-hexyne into Cu-Al and Au-Al bonds in M-aluminyl (M = Cu, Au) complexes is computationally elucidated. The mechanism is found to be radical-like, with the Cu-Al and Au-Al bonds acting as nucleophiles toward the alkyne, and predicts a less efficient reactivity for the gold-aluminyl complex. The proposed mechanism well rationalizes the kinetic (or thermodynamic) control on the formation of the syn (or anti) insertion product into the Cu-Al bond (i.e., dimetallated alkene) which has been recently reported. A comparative analysis of the electronic structure reveals that the reduced reactivity at the gold site─usually showing higher efficiency than copper as a "standard" electrophile in alkyne activation─arises from a common feature, i.e., the highly stable 6s Au orbital. The relativistic lowering of the 6s orbital, making it more suitable for accepting electron density and thus enhancing the electrophilicity of gold complexes, in the gold-aluminyl system is responsible for a less nucleophilic Au-Al bond and, consequently, a less efficient alkyne insertion. These findings demonstrate that the unconventional electronic structure and the electron-sharing nature of the M-Al bond induce a paradigm shift in the properties of coinage metal complexes. In particular, the peculiar radical-like reactivity, previously shown also with carbon dioxide, suggests that these complexes might efficiently insert/activate other small molecules, opening new and unexplored paths for their reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies ″Giulio Natta″
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies ″Giulio Natta″
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies ″Giulio Natta″
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,
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50
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Cicolella A, Romano E, Barone V, De Rosa C, Talarico G. Metallocenes and Beyond for Propene Polymerization: Energy Decomposition of Density Functional Computations Unravels the Different Interplay of Stereoelectronic Effects. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cicolella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Eugenio Romano
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
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