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Pathway to Independence - an interview with Lydia Djenoune. Development 2024; 151:dev204257. [PMID: 39133186 DOI: 10.1242/dev.204257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Lydia Djenoune completed her PhD in the labs of Claire Wyart at the Paris Brain Institute in France and of Hervé Tostivint at the French National Museum of Natural History. She is currently an Instructor in Medicine in Shiaulou Yuan's lab at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School. Lydia is interested in the role of calcium signalling, cilia and polycystin channels in cardiac development using the zebrafish model. This year, Lydia became one of Development's second cohort of Pathway to Independence Programme fellows. We spoke to her over Teams to learn more about her career path so far, the importance of outreach and representation in science, and her plans for her own research group.
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Xiong Y, Pi W, Zhao W, Shi W, Yan W, Yang H, Zhou Y, Li Q, Yang L. Roles of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons as potential neural stem cells in the repair and regeneration of spinal cord injuries. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1426395. [PMID: 38983786 PMCID: PMC11231923 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1426395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) represent a distinct group of interneurons characterized by their prominent apical globular protrusions penetrating the spinal cord's central canal and their basal axons extending towards adjacent cells. Identified nearly a century back, the specific roles and attributes of CSF-cNs have just started to emerge due to the historical lack of definitive markers. Recent findings have confirmed that CSF-cNs expressing PKD2L1 possess attributes of neural stem cells, suggesting a critical function in the regeneration processes following spinal cord injuries. This review aims to elucidate the molecular markers of CSF-cNs as potential neural stem cells during spinal cord development and assess their roles post-spinal cord injury, with an emphasis on their potential therapeutic implications for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Xiong
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenjun Pi
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wang Zhao
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weiwei Shi
- Department of Medical Examination Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weihong Yan
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuanrong Zhou
- Department of Health, The Qinglong County People’s Hospital, Qinglong, Guizhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Leiluo Yang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Nikonorova IA, desRanleau E, Jacobs KC, Saul J, Walsh JD, Wang J, Barr MM. Polycystins recruit cargo to distinct ciliary extracellular vesicle subtypes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.17.588758. [PMID: 38659811 PMCID: PMC11042387 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.17.588758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic use of tiny extracellular vesicles (EVs) requires understanding cargo loading mechanisms. Here, we used a modular proximity label approach to identify EV cargo associated with the transient potential channel (TRP) polycystin PKD-2 of C. elegans. Polycystins are conserved receptor-TRP channel proteins affecting cilium function; dysfunction causes polycystic kidney disease in humans and mating deficits in C. elegans. Polycystin-2 EV localization is conserved from algae to humans, hinting at an ancient and unknown function. We discovered that polycystins associate with and direct specific cargo to EVs: channel-like PACL-1, dorsal and ventral membrane C-type lectins PAMLs, and conserved tumor necrosis-associated factor (TRAF) signaling adaptors TRF-1 and TRF-2. Loading of these components relied on polycystin-1 LOV-1. Our modular EV-TurboID approach can be applied in both cell- and tissue-specific manners to define the composition of distinct EV subtypes, addressing a major challenge of the EV field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna A. Nikonorova
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Elizabeth desRanleau
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Katherine C. Jacobs
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Joshua Saul
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jonathon D. Walsh
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Maureen M. Barr
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Lead contact
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Cucun G, Köhler M, Pfitsch S, Rastegar S. Insights into the mechanisms of neuron generation and specification in the zebrafish ventral spinal cord. FEBS J 2024; 291:646-662. [PMID: 37498183 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate nervous system is composed of a wide range of neurons and complex synaptic connections, raising the intriguing question of how neuronal diversity is generated. The spinal cord provides an excellent model for exploring the mechanisms governing neuronal diversity due to its simple neural network and the conserved molecular processes involved in neuron formation and specification during evolution. This review specifically examines two distinct progenitor domains present in the zebrafish ventral spinal cord: the lateral floor plate (LFP) and the p2 progenitor domain. The LFP is responsible for the production of GABAergic Kolmer-Agduhr neurons (KA″), glutamatergic V3 neurons, and intraspinal serotonergic neurons, while the p2 domain generates V2 precursors that subsequently differentiate into three unique subpopulations of V2 neurons, namely glutamatergic V2a, GABAergic V2b, and glycinergic V2s. Based on recent findings, we will examine the fundamental signaling pathways and transcription factors that play a key role in the specification of these diverse neurons and neuronal subtypes derived from the LFP and p2 progenitor domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Cucun
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Melina Köhler
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pfitsch
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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5
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Kelly JJ, Wen H, Brehm P. Single-cell RNAseq analysis of spinal locomotor circuitry in larval zebrafish. eLife 2023; 12:RP89338. [PMID: 37975797 PMCID: PMC10656102 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of the neuronal types that form the specialized circuits controlling distinct behaviors has benefited greatly from the simplicity offered by zebrafish. Electrophysiological studies have shown that in addition to connectivity, understanding of circuitry requires identification of functional specializations among individual circuit components, such as those that regulate levels of transmitter release and neuronal excitability. In this study, we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to identify the molecular bases for functional distinctions between motoneuron types that are causal to their differential roles in swimming. The primary motoneuron, in particular, expresses high levels of a unique combination of voltage-dependent ion channel types and synaptic proteins termed functional 'cassettes.' The ion channel types are specialized for promoting high-frequency firing of action potentials and augmented transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction, both contributing to greater power generation. Our transcriptional profiling of spinal neurons further assigns expression of this cassette to specific interneuron types also involved in the central circuitry controlling high-speed swimming and escape behaviors. Our analysis highlights the utility of scRNAseq in functional characterization of neuronal circuitry, in addition to providing a gene expression resource for studying cell type diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy J Kelly
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Hua Wen
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Paul Brehm
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
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Bellegarda C, Zavard G, Moisan L, Brochard-Wyart F, Joanny JF, Gray RS, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Wyart C. The Reissner fiber under tension in vivo shows dynamic interaction with ciliated cells contacting the cerebrospinal fluid. eLife 2023; 12:e86175. [PMID: 37772792 PMCID: PMC10617989 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Reissner fiber (RF) is an acellular thread positioned in the midline of the central canal that aggregates thanks to the beating of numerous cilia from ependymal radial glial cells (ERGs) generating flow in the central canal of the spinal cord. RF together with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) form an axial sensory system detecting curvature. How RF, CSF-cNs and the multitude of motile cilia from ERGs interact in vivo appears critical for maintenance of RF and sensory functions of CSF-cNs to keep a straight body axis, but is not well-understood. Using in vivo imaging in larval zebrafish, we show that RF is under tension and resonates dorsoventrally. Focal RF ablations trigger retraction and relaxation of the fiber's cut ends, with larger retraction speeds for rostral ablations. We built a mechanical model that estimates RF stress diffusion coefficient D at 5 mm2/s and reveals that tension builds up rostrally along the fiber. After RF ablation, spontaneous CSF-cN activity decreased and ciliary motility changed, suggesting physical interactions between RF and cilia projecting into the central canal. We observed that motile cilia were caudally-tilted and frequently interacted with RF. We propose that the numerous ependymal motile monocilia contribute to RF's heterogenous tension via weak interactions. Our work demonstrates that under tension, the Reissner fiber dynamically interacts with motile cilia generating CSF flow and spinal sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Bellegarda
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Campus Hospitalier Pitié-SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Guillaume Zavard
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Campus Hospitalier Pitié-SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | | | | | - Jean-François Joanny
- Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) University, Institut Curie, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) University, Collège de FranceParisFrance
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Dell Pediatrics Research Institute, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Campus Hospitalier Pitié-SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Claire Wyart
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Campus Hospitalier Pitié-SalpêtrièreParisFrance
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Kelly JJ, Wen H, Brehm P. Single cell RNA-seq analysis of spinal locomotor circuitry in larval zebrafish. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.06.543939. [PMID: 37333232 PMCID: PMC10274715 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the neuronal types that form the specialized circuits controlling distinct behaviors has benefited greatly from the simplicity offered by zebrafish. Electrophysiological studies have shown that additional to connectivity, understanding of circuitry requires identification of functional specializations among individual circuit components, such as those that regulate levels of transmitter release and neuronal excitability. In this study we use single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to identify the molecular bases for functional distinctions between motoneuron types that are causal to their differential roles in swimming. The primary motoneuron (PMn) in particular, expresses high levels of a unique combination of voltage-dependent ion channel types and synaptic proteins termed functional 'cassettes'. The ion channel types are specialized for promoting high frequency firing of action potentials and augmented transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction, both contributing to greater power generation. Our transcriptional profiling of spinal neurons further assigns expression of this cassette to specific interneuron types also involved in the central circuitry controlling high speed swimming and escape behaviors. Our analysis highlights the utility of scRNAseq in functional characterization of neuronal circuitry, in addition to providing a gene expression resource for studying cell type diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy J. Kelly
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hua Wen
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Paul Brehm
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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8
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Wyart C, Carbo-Tano M, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Orts-Del'Immagine A, Böhm UL. Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons: multimodal cells with diverse roles in the CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:540-556. [PMID: 37558908 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a complex solution that circulates around the CNS, and whose composition changes as a function of an animal's physiological state. Ciliated neurons that are bathed in the CSF - and thus referred to as CSF-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) - are unusual polymodal interoceptive neurons. As chemoreceptors, CSF-cNs respond to variations in pH and osmolarity and to bacterial metabolites in the CSF. Their activation during infections of the CNS results in secretion of compounds to enhance host survival. As mechanosensory neurons, CSF-cNs operate together with an extracellular proteinaceous polymer known as the Reissner fibre to detect compression during spinal curvature. Once activated, CSF-cNs inhibit motor neurons, premotor excitatory neurons and command neurons to enhance movement speed and stabilize posture. At longer timescales, CSF-cNs instruct morphogenesis throughout life via the release of neuropeptides that act over long distances on skeletal muscle. Finally, recent evidence suggests that mouse CSF-cNs may act as neural stem cells in the spinal cord, inspiring new paths of investigation for repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Wyart
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM U1127, UMR CNRS 7225 Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Martin Carbo-Tano
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM U1127, UMR CNRS 7225 Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM U1127, UMR CNRS 7225 Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Urs L Böhm
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Liu X, Rich K, Nasseri SM, Li G, Hjæresen S, Finsen B, Scherberger H, Svenningsen Å, Zhang M. A Comparison of PKD2L1-Expressing Cerebrospinal Fluid Contacting Neurons in Spinal Cords of Rodents, Carnivores, and Primates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13582. [PMID: 37686387 PMCID: PMC10488076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) are a specific type of neurons located around the ventricles in the brain and the central canal in the spinal cord and have been demonstrated to be intrinsic sensory neurons in the central nervous system. One of the important channels responsible for the sensory function is the polycystic kidney disease 2-like 1 (PKD2L1) channel. Most of the studies concerning the distribution and function of the PKD2L1-expressing CSF-cNs in the spinal cord have previously been performed in non-mammalian vertebrates. In the present study immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the distribution of PKD2L1-immunoreactive (IR) CSF-cNs in the spinal cords of four mammalian species: mouse, rat, cat, and macaque monkey. Here, we found that PKD2L1-expressing CSF-cNs were present at all levels of the spinal cord in these animal species. Although the distribution pattern was similar across these species, differences existed. Mice and rats presented a clear PKD2L1-IR cell body labeling, whereas in cats and macaques the PKD2L1-IR cell bodies were more weakly labeled. Ectopic PKD2L1-IR neurons away from the ependymal layer were observed in all the animal species although the abundance and the detailed locations varied. The apical dendritic protrusions with ciliated fibers were clearly seen in the lumen of the central canal in all the animal species, but the sizes of protrusion bulbs were different among the species. PKD2L1-IR cell bodies/dendrites were co-expressed with doublecortin, MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2), and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, but not with NeuN (neuronal nuclear protein), indicating their immature properties and ability to synthesize monoamine transmitters. In addition, in situ hybridization performed in rats revealed PKD2L1 mRNA expression in the cells around the central canal. Our results indicate that the intrinsic sensory neurons are conserved across non-mammalian and mammalian vertebrates. The similar morphology of the dendritic bulbs with ciliated fibers (probably representing stereocilia and kinocilia) protruding into the central canal across different animal species supports the notion that PKD2L1 is a chemo- and mechanical sensory channel that responds to mechanical stimulations and maintains homeostasis of the spinal cord. However, the differences of PKD2L1 distribution and expression between the species suggest that PKD2L1-expressing neurons may receive and process sensory signals differently in different animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (X.L.); (K.R.); (S.M.N.); (G.L.); (S.H.); (B.F.); (Å.S.)
| | - Karen Rich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (X.L.); (K.R.); (S.M.N.); (G.L.); (S.H.); (B.F.); (Å.S.)
| | - Sohail M. Nasseri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (X.L.); (K.R.); (S.M.N.); (G.L.); (S.H.); (B.F.); (Å.S.)
| | - Guifa Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (X.L.); (K.R.); (S.M.N.); (G.L.); (S.H.); (B.F.); (Å.S.)
| | - Simone Hjæresen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (X.L.); (K.R.); (S.M.N.); (G.L.); (S.H.); (B.F.); (Å.S.)
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (X.L.); (K.R.); (S.M.N.); (G.L.); (S.H.); (B.F.); (Å.S.)
| | - Hansjörg Scherberger
- Deutsches Primantenzentrum, GmbH, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Department of Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Åsa Svenningsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (X.L.); (K.R.); (S.M.N.); (G.L.); (S.H.); (B.F.); (Å.S.)
- BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (X.L.); (K.R.); (S.M.N.); (G.L.); (S.H.); (B.F.); (Å.S.)
- BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
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Gaillard AL, Mohamad T, Quan FB, de Cian A, Mosimann C, Tostivint H, Pézeron G. Urp1 and Urp2 act redundantly to maintain spine shape in zebrafish larvae. Dev Biol 2023; 496:36-51. [PMID: 36736605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Urp1 and Urp2 are two neuropeptides, members of the Urotensin 2 family, that have been recently involved in the control of body axis morphogenesis in zebrafish. They are produced by a population of sensory spinal neurons, called cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons (CSF-cNs), under the control of signals relying on the Reissner fiber, an extracellular thread bathing in the CSF. Here, we have investigated further the function of Urp1 and Urp2 (Urp1/2) in body axis formation and maintenance. We showed that urp1;urp2 double mutants develop strong body axis defects during larval growth, revealing the redundancy between the two neuropeptides. These defects were similar to those previously reported in uts2r3 mutants. We observed that this phenotype is not associated with congenital defects in vertebrae formation, but by using specific inhibitors, we found that, at least in the embryo, the action of Urp1/2 signaling depends on myosin II contraction. Finally, we provide evidence that while the Urp1/2 signaling is functioning during larval growth, it is dispensable for embryonic development. Taken together, our results show that Urp1/2 signaling is required in larvae to promote correct vertebral body axis, most likely by regulating muscle tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Gaillard
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Teddy Mohamad
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Feng B Quan
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anne de Cian
- Structure and Instability of Genomes (String - UMR 7196 - U1154), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Christian Mosimann
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hervé Tostivint
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Pézeron
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France.
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11
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Prendergast AE, Jim KK, Marnas H, Desban L, Quan FB, Djenoune L, Laghi V, Hocquemiller A, Lunsford ET, Roussel J, Keiser L, Lejeune FX, Dhanasekar M, Bardet PL, Levraud JP, van de Beek D, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Wyart C. CSF-contacting neurons respond to Streptococcus pneumoniae and promote host survival during central nervous system infection. Curr Biol 2023; 33:940-956.e10. [PMID: 36791723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) can invade the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cause meningitis with devastating consequences. Whether and how sensory cells in the central nervous system (CNS) become activated during bacterial infection, as recently reported for the peripheral nervous system, is not known. We find that CSF infection by S. pneumoniae in larval zebrafish leads to changes in posture and behavior that are reminiscent of pneumococcal meningitis, including dorsal arching and epileptic-like seizures. We show that during infection, invasion of the CSF by S. pneumoniae massively activates in vivo sensory neurons contacting the CSF, referred to as "CSF-cNs" and previously shown to detect spinal curvature and to control posture, locomotion, and spine morphogenesis. We find that CSF-cNs express orphan bitter taste receptors and respond in vitro to bacterial supernatant and metabolites via massive calcium transients, similar to the ones observed in vivo during infection. Upon infection, CSF-cNs also upregulate the expression of numerous cytokines and complement components involved in innate immunity. Accordingly, we demonstrate, using cell-specific ablation and blockade of neurotransmission, that CSF-cN neurosecretion enhances survival of the host during S. pneumoniae infection. Finally, we show that CSF-cNs respond to various pathogenic bacteria causing meningitis in humans, as well as to the supernatant of cells infected by a neurotropic virus. Altogether, our work uncovers that central sensory neurons in the spinal cord, previously involved in postural control and morphogenesis, contribute as well to host survival by responding to the invasion of the CSF by pathogenic bacteria during meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Prendergast
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Kin Ki Jim
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo Marnas
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Laura Desban
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Feng B Quan
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Lydia Djenoune
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Valerio Laghi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Hocquemiller
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Elias T Lunsford
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Julian Roussel
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Keiser
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 18, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francois-Xavier Lejeune
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Mahalakshmi Dhanasekar
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Luc Bardet
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Levraud
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Cité, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina M J E Vandenbroucke-Grauls
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Claire Wyart
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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12
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Baraban M, Gordillo Pi C, Bonnet I, Gilles JF, Lejeune C, Cabrera M, Tep F, Breau MA. Actomyosin contractility in olfactory placode neurons opens the skin epithelium to form the zebrafish nostril. Dev Cell 2023; 58:361-375.e5. [PMID: 36841243 PMCID: PMC10023511 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite their barrier function, epithelia can locally lose their integrity to create physiological openings during morphogenesis. The mechanisms driving the formation of these epithelial breaks are only starting to be investigated. Here, we study the formation of the zebrafish nostril (the olfactory orifice), which opens in the skin epithelium to expose the olfactory neurons to external odorant cues. Combining live imaging, drug treatments, laser ablation, and tissue-specific functional perturbations, we characterize a mechanical interplay between olfactory placode neurons and the skin, which plays a crucial role in the formation of the orifice: the neurons pull on the overlying skin cells in an actomyosin-dependent manner which, in combination with a local reorganization of the skin epithelium, triggers the opening of the orifice. This work identifies an original mechanism to break an epithelial sheet, in which an adjacent group of cells mechanically assists the epithelium to induce its local rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Baraban
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire Jean Perrin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Clara Gordillo Pi
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnet
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mélody Cabrera
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florian Tep
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Anne Breau
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire Jean Perrin, 75005 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.
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13
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Nakamura Y, Kurabe M, Matsumoto M, Sato T, Miytashita S, Hoshina K, Kamiya Y, Tainaka K, Matsuzawa H, Ohno N, Ueno M. Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neuron tracing reveals structural and functional connectivity for locomotion in the mouse spinal cord. eLife 2023; 12:83108. [PMID: 36805807 PMCID: PMC9943067 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) are enigmatic mechano- or chemosensory cells lying along the central canal of the spinal cord. Recent studies in zebrafish larvae and lampreys have shown that CSF-cNs control postures and movements via spinal connections. However, the structures, connectivity, and functions in mammals remain largely unknown. Here we developed a method to genetically target mouse CSF-cNs that highlighted structural connections and functions. We first found that intracerebroventricular injection of adeno-associated virus with a neuron-specific promoter and Pkd2l1-Cre mice specifically labeled CSF-cNs. Single-cell labeling of 71 CSF-cNs revealed rostral axon extensions of over 1800 μm in unmyelinated bundles in the ventral funiculus and terminated on CSF-cNs to form a recurrent circuitry, which was further determined by serial electron microscopy and electrophysiology. CSF-cNs were also found to connect with axial motor neurons and premotor interneurons around the central canal and within the axon bundles. Chemogenetic CSF-cNs inactivation reduced speed and step frequency during treadmill locomotion. Our data revealed the basic structures and connections of mouse CSF-cNs to control spinal motor circuits for proper locomotion. The versatile methods developed in this study will contribute to further understanding of CSF-cN functions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nakamura
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Miyuki Kurabe
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigataJapan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiJapan,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Tokiharu Sato
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Satoshi Miytashita
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Kana Hoshina
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Yoshinori Kamiya
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigataJapan
| | - Kazuki Tainaka
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Hitoshi Matsuzawa
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Kashiwaba Neurosurgical HospitalSapporoJapan,Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of MedicineShimotsukeJapan,Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiJapan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
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14
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Cao L, Huang MZ, Zhang Q, Luo ZR, Zhang Y, An PJ, Yang LL, Tan W, Wang CQ, Dou XW, Li Q. The neural stem cell properties of Pkd2l1+ cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in vivo. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:992520. [PMID: 36159391 PMCID: PMC9500444 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.992520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural stem cells (NSCs) in the ventricular-subventricular zone of the adult mammalian spinal cord may be of great benefit for repairing spinal cord injuries. However, the sources of NSCs remain unclear. Previously, we have confirmed that cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) have NSC potential in vitro. In this study, we verified the NSC properties of CSF-cNs in vivo. In mouse spinal cords, Pkd2l1+ CSF-cNs localized around the central canal express NSC markers. In vitro, Pkd2l1+ CSF-cNs form a neurosphere and express NSC markers. Activation and proliferation of CSF-cNs can be induced by injection of the neurotrophic factors basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) into the lateral ventricle. Spinal cord injury (SCI) also induces NSC activation and proliferation of CSF-cNs. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Pkd2l1+ CSF-cNs have NSC properties in vivo and may be involved in SCI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cao
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Huang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhang-Rong Luo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping-Jiang An
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lei-Luo Yang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chun-Qing Wang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Dou
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Wei Dou,
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Qing Li,
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15
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Xie H, Li M, Kang Y, Zhang J, Zhao C. Zebrafish: an important model for understanding scoliosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:506. [PMID: 36059018 PMCID: PMC9441191 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scoliosis is a common spinal deformity that considerably affects the physical and psychological health of patients. Studies have shown that genetic factors play an important role in scoliosis. However, its etiopathogenesis remain unclear, partially because of the genetic heterogeneity of scoliosis and the lack of appropriate model systems. Recently, the development of efficient gene editing methods and high-throughput sequencing technology has made it possible to explore the underlying pathological mechanisms of scoliosis. Owing to their susceptibility for developing scoliosis and high genetic homology with human, zebrafish are increasingly being used as a model for scoliosis in developmental biology, genetics, and clinical medicine. Here, we summarize the recent advances in scoliosis research on zebrafish and discuss the prospects of using zebrafish as a scoliosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China. .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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16
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Gerstmann K, Jurčić N, Blasco E, Kunz S, de Almeida Sassi F, Wanaverbecq N, Zampieri N. The role of intraspinal sensory neurons in the control of quadrupedal locomotion. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2442-2453.e4. [PMID: 35512696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
From swimming to walking and flying, animals have evolved specific locomotor strategies to thrive in different habitats. All types of locomotion depend on the integration of motor commands and sensory information to generate precisely coordinated movements. Cerebrospinal-fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cN) constitute a vertebrate sensory system that monitors CSF composition and flow. In fish, CSF-cN modulate swimming activity in response to changes in pH and bending of the spinal cord; however, their role in mammals remains unknown. We used mouse genetics to study their function in quadrupedal locomotion. We found that CSF-cN are directly integrated into spinal motor circuits. The perturbation of CSF-cN function does not affect general motor activity nor the generation of locomotor rhythm and pattern but results in specific defects in skilled movements. These results identify a role for mouse CSF-cN in adaptive motor control and indicate that this sensory system evolved a novel function to accommodate the biomechanical requirements of limb-based locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Gerstmann
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Jurčić
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) & CNRS, UMR7289, Timone Campus, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Edith Blasco
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) & CNRS, UMR7289, Timone Campus, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Severine Kunz
- Technology Platform for Electron Microscopy, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nicolas Wanaverbecq
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) & CNRS, UMR7289, Timone Campus, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Niccolò Zampieri
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Muñoz-Montecinos C, Romero A, Sepúlveda V, Vira MÁ, Fehrmann-Cartes K, Marcellini S, Aguilera F, Caprile T, Fuentes R. Turning the Curve Into Straight: Phenogenetics of the Spine Morphology and Coordinate Maintenance in the Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:801652. [PMID: 35155449 PMCID: PMC8826430 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.801652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebral column, or spine, provides mechanical support and determines body axis posture and motion. The most common malformation altering spine morphology and function is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a three-dimensional spinal deformity that affects approximately 4% of the population worldwide. Due to AIS genetic heterogenicity and the lack of suitable animal models for its study, the etiology of this condition remains unclear, thus limiting treatment options. We here review current advances in zebrafish phenogenetics concerning AIS-like models and highlight the recently discovered biological processes leading to spine malformations. First, we focus on gene functions and phenotypes controlling critical aspects of postembryonic aspects that prime in spine architecture development and straightening. Second, we summarize how primary cilia assembly and biomechanical stimulus transduction, cerebrospinal fluid components and flow driven by motile cilia have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AIS-like phenotypes. Third, we highlight the inflammatory responses associated with scoliosis. We finally discuss recent innovations and methodologies for morphometrically characterize and analyze the zebrafish spine. Ongoing phenotyping projects are expected to identify novel and unprecedented postembryonic gene functions controlling spine morphology and mutant models of AIS. Importantly, imaging and gene editing technologies are allowing deep phenotyping studies in the zebrafish, opening new experimental paradigms in the morphometric and three-dimensional assessment of spinal malformations. In the future, fully elucidating the phenogenetic underpinnings of AIS etiology in zebrafish and humans will undoubtedly lead to innovative pharmacological treatments against spinal deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Muñoz-Montecinos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Adrián Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Vania Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Ángela Vira
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karen Fehrmann-Cartes
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de las Américas, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Aguilera
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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18
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Russ DE, Cross RBP, Li L, Koch SC, Matson KJE, Yadav A, Alkaslasi MR, Lee DI, Le Pichon CE, Menon V, Levine AJ. A harmonized atlas of mouse spinal cord cell types and their spatial organization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5722. [PMID: 34588430 PMCID: PMC8481483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing data can unveil the molecular diversity of cell types. Cell type atlases of the mouse spinal cord have been published in recent years but have not been integrated together. Here, we generate an atlas of spinal cell types based on single-cell transcriptomic data, unifying the available datasets into a common reference framework. We report a hierarchical structure of postnatal cell type relationships, with location providing the highest level of organization, then neurotransmitter status, family, and finally, dozens of refined populations. We validate a combinatorial marker code for each neuronal cell type and map their spatial distributions in the adult spinal cord. We also show complex lineage relationships among postnatal cell types. Additionally, we develop an open-source cell type classifier, SeqSeek, to facilitate the standardization of cell type identification. This work provides an integrated view of spinal cell types, their gene expression signatures, and their molecular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Russ
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Data Science Research Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ryan B Patterson Cross
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Li Li
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie C Koch
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kaya J E Matson
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Archana Yadav
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mor R Alkaslasi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dylan I Lee
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claire E Le Pichon
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariel J Levine
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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19
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Jurčić N, Michelle C, Trouslard J, Wanaverbecq N, Kastner A. Evidence for PKD2L1-positive neurons distant from the central canal in the ventromedial spinal cord and medulla of the adult mouse. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4781-4803. [PMID: 34097332 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are found around the medullo-spinal central canal (CC) in adult mice. These neurons (CSF-cNs), located within or below the ependymal cell layer, known as the stem cell niche, present a characteristic morphology with a dendrite projecting to the CC and ending with a protrusion. They are GABAergic, present an intermediate neuronal maturity and selectively express PKD2L1, a member of the transient receptor potential channel superfamily with sensory properties. Using immunohistological and electrophysiological recording techniques in mice, we characterize the properties of a new population of PKD2L1 positive cells that is distant from the CC in a zone enriched with astrocytes and ependymal fibers of the ventro-medial spinal cord and medulla. They appear around embryonic day 16 and their number increases up to early postnatal days. With development and the reorganization of the CC region, they progressively become more distant from the CC, suggesting some migratory capabilities. These neurons share functional and phenotypical properties with CSF-cNs but appear subdivided in two groups. One group, present along the midline, has a bipolar morphology and extends a long dendrite along ependymal fibers and towards the CC. The second group, localized in more ventro-lateral regions, has a multipolar morphology and no apparent projection to the CC. Altogether, we describe a novel population of PKD2L1+ neurons distant from the CC but with properties similar to CSF-cNs that might serve to sense modification in the composition of either CSF or interstitial liquid, a function that will need to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jurčić
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ and CNRS UMR 7289, SpiCCI Team, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Michelle
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ and CNRS UMR 7289, SpiCCI Team, Marseille, France
| | - Jérôme Trouslard
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ and CNRS UMR 7289, SpiCCI Team, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Wanaverbecq
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ and CNRS UMR 7289, SpiCCI Team, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Kastner
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ and CNRS UMR 7289, SpiCCI Team, Marseille, France
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20
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Wu MY, Carbo-Tano M, Mirat O, Lejeune FX, Roussel J, Quan FB, Fidelin K, Wyart C. Spinal sensory neurons project onto the hindbrain to stabilize posture and enhance locomotor speed. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3315-3329.e5. [PMID: 34146485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) are GABAergic interoceptive sensory neurons that detect spinal curvature via a functional coupling with the Reissner fiber. This mechanosensory system has recently been found to be involved in spine morphogenesis and postural control but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In zebrafish, CSF-cNs project an ascending and ipsilateral axon reaching two to six segments away. Rostralmost CSF-cNs send their axons ipsilaterally into the hindbrain, a brain region containing motor nuclei and reticulospinal neurons (RSNs), which send descending motor commands to spinal circuits. Until now, the synaptic connectivity of CSF-cNs has only been investigated in the spinal cord, where they synapse onto motor neurons and premotor excitatory interneurons. The identity of CSF-cN targets in the hindbrain and the behavioral relevance of these sensory projections from the spinal cord to the hindbrain are unknown. Here, we provide anatomical and molecular evidence that rostralmost CSF-cNs synapse onto the axons of large RSNs including Mauthner cells and V2a neurons. Functional anatomy and optogenetically assisted mapping reveal that rostral CSF-cNs also synapse onto the soma and dendrites of cranial motor neurons innervating hypobranchial muscles. During acousto-vestibular evoked escape responses, ablation of rostralmost CSF-cNs results in a weaker escape response with a decreased C-bend amplitude, lower speed, and deficient postural control. Our study demonstrates that spinal sensory feedback enhances speed and stabilizes posture, and reveals a novel spinal gating mechanism acting on the output of descending commands sent from the hindbrain to the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Wu
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Martin Carbo-Tano
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Mirat
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Francois-Xavier Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Julian Roussel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Feng B Quan
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Kevin Fidelin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Claire Wyart
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France.
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21
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CCP1, a Tubulin Deglutamylase, Increases Survival of Rodent Spinal Cord Neurons following Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0431-20.2021. [PMID: 33688040 PMCID: PMC8021396 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0431-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are cytoskeletal elements that provide structural support and act as roadways for intracellular transport in cells. MTs are also needed for neurons to extend and maintain long axons and dendrites that establish connectivity to transmit information through the nervous system. Therefore, in neurons, the ability to independently regulate cytoskeletal stability and MT-based transport in different cellular compartments is essential. Posttranslational modification of MTs is one mechanism by which neurons regulate the cytoskeleton. The carboxypeptidase CCP1 negatively regulates posttranslational polyglutamylation of MTs. In mammals, loss of CCP1, and the resulting hyperglutamylation of MTs, causes neurodegeneration. It has also long been known that CCP1 expression is activated by neuronal injury; however, whether CCP1 plays a neuroprotective role after injury is unknown. Using shRNA-mediated knock-down of CCP1 in embryonic rat spinal cord cultures, we demonstrate that CCP1 protects spinal cord neurons from excitotoxic death. Unexpectedly, excitotoxic injury reduced CCP1 expression in our system. We previously demonstrated that the CCP1 homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans is important for maintenance of neuronal cilia. Although cilia enhance neuronal survival in some contexts, it is not yet clear whether CCP1 maintains cilia in mammalian spinal cord neurons. We found that knock-down of CCP1 did not result in loss or shortening of cilia in cultured spinal cord neurons, suggesting that its effect on survival of excitotoxicity is independent of cilia. Our results support the idea that enzyme regulators of MT polyglutamylation might be therapeutically targeted to prevent excitotoxic death after spinal cord injuries.
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22
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Wang S, He Y, Zhang H, Chen L, Cao L, Yang L, Wang C, Pan Y, Tang Q, Tan W, Dou X, Li Q. The Neural Stem Cell Properties of PKD2L1 + Cerebrospinal Fluid-Contacting Neurons in vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:630882. [PMID: 33790741 PMCID: PMC8005615 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.630882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid-touching neurons (CSF-cNs) exist in the region surrounding the central canal of the spinal cord, which locate in the adult neurogenic niche. Previous research showed that CSF-cNs expressed the molecular markers of immature neural cells in vivo. Here, we explored the potential of CSF-cNs as neural stem cell in intro. We first found that PKD2L1+ CSF-cNs, isolating by FACS using the molecular marker PKD2L1 of CSF-cNs, expressed neural stem cells markers like Nestin, Sox2, and GFAP by immunofluorescence staining. PKD2L1+ CSF-cNs were able to form neurospheres and passaged in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the neurospheres forming by PKD2L1+ CSF-cNs also expressed neural stem cell markers Nestin, Sox2 and GFAP. The neurospheres expressed proliferation markers Ki67 and PCNA by immunofluorescence staining, indicating that the neurospheres forming by PKD2L1+ CSF-cNs were proliferative. The neurospheres, forming by CSF-cNs, had the ability of differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Collectively, our data suggested that PKD2L1+ CSF-cNs have the properties of neural stem cells in vitro and may provide a promising approach for the repair of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Shandong Juxian People's Hospital, Rizhao City, China
| | - Yuqi He
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Huiqian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Leiluo Yang
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
| | - Chunqing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
| | - Yujie Pan
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
| | - Xiaowei Dou
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
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23
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Yang L, Wang F, Strähle U. The Genetic Programs Specifying Kolmer-Agduhr Interneurons. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:577879. [PMID: 33162880 PMCID: PMC7581942 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.577879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Kolmer-Agduhr (KA) cells are a subgroup of interneurons positioned adjacent to the neurocoele with cilia on the apical surface protruding into the central canal of the spinal cord. Although KA cells were identified almost a century ago, their development and functions are only beginning to be unfolded. Recent studies have revealed the characteristics of KA cells in greater detail, including their spatial distribution, the timing of their differentiation, and their specification via extrinsic signaling and a unique combination of transcription factors in zebrafish and mouse. Cell lineage-tracing experiments have demonstrated that two subsets of KA cells, named KA' and KA" cells, differentiate from motoneuronal progenitors and floor-plate precursors, respectively, in both zebrafish and mouse. Although KA' and KA" cells originate from different progenitors/precursors, they each share a common set of transcription factors. Intriguingly, the combination of transcription factors that promote the acquisition of KA' cell characteristics differs from those that promote a KA" cell identity. In addition, KA' and KA" cells exhibit separable neuronal targets and differential responses to bending of the spinal cord. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the genetic programs defining the identities of KA' and KA" cell identities. We then discuss how these two subgroups of KA cells are genetically specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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24
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Cantaut-Belarif Y, Orts Del'Immagine A, Penru M, Pézeron G, Wyart C, Bardet PL. Adrenergic activation modulates the signal from the Reissner fiber to cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons during development. eLife 2020; 9:e59469. [PMID: 33048048 PMCID: PMC7591253 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains an extracellular thread conserved in vertebrates, the Reissner fiber, which controls body axis morphogenesis in the zebrafish embryo. Yet, the signaling cascade originating from this fiber to ensure body axis straightening is not understood. Here, we explore the functional link between the Reissner fiber and undifferentiated spinal neurons contacting the CSF (CSF-cNs). First, we show that the Reissner fiber is required in vivo for the expression of urp2, a neuropeptide expressed in CSF-cNs. We show that the Reissner fiber is also required for embryonic calcium transients in these spinal neurons. Finally, we study how local adrenergic activation can substitute for the Reissner fiber-signaling pathway to CSF-cNs and rescue body axis morphogenesis. Our results show that the Reissner fiber acts on CSF-cNs and thereby contributes to establish body axis morphogenesis, and suggest it does so by controlling the availability of a chemical signal in the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margot Penru
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Guillaume Pézeron
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR 7221), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Claire Wyart
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Pierre-Luc Bardet
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
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25
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Abstract
The vertebrate body plan is characterized by the presence of a segmented spine along its main axis. Here, we examine the current understanding of how the axial tissues that are formed during embryonic development give rise to the adult spine and summarize recent advances in the field, largely focused on recent studies in zebrafish, with comparisons to amniotes where appropriate. We discuss recent work illuminating the genetics and biological mechanisms mediating extension and straightening of the body axis during development, and highlight open questions. We specifically focus on the processes of notochord development and cerebrospinal fluid physiology, and how defects in those processes may lead to scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatrics Research Institute, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
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26
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Quan FB, Desban L, Mirat O, Kermarquer M, Roussel J, Koëth F, Marnas H, Djenoune L, Lejeune FX, Tostivint H, Wyart C. Somatostatin 1.1 contributes to the innate exploration of zebrafish larva. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15235. [PMID: 32943676 PMCID: PMC7499426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological experiments indicate that neuropeptides can effectively tune neuronal activity and modulate locomotor output patterns. However, their functions in shaping innate locomotion often remain elusive. For example, somatostatin has been previously shown to induce locomotion when injected in the brain ventricles but to inhibit fictive locomotion when bath-applied in the spinal cord in vitro. Here, we investigated the role of somatostatin in innate locomotion through a genetic approach by knocking out somatostatin 1.1 (sst1.1) in zebrafish. We automated and carefully analyzed the kinematics of locomotion over a hundred of thousand bouts from hundreds of mutant and control sibling larvae. We found that the deletion of sst1.1 did not impact acousto-vestibular escape responses but led to abnormal exploration. sst1.1 mutant larvae swam over larger distance, at higher speed and performed larger tail bends, indicating that Somatostatin 1.1 inhibits spontaneous locomotion. Altogether our study demonstrates that Somatostatin 1.1 innately contributes to slowing down spontaneous locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng B Quan
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CNRS UMR 7221, Paris, France
| | - Laura Desban
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Olivier Mirat
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Kermarquer
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Julian Roussel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Koëth
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Marnas
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Lydia Djenoune
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - François-Xavier Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Tostivint
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CNRS UMR 7221, Paris, France
| | - Claire Wyart
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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27
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Sensory Neurons Contacting the Cerebrospinal Fluid Require the Reissner Fiber to Detect Spinal Curvature In Vivo. Curr Biol 2020; 30:827-839.e4. [PMID: 32084399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates active roles for the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on body axis development and morphogenesis of the spine, implying CSF-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) in the spinal cord. CSF-cNs project a ciliated apical extension into the central canal that is enriched in the channel PKD2L1 and enables the detection of spinal curvature in a directional manner. Dorsolateral CSF-cNs ipsilaterally respond to lateral bending although ventral CSF-cNs respond to longitudinal bending. Historically, the implication of the Reissner fiber (RF), a long extracellular thread in the CSF, to CSF-cN sensory functions has remained a subject of debate. Here, we reveal, using electron microscopy in zebrafish larvae, that the RF is in close vicinity with cilia and microvilli of ventral and dorsolateral CSF-cNs. We investigate in vivo the role of cilia and the RF in the mechanosensory functions of CSF-cNs by combining calcium imaging with patch-clamp recordings. We show that disruption of cilia motility affects CSF-cN sensory responses to passive and active curvature of the spinal cord without affecting the Pkd2l1 channel activity. Because ciliary defects alter the formation of the RF, we investigated whether the RF contributes to CSF-cN mechanosensitivity in vivo. Using a hypomorphic mutation in the scospondin gene that forbids the aggregation of SCO-spondin into a fiber, we demonstrate in vivo that the RF per se is critical for CSF-cN mechanosensory function. Our study uncovers that neurons contacting the cerebrospinal fluid functionally interact with the RF to detect spinal curvature in the vertebrate spinal cord.
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28
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Ringers C, Olstad EW, Jurisch-Yaksi N. The role of motile cilia in the development and physiology of the nervous system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190156. [PMID: 31884916 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia are miniature, whip-like organelles whose beating generates a directional fluid flow. The flow generated by ciliated epithelia is a subject of great interest, as defective ciliary motility results in severe human diseases called motile ciliopathies. Despite the abundance of motile cilia in diverse organs including the nervous system, their role in organ development and homeostasis remains poorly understood. Recently, much progress has been made regarding the identity of motile ciliated cells and the role of motile-cilia-mediated flow in the development and physiology of the nervous system. In this review, we will discuss these recent advances from sensory organs, specifically the nose and the ear, to the spinal cord and brain ventricles. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Ringers
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emilie W Olstad
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olavs University Hospital, Edvard Griegs Gate 8, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
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29
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Large-Scale Analysis of the Diversity and Complexity of the Adult Spinal Cord Neurotransmitter Typology. iScience 2019; 19:1189-1201. [PMID: 31542702 PMCID: PMC6831849 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of nervous system atlases is a fundamental pursuit in neuroscience, since they constitute a fundamental tool to improve our understanding of the nervous system and behavior. As such, neurotransmitter maps are valuable resources to decipher the nervous system organization and functionality. We present here the first comprehensive quantitative map of neurons found in the adult zebrafish spinal cord. Our study overlays detailed information regarding the anatomical positions, sizes, neurotransmitter phenotypes, and the projection patterns of the spinal neurons. We also show that neurotransmitter co-expression is much more extensive than previously assumed, suggesting that spinal networks are more complex than first recognized. As a first direct application, we investigated the neurotransmitter diversity in the putative glutamatergic spinal V2a-interneuron assembly. These studies shed new light on the diverse and complex functions of this important interneuron class in the neuronal interplay governing the precise operation of the central pattern generators.
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30
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Di Bella DJ, Carcagno AL, Bartolomeu ML, Pardi MB, Löhr H, Siegel N, Hammerschmidt M, Marín-Burgin A, Lanuza GM. Ascl1 Balances Neuronal versus Ependymal Fate in the Spinal Cord Central Canal. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2264-2274.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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31
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Regulation of the apical extension morphogenesis tunes the mechanosensory response of microvilliated neurons. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000235. [PMID: 31002663 PMCID: PMC6493769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple types of microvilliated sensory cells exhibit an apical extension thought to be instrumental in the detection of sensory cues. The investigation of the mechanisms underlying morphogenesis of sensory apparatus is critical to understand the biology of sensation. Most of what we currently know comes from the study of the hair bundle of the inner ear sensory cells, but morphogenesis and function of other sensory microvilliated apical extensions remain poorly understood. We focused on spinal sensory neurons that contact the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the projection of a microvilliated apical process in the central canal, referred to as cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs). CSF-cNs respond to pH and osmolarity changes as well as mechanical stimuli associated with changes of flow and tail bending. In vivo time-lapse imaging in zebrafish embryos revealed that CSF-cNs are atypical neurons that do not lose their apical attachment and form a ring of actin at the apical junctional complexes (AJCs) that they retain during differentiation. We show that the actin-based protrusions constituting the microvilliated apical extension arise and elongate from this ring of actin, and we identify candidate molecular factors underlying every step of CSF-cN morphogenesis. We demonstrate that Crumbs 1 (Crb1), Myosin 3b (Myo3b), and Espin orchestrate the morphogenesis of CSF-cN apical extension. Using calcium imaging in crb1 and espin mutants, we further show that the size of the apical extension modulates the amplitude of CSF-cN sensory response to bending of the spinal cord. Based on our results, we propose that the apical actin ring could be a common site of initiation of actin-based protrusions in microvilliated sensory cells. Furthermore, our work provides a set of actors underlying actin-based protrusion elongation shared by different sensory cell types and highlights the critical role of the apical extension shape in sensory detection. A study of differentiating spinal sensory neurons in vivo uncovers critical factors required for the morphogenesis of sensory microvilli and reveals fine modulation of mechanosensory responses by microvillus length.
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Pkd2l1 is required for mechanoception in cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons and maintenance of spine curvature. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3804. [PMID: 30228263 PMCID: PMC6143598 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow may contribute to idiopathic scoliosis. However, the mechanisms underlying detection of CSF flow in the central canal of the spinal cord are unknown. Here we demonstrate that CSF flows bidirectionally along the antero-posterior axis in the central canal of zebrafish embryos. In the cfap298tm304 mutant, reduction of cilia motility slows transport posteriorly down the central canal and abolishes spontaneous activity of CSF-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs). Loss of the sensory Pkd2l1 channel nearly abolishes CSF-cN calcium activity and single channel opening. Recording from isolated CSF-cNs in vitro, we show that CSF-cNs are mechanosensory and require Pkd2l1 to respond to pressure. Additionally, adult pkd2l1 mutant zebrafish develop an exaggerated spine curvature, reminiscent of kyphosis in humans. These results indicate that CSF-cNs are mechanosensory cells whose Pkd2l1-driven spontaneous activity reflects CSF flow in vivo. Furthermore, Pkd2l1 in CSF-cNs contributes to maintenance of natural curvature of the spine. Alteration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and cilia defects are clinically associated with idiopathic scoliosis. This study shows that transient receptor potential channel Pkd2l1 is required for mechanosensory function of neurons detecting CSF flow and normal spine curvature development in zebrafish.
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Montgomery JE, Wahlstrom-Helgren S, Wiggin TD, Corwin BM, Lillesaar C, Masino MA. Intraspinal serotonergic signaling suppresses locomotor activity in larval zebrafish. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:10.1002/dneu.22606. [PMID: 29923318 PMCID: PMC6301152 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5HT) is a modulator of many vital processes in the spinal cord (SC), such as production of locomotion. In the larval zebrafish, intraspinal serotonergic neurons (ISNs) are a source of spinal 5HT that, despite the availability of numerous genetic and optical tools, has not yet been directly shown to affect the spinal locomotor network. In order to better understand the functions of ISNs, we used a combination of strategies to investigate ISN development, morphology, and function. ISNs were optically isolated from one another by photoconverting Kaede fluorescent protein in individual cells, permitting morphometric analysis as they developed in vivo. ISN neurite lengths and projection distances exhibited the greatest amount of change between 3 and 4 days post-fertilization (dpf) and appeared to stabilize by 5 dpf. Overall ISN innervation patterns were similar between cells and between SC regions. ISNs possessed rostrally-extending neurites resembling dendrites and a caudally-extending neurite resembling an axon, which terminated with an enlarged growth cone-like structure. Interestingly, these enlargements remained even after neurite extension had ceased. Functionally, application of exogenous 5HT reduced spinally-produced motor nerve bursting. A selective 5HT reuptake inhibitor and ISN activation with channelrhodopsin-2 each produced similar effects to 5HT, indicating that spinally-intrinsic 5HT originating from the ISNs has an inhibitory effect on the spinal locomotor network. Taken together this suggests that the ISNs are morphologically mature by 5 dpf and supports their involvement in modulating the activity of the spinal locomotor network. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy D. Wiggin
- University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Christina Lillesaar
- University of Würzburg, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mark A. Masino
- University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN
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Berg EM, Bertuzzi M, Ampatzis K. Complementary expression of calcium binding proteins delineates the functional organization of the locomotor network. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2181-2196. [PMID: 29423637 PMCID: PMC5968073 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal networks in the spinal cord generate and execute all locomotor-related movements by transforming descending signals from supraspinal areas into appropriate rhythmic activity patterns. In these spinal networks, neurons that arise from the same progenitor domain share similar distribution patterns, neurotransmitter phenotypes, morphological and electrophysiological features. However, subgroups of them participate in different functionally distinct microcircuits to produce locomotion at different speeds and of different modalities. To better understand the nature of this network complexity, here we characterized the distribution of parvalbumin (PV), calbindin D-28 k (CB) and calretinin (CR) which are regulators of intracellular calcium levels and can serve as anatomical markers for morphologically and potential functionally distinct neuronal subpopulations. We observed wide expression of CBPs in the adult zebrafish, in several spinal and reticulospinal neuronal populations with a diverse neurotransmitter phenotype. We also found that several spinal motoneurons express CR and PV. However, only the motoneuron pools that are responsible for generation of fast locomotion were CR-positive. CR can thus be used as a marker for fast motoneurons and might potentially label the fast locomotor module. Moreover, CB was mainly observed in the neuronal progenitor cells that are distributed around the central canal. Thus, our results suggest that during development the spinal neurons utilize CB and as the neurons mature and establish a neurotransmitter phenotype they use CR or/and PV. The detailed characterization of CBPs expression, in the spinal cord and brainstem neurons, is a crucial step toward a better understanding of the development and functionality of neuronal locomotor networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Berg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bertuzzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Andrzejczuk LA, Banerjee S, England SJ, Voufo C, Kamara K, Lewis KE. Tal1, Gata2a, and Gata3 Have Distinct Functions in the Development of V2b and Cerebrospinal Fluid-Contacting KA Spinal Neurons. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:170. [PMID: 29651232 PMCID: PMC5884927 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate locomotor circuitry contains distinct classes of ventral spinal cord neurons which each have particular functional properties. While we know some of the genes expressed by each of these cell types, we do not yet know how several of these neurons are specified. Here, we investigate the functions of Tal1, Gata2a, and Gata3 transcription factors in the development of two of these populations of neurons with important roles in locomotor circuitry: V2b neurons and cerebrospinal fluid-contacting Kolmer-Agduhr (KA) neurons (also called CSF-cNs). Our data provide the first demonstration, in any vertebrate, that Tal1 and Gata3 are required for correct development of KA and V2b neurons, respectively. We also uncover differences in the genetic regulation of V2b cell development in zebrafish compared to mouse. In addition, we demonstrate that Sox1a and Sox1b are expressed by KA and V2b neurons in zebrafish, which differs from mouse, where Sox1 is expressed by V2c neurons. KA neurons can be divided into ventral KA″ neurons and more dorsal KA′ neurons. Consistent with previous morpholino experiments, our mutant data suggest that Tal1 and Gata3 are required in KA′ but not KA″ cells, whereas Gata2a is required in KA″ but not KA′ cells, even though both of these cell types co-express all three of these transcription factors. In gata2a mutants, cells in the KA″ region of the spinal cord lose expression of most KA″ genes and there is an increase in the number of cells expressing V3 genes, suggesting that Gata2a is required to specify KA″ and repress V3 fates in cells that normally develop into KA″ neurons. On the other hand, our data suggest that Gata3 and Tal1 are both required for KA′ neurons to differentiate from progenitor cells. In the KA′ region of these mutants, cells no longer express KA′ markers and there is an increase in the number of mitotically-active cells. Finally, our data demonstrate that all three of these transcription factors are required for later stages of V2b neuron differentiation and that Gata2a and Tal1 have different functions in V2b development in zebrafish than in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | | | - Christiane Voufo
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Kadiah Kamara
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Katharine E Lewis
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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Djenoune L, Wyart C. Light on a sensory interface linking the cerebrospinal fluid to motor circuits in vertebrates. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:113-127. [PMID: 28789587 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1359833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is circulating around the entire central nervous system (CNS). The main function of the CSF has been thought to insure the global homeostasis of the CNS. Recent evidence indicates that the CSF also dynamically conveys signals modulating the development and the activity of the nervous system. The later observation implies that cues from the CSF could act on neurons in the brain and the spinal cord via bordering receptor cells. Candidate neurons to enable such modulation are the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) that are located precisely at the interface between the CSF and neuronal circuits. The atypical apical extension of CSF-cNs bears a cluster of microvilli bathing in the CSF indicating putative sensory or secretory roles in relation with the CSF. In the brainstem and spinal cord, CSF-cNs have been described in over two hundred species by Kolmer and Agduhr, suggesting an important function within the spinal cord. However, the lack of specific markers and the difficulty to access CSF-cNs hampered their physiological investigation. The transient receptor potential channel PKD2L1 is a specific marker of spinal CSF-cNs in vertebrate species. The transparency of zebrafish at early stages eases the functional characterization of pkd2l1+ CSF-cNs. Recent studies demonstrate that spinal CSF-cNs detect spinal curvature via the channel PKD2L1 and modulate locomotion and posture by projecting onto spinal interneurons and motor neurons in vivo. In vitro recordings demonstrated that spinal CSF-cNs are sensing pH variations mainly through ASIC channels, in combination with PKD2L1. Altogether, neurons contacting the CSF appear as a novel sensory modality enabling the detection of mechanical and chemical stimuli from the CSF and modulating the excitability of spinal circuits underlying locomotion and posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Djenoune
- a Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) , Paris , France
| | - Claire Wyart
- a Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) , Paris , France
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