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Micheletti C, Shah FA. Bone hierarchical organization through the lens of materials science: Present opportunities and future challenges. Bone Rep 2024; 22:101783. [PMID: 39100913 PMCID: PMC11295937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2024.101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiscale characterization is essential to better understand the hierarchical architecture of bone and an array of analytical methods contributes to exploring the various structural and compositional aspects. Incorporating X-ray tomography, X-ray scattering, vibrational spectroscopy, and atom probe tomography alongside electron microscopy provides a comprehensive approach, offering insights into the diverse levels of organization within bone. X-ray scattering techniques reveal information about collagen-mineral spatial relationships, while X-ray tomography captures 3D structural details, especially at the microscale. Electron microscopy, such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy, extends resolution to the nanoscale, showcasing intricate features such as collagen fibril organization. Additionally, atom probe tomography achieves sub-nanoscale resolution and high chemical sensitivity, enabling detailed examination of bone composition. Despite various technical challenges, a correlative approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of bone material properties. Real-time investigations through in situ and in operando approaches shed light on the dynamic processes in bone. Recently developed techniques such as liquid, in situ transmission electron microscopy provide insights into calcium phosphate formation and collagen mineralization. Mechanical models developed in the effort to link structure, composition, and function currently remain oversimplified but can be improved. In conclusion, correlative analytical platforms provide a holistic perspective of bone extracellular matrix and are essential for unraveling the intricate interplay between structure and composition within bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Micheletti
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Furqan A. Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Desai N, Pande S, Vora LK, Kommineni N. Nanofibrous Microspheres: A Biomimetic Platform for Bone Tissue Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:4270-4292. [PMID: 38950103 PMCID: PMC11253102 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Bone, a fundamental constituent of the human body, is a vital scaffold for support, protection, and locomotion, underscoring its pivotal role in maintaining skeletal integrity and overall functionality. However, factors such as trauma, disease, or aging can compromise bone structure, necessitating effective strategies for regeneration. Traditional approaches often lack biomimetic environments conducive to efficient tissue repair. Nanofibrous microspheres (NFMS) present a promising biomimetic platform for bone regeneration by mimicking the native extracellular matrix architecture. Through optimized fabrication techniques and the incorporation of active biomolecular components, NFMS can precisely replicate the nanostructure and biochemical cues essential for osteogenesis promotion. Furthermore, NFMS exhibit versatile properties, including tunable morphology, mechanical strength, and controlled release kinetics, augmenting their suitability for tailored bone tissue engineering applications. NFMS enhance cell recruitment, attachment, and proliferation, while promoting osteogenic differentiation and mineralization, thereby accelerating bone healing. This review highlights the pivotal role of NFMS in bone tissue engineering, elucidating their design principles and key attributes. By examining recent preclinical applications, we assess their current clinical status and discuss critical considerations for potential clinical translation. This review offers crucial insights for researchers at the intersection of biomaterials and tissue engineering, highlighting developments in this expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimeet Desai
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, India
| | - Shreya Pande
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, India
| | - Lalitkumar K. Vora
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Nagavendra Kommineni
- Center
for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065, United States
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3
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Chen J, Aido M, Roschger A, van Tol A, Checa S, Willie BM, Weinkamer R. Spatial variations in the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network density and analysis of the connectomic parameters. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303515. [PMID: 38743675 PMCID: PMC11093372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (LCN) is comprised of micrometre-sized pores and submicrometric wide channels in bone. Accumulating evidence suggests multiple functions of this network in material transportation, mechanobiological signalling, mineral homeostasis and bone remodelling. Combining rhodamine staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy, the longitudinal cross-sections of six mouse tibiae were imaged, and the connectome of the network was quantified with a focus on the spatial heterogeneities of network density, connectivity and length of canaliculi. In-vivo loading and double calcein labelling on these tibiae allowed differentiating the newly formed bone from the pre-existing regions. The canalicular density of the murine cortical bone varied between 0.174 and 0.243 μm/μm3, and therefore is three times larger than the corresponding value for human femoral midshaft osteons. The spatial heterogeneity of the network was found distinctly more pronounced across the cortex than along the cortex. We found that in regions with a dense network, the LCN conserves its largely tree-like character, but increases the density by including shorter canaliculi. The current study on healthy mice should serve as a motivating starting point to study the connectome of genetically modified mice, including models of bone diseases and of reduced mechanoresponse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junning Chen
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Aido
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Roschger
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander van Tol
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sara Checa
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina M. Willie
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Richard Weinkamer
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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4
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Castanha N, Challois S, Grenier D, Le-Bail P, Dubreil L, Lucas T. Multiphoton microscopy is a nondestructive label-free approach to investigate the 3D structure of gas cell walls in bread dough. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13971. [PMID: 37634004 PMCID: PMC10460382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During the different steps of bread-making, changes in the microstructure of the dough, particularly in the gas cell walls (GCW), have a major influence on the final bread crumb texture. Investigation of the spatial conformation of GCWs is still a challenge because it requires both high resolutions and 3D depth imaging. The originality of the present work lies in the use of label-free non-destructive multiphoton microscopy (NLOM) to image the 3D structure of GCWs, shedding light on their behavior and organization in wheat bread dough. We demonstrated that second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG) allow imaging, respectively, of starch granules and interfaces in bread dough, while the gluten matrix was detected via two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF). Last, a distinction between the gluten network and starch granules was achieved using gluten endogenous fluorescence (EF) imaging, while the position, size, and 3D orientation of starch granules in GCWs were determined from harmonic imaging, made possible by the acquisition of backward and forward SHG with linear polarization. These innovative experiments highlight the strengths of NLOM for a label-free characterization of bread dough microstructure for the first time, in order to understand the role of starch granules in dough stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patricia Le-Bail
- INRAE, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, BP 71627, 44316, Nantes, France
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5
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Detailing the influence of PEO-coated biodegradable Mg-based implants on the lacuno-canalicular network in sheep bone: A pilot study. Bioact Mater 2023; 26:14-23. [PMID: 36875051 PMCID: PMC9975618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing prevalence of bone-related injuries and aging geriatric populations continue to drive the orthopaedic implant market. A hierarchical analysis of bone remodelling after material implantation is necessary to better understand the relationship between implant and bone. Osteocytes, which are housed and communicate through the lacuno-canalicular network (LCN), are integral to bone health and remodelling processes. Therefore, it is essential to examine the framework of the LCN in response to implant materials or surface treatments. Biodegradable materials offer an alternative solution to permanent implants, which may require revision or removal surgeries. Magnesium alloys have resurfaced as promising materials due to their bone-like properties and safe degradation in vivo. To further tailor their degradation capabilities, surface treatments such as plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) have demonstrated to slow degradation. For the first time, the influence of a biodegradable material on the LCN is investigated by means of non-destructive 3D imaging. In this pilot study, we hypothesize noticeable variations in the LCN caused by altered chemical stimuli introduced by the PEO-coating. Utilising synchrotron-based transmission X-ray microscopy, we have characterised morphological LCN differences around uncoated and PEO-coated WE43 screws implanted into sheep bone. Bone specimens were explanted after 4, 8, and 12 weeks and regions near the implant surface were prepared for imaging. Findings from this investigation indicate that the slower degradation of PEO-coated WE43 induces healthier lacunar shapes within the LCN. However, the stimuli perceived by the uncoated material with higher degradation rates induces a greater connected LCN better prepared for bone disturbance.
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6
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Buccino F, Zagra L, Longo E, D'Amico L, Banfi G, Berto F, Tromba G, Vergani LM. Osteoporosis and Covid-19: Detected similarities in bone lacunar-level alterations via combined AI and advanced synchrotron testing. MATERIALS & DESIGN 2023; 231:112087. [PMID: 37323219 PMCID: PMC10257887 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While advanced imaging strategies have improved the diagnosis of bone-related pathologies, early signs of bone alterations remain difficult to detect. The Covid-19 pandemic has brought attention to the need for a better understanding of bone micro-scale toughening and weakening phenomena. This study used an artificial intelligence-based tool to automatically investigate and validate four clinical hypotheses by examining osteocyte lacunae on a large scale with synchrotron image-guided failure assessment. The findings indicate that trabecular bone features exhibit intrinsic variability related to external loading, micro-scale bone characteristics affect fracture initiation and propagation, osteoporosis signs can be detected at the micro-scale through changes in osteocyte lacunar features, and Covid-19 worsens micro-scale porosities in a statistically significant manner similar to the osteoporotic condition. Incorporating these findings with existing clinical and diagnostic tools could prevent micro-scale damages from progressing into critical fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Buccino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20156, Italy
| | - Luigi Zagra
- I.R.C.C.S Ospedale Galeazzi - Sant'Ambrogio, Milano 20157, Italy
| | - Elena Longo
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Lorenzo D'Amico
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- I.R.C.C.S Ospedale Galeazzi - Sant'Ambrogio, Milano 20157, Italy
| | - Filippo Berto
- Università La Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy
- NTNU, Norway
| | - Giuliana Tromba
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
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7
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Morizet J, Olivier N, Mahou P, Boutillon A, Stringari C, Beaurepaire E. Third harmonic imaging contrast from tubular structures in the presence of index discontinuity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7850. [PMID: 37188736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate interpretation of third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy images in terms of sample optical properties and microstructure is generally hampered by the presence of excitation field distortions resulting from sample heterogeneity. Numerical methods that account for these artifacts need to be established. In this work, we experimentally and numerically analyze the THG contrast obtained from stretched hollow glass pipettes embedded in different liquids. We also characterize the nonlinear optical properties of 2,2[Formula: see text]-thiodiethanol (TDE), a water-soluble index-matching medium. We find that index discontinuity not only changes the level and modulation amplitude of polarization-resolved THG signals, but can even change the polarization direction producing maximum THG near interfaces. We then show that a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) modeling strategy can accurately account for contrast observed in optically heterogeneous samples, whereas reference Fourier-based numerical approaches are accurate only in the absence of index mismatch. This work opens perspectives for interpreting THG microscopy images of tubular objects and other geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joséphine Morizet
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Nicolas Olivier
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Pierre Mahou
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Arthur Boutillon
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Chiara Stringari
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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8
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Sato M, Shah FA. Contributions of Resin Cast Etching to Visualising the Osteocyte Lacuno-Canalicular Network Architecture in Bone Biology and Tissue Engineering. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:525-542. [PMID: 36611094 PMCID: PMC10106349 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an evolution of imaging technologies towards sophisticated approaches for visualising cells within their natural environment(s) and for investigating their interactions with other cells, with adjacent anatomical structures, and with implanted biomaterials. Resin cast etching (RCE) is an uncomplicated technique involving sequential acid etching and alkali digestion of resin embedded bone to observe the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network using scanning electron microscopy. This review summarises the applicability of RCE to bone and the bone-implant interface. Quantitative parameters such as osteocyte size, osteocyte density, and number of canaliculi per osteocyte, and qualitative metrics including osteocyte shape, disturbances in the arrangement of osteocytes and canaliculi, and physical communication between osteocytes and implant surfaces can be investigated. Ageing, osteoporosis, long-term immobilisation, spinal cord injury, osteoarthritis, irradiation, and chronic kidney disease have been shown to impact osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network morphology. In addition to titanium, calcium phosphates, and bioactive glass, observation of direct connectivity between osteocytes and cobalt chromium provides new insights into the osseointegration potential of materials conventionally viewed as non-osseointegrating. Other applications include in vivo and in vitro testing of polymer-based tissue engineering scaffolds and tissue-engineered ossicles, validation of ectopic osteochondral defect models, ex vivo organ culture of whole bones, and observing the effects of gene dysfunction/deletion on the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network. Without additional contrast staining, any resin embedded specimen (including clinical biopsies) can be used for RCE. The multitude of applications described here attest to the versatility of RCE for routine use within correlative analytical workflows, particularly in biomaterials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Sato
- Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Furqan A Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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9
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Talone B, Bresci A, Manetti F, Vernuccio F, De la Cadena A, Ceconello C, Schiavone ML, Mantero S, Menale C, Vanna R, Cerullo G, Sobacchi C, Polli D. Label-free multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy reveals features of bone composition in pathophysiological conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1042680. [PMID: 36483771 PMCID: PMC9723390 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1042680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue features a complex microarchitecture and biomolecular composition, which determine biomechanical properties. In addition to state-of-the-art technologies, innovative optical approaches allowing the characterization of the bone in native, label-free conditions can provide new, multi-level insight into this inherently challenging tissue. Here, we exploited multimodal nonlinear optical (NLO) microscopy, including co-registered stimulated Raman scattering, two-photon excited fluorescence, and second-harmonic generation, to image entire vertebrae of murine spine sections. The quantitative nature of these nonlinear interactions allowed us to extract accurate biochemical, morphological, and topological information on the bone tissue and to highlight differences between normal and pathologic samples. Indeed, in a murine model showing bone loss, we observed increased collagen and lipid content as compared to the wild type, along with a decreased craniocaudal alignment of bone collagen fibres. We propose that NLO microscopy can be implemented in standard histopathological analysis of bone in preclinical studies, with the ambitious future perspective to introduce this technique in the clinical practice for the analysis of larger tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianna Bresci
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Mantero
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milano, Italy
- CNR-Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy
| | - Ciro Menale
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Renzo Vanna
- CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milano, Italy
- CNR-Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Polli
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Milan, Italy
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10
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Soldati E, Roseren F, Guenoun D, Mancini L, Catelli E, Prati S, Sciutto G, Vicente J, Iotti S, Bendahan D, Malucelli E, Pithioux M. Multiscale Femoral Neck Imaging and Multimodal Trabeculae Quality Characterization in an Osteoporotic Bone Sample. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8048. [PMID: 36431532 PMCID: PMC9694313 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple structural, mechanical, and molecular factors are definitely involved in osteoporosis, the assessment of subregional bone mineral density remains the most commonly used diagnostic index. In this study, we characterized bone quality in the femoral neck of one osteoporotic patients as compared to an age-matched control subject, and so used a multiscale and multimodal approach including X-ray computed microtomography at different spatial resolutions (pixel size: 51.0, 4.95 and 0.9 µm), microindentation and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Our results showed abnormalities in the osteocytes lacunae volume (358.08 ± 165.00 for the osteoporotic sample vs. 287.10 ± 160.00 for the control), whereas a statistical difference was found neither for shape nor for density. The osteoporotic femoral head and great trochanter reported reduced elastic modulus (Es) and hardness (H) compared to the control reference (−48% (p < 0.0001) and −34% (p < 0.0001), respectively for Es and H in the femoral head and −29% (p < 0.01) and −22% (p < 0.05), respectively for Es and H in the great trochanter), whereas the corresponding values in the femoral neck were in the same range. The spectral analysis could distinguish neither subregional differences in the osteoporotic sample nor between the osteoporotic and healthy samples. Although, infrared spectroscopic measurements were comparable among subregions, and so regardless of the bone osteoporotic status, the trabecular mechanical properties were comparable only in the femoral neck. These results illustrate that bone remodeling in osteoporosis is a non-uniform process with different rates in different bone anatomical regions, hence showing the interest of a clear analysis of the bone microarchitecture in the case of patients’ osteoporotic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Soldati
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IUSTI, 13453 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM, 13385 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Flavy Roseren
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Daphne Guenoun
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, 13288 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Radiology, 13274 Marseille, France
| | - Lucia Mancini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, SS 14–km 1535 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Emilio Catelli
- University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Ravenna Campus, Via Guaccimanni, 42, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Silvia Prati
- University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Ravenna Campus, Via Guaccimanni, 42, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Sciutto
- University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Ravenna Campus, Via Guaccimanni, 42, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Jerome Vicente
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IUSTI, 13453 Marseille, France
| | - Stefano Iotti
- Università di Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBit), Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy
| | - David Bendahan
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Emil Malucelli
- Università di Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBit), Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martine Pithioux
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, 13288 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 13274 Marseille, France
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11
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Pajić T, Todorović NV, Živić M, Nikolić SN, Rabasović MD, Clayton AHA, Krmpot AJ. Label-free third harmonic generation imaging and quantification of lipid droplets in live filamentous fungi. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18760. [PMID: 36335164 PMCID: PMC9637149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the utilization of Third-Harmonic Generation microscopy for label-free live cell imaging of lipid droplets in the hypha of filamentous fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. THG microscopy images showed bright spherical features dispersed throughout the hypha cytoplasm in control conditions and a transient increase in the number of bright features after complete nitrogen starvation. Colocalization analysis of THG and lipid-counterstained images disclosed that the cytoplasmic particles were lipid droplets. Particle Size Analysis and Image Correlation Spectroscopy were used to quantify the number density and size of lipid droplets. The two analysis methods both revealed an increase from 16 × 10-3 to 23 × 10-3 lipid droplets/µm2 after nitrogen starvation and a decrease in the average size of the droplets (range: 0.5-0.8 µm diameter). In conclusion, THG imaging, followed by PSA and ICS, can be reliably used for filamentous fungi for the in vivo quantification of lipid droplets without the need for labeling and/or fixation. In addition, it has been demonstrated that ICS is suitable for THG microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Pajić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11158 Serbia
| | - Nataša V. Todorović
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia
| | - Miroslav Živić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11158 Serbia
| | - Stanko N. Nikolić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
| | - Mihailo D. Rabasović
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
| | - Andrew H. A. Clayton
- grid.1027.40000 0004 0409 2862Department of Physics and Astronomy, Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Aleksandar J. Krmpot
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
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12
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Doube M. Closing cones create conical lamellae in secondary osteonal bone. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220712. [PMID: 35958092 PMCID: PMC9363998 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lamellae are sheets of mineralized collagen 1-20 µm thick, extending over hundreds of µm in bone tissue, occupying bone's structural hierarchy at a level above collagen fibres and osteocytes, and below osteons and trabeculae. Osteons are tubular arrangements of lamellae surrounding central neurovascular canals. Lamellae in osteons are usually described as concentric cylinders based on their annular appearance in transverse section. In this review, I provide a perspective on current understanding of the relationship between geometry of the bone formation front and the shape of lamellae produced at it, reaching the conclusion that the 'closing cone' bone formation front in secondary osteonal remodelling must necessarily result in cone-shaped lamellae in the mature secondary osteon. Secondary osteons replace primary osteons through a tunnelling process of bone turnover, meaning that conical lamellae may become more common in older and damaged bone which is at greatest risk of fracture. Visualization and measurement of three-dimensional lamellar shape over hundreds of microns is needed to provide data for accurate micromechanical simulations. Treating secondary osteonal lamellae as a 'stack of cones' rather than 'nested cylinders' may have important implications for our appreciation of bone's function as a load-bearing tissue and of its behaviour in fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doube
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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13
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Rishøj L, Hernández IC, Ramachandran S, Jowett N. Multiphoton microscopy for label-free multicolor imaging of peripheral nerve. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-210327GRR. [PMID: 35568795 PMCID: PMC9109936 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.5.056501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Means for quantitation of myelinated fibers in peripheral nerve may guide diagnosis and clinical decision making in management of peripheral nerve disorders. Multiphoton microscopy techniques such as the third-harmonic generation enable label-free in vivo imaging of peripheral nerves. AIM Develop a multiphoton microscope based on a custom high-power infrared fiber laser for label-free imaging of peripheral nerve. APPROACH A cost-effective multiphoton microscope employing a single fiber laser source at 1300 nm was designed and used for stain-free multicolor imaging of murine and human peripheral nerve. RESULTS Second-harmonic generation signal from collagen centered about 650-nm delineated neural connective tissue, whereas third-harmonic general signal centered about 433-nm delineated myelin and other lipids. In sciatic nerve from transgenic reporter mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein within peripheral neurons, three-photon-excitation with emission peak at 527-nm delineated axoplasm. The signal obtained from unlabeled axially sectioned samples was adequate for segmentation of myelinated fibers using commercial image processing software. In unlabeled whole mount specimens, imaging depths over 100-μm were achieved. CONCLUSIONS A multiphoton microscope powered by a fiber laser enables stain-free histomorphometry of mammalian peripheral nerve. The simplicity of the microscope design carries potential for clinical translation to inform decision making in peripheral nerve disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rishøj
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Fotonik, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Iván Coto Hernández
- Mass Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School, Surgical Photonics and Engineering Laboratory, Boston, United States
| | - Siddharth Ramachandran
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Nate Jowett
- Mass Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School, Surgical Photonics and Engineering Laboratory, Boston, United States
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14
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Moriishi T, Komori T. Osteocytes: Their Lacunocanalicular Structure and Mechanoresponses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084373. [PMID: 35457191 PMCID: PMC9032292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes connect with neighboring osteocytes and osteoblasts through their processes and form an osteocyte network. Shear stress on osteocytes, which is induced by fluid flow in the lacunae and canaliculi, has been proposed as an important mechanism for mechanoresponses. The lacunocanalicular structure is differentially developed in the compression and tension sides of femoral cortical bone and the compression side is more organized and has denser and thinner canaliculi. Mice with an impaired lacunocanalicular structure may be useful for evaluation of the relationship between lacunocanalicular structure and mechanoresponses, although their bone component cells are not normal. We show three examples of mice with an impaired lacunocanalicular structure. Ablation of osteocytes by diphtheria toxin caused massive osteocyte apoptosis, necrosis or secondary necrosis that occurred after apoptosis. Osteoblast-specific Bcl2 transgenic mice were found to have a reduced number of osteocyte processes and canaliculi, which caused massive osteocyte apoptosis and a completely interrupted lacunocanalicular network. Osteoblast-specific Sp7 transgenic mice were also revealed to have a reduced number of osteocyte processes and canaliculi, as well as an impaired, but functionally connected, lacunocanalicular network. Here, we show the phenotypes of these mice in physiological and unloaded conditions and deduce the relationship between lacunocanalicular structure and mechanoresponses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Moriishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan;
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-7637; Fax: +81-95-819-7638
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15
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Sp7 Transgenic Mice with a Markedly Impaired Lacunocanalicular Network Induced Sost and Reduced Bone Mass by Unloading. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063173. [PMID: 35328592 PMCID: PMC8948721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship of lacunocanalicular network structure and mechanoresponse has not been well studied. The lacunocanalicular structures differed in the compression and tension sides, in the regions, and in genders in wild-type femoral cortical bone. The overexpression of Sp7 in osteoblasts resulted in thin and porous cortical bone with increased osteoclasts and apoptotic osteocytes, and the number of canaliculi was half of that in the wild-type mice, leading to a markedly impaired lacunocanalicular network. To investigate the response to unloading, we performed tail suspension. Unloading reduced trabecular and cortical bone in the Sp7 transgenic mice due to reduced bone formation. Sost-positive osteocytes increased by unloading on the compression side, but not on the tension side of cortical bone in the wild-type femurs. However, these differential responses were lost in the Sp7 transgenic femurs. Serum Sost increased in the Sp7 transgenic mice, but not in the wild-type mice. Unloading reduced the Col1a1 and Bglap/Bglap2 expression in the Sp7 transgenic mice but not the wild-type mice. Thus, Sp7 transgenic mice with the impaired lacunocanalicular network induced Sost expression by unloading but lost the differential regulation in the compression and tension sides, and the mice failed to restore bone formation during unloading, implicating the relationship of lacunocanalicular network structure and the regulation of bone formation in mechanoresponse.
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16
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Shin KS, Men S, Wong A, Cobb-Bruno C, Chen EY, Fu D. Quantitative Chemical Imaging of Bone Tissue for Intraoperative and Diagnostic Applications. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3791-3799. [PMID: 35188370 PMCID: PMC8944199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone is difficult to image using traditional histopathological methods, leading to challenges in intraoperative pathological evaluation that is critical in guiding surgical treatment, particularly in orthopedic oncology. In this study, we demonstrate that a multimodal quantitative imaging approach that combines stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, two-photon fluorescence (TPF) microscopy, and second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy can provide useful diagnostic information regarding intact bone tissue fragments from surgical excision or biopsy specimens. We imaged bone samples from 17 patient cases and performed quantitative chemical and morphological analyses of both mineral and organic components of bone. Our main findings show that carbonate content combined with morphometric analysis of bone organic matrix can separate several major classes of bone cancer-associated diagnostic categories with an average accuracy of 92%. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that quantitative multimodal imaging and machine learning-based analysis of bony tissue can provide crucial diagnostic information for guiding clinical decisions in orthopedic oncology. Moreover, the general methodology of morphological and chemical imaging combined with machine learning can be readily extended to other tissue types for tissue diagnosis in intraoperative and other clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya S Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shuaiqian Men
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Angel Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Colburn Cobb-Bruno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Eleanor Y Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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17
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García-Aznar JM, Nasello G, Hervas-Raluy S, Pérez MÁ, Gómez-Benito MJ. Multiscale modeling of bone tissue mechanobiology. Bone 2021; 151:116032. [PMID: 34118446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical environment has a crucial role in our organism at the different levels, ranging from cells to tissues and our own organs. This regulatory role is especially relevant for bones, given their importance as load-transmitting elements that allow the movement of our body as well as the protection of vital organs from load impacts. Therefore bone, as living tissue, is continuously adapting its properties, shape and repairing itself, being the mechanical loads one of the main regulatory stimuli that modulate this adaptive behavior. Here we review some key results of bone mechanobiology from computational models, describing the effect that changes associated to the mechanical environment induce in bone response, implant design and scaffold-driven bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel García-Aznar
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Gabriele Nasello
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Hervas-Raluy
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Pérez
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María José Gómez-Benito
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide a recent update on bioenergetic pathways in osteocytes and identify potential future areas of research interest. Studies have identified a role for regulation of bone formation and bone resorption through osteocyte mechanosensing and osteocyte secreted factors. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of studies on the bioenergetics and energy metabolism of osteocytes, which are required for the regulation of bone remodeling. RECENT FINDINGS Osteocytes are cells of the osteoblast lineage embedded in bone. The osteocyte lacunocanalicular network within the skeletal matrix is exposed to a unique hypoxic environment. Therefore, the bioenergetic requirements of these cells could differ from other bone cells due to its location in the ossified matrix and its role in bone regulation transduced by mechanical signals. Recent findings highlighted in this review provide some evidence that metabolism of these cells is dependent on their location due to the substrates present in the microenvironment and metabolic cues from stress pathways. Both glycolysis (glucose metabolism) and oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrial dynamics, ROS generation) affect osteocyte function and viability. In this review, we provide evidence that is currently available about information regarding bioenergetics pathways in osteocytes. We discuss published studies showing a role for hypoxia-driven glucose metabolism in regulating osteocyte bioenergetics. We also provide information on various substrates that osteocytes could utilize to fuel energetic needs, namely pyruvate, amino acids, and fatty acids. This is based on some preliminary experimental evidence that is available in literature. The role of parathyroid hormone PTH and parathryoid hormone-related peptide PTHrP in bone anabolism and resorption, along with regulation of metabolic pathways in the cells of the skeletal niche, needs to be explored further. Mitochondrial metabolism has a role in osteocyte bioenergetics through substrate utilization, location of the osteocyte in the bone cortex, and mitochondrial biogenesis. While there are limitations in studying metabolic flux in traditional cell lines, there are now novel cell lines and sophisticated tools available to study osteocyte bioenergetics to help harness its potential in vivo in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivin Karthik
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Anyonya R Guntur
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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Chang YL, Hsieh CY, Yeh CY, Chang CH, Lin FH. Fabrication of Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 Contained in Gelatin/Hyaluronate Copo006Cymer Mixed with Hydroxyapatite for Use in Traumatic Bone Defects. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12070822. [PMID: 34357232 PMCID: PMC8306626 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone defects of orthopedic trauma remain a challenge in clinical practice. Regarding bone void fillers, besides the well-known osteoconductivity of most bone substitutes, osteoinductivity has also been gaining attention in recent years. It is known that stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) can recruit mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in certain circumstances, which may also play an important role in bone regeneration. In this study, we fabricated a gelatin/hyaluronate (Gel/HA) copolymer mixed with hydroxyapatite (HAP) and SDF-1 to try and enhance bone regeneration in a bone defect model. After material characterization, these Gel/HA–HAP and Gel/HA–HAP–SDF-1 composites were tested for their biocompatibility and ability to recruit MSCs in vitro. A femoral condyle bone defect model of rats was used for in vivo studies. For the assessment of bone healing, micro-CT analysis, second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging, and histology studies were performed. As a result, the Gel/HA–HAP composites showed no systemic toxicity to rats. Gel/HA–HAP composite groups both showed better bone generation compared with the control group in an animal study, and the composite with the SDF-1 group even showed a trend of faster bone growth compared with the composite without SDF-1 group. In conclusion, in the management of traumatic bone defects, Gel/HA–HAP–SDF-1 composites can be a feasible material for use as bone void fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Liang Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei City 10051, Taiwan; (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei City 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei City 10051, Taiwan; (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Chao-Yuan Yeh
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei City 10002, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (F.-H.L.); Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (C.-H.C.); +886-2-2732-0443 (F.-H.L.)
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei City 10051, Taiwan; (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (F.-H.L.); Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (C.-H.C.); +886-2-2732-0443 (F.-H.L.)
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20
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Vielreicher M, Bozec A, Schett G, Friedrich O. Murine Metatarsus Bone and Joint Collagen-I Fiber Morphologies and Networks Studied With SHG Multiphoton Imaging. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:608383. [PMID: 34178952 PMCID: PMC8226188 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.608383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory disease of bones and joints (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, gout, etc.), but also acute bone injury and healing, or degenerative resorptive processes inducing osteoporosis, are associated with structural remodeling that ultimately have impact on function. For instance, bone stability is predominantly orchestrated by the structural arrangement of extracellular matrix fibrillar networks, i.e., collagen-I, -IV, elastin, and other proteins. These components may undergo distinct network density and orientation alterations that may be causative for decreased toughness, resilience and load bearing capacity or even increased brittleness. Diagnostic approaches are usually confined to coarse imaging modalities of X-ray or computer tomography that only provide limited optical resolution and lack specificity to visualize the fibrillary collagen network. However, studying collagen structure at the microscopic scale is of considerable interest to understand the mechanisms of tissue pathologies. Multiphoton Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy, is able to visualize the sterical topology of the collagen-I fibrillar network in 3D, in a minimally invasive and label-free manner. Penetration depths exceed those of conventional visible light imaging and can be further optimized through employing decalcification or optical clearing processing ex vivo. The goal of this proof-of-concept study was to use SHG and two-photon excited fluorescence (2-PEF) imaging to mainly characterize the fibrillary collagen organization within ex vivo decalcified normal mouse metatarsus bone and joint. The results show that the technique resolved the fibrillar collagen network of complete bones and joints with almost no artifacts and enabled to study the complex collagen-I networks with various fiber types (straight, crimped) and network arrangements of mature and woven bone with high degree of detail. Our imaging approach enabled to identify cavities within both cortical and trabecular bone architecture as well as interfaces with sharply changing fiber morphology and network structure both within bone, in tendon and ligament and within joint areas. These possibilities are highly advantageous since the technology can easily be applied to animal models, e.g., of rheumatoid arthritis to study structural effects of chronic joint inflammation, and to many others and to compare to the structure of human bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vielreicher
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, University Clinic, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, University Clinic, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Maggiano IS, Maggiano CM, Cooper DML. Osteon circularity and longitudinal morphology: Quantitative and qualitative three-dimensional perspectives on human Haversian systems. Micron 2021; 140:102955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Kochetkova T, Peruzzi C, Braun O, Overbeck J, Maurya AK, Neels A, Calame M, Michler J, Zysset P, Schwiedrzik J. Combining polarized Raman spectroscopy and micropillar compression to study microscale structure-property relationships in mineralized tissues. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:390-404. [PMID: 33122147 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a natural composite possessing outstanding mechanical properties combined with a lightweight design. The key feature contributing to this unusual combination of properties is the bone hierarchical organization ranging from the nano- to the macro-scale. Bone anisotropic mechanical properties from two orthogonal planes (along and perpendicular to the main bone axis) have already been widely studied. In this work, we demonstrate the dependence of the microscale compressive mechanical properties on the angle between loading direction and the mineralized collagen fibril orientation in the range between 0° and 82°. For this, we calibrated polarized Raman spectroscopy for quantitative collagen fibril orientation determination and validated the method using widely used techniques (small angle X-ray scattering, micro-computed tomography). We then performed compression tests on bovine cortical bone micropillars with known mineralized collagen fibril angles. A strong dependence of the compressive micromechanical properties of bone on the fibril orientation was found with a high degree of anisotropy for both the elastic modulus (Ea/Et=3.80) and the yield stress (σay/σty=2.54). Moreover, the post-yield behavior was found to depend on the MCF orientation with a transition between softening to hardening behavior at approximately 50°. The combination of methods described in this work allows to reliably determine structure-property relationships of bone at the microscale, which may be used as a measure of bone quality.
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23
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The mechanoresponse of bone is closely related to the osteocyte lacunocanalicular network architecture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32251-32259. [PMID: 33288694 PMCID: PMC7768754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011504117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The explanation of how bone senses and adapts to mechanical stimulation still relies on hypotheses. The fluid flow hypothesis claims that a load-induced fluid flow through the lacunocanalicular network can be sensed by osteocytes, which reside within the network structure. We show that considering the network architecture results in a better prediction of bone remodeling than mechanical strain alone. This was done by calculating the fluid flow through the lacunocanalicular network in bone volumes covering the complete cross-sections of mouse tibiae, which underwent controlled in vivo loading. The established relationship between mechanosensitivity and network architecture in individual animals implies possibilities for patient-specific therapies. A new connectomics approach to analyze lacunocanalicular network properties is necessary to understand skeletal mechanobiology. Organisms rely on mechanosensing mechanisms to adapt to changes in their mechanical environment. Fluid-filled network structures not only ensure efficient transport but can also be employed for mechanosensation. The lacunocanalicular network (LCN) is a fluid-filled network structure, which pervades our bones and accommodates a cell network of osteocytes. For the mechanism of mechanosensation, it was hypothesized that load-induced fluid flow results in forces that can be sensed by the cells. We use a controlled in vivo loading experiment on murine tibiae to test this hypothesis, whereby the mechanoresponse was quantified experimentally by in vivo micro-computed tomography (µCT) in terms of formed and resorbed bone volume. By imaging the LCN using confocal microscopy in bone volumes covering the entire cross-section of mouse tibiae and by calculating the fluid flow in the three-dimensional (3D) network, we could perform a direct comparison between predictions based on fluid flow velocity and the experimentally measured mechanoresponse. While local strain distributions estimated by finite-element analysis incorrectly predicts preferred bone formation on the periosteal surface, we demonstrate that additional consideration of the LCN architecture not only corrects this erroneous bias in the prediction but also explains observed differences in the mechanosensitivity between the three investigated mice. We also identified the presence of vascular channels as an important mechanism to locally reduce fluid flow. Flow velocities increased for a convergent network structure where all of the flow is channeled into fewer canaliculi. We conclude that, besides mechanical loading, LCN architecture should be considered as a key determinant of bone adaptation.
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24
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Abstract
Osteocytes are an ancient cell, appearing in fossilized skeletal remains of early fish and dinosaurs. Despite its relative high abundance, even in the context of nonskeletal cells, the osteocyte is perhaps among the least studied cells in all of vertebrate biology. Osteocytes are cells embedded in bone, able to modify their surrounding extracellular matrix via specialized molecular remodeling mechanisms that are independent of the bone forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteocytes communicate with osteoclasts and osteoblasts via distinct signaling molecules that include the RankL/OPG axis and the Sost/Dkk1/Wnt axis, among others. Osteocytes also extend their influence beyond the local bone environment by functioning as an endocrine cell that controls phosphate reabsorption in the kidney, insulin secretion in the pancreas, and skeletal muscle function. These cells are also finely tuned sensors of mechanical stimulation to coordinate with effector cells to adjust bone mass, size, and shape to conform to mechanical demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Robling
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA;
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA;
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25
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Ellipsoidal mesoscale mineralization pattern in human cortical bone revealed in 3D by plasma focused ion beam serial sectioning. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107615. [PMID: 32927057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing bone mineralization and collagen fibril organization at intermediate scales between the nanometer and the hundreds of microns range, is still an important challenge. Similarly, visualizing cellular components which locally affect the tissue structure requires a precision of a few tens of nanometers at maximum while spanning several tens of micrometers. In the last decade, gallium focused ion beam (FIB) equipped with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) proved to be an extremely valuable structural tool to meet those ends. In this study, we assess the capability of a recent plasma FIB-SEM technology which provides a potential increase in measurement speed over gallium FIB-SEM, thus paving the way to larger volume analysis. Nanometer-scale layers of demineralized and mineralized unstained human femoral lamellar bone were sequentially sectioned over volumes of 6-16,000 μm3. Analysis of mineralized tissue revealed prolate ellipsoidal mineral clusters measuring approximately 1.1 µm in length by 700 nm at their maximum diameter. Those features, suggested by others in high resolution studies, appear here as a ubiquitous motif in mineralized lamellar bone over thousands of microns cubed, suggesting a heterogeneous and yet regular pattern of mineral deposition past the single collagen fibril level. This large scale view retained sufficient resolution to visualize the collagen fibrils while also partly visualizing the lacuno-canalicular network in three-dimensions. These findings are strong evidence for suitability of PFIB as a bone analysis tool and the need to revisit bone mineralization over multi-length scales with mineralized tissue.
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26
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Yu B, Pacureanu A, Olivier C, Cloetens P, Peyrin F. Quantification of the bone lacunocanalicular network from 3D X-ray phase nanotomography images. J Microsc 2020; 282:30-44. [PMID: 33125757 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in developing 3D microscopy for the exploration of thick biological tissues. Recently, 3D X-ray nanocomputerised tomography has proven to be a suitable technique for imaging the bone lacunocanalicular network. This interconnected structure is hosting the osteocytes which play a major role in maintaining bone quality through remodelling processes. 3D images have the potential to reveal the architecture of cellular networks, but their quantitative analysis remains a challenge due to the density and complexity of nanometre sized structures and the need to handle and process large datasets, for example, 20483 voxels corresponding to 32 GB per individual image in our case. In this work, we propose an efficient image processing approach for the segmentation of the network and the extraction of characteristic parameters describing the 3D structure. These parameters include the density of lacunae, the porosity of lacunae and canaliculi, and morphological features of lacunae (volume, surface area, lengths, anisotropy etc.). We also introduce additional parameters describing the local environment of each lacuna and its canaliculi. The method is applied to analyse eight human femoral cortical bone samples imaged by magnified X-ray phase nanotomography with a voxel size of 120 nm, which was found to be a good compromise to resolve canaliculi while keeping a sufficiently large field of view of 246 μm in 3D. The analysis was performed on a total of 2077 lacunae showing an average length, width and depth of 17.1 μm × 9.2 μm × 4.4 μm, with an average number of 58.2 canaliculi per lacuna and a total lacuno-canalicular porosity of 1.12%. The reported descriptive parameters provide information on the 3D organisation of the lacuno-canalicular network in human bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boliang Yu
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1206, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Pacureanu
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1206, Lyon, France
| | - Cecile Olivier
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1206, Lyon, France.,ESRF, the European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Francoise Peyrin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1206, Lyon, France.,ESRF, the European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
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27
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A novel RGB-trichrome staining method for routine histological analysis of musculoskeletal tissues. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16659. [PMID: 33028938 PMCID: PMC7541469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphometry and histology are essential approaches for investigation and diagnosis of musculo-skeletal disorders. Despite the advent of revolutionary methods of image analysis and high resolution three-dimensional imaging technology, basic conventional light microscopy still provides an incisive overview of the structure and tissue dynamics of the musculoskeletal system. This is crucial to both preclinical and clinical research, since several clinically relevant processes, such as bone repair, osteoarthritis, and metabolic bone diseases, display distinct, if not pathognomonic, histological features. Due to the particular characteristics of the skeletal tissues (i.e., the existence of mineralized extracellular matrices), a large number of staining methods applicable to either decalcified or undecalcified tissues are available. However, it is usually the case that several staining methods need to be sequentially applied in order to achieve the different endpoints required to fully assess skeletal tissue structure and dynamics, and to allow morphometric quantification. We describe herein a novel staining method, the RGB trichrome, amenable for application to decalcified, paraffin embedded human musculoskeletal tissues. The acronym RGB corresponds to the three primary dyes used: picrosirius Red, fast Green, and alcian Blue. Although these individual pigments are commonly used either isolated, in binary combinations, or as part of more complex polychrome staining methods, when merged in the RGB trichrome staining produce high-quality/high-contrast images, permitting not only clear identification of different tissues (i.e., the different types of cartilage, bone and fibrous connective tissue), but also discrimination between calcified and uncalcified bone and cartilage, as well as an unexpected diversity of shades of color, while displaying singular properties among polychrome staining methods, such as the unveiling of the bone osteocyte dendritic/canalicular network. Hence, we propose the RGB trichrome as simple but highly-reliable tool for the preclinical and clinical study of the musculoskeletal system.
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28
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Bahmaee H, Owen R, Boyle L, Perrault CM, Garcia-Granada AA, Reilly GC, Claeyssens F. Design and Evaluation of an Osteogenesis-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Device Incorporating 3D Cell Culture. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:557111. [PMID: 33015017 PMCID: PMC7509430 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.557111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic-based tissue-on-a-chip devices have generated significant research interest for biomedical applications, such as pharmaceutical development, as they can be used for small volume, high throughput studies on the effects of therapeutics on tissue-mimics. Tissue-on-a-chip devices are evolving from basic 2D cell cultures incorporated into microfluidic devices to complex 3D approaches, with modern designs aimed at recapitulating the dynamic and mechanical environment of the native tissue. Thus far, most tissue-on-a-chip research has concentrated on organs involved with drug uptake, metabolism and removal (e.g., lung, skin, liver, and kidney); however, models of the drug metabolite target organs will be essential to provide information on therapeutic efficacy. Here, we develop an osteogenesis-on-a-chip device that comprises a 3D environment and fluid shear stresses, both important features of bone. This inexpensive, easy-to-fabricate system based on a polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsion (polyHIPE) supports proliferation, differentiation and extracellular matrix production of human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (hES-MPs) over extended time periods (up to 21 days). Cells respond positively to both chemical and mechanical stimulation of osteogenesis, with an intermittent flow profile containing rest periods strongly promoting differentiation and matrix formation in comparison to static and continuous flow. Flow and shear stresses were modeled using computational fluid dynamics. Primary cilia were detectable on cells within the device channels demonstrating that this mechanosensory organelle is present in the complex 3D culture environment. In summary, this device aids the development of ‘next-generation’ tools for investigating novel therapeutics for bone in comparison with standard laboratory and animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Bahmaee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Owen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Boyle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Cecile M Perrault
- INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Eden Microfluidics, Paris, France
| | | | - Gwendolen C Reilly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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29
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Bolger MW, Romanowicz GE, Kohn DH. Advancements in composition and structural characterization of bone to inform mechanical outcomes and modelling. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 11:76-84. [PMID: 32864522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in imaging, computing, microscopy, chromatography, spectroscopy and biological manipulations of animal models, have allowed for a more thorough examination of the hierarchical structure and composition of the skeleton. The ability to map cellular and molecular changes to nano-scale chemical composition changes (mineral, collagen cross-links) and structural changes (porosity, lacuno-canalicular network) to whole bone mechanics is at the forefront of an exciting era of discovery. In addition, there is increasing ability to genetically mimic phenotypes of human disease in animal models to study these structural and compositional changes. Combined, these recent developments have increased the ability to understand perturbations at multiple length scales to better realize the structure-function relationship in bone and inform biomechanical models. The intent of this review is to describe the multiple scales at which bone can characterized, highlighting new techniques such that structural, compositional, and biological changes can be incorporated into biomechanical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W Bolger
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Genevieve E Romanowicz
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - David H Kohn
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
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30
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Schaarschmidt K, Kobelke J, Nolte S, Meyer T, Schmidt MA. Ultrafast intermodal third harmonic generation in a liquid core step-index fiber filled with C 2Cl 4. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:25037-25047. [PMID: 32907034 DOI: 10.1364/oe.399771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Third harmonic generation in a circular liquid core step-index fiber filled with a highly transparent inorganic solvent is demonstrated experimentally using ultrafast pump pulses of different durations in the telecom domain for the first time. Specifically we achieve intermodal phase matching to the HE13 higher order mode at the harmonic wavelength and found clear indications of a non-instantaneous molecular contribution to the total nonlinearity in the spectral broadening of the pump. Spectral power evolution and efficiency of the conversion process is studied for all pulse parameters, while we found the greatest photon yield for the longest pulses as well as an unexpected blue-shift of the third harmonic wavelength with increasing pump power. Our results provide the basis for future studies aiming at using this tunable fiber platform with a sophisticated nonlinear response in the context of harmonic generation.
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31
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Pendleton EG, Tehrani KF, Barrow RP, Mortensen LJ. Second harmonic generation characterization of collagen in whole bone. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4379-4396. [PMID: 32923050 PMCID: PMC7449751 DOI: 10.1364/boe.391866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a unique biological composite material made up of a highly structured collagen mesh matrix and mineral deposits. Although mineral provides stiffness, collagen's secondary organization provides a critical role in bone elasticity. Here, we performed polarimetric analysis of bone collagen fibers using second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging to evaluate lamella sheets and collagen fiber integrity in intact cranial bone. Our polarimetric data was fitted to a model accounting for diattenuation, polarization cross-talk, and birefringence. We compared our data to the fitted model and found no significant difference between our polarimetric observation and the representation of these scattering properties up to 70 µm deep. We also observed a loss of resolution as we imaged up to 70 µm deep into bone but a conservation of polarimetric response. Polarimetric SHG allows for the discrimination of collagen lamellar sheet structures in intact bone. Our work could allow for label-free identification of disease states and monitor the efficacy of therapies for bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Pendleton
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kayvan F. Tehrani
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ruth P. Barrow
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Luke J. Mortensen
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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32
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Assessment of the human bone lacuno-canalicular network at the nanoscale and impact of spatial resolution. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4567. [PMID: 32165649 PMCID: PMC7067834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, increasing attention has been given to the study of osteocytes, the cells that are thought to play an important role in bone remodeling and in the mechanisms of bone fragility. The interconnected osteocyte system is deeply embedded inside the mineralized bone matrix and lies within a closely fitted porosity known as the lacuno-canalicular network. However, quantitative data on human samples remain scarce, mostly measured in 2D, and there are gaps to be filled in terms of spatial resolution. In this work, we present data on femoral samples from female donors imaged with isotropic 3D spatial resolution by magnified X-ray phase nano computerized-tomography. We report quantitative results on the 3D structure of canaliculi in human femoral bone imaged with a voxel size of 30 nm. We found that the lacuno-canalicular porosity occupies on average 1.45% of the total tissue volume, the ratio of the canalicular versus lacunar porosity is about 37.7%, and the primary number of canaliculi stemming from each lacuna is 79 on average. The examination of this number at different distances from the surface of the lacunae demonstrates branching in the canaliculi network. We analyzed the impact of spatial resolution on quantification by comparing parameters extracted from the same samples imaged with 120 nm and 30 nm voxel sizes. To avoid any bias related to the analysis region, the volumes at 120 nm and 30 nm were registered and cropped to the same field of view. Our results show that the measurements at 120 and 30 nm are strongly correlated in our data set but that the highest spatial resolution provides more accurate information on the canaliculi network and its branching properties.
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33
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Huang L, Zhou X, Liu Q, MacAulay CE, Tang S. Miniaturized multimodal multiphoton microscope for simultaneous two-photon and three-photon imaging with a dual-wavelength Er-doped fiber laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:624-635. [PMID: 32133217 PMCID: PMC7041471 DOI: 10.1364/boe.381473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A multimodal multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is developed to acquire both two-photon microscopy (2PM) and three-photon microscopy (3PM) signals. A dual-wavelength Er-doped fiber laser is used as the light source, which provides the fundamental pulse at 1580 nm to excite third harmonic generation (THG) and the frequency-doubled pulse at 790 nm to excite intrinsic two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG). Due to their different contrast mechanisms, the TPEF, SHG, and THG images can acquire complementary information about tissues, including cells, collagen fibers, lipids, and interfaces, all label-free. The compact MPM imaging probe is developed using miniature objective lens and a micro-electro-mechanical scanner. Furthermore, the femtosecond laser pulses are delivered by a single mode fiber and the signals are collected by a multimode fiber, which makes the miniaturized MPM directly fiber-coupled, compact, and portable. Design considerations on using the dual excitation wavelengths are discussed. Multimodal and label-free imaging by TPEF, SHG, and THG are demonstrated on biological samples. The miniaturized multimodal MPM is shown to have great potential for label-free imaging of thick and live tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qihao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Calum E. MacAulay
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Deoartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
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34
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Kim J, Bixel MG. Intravital Multiphoton Imaging of the Bone and Bone Marrow Environment. Cytometry A 2019; 97:496-503. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JungMo Kim
- Department of Tissue MorphogenesisMax Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine D‐48149 Münster Germany
| | - Maria Gabriele Bixel
- Department of Tissue MorphogenesisMax Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine D‐48149 Münster Germany
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35
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Lim H. Harmonic Generation Microscopy 2.0: New Tricks Empowering Intravital Imaging for Neuroscience. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:99. [PMID: 31649934 PMCID: PMC6794408 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical harmonic generation, e.g., second- (SHG) and third-harmonic generation (THG), provides intrinsic contrasts for three-dimensional intravital microscopy. Contrary to two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), however, they have found relatively specialized applications, such as imaging collagenous and non-specific tissues, respectively. Here we review recent advances that broaden the capacity of SHG and THG for imaging the central nervous system in particular. The fundamental contrast mechanisms are reviewed as they encode novel information including molecular origin, spectroscopy, functional probes, and image analysis, which lay foundations for promising future applications in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsik Lim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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36
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Liu Y, Yuan Q, Zhang S. Three-dimensional intravital imaging in bone research. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201960075. [PMID: 31593614 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intravital imaging has emerged as a novel and efficient tool for visualization of in situ dynamics of cellular behaviors and cell-microenvironment interactions in live animals, based on desirable microscopy techniques featuring high resolutions, deep imaging and low phototoxicity. Intravital imaging, especially based on multi-photon microscopy, has been used in bone research for dynamics visualization of a variety of physiological and pathological events at the cellular level, such as bone remodeling, hematopoiesis, immune responses and cancer development, thus, providing guidance for elucidating novel cellular mechanisms in bone biology as well as guidance for new therapies. This review is aimed at interpreting development and advantages of intravital imaging in bone research, and related representative discoveries concerning bone matrices, vessels, and various cells types involved in bone physiologies and pathologies. Finally, current limitations, further refinement, and extended application of intravital imaging in bone research are concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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37
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Jiao J, Gao Y, Li S, Anh ND, Su PC, Kim SW, Sandeep CSS, Kim YJ. Surface third-harmonic generation at a two-photon-polymerized micro-interferometer for real-time on-chip refractive index monitoring. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:29196-29206. [PMID: 31684657 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.029196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A micro-interferometer based on surface third-harmonic generation (THG) at two-photon-polymerized SU-8 cuboids for real-time monitoring of the refractive index changes of target fluids, which can be easily integrated into microfluidic photonic systems, is demonstrated. The third-harmonic (TH) interferogram is selectively generated only from the target volume by a simple vertical pumping, thereby eliminating the needs for complicated coupling and alignments. The dependence of the generated TH to the input pump polarization state is thoroughly investigated. The THG efficiency by linearly polarized excitation is found to be 2.6 × 10-7, which is the most efficient at the SU-8-air interface and independent of the input polarization direction. The THG efficiency from the SU-8-air interface is 12.17 times higher than that from the glass-air interface and 4.93 times higher than that from the SU-8-glass interface. Real-time monitoring of argon gas pressure is demonstrated using the micro- interferometer. The surface TH from two-photon-polymerized 3D structures offers novel design flexibility to the nonlinear optical light sources for microfluidic and microelectronic devices.
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38
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Next-generation imaging of the skeletal system and its blood supply. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:533-549. [PMID: 31395974 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone is organized in a hierarchical 3D architecture. Traditionally, analysis of the skeletal system was based on bone mass assessment by radiographic methods or on the examination of bone structure by 2D histological sections. Advanced imaging technologies and big data analysis now enable the unprecedented examination of bone and provide new insights into its 3D macrostructure and microstructure. These technologies comprise ex vivo and in vivo methods including high-resolution computed tomography (CT), synchrotron-based imaging, X-ray microscopy, ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, confocal and intravital two-photon imaging. In concert, these techniques have been used to detect and quantify a novel vascular system of trans-cortical vessels in bone. Furthermore, structures such as the lacunar network, which harbours and connects osteocytes, become accessible for 3D imaging and quantification using these methods. Next-generation imaging of the skeletal system and its blood supply are anticipated to contribute to an entirely new understanding of bone tissue composition and function, from macroscale to nanoscale, in health and disease. These insights could provide the basis for early detection and precision-type intervention of bone disorders in the future.
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39
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes are the most abundant bone cells. They are completely encased in mineralized tissue, sitting inside lacunae that are connected by a multitude of canaliculi. In recent years, the osteocyte network has been shown to fulfill endocrine functions and to communicate with a number of other organs. This review addresses emerging knowledge on the connectome of the lacunocanalicular network in different types of bone tissue. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in three-dimensional imaging technology started to reveal parameters that are well known from general theory to characterize the function of networks, such as network density, degree of nodes, or shortest path length through the network. The connectome of the lacunocanalicular network differs in some aspects between lamellar and woven bone and seems to change with age. More research is needed to relate network structure to function, such as intercellular transport or communication and its role in mechanosensation, as well as to understand the effect of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Weinkamer
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philip Kollmannsberger
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Universität Würzburg, Campus Hubland Nord 32, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424, Potsdam, Germany.
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40
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Roschger A, Roschger P, Wagermaier W, Chen J, van Tol AF, Repp F, Blouin S, Berzlanovich A, Gruber GM, Klaushofer K, Fratzl P, Weinkamer R. The contribution of the pericanalicular matrix to mineral content in human osteonal bone. Bone 2019; 123:76-85. [PMID: 30898694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The osteocyte lacunar-canalicular network (LCN) penetrates bone and houses the osteocytes and their processes. Despite its rather low volume fraction, the LCN represents an outstanding large surface that is possibly used by the osteocytes to interact with the surrounding mineralized bone matrix thereby contributing to mineral homeostasis. The aim of this study was to quantitatively describe such contributions by spatially correlating the local density of the LCN with the mineral content at the same location in micrometer-sized volume elements in human osteons. For this purpose, 65 osteons from the femur midshaft from healthy adults (n = 4) and children (n = 2) were structurally characterized with two different techniques. The 3D structure of the LCN in the osteons was imaged with confocal laser scanning microscopy after staining the bone samples with rhodamine. Subsequent image analysis provided the canalicular length density, i.e. the total length of the canaliculi per unit volume (μm/μm3). Quantitative information on the mineral content (wt%Ca) from the identical regions was obtained using quantitative backscattered electron imaging. As the LCN-porosity lowers the mineral content, a negative correlation between Ca content and network density was expected. Calculations predict a reduction of around -0.97 fmol Ca per μm of network. However, the experiment revealed for 62 out of 65 osteons a positive correlation resulting in an average additional Ca loading of +1.15 fmol per μm of canalicular network, i.e. an accumulation of mineral has occurred at dense network regions. We hypothesize that this accumulation happens in the close vicinity of canaliculi forming mineral reservoirs that can be utilized by osteocytes. Significant differences found between individuals indicate that the extent of mineral loading of the reservoir zone reflects an important parameter for mineral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roschger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria.
| | - P Roschger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - W Wagermaier
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - J Chen
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - A F van Tol
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - F Repp
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - S Blouin
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Berzlanovich
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - G M Gruber
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - K Klaushofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - R Weinkamer
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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41
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van Huizen LM, Kuzmin NV, Barbé E, van der Velde S, te Velde EA, Groot ML. Second and third harmonic generation microscopy visualizes key structural components in fresh unprocessed healthy human breast tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800297. [PMID: 30684312 PMCID: PMC7065644 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Real-time assessment of excised tissue may help to improve surgical results in breast tumor surgeries. Here, as a step towards this purpose, the potential of second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG) microscopy is explored. SHG and THG are nonlinear optical microscopic techniques that do not require labeling of tissue to generate 3D images with intrinsic depth-sectioning at sub-cellular resolution. Until now, this technique had been applied on fixated breast tissue or to visualize the stroma only, whereas most tumors start in the lobules and ducts. Here, SHG/THG images of freshly excised unprocessed healthy human tissue are shown to reveal key breast components-lobules, ducts, fat tissue, connective tissue and blood vessels, in good agreement with hematoxylin and eosin histology. DNA staining of fresh unprocessed mouse breast tissue was performed to aid in the identification of cell nuclei in label-free THG images. Furthermore, 2- and 3-photon excited auto-fluorescence images of mouse and human tissue are collected for comparison. The SHG/THG imaging modalities generate high quality images of freshly excised tissue in less than a minute with an information content comparable to that of the gold standard, histopathology. Therefore, SHG/THG microscopy is a promising tool for real-time assessment of excised tissue during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M.G. van Huizen
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nikolay V. Kuzmin
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ellis Barbé
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susanne van der Velde
- Department of SurgeryAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. te Velde
- Department of SurgeryAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marie Louise Groot
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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42
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Fauch L, Palander A, Dekker H, Schulten EA, Koistinen A, Kullaa A, Keinänen M. Narrowband-autofluorescence imaging for bone analysis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:2367-2382. [PMID: 31149377 PMCID: PMC6524578 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.002367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a new autofluorescence-imaging method for bone analysis. This method, based on the autofluorescence of bone, provides color images in microscopic scale. The color images are created from three monochrome images acquired with optimal excitation- and emission-wavelengths combinations. The choice of these combinations were determined from the study of two-dimensional distributions of bone-features-bispectral autofluorescence in the visible- and ultraviolet-spectral range. We demonstrate that main-bone features visualized with MG-staining method can also be visualized in the autofluorescence-color image. Furthermore, the autofluorescence-color image presents features hardly distinguished in a histological-bone section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Fauch
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Anni Palander
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Hannah Dekker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Vrije Universiteit VU University Medical Center/Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), P.O. Box 7057, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Engelbert Ajm Schulten
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Vrije Universiteit VU University Medical Center/Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), P.O. Box 7057, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arto Koistinen
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arja Kullaa
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Research Group of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Markku Keinänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
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43
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Chouët A, Chevallier S, Fleurisson R, Loisel C, Dubreil L. Label-Free Fried Starchy Matrix: Investigation by Harmonic Generation Microscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:s19092024. [PMID: 31052170 PMCID: PMC6540293 DOI: 10.3390/s19092024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An innovative methodology based on non-destructive observation by using harmonic generation microscopy is proposed for detection and location of starch granules and oil in a fried starchy matrix and topography analysis of food products. Specific fluorescent probes were used to label the main biochemical components of the starchy fried matrix, namely starch and oil. Fluorescence of starch and oil respectively stained with Safranin O and Nile red was observed from non-linear microscopy. By using sequential scanning and specific emission filters, it was possible to merge fluorescence and harmonic generation signals. Second harmonic generation (SHG) generated by starch granules was superposed with safranin fluorescence, whereas third harmonic generation (THG), not restricted to the superposition with Nile red fluorescent signal, was used to investigate the topography of the fried product. By these experiments, starch granule mapping and topography of the starchy fried product were obtained without any destructive preparation of the sample. This label-free approach using harmonic generation microscopy is a very promising methodology for microstructure investigation of a large panel of starchy food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Chouët
- Oniris, Univ Nantes, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Romain Fleurisson
- PAnTher, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, F-44307 Nantes, France.
| | - Catherine Loisel
- Oniris, Univ Nantes, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Laurence Dubreil
- PAnTher, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, F-44307 Nantes, France.
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44
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Genthial R, Gerbaix M, Farlay D, Vico L, Beaurepaire E, Débarre D, Gourrier A. Third harmonic generation imaging and analysis of the effect of low gravity on the lacuno-canalicular network of mouse bone. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209079. [PMID: 30601851 PMCID: PMC6314573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lacuno-canalicular network (LCN) hosting the osteocytes in bone tissue represents a biological signature of the mechanotransduction activity in response to external biomechanical loading. Using third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy with sub-micrometer resolution, we investigate the impact of microgravity on the 3D LCN structure in mice following space flight. A specific analytical procedure to extract the LCN characteristics from THG images is described for ex vivo studies of bone sections. The analysis conducted in different anatomical quadrants of femoral cortical bone didn’t reveal any statistical differences between the control, habitat control and flight groups, suggesting that the LCN connectivity is not affected by one month space flight. However, significant variations are systematically observed within each sample. We show that our current lack of understanding of the extent of the LCN heterogeneity at the organ level hinders the interpretation of such investigations based on a limited number of samples and we discuss the implications for future biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maude Gerbaix
- INSERM U1059, Université de Lyon, St Etienne, France
- French National Centre for Space Studies, Paris, France
| | | | - Laurence Vico
- INSERM U1059, Université de Lyon, St Etienne, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Lab. for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Palaiseau, France
| | - Delphine Débarre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail: (DD); (AG)
| | - Aurélien Gourrier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail: (DD); (AG)
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45
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Abstract
Two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) is an advanced imaging technique that allows the visualization of dynamic cellular behavior deeply inside tissues and organs of living animals. Due to the deep tissue penetration, imaging of highly light-scattering tissue as the bone becomes feasible at subcellular resolution.To better understand the influence of blood flow on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) homing to the bone marrow (BM) microvasculature of the calvarial bone, we analyzed blood flow dynamics and the influence of flow on the early homing behavior of HSPCs during their passage through BM microvessels. Here, we describe a 2P-IVM approach for direct measurements of red blood cell (RBC) velocities in the BM microvasculature using repetitive centerline scans at the level of individual arterial vessels and sinusoidal capillaries to obtain a detailed flow profile map. Furthermore, we explain the isolation and enrichment of HSPCs from long bones and the transplantation of these cells to study the early homing behavior of HSPCs in BM sinusoids at cellular resolution. This is achieved by high-resolution spatiotemporal imaging through a chronic cranial window using transgenic reporter mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Stewen
- Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Gabriele Bixel
- Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
In lamellar bone, a network of highly oriented interconnected osteocytes is organized in concentric layers. Through their cellular processes contained within canaliculi, osteocytes are highly mechanosensitive and locally modulate bone remodeling. We review the recent developments demonstrating the significance of the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network in bone maintenance around implant biomaterials. Drilling during implant site preparation triggers osteocyte apoptosis, the magnitude of which correlates with drilling speed and heat generation, resulting in extensive remodeling and delayed healing. In peri-implant bone, osteocytes physically communicate with implant surfaces via canaliculi and are responsive to mechanical loading, leading to changes in osteocyte numbers and morphology. Certain implant design features allow peri-implant osteocytes to retain a less aged phenotype, despite highly advanced extracellular matrix maturation. Physicochemical properties of anodically oxidized surfaces stimulate bone formation and remodeling by regulating the expression of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand), RANK, and OPG (osteoprotegerin) from implant-adherent cells. Modulation of certain osteocyte-related molecular signaling mechanisms (e.g., sclerostin blockade) may enhance the biomechanical anchorage of implants. Evaluation of the peri-implant osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network should therefore be a necessary component in future investigations of osseointegration to more completely characterize the biological response to materials for load-bearing applications in dentistry and orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Shah
- 1 Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - P Thomsen
- 1 Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - A Palmquist
- 1 Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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47
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Wilson BC, Jermyn M, Leblond F. Challenges and opportunities in clinical translation of biomedical optical spectroscopy and imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-13. [PMID: 29512358 PMCID: PMC5838403 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.3.030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Medical devices face many hurdles before they enter routine clinical practice to address unmet clinical needs. This is also the case for biomedical optical spectroscopy and imaging systems that are used here to illustrate the opportunities and challenges involved. Following initial concept, stages in clinical translation include instrument development, preclinical testing, clinical prototyping, clinical trials, prototype-to-product conversion, regulatory approval, commercialization, and finally clinical adoption and dissemination, all in the face of potentially competing technologies. Optical technologies face additional challenges from their being extremely diverse, often targeting entirely different diseases and having orders-of-magnitude differences in resolution and tissue penetration. However, these technologies can potentially address a wide variety of unmet clinical needs since they provide rich intrinsic biochemical and structural information, have high sensitivity and specificity for disease detection and localization, and are practical, safe (minimally invasive, nonionizing), and relatively affordable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Wilson
- University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Frederic Leblond
- Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Address all correspondence to: Frederic Leblond, E-mail:
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