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Su K, Huang Z, Li Q, Fan M, Li T, Yin D. Dissociable functional responses along the posterior-anterior gradient of the frontal and parietal cortices revealed by parametric working memory and training. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:1681-1696. [PMID: 38995366 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
While the storage capacity is limited, accumulating studies have indicated that working memory (WM) can be improved by cognitive training. However, understanding how exactly the brain copes with limited WM capacity and how cognitive training optimizes the brain remains inconclusive. Given the hierarchical functional organization of WM, we hypothesized that the activation profiles along the posterior-anterior gradient of the frontal and parietal cortices characterize WM load and training effects. To test this hypothesis, we recruited 51 healthy volunteers and adopted a parametric WM paradigm and training method. In contrast to exclusively strengthening the activation of posterior areas, a broader range of activation concurrently occurred in the anterior areas to cope with increased memory load for all subjects at baseline. Moreover, there was an imbalance in the responses of the posterior and anterior areas to the same increment of 1 item at different load levels. Although a general decrease in activation after adaptive training, the changes in the posterior and anterior areas were distinct at different memory loads. Particularly, we found that the activation gradient between the posterior and anterior areas was significantly increased at load 4-back after adaptive training, and the changes were correlated with improvement in WM performance. Together, our results demonstrate a shift in the predominant role of posterior and anterior areas in the frontal and parietal cortices when approaching WM capacity limits. Additionally, the training-induced performance improvement likely benefits from the elevated neural efficiency reflected in the increased activation gradient between the posterior and anterior areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhong-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ziyi Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhong-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Qianwen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Mingxia Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ting Li
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Dazhi Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhong-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200335, China.
- Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science of Anhui Province on Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intelligence Intervention, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, 241002, China.
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2
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Riemer M, Wolbers T, van Rijn H. Memory traces of duration and location in the right intraparietal sulcus. Neuroimage 2024; 297:120706. [PMID: 38936649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Time and space form an integral part of every human experience, and for the neuronal representation of these perceptual dimensions, previous studies point to the involvement of the right-hemispheric intraparietal sulcus and structures in the medial temporal lobe. Here we used multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) to investigate long-term memory traces for temporal and spatial stimulus features in those areas. Participants were trained on four images associated with short versus long durations and with left versus right locations. Our results demonstrate stable representations of both temporal and spatial information in the right posterior intraparietal sulcus. Building upon previous findings of stable neuronal codes for directly perceived durations and locations, these results show that the reactivation of long-term memory traces for temporal and spatial features can be decoded from neuronal activation patterns in the right parietal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Riemer
- Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience (BCCN), Berlin, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Wolbers
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany; Aging, Cognition & Technology Research Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hedderik van Rijn
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Netherlands
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3
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Zhao W, Su K, Zhu H, Kaiser M, Fan M, Zou Y, Li T, Yin D. Activity flow under the manipulation of cognitive load and training. Neuroimage 2024; 297:120761. [PMID: 39069226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible cognitive functions, such as working memory (WM), usually require a balance between localized and distributed information processing. However, it is challenging to uncover how local and distributed processing specifically contributes to task-induced activity in a region. Although the recently proposed activity flow mapping approach revealed the relative contribution of distributed processing, few studies have explored the adaptive and plastic changes that underlie cognitive manipulation. In this study, we recruited 51 healthy volunteers (31 females) and investigated how the activity flow and brain activation of the frontoparietal systems was modulated by WM load and training. While the activation of both executive control network (ECN) and dorsal attention network (DAN) increased linearly with memory load at baseline, the relative contribution of distributed processing showed a linear response only in the DAN, which was prominently attributed to within-network activity flow. Importantly, adaptive training selectively induced an increase in the relative contribution of distributed processing in the ECN and also a linear response to memory load, which were predominantly due to between-network activity flow. Furthermore, we demonstrated a causal effect of activity flow prediction through training manipulation on connectivity and activity. In contrast with classic brain activation estimation, our findings suggest that the relative contribution of distributed processing revealed by activity flow prediction provides unique insights into neural processing of frontoparietal systems under the manipulation of cognitive load and training. This study offers a new methodological framework for exploring information integration versus segregation underlying cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kaiqiang Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hengcheng Zhu
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA
| | - Marcus Kaiser
- Precision Imaging Beacon, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Mingxia Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yong Zou
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ting Li
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Dazhi Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China.
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4
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Tariq R, Aziz HF, Paracha S, Ahmed N, Baqai MWS, Bakhshi SK, McAtee A, Ainger TJ, Mirza FA, Enam SA. Intraoperative mapping and preservation of executive functions in awake craniotomy: a systematic review. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:3723-3735. [PMID: 38520640 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Awake craniotomy (AC) allows intraoperative brain mapping (ioBM) for maximum lesion resection while monitoring and preserving neurological function. Conventionally, language, visuospatial assessment, and motor functions are mapped, while the assessment of executive functions (EF) is uncommon. Impaired EF may lead to occupational, personal, and social limitations, thus, a compromised quality of life. A comprehensive literature search was conducted through Scopus, Medline, and Cochrane Library using a pre-defined search strategy. Articles were selected after duplicate removal, initial screening, and full-text assessment. The demographic details, ioBM techniques, intraoperative tasks, and their assessments, the extent of resection (EOR), post-op EF and neurocognitive status, and feasibility and potential adverse effects of the procedure were reviewed. The correlations of tumor locations with intraoperative EF deficits were also assessed. A total of 13 studies with intraoperative EF assessment of 351 patients were reviewed. Awake-asleep-awake protocol was most commonly used. Most studies performed ioBM using bipolar stimulation, with a frequency of 60 Hz, pulse durations ranging 1-2 ms, and intensity ranging 2-6 mA. Cognitive function was monitored with the Stroop task, spatial-2-back test, line-bisection test, trail-making-task, and digit-span tests. All studies reported similar or better EOR in patients with ioBM for EF. When comparing the neuropsychological outcomes of patients with ioBM of EF to those without it, all studies reported significantly better EF preservation in ioBM groups. Most authors reported EF mapping as a feasible tool to obtain satisfactory outcomes. Adverse effects included intraoperative seizures which were easily controlled. AC with ioBM of EF is a safe, effective, and feasible technique that allows satisfactory EOR and improved neurocognitive outcomes with minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeet Tariq
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Fatima Aziz
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shahier Paracha
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Noman Ahmed
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Saqib Kamran Bakhshi
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Annabel McAtee
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Timothy J Ainger
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Kentucky Neuroscience Institute, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Farhan A Mirza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kentucky Neuroscience Institute (KNI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Syed Ather Enam
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
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5
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Master SL, Li S, Curtis CE. Trying Harder: How Cognitive Effort Sculpts Neural Representations during Working Memory. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0060242024. [PMID: 38769009 PMCID: PMC11236589 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0060-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
While the exertion of mental effort improves performance on cognitive tasks, the neural mechanisms by which motivational factors impact cognition remain unknown. Here, we used fMRI to test how changes in cognitive effort, induced by changes in task difficulty, impact neural representations of working memory (WM). Participants (both sexes) were precued whether WM difficulty would be hard or easy. We hypothesized that hard trials demanded more effort as a later decision required finer mnemonic precision. Behaviorally, pupil size was larger and response times were slower on hard compared with easy trials suggesting our manipulation of effort succeeded. Neurally, we observed robust persistent activity during delay periods in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), especially during hard trials. Yet, details of the memoranda could not be decoded from patterns in prefrontal activity. In the patterns of activity in the visual cortex, however, we found strong decoding of memorized targets, where accuracy was higher on hard trials. To potentially link these across-region effects, we hypothesized that effort, carried by persistent activity in the PFC, impacts the quality of WM representations encoded in the visual cortex. Indeed, we found that the amplitude of delay period activity in the frontal cortex predicted decoded accuracy in the visual cortex on a trial-wise basis. These results indicate that effort-related feedback signals sculpt population activity in the visual cortex, improving mnemonic fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Master
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Program in Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Clayton E Curtis
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003
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6
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Master SL, Li S, Curtis CE. Trying harder: how cognitive effort sculpts neural representations during working memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.07.570686. [PMID: 38106094 PMCID: PMC10723420 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.07.570686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The neural mechanisms by which motivational factors influence cognition remain unknown. Using fMRI, we tested how cognitive effort impacts working memory (WM). Participants were precued whether WM difficulty would be hard or easy. Hard trials demanded more effort as a later decision required finer mnemonic precision. Behaviorally, pupil size was larger and response times were slower on hard trials suggesting our manipulation of effort succeeded. Neurally, we observed robust persistent activity in prefrontal cortex, especially during hard trials. We found strong decoding of location in visual cortex, where accuracy was higher on hard trials. Connecting these across-region effects, we found that the amplitude of delay period activity in frontal cortex predicted decoded accuracy in visual cortex on a trial-wise basis. We conclude that the gain of persistent activity in frontal cortex may be the source of effort-related feedback signals that improve the quality of WM representations stored in visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Psychology, New York University
- Program in Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi
| | - Clayton E. Curtis
- Department of Psychology, New York University
- Center for Neural Science, New York University
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7
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Tompary A, Xia A, Coslett BH, Thompson-Schill SL. Disruption of Anterior Temporal Lobe Reduces Distortions in Memory From Category Knowledge. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:1899-1918. [PMID: 37713660 PMCID: PMC10860667 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Memory retrieval does not provide a perfect recapitulation of past events, but instead an imperfect reconstruction of event-specific details and general knowledge. However, it remains unclear whether this reconstruction relies on mixtures of signals from different memory systems, including one supporting general knowledge. Here, we investigate whether the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) distorts new memories because of prior category knowledge. In this preregistered experiment (n = 36), participants encoded and retrieved image-location associations. Most images' locations were clustered according to their category, but some were in random locations. With this protocol, we previously demonstrated that randomly located images were retrieved closer to their category cluster relative to their encoded locations, suggesting an influence of category knowledge. We combined this procedure with TMS delivered to the left ATL before retrieval. We separately examined event-specific details (error) and category knowledge (bias) to identify distinct signals attributable to different memory systems. We found that TMS to ATL attenuated bias in location memory, but this effect was limited to exploratory analyses of atypical category members of animal categories. The magnitude of error was not impacted, suggesting that a memory's fidelity can be decoupled from its distortion by category knowledge. This raises the intriguing possibility that retrieval is jointly supported by separable memory systems.
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8
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Brown L, White LK, Makhoul W, Teferi M, Sheline YI, Balderston NL. Role of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in anxiety and cognition: Opportunities for intervention for anxiety-related disorders. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100385. [PMID: 37006335 PMCID: PMC10060180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to review the literature on the parietal cortex and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in anxiety-related disorders, as well as opportunities for using neuromodulation to target this region and reduce anxiety. We provide an overview of prior research demonstrating: 1) the importance of the IPS in attention, vigilance, and anxious arousal, 2) the potential for neuromodulation of the IPS to reduce unnecessary attention toward threat and anxious arousal as demonstrated in healthy samples; and 3) limited data on the potential for neuromodulation of the IPS to reduce hyper-attention toward threat and anxious arousal among clinical samples with anxiety-related disorders. Future research should evaluate the efficacy of IPS neuromodulation in fully powered clinical trials, as well as the value in augmenting evidence-based treatments for anxiety with IPS neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Brown
- Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lauren K. White
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Walid Makhoul
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marta Teferi
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yvette I. Sheline
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nicholas L. Balderston
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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9
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Hanning NM, Fernández A, Carrasco M. Dissociable roles of human frontal eye fields and early visual cortex in presaccadic attention. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5381. [PMID: 37666805 PMCID: PMC10477327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Shortly before saccadic eye movements, visual sensitivity at the saccade target is enhanced, at the expense of sensitivity elsewhere. Some behavioral and neural correlates of this presaccadic shift of attention resemble those of covert attention, deployed during fixation. Microstimulation in non-human primates has shown that presaccadic attention modulates perception via feedback from oculomotor to visual areas. This mechanism also seems plausible in humans, as both oculomotor and visual areas are active during saccade planning. We investigated this hypothesis by applying TMS to frontal or visual areas during saccade preparation. By simultaneously measuring perceptual performance, we show their causal and differential roles in contralateral presaccadic attention effects: Whereas rFEF+ stimulation enhanced sensitivity opposite the saccade target throughout saccade preparation, V1/V2 stimulation reduced sensitivity at the saccade target only shortly before saccade onset. These findings are consistent with presaccadic attention modulating perception through cortico-cortical feedback and further dissociate presaccadic and covert attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Hanning
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Marisa Carrasco
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Barquero C, Chen JT, Munoz DP, Wang CA. Human microsaccade cueing modulation in visual- and memory-delay saccade tasks after theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation over the frontal eye field. Neuropsychologia 2023; 187:108626. [PMID: 37336260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Microsaccades that occur during periods of fixation are modulated by various cognitive processes and have an impact on visual processing. A network of brain areas is involved in microsaccade generation, including the superior colliculus and frontal eye field (FEF) which are involved in modulating microsaccade rate and direction after the appearance of a visual cue (referred to as microsaccade cueing modulation). Although the neural mechanisms underlying microsaccade cueing modulations have been demonstrated in monkeys, limited research has investigated a causal role of these areas in humans. By applying continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) over the right FEF and vertex, we investigated the role of human FEF in modulating microsaccade responses after the appearance of a visual target in a visual- and memory-delay saccade task. After target appearance, microsaccade rate was initially suppressed but then increased in both cTBS conditions. More importantly, in the visual-delay task, microsaccades after target appearance were directed to the ipsilateral side more often with FEF, compared to vertex stimulation. Moreover, microsaccades were directed towards the target location, then to the opposite location of the target in both tasks, with larger effects in the visual-, compared to, memory-delay task. This microsaccade direction modulation was delayed after FEF stimulation in the memory-delay task. Overall, some microsaccade cueing modulations were moderately disrupted after FEF cTBS, suggesting a causal role for involvement of the human FEF in microsaccade generation after presentation of salient stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Barquero
- Eye-Tracking Laboratory, Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Jui-Tai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Chin-An Wang
- Eye-Tracking Laboratory, Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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11
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Bliss DP, Rahnev D, Mackey WE, Curtis CE, D'Esposito M. Stimulation along the anterior-posterior axis of lateral frontal cortex reduces visual serial dependence. J Vis 2023; 23:1. [PMID: 37395704 PMCID: PMC10324416 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.7.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Serial dependence is an attractive pull that recent perceptual history exerts on current judgments. Theory suggests that this bias is due to a form of short-term plasticity prevalent specifically in the frontal lobe. We sought to test the importance of the frontal lobe to serial dependence by disrupting neural activity along its lateral surface during two tasks with distinct perceptual and motor demands. In our first experiment, stimulation of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) during an oculomotor delayed response task decreased serial dependence only in the first saccade to the target, whereas stimulation posterior to the LPFC decreased serial dependence only in adjustments to eye position after the first saccade. In our second experiment, which used an orientation discrimination task, stimulation anterior to, in, and posterior to the LPFC all caused equivalent decreases in serial dependence. In this experiment, serial dependence occurred only between stimuli at the same location; an alternation bias was observed across hemifields. Frontal stimulation had no effect on the alternation bias. Transcranial magnetic stimulation to parietal cortex had no effect on serial dependence in either experiment. In summary, our experiments provide evidence for both functional differentiation (Experiment 1) and redundancy (Experiment 2) in frontal cortex with respect to serial dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Bliss
- Citizen Science Program, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, USA
| | - Dobromir Rahnev
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wayne E Mackey
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clayton E Curtis
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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12
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Ge C, Chen W, Zhang L, Ai Y, Zou Y, Peng Q. Chemogenetic activation of the HPC-mPFC pathway improves cognitive dysfunction in lipopolysaccharide -induced brain injury. Theranostics 2023; 13:2946-2961. [PMID: 37284451 PMCID: PMC10240833 DOI: 10.7150/thno.82889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Although sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common psychiatric complication in septic patients, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we explored the role of the hippocampus (HPC) - medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) pathway in cognitive dysfunction in lipopolysaccharide-induced brain injury. Methods: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) was used to induce an animal model of SAE. We first identified neural projections from the HPC to the mPFC via a retrograde tracer and virus expression. The activation viruses (pAAV-CaMKIIα-hM3Dq-mCherry) were injected to assess the effects of specific activation of mPFC excitatory neurons on cognitive tasks and anxiety-related behaviors in the presence of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). Activation of the HPC-mPFC pathway was evaluated via immunofluorescence staining of c-Fos-positive neurons in mPFC. Western blotting was performed to determine protein levels of synapse- associated factors. Results: We successfully identified a structural HPC-mPFC connection in C57BL/6 mice. LPS-induced sepsis induces cognitive impairment and anxiety-like behaviors. Chemogenetic activation of the HPC-mPFC pathway improved LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction but not anxiety-like behavior. Inhibition of glutamate receptors abolished the effects of HPC-mPFC activation and blocked activation of the HPC-mPFC pathway. The glutamate receptor-mediated CaMKII/CREB/BDNF/TrKB signaling pathway influenced the role of the HPC-mPFC pathway in sepsis-induced cognitive dysfunction. Conclusions: HPC-mPFC pathway plays an important role in cognitive dysfunction in lipopolysaccharide-induced brain injury. Specifically, the glutamate receptor-mediated downstream signaling appears to be an important molecular mechanism linking the HPC-mPFC pathway with cognitive dysfunction in SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Ge
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
| | - Yuhang Ai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Anesthesia, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
| | - Qianyi Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, 410008
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13
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Hsu TY, Wang HY, Chen JT, Wang CA. Investigating the role of human frontal eye field in the pupil light reflex modulation by saccade planning and working memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1044893. [DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1044893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pupil constricts in response to an increase in global luminance level, commonly referred to as the pupil light reflex. Recent research has shown that these reflex responses are modulated by high-level cognition. There is larger pupil constriction evoked by a bright stimulus when the stimulus location spatially overlaps with the locus of attention, and these effects have been extended to saccade planning and working memory (here referred to as pupil local-luminance modulation). Although research in monkeys has further elucidated a central role of the frontal eye field (FEF) and superior colliculus in the pupil local-luminance modulation, their roles remain to be established in humans. Through applying continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right FEF (and vertex) to inhibit its activity, we investigated the role of the FEF in human pupil local-luminance responses. Pupil light reflex responses were transiently evoked by a bright patch stimulus presented during the delay period in the visual- and memory-delay tasks. In the visual-delay task, larger pupil constriction was observed when the patch location was spatially aligned with the target location in both stimulation conditions. More interestingly, after FEF stimulation, larger pupil constriction was obtained when the patch was presented in the contralateral, compared to the ipsilateral visual field of the stimulation. In contrast, FEF stimulation effects were absence in the memory-delay task. Linear mixed model results further found that stimulation condition, patch location consistency, and visual field significantly modulated observed pupil constriction responses. Together, our results constitute the first evidence of FEF modulation in human pupil local-luminance responses.
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14
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Do we understand the prefrontal cortex? Brain Struct Funct 2022:10.1007/s00429-022-02587-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Rezayat E, Clark K, Dehaqani MRA, Noudoost B. Dependence of Working Memory on Coordinated Activity Across Brain Areas. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 15:787316. [PMID: 35095433 PMCID: PMC8792503 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.787316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural signatures of working memory (WM) have been reported in numerous brain areas, suggesting a distributed neural substrate for memory maintenance. In the current manuscript we provide an updated review of the literature focusing on intracranial neurophysiological recordings during WM in primates. Such signatures of WM include changes in firing rate or local oscillatory power within an area, along with measures of coordinated activity between areas based on synchronization between oscillations. In comparing the ability of various neural signatures in any brain area to predict behavioral performance, we observe that synchrony between areas is more frequently and robustly correlated with WM performance than any of the within-area neural signatures. We further review the evidence for alteration of inter-areal synchrony in brain disorders, consistent with an important role for such synchrony during behavior. Additionally, results of causal studies indicate that manipulating synchrony across areas is especially effective at influencing WM task performance. Each of these lines of research supports the critical role of inter-areal synchrony in WM. Finally, we propose a framework for interactions between prefrontal and sensory areas during WM, incorporating a range of experimental findings and offering an explanation for the observed link between intra-areal measures and WM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Rezayat
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kelsey Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mohammad-Reza A. Dehaqani
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
- Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence (CIPCE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrad Noudoost
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Behrad Noudoost,
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16
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Li HH, Sprague TC, Yoo AH, Ma WJ, Curtis CE. Joint representation of working memory and uncertainty in human cortex. Neuron 2021; 109:3699-3712.e6. [PMID: 34525327 PMCID: PMC8602749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural representations of visual working memory (VWM) are noisy, and thus, decisions based on VWM are inevitably subject to uncertainty. However, the mechanisms by which the brain simultaneously represents the content and uncertainty of memory remain largely unknown. Here, inspired by the theory of probabilistic population codes, we test the hypothesis that the human brain represents an item maintained in VWM as a probability distribution over stimulus feature space, thereby capturing both its content and uncertainty. We used a neural generative model to decode probability distributions over memorized locations from fMRI activation patterns. We found that the mean of the probability distribution decoded from retinotopic cortical areas predicted memory reports on a trial-by-trial basis. Moreover, in several of the same mid-dorsal stream areas, the spread of the distribution predicted subjective trial-by-trial uncertainty judgments. These results provide evidence that VWM content and uncertainty are jointly represented by probabilistic neural codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Li
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Thomas C Sprague
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Aspen H Yoo
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Wei Ji Ma
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Clayton E Curtis
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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17
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Upright NA, Baxter MG. Prefrontal cortex and cognitive aging in macaque monkeys. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23250. [PMID: 33687098 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments that accompany aging, even in the absence of neurodegenerative diseases, include deficits in executive function and memory mediated by the prefrontal cortex. Because of the unique differentiation and expansion of the prefrontal cortex in primates, investigations of the neurobiological basis of cognitive aging in nonhuman primates have been particularly informative about the potential basis for age-related cognitive decline in humans. We review the cognitive functions mediated by specific subregions of prefrontal cortex, and their corresponding connections, as well as the evidence for age-related alterations in specific regions of prefrontal cortex. We also discuss evidence for similarities and differences in the effects of aging on prefrontal cortex across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Upright
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark G Baxter
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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18
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Curtis CE, Sprague TC. Persistent Activity During Working Memory From Front to Back. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:696060. [PMID: 34366794 PMCID: PMC8334735 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.696060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) extends the duration over which information is available for processing. Given its importance in supporting a wide-array of high level cognitive abilities, uncovering the neural mechanisms that underlie WM has been a primary goal of neuroscience research over the past century. Here, we critically review what we consider the two major "arcs" of inquiry, with a specific focus on findings that were theoretically transformative. For the first arc, we briefly review classic studies that led to the canonical WM theory that cast the prefrontal cortex (PFC) as a central player utilizing persistent activity of neurons as a mechanism for memory storage. We then consider recent challenges to the theory regarding the role of persistent neural activity. The second arc, which evolved over the last decade, stemmed from sophisticated computational neuroimaging approaches enabling researchers to decode the contents of WM from the patterns of neural activity in many parts of the brain including early visual cortex. We summarize key findings from these studies, their implications for WM theory, and finally the challenges these findings pose. Our goal in doing so is to identify barriers to developing a comprehensive theory of WM that will require a unification of these two "arcs" of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton E. Curtis
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas C. Sprague
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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19
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Jiang L, Leung HC. Errors in visuospatial working memory across space and time. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14449. [PMID: 34262103 PMCID: PMC8280190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Visuospatial working memory (VSWM) involves cortical regions along the dorsal visual pathway, which are topographically organized with respect to the visual space. However, it remains unclear how such functional organization may constrain VSWM behavior across space and time. Here, we systematically mapped VSWM performance across the 2-dimensional (2D) space in various retention intervals in human subjects using the memory-guided and visually guided saccade tasks in two experiments. Relative to visually guided saccades, memory-guided saccades showed significant increases in unsystematic errors, or response variability, with increasing target eccentricity (3°-13° of visual angle). Unsystematic errors also increased with increasing delay (1.5-3 s, Experiment 1; 0.5-5 s, Experiment 2), while there was little or no interaction between delay and eccentricity. Continuous bump attractor modeling suggested neurophysiological and functional organization factors in the increasing unsystematic errors in VSWM across space and time. These findings indicate that: (1) VSWM representation may be limited by the functional topology of the visual pathway for the 2D space; (2) Unsystematic errors may reflect accumulated noise from memory maintenance while systematic errors may originate from non-mnemonic processes such as noisy sensorimotor transformation; (3) There may be independent mechanisms supporting the spatial and temporal processing of VSWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjing Jiang
- Integrative Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Hoi-Chung Leung
- Integrative Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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20
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Xiang J, Tan Y, Niu Y, Sun J, Zhang N, Li D, Wang B. Analysis of functional MRI signal complexity based on permutation fuzzy entropy in bipolar disorder. Neuroreport 2021; 32:465-471. [PMID: 33657075 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a manifestation of an emotional disease and is associated with emotional and cognitive dysfunction. The entropy-based method has been widely used to study the complexity of resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) signals in mental diseases; however, alterations in the brain rs-fMRI signal complexities in bipolar disorder patients remain unclear, and previously used entropy methods are sensitive to noise. Here, we performed a work using permutation fuzzy entropy (PFEN), which has better performance than previously used methods, to analyze the brain complexity of bipolar disorder patients. Based on PFEN research, we obtained brain entropy maps of 49 bipolar disorder patients and 49 normal control, extracted the regions of interest to analyze the complexity of abnormal brain regions and further analyzed the correlation between the PFEN values of abnormal brain regions and the clinical measurement scores. Compared with the values in the normal control group, we found that significantly increased PFEN values mainly appeared in the middle temporal gyrus, angular gyrus, superior occipital gyrus and medial superior frontal gyrus, and the decreased PFEN values were found in the inferior temporal gyrus in bipolar disorder patients. In addition, the PFEN values of the angular gyrus was significantly negatively correlated with clinical scores. These findings improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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21
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Castaldi E, Vignaud A, Eger E. Mapping subcomponents of numerical cognition in relation to functional and anatomical landmarks of human parietal cortex. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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22
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Pilacinski A, Höller-Wallscheid MS, Lindner A. Remember how to use it: Effector-dependent modulation of spatial working memory activity in posterior parietal cortex. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238022. [PMID: 32845918 PMCID: PMC7449404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is the key process linking perception to action. Several lines of research have, accordingly, highlighted WM’s engagement in sensori-motor associations between retrospective stimuli and future behavior. Using human fMRI we investigated whether prior information about the effector used to respond in a WM task would have an impact on the way the same sensory stimulus is maintained in memory despite a behavioral response could not be readily planned. We focused on WM-related activity in posterior parietal cortex during the maintenance of spatial items for a subsequent match-to-sample comparison, which was reported either with a verbal or with a manual response. We expected WM activity to be higher for manual response trials, because of posterior parietal cortex’s engagement in both spatial WM and hand movement preparation. Increased fMRI activity for manual response trials in bilateral anterior intraparietal sulcus confirmed our expectations. These results imply that the maintenance of sensory material in WM is optimized for motor context, i.e. for the effector that will be relevant in the upcoming behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pilacinski
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail: (AP); (AL)
| | | | - Axel Lindner
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Neuropsychology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (AP); (AL)
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23
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Disrupted Resting-state Functional Connectivity of the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert in Parkinson’s Disease with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Neuroscience 2020; 442:228-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Osborne KJ, Walther S, Shankman SA, Mittal VA. Psychomotor Slowing in Schizophrenia: Implications for Endophenotype and Biomarker Development. Biomark Neuropsychiatry 2020; 2:100016. [PMID: 33738459 PMCID: PMC7963400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor abnormalities (e.g., dyskinesia, psychomotor slowing, neurological soft signs) are core features of schizophrenia that occur independent of drug treatment and are associated with the genetic vulnerability and pathophysiology for the illness. Among this list, psychomotor slowing in particular is one of the most consistently observed and robust findings in the field. Critically, psychomotor slowing may serve as a uniquely promising endophenotype and/or biomarker for schizophrenia considering it is frequently observed in those with genetic vulnerability for the illness, predicts transition in subjects at high-risk for the disorder, and is associated with symptoms and recovery in patients. The purpose of the present review is to provide an overview of the history of psychomotor slowing in psychosis, discuss its possible neural underpinnings, and review the current literature supporting slowing as a putative endophenotype and/or biomarker for the illness. This review summarizes substantial evidence from a diverse array of methodologies and research designs that supports the notion that psychomotor slowing not only reflects genetic vulnerability, but is also sensitive to disease processes and the pathophysiology of the illness. Furthermore, there are unique deficits across the cognitive (prefix "psycho") and motor execution (root word "motor") aspects of slowing, with cognitive processes such as planning and response selection being particularly affected. These findings suggest that psychomotor slowing may serve as a promising endophenotype and biomarker for schizophrenia that may prove useful for identifying individuals at greatest risk and tracking the course of the illness and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Juston Osborne
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sebastian Walther
- University of Bern, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stewart A. Shankman
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vijay A. Mittal
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Policy Research, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Evanston, Chicago, IL, USA
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25
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Abstract
Working memory is characterized by neural activity that persists during the retention interval of delay tasks. Despite the ubiquity of this delay activity across tasks, species and experimental techniques, our understanding of this phenomenon remains incomplete. Although initially there was a narrow focus on sustained activation in a small number of brain regions, methodological and analytical advances have allowed researchers to uncover previously unobserved forms of delay activity various parts of the brain. In light of these new findings, this Review reconsiders what delay activity is, where in the brain it is found, what roles it serves and how it may be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik K Sreenivasan
- Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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26
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Madhavan R, Bansal AK, Madsen JR, Golby AJ, Tierney TS, Eskandar EN, Anderson WS, Kreiman G. Neural Interactions Underlying Visuomotor Associations in the Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:4551-4567. [PMID: 30590542 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and flexible learning during behavioral choices is critical to our daily endeavors and constitutes a hallmark of dynamic reasoning. An important paradigm to examine flexible behavior involves learning new arbitrary associations mapping visual inputs to motor outputs. We conjectured that visuomotor rules are instantiated by translating visual signals into actions through dynamic interactions between visual, frontal and motor cortex. We evaluated the neural representation of such visuomotor rules by performing intracranial field potential recordings in epilepsy subjects during a rule-learning delayed match-to-behavior task. Learning new visuomotor mappings led to the emergence of specific responses associating visual signals with motor outputs in 3 anatomical clusters in frontal, anteroventral temporal and posterior parietal cortex. After learning, mapping selective signals during the delay period showed interactions with visual and motor signals. These observations provide initial steps towards elucidating the dynamic circuits underlying flexible behavior and how communication between subregions of frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex leads to rapid learning of task-relevant choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Madhavan
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, US
| | - Arjun K Bansal
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, US.,Current affiliation: Nervana Systems, Inc., 12220 Scripps Summit Dr, San Diego, CA, US
| | - Joseph R Madsen
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, US
| | - Alexandra J Golby
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, US
| | - Travis S Tierney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, US
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, US
| | - William S Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Medical School, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, US
| | - Gabriel Kreiman
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, US.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, US
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27
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High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Could Improve Impaired Working Memory Induced by Sleep Deprivation. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:7030286. [PMID: 31915432 PMCID: PMC6930796 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether and how the working memory impairment induced by sleep deprivation (SD) could be recovered by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), as well as to clarify the corresponding brain activity changes. Methods Seventeen healthy adults received one session of 5.0 Hz rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) following 24 hours of SD. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and working memory test were performed during a rested waking period, after SD and rTMS. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) was used to detect the spontaneous neural activity changes after both SD and rTMS. The relationship between ALFF and the performance of working memory was also assessed by using correlation analysis. Results After SD, the participants exhibited lower response accuracies and longer reaction times on the working memory tests of letters and numbers. The decreased response accuracy of numbers was significantly improved after rTMS similarly to the state of the rested waking period after a normal night of sleep. ALFF values decreased from the rested waking period state to the state of SD in the brain regions involving the frontal gyrus, precuneus, angular gyrus, and parietal lobe which showed significantly increased ALFF after rTMS. Furthermore, significantly positive correlations were observed between changes of response accuracy and the changes of ALFF value of the inferior frontal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus. Conclusion These results indicate that high-frequency rTMS applied over left DLPFC may contribute to the recovery of the impaired working memory after SD by modulating the neural activity of related brain regions.
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28
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Oh BI, Kim YJ, Kang MS. Ensemble representations reveal distinct neural coding of visual working memory. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5665. [PMID: 31827080 PMCID: PMC6906315 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the population-level neural coding of ensemble representations in visual working memory from human electroencephalography. Ensemble representations provide a unique opportunity to investigate structured representations of working memory because the visual system encodes high-order summary statistics as well as noisy sensory inputs in a hierarchical manner. Here, we consistently observe stable coding of simple features as well as the ensemble mean in frontocentral electrodes, which even correlated with behavioral indices of the ensemble across individuals. In occipitoparietal electrodes, however, we find that remembered features are dynamically coded over time, whereas neural coding of the ensemble mean is absent in the old/new judgment task. In contrast, both dynamic and stable coding are found in the continuous estimation task. Our findings suggest that the prefrontal cortex holds behaviorally relevant abstract representations while visual representations in posterior and visual areas are modulated by the task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Il Oh
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, 25-2 Sungkyunkwan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03063, South Korea
| | - Yee-Joon Kim
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 55 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
| | - Min-Suk Kang
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, 25-2 Sungkyunkwan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03063, South Korea.
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16149, South Korea.
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29
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Heeger DJ, Mackey WE. Oscillatory recurrent gated neural integrator circuits (ORGaNICs), a unifying theoretical framework for neural dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22783-22794. [PMID: 31636212 PMCID: PMC6842604 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911633116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory is an example of a cognitive and neural process that is not static but evolves dynamically with changing sensory inputs; another example is motor preparation and execution. We introduce a theoretical framework for neural dynamics, based on oscillatory recurrent gated neural integrator circuits (ORGaNICs), and apply it to simulate key phenomena of working memory and motor control. The model circuits simulate neural activity with complex dynamics, including sequential activity and traveling waves of activity, that manipulate (as well as maintain) information during working memory. The same circuits convert spatial patterns of premotor activity to temporal profiles of motor control activity and manipulate (e.g., time warp) the dynamics. Derivative-like recurrent connectivity, in particular, serves to manipulate and update internal models, an essential feature of working memory and motor execution. In addition, these circuits incorporate recurrent normalization, to ensure stability over time and robustness with respect to perturbations of synaptic weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Heeger
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003;
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Wayne E Mackey
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003
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30
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Eayrs JO, Lavie N. Individual differences in parietal and frontal cortex structure predict dissociable capacities for perception and cognitive control. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Fonseca LM, Mattar GP, Haddad GG, Gonçalves AS, Miguel ADQC, Guilhoto LM, Zaman S, Holland AJ, Bottino CMDC, Hoexter MQ. Frontal-subcortical behaviors during Alzheimer's disease in individuals with Down syndrome. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 78:186-194. [PMID: 30947114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that frontal-subcortical circuits play an important role in the initial presentation of dementia in Down syndrome (DS), including changes in behavior, a decline in working memory and executive dysfunction. We evaluated 92 individuals with DS (≥30 years of age), divided into 3 groups by diagnosis-stable cognition, prodromal dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Each individual was evaluated with an executive protocol developed for people with intellectual disabilities and was rated for behaviors related to frontal lobe dysfunction (disinhibition, executive dysfunction, and apathy) by an informant using the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale. Informant-reported behaviors related to frontal lobe dysfunction were found to correlate negatively with executive function performance. Disinhibition and executive dysfunction were associated with the clinical stage of dementia. The odds of having Alzheimer's disease increased in parallel with increases in the domain and total Frontal Systems Behavior Scale scores (p ≤ 0.5). Disinhibition, executive dysfunction and apathy should be taken into consideration during the clinical evaluation of adults with DS, and future studies should consider the intersection of neuropathology, brain connectivity, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mascarenhas Fonseca
- Old Age Research Group, PROTER, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil; Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Guilherme Prado Mattar
- Old Age Research Group, PROTER, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glenda Guerra Haddad
- Old Age Research Group, PROTER, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM27, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Laura Maria Guilhoto
- Association of Parents and Friends of Individuals with Intellectual Disability of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shahid Zaman
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony J Holland
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cassio Machado de Campos Bottino
- Old Age Research Group, PROTER, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Queiroz Hoexter
- Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program, PROTOC, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Simmonite M, Polk TA. Independent Components of Neural Activation Associated with 100 Days of Cognitive Training. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:808-820. [PMID: 30883287 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Some cognitive training studies have reported working memory benefits that generalize beyond the trained tasks, whereas others have only found task-specific training effects. What brain networks are associated with general training effects, rather than task-specific effects? We investigated this question in the context of working memory training using the COGITO data set, a longitudinal project including behavioral assessments before and after 100 days of cognitive training in 101 younger (20-31 years) and 103 older (65-80 years) adults. Pre- and postassessments included verbal, numerical, and spatial measures of working memory. It was therefore possible to assess training effects on working memory at a general latent ability level. Previous analyses of these data found training-related improvements on this latent working memory factor in both young and old participants. fMRI data were collected from a subsample of participants (24 young and 15 old) during pre- and post-training sessions. We used independent component analysis to identify networks involved in a perceptual decision-making task performed in the scanner. We identified five task-positive components that were task-related: two frontal networks, a ventral visual network, a motor network, and a cerebellar network. Pre-training activity of the motor network predicted latent working memory performance before training. Additionally, activity in the motor network predicted training-related changes in working memory ability. These findings suggest activity in the motor network plays a role in task-independent working memory improvements and have implications for our understanding of working memory training and for the design and implementation of future training interventions.
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Harewood Smith AN, Challa JA, Silver MA. Neither Cholinergic Nor Dopaminergic Enhancement Improve Spatial Working Memory Precision in Humans. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:94. [PMID: 29259546 PMCID: PMC5723298 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine and dopamine are neurotransmitters that play multiple important roles in perception and cognition. Pharmacological cholinergic enhancement reduces excitatory receptive field size of neurons in marmoset primary visual cortex and sharpens the spatial tuning of visual perception and visual cortical fMRI responses in humans. Moreover, previous studies show that manipulation of cholinergic or dopaminergic signaling alters the spatial tuning of macaque prefrontal cortical neurons during the delay period of a spatial working memory (SWM) task and can improve SWM performance in macaque monkeys and human subjects. Here, we investigated the effects of systemic cholinergic and dopaminergic enhancement on the precision of SWM, as measured behaviorally in human subjects. Cholinergic transmission was increased by oral administration of 5 mg of the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil, and dopaminergic signaling was enhanced with 100 mg levodopa/10 mg carbidopa. Each neurotransmitter system was separately investigated in double-blind placebo-controlled studies. On each trial of the SWM task, a square was presented for 150 ms at a random location along an invisible circle with a radius of 12 degrees of visual angle, followed by a 900 ms delay period with no stimulus shown on the screen. Then, the square was presented at new location, displaced in either a clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW) direction along the circle. Subjects used their memory of the location of the original square to report the direction of displacement. SWM precision was defined as the amount of displacement corresponding to 75% correct performance. We observed no significant effect on SWM precision for either donepezil or levodopa/carbidopa. There was also no significant effect on performance on the SWM task (percent correct across all trials) for either donepezil or levodopa/carbidopa. Thus, despite evidence that acetylcholine and dopamine regulate spatial tuning of individual neurons and can improve performance of SWM tasks, pharmacological enhancement of signaling of these neurotransmitters does not substantially affect a behavioral measure of the precision of SWM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola N Harewood Smith
- Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jnana Aditya Challa
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Michael A Silver
- Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Rahmati M, Saber GT, Curtis CE. Population Dynamics of Early Visual Cortex during Working Memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 30:219-233. [PMID: 28984524 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although the content of working memory (WM) can be decoded from the spatial patterns of brain activity in early visual cortex, how populations encode WM representations remains unclear. Here, we address this limitation by using a model-based approach that reconstructs the feature encoded by population activity measured with fMRI. Using this approach, we could successfully reconstruct the locations of memory-guided saccade goals based on the pattern of activity in visual cortex during a memory delay. We could reconstruct the saccade goal even when we dissociated the visual stimulus from the saccade goal using a memory-guided antisaccade procedure. By comparing the spatiotemporal population dynamics, we find that the representations in visual cortex are stable but can also evolve from a representation of a remembered visual stimulus to a prospective goal. Moreover, because the representation of the antisaccade goal cannot be the result of bottom-up visual stimulation, it must be evoked by top-down signals presumably originating from frontal and/or parietal cortex. Indeed, we find that trial-by-trial fluctuations in delay period activity in frontal and parietal cortex correlate with the precision with which our model reconstructed the maintained saccade goal based on the pattern of activity in visual cortex. Therefore, the population dynamics in visual cortex encode WM representations, and these representations can be sculpted by top-down signals from frontal and parietal cortex.
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Rizzo JR, Hosseini M, Wong EA, Mackey WE, Fung JK, Ahdoot E, Rucker JC, Raghavan P, Landy MS, Hudson TE. The Intersection between Ocular and Manual Motor Control: Eye-Hand Coordination in Acquired Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:227. [PMID: 28620341 PMCID: PMC5451505 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic disease processes that lead to cerebral injury can often be clinically challenging diagnostically, prognostically, and therapeutically. Neurodegenerative processes are one such elusive diagnostic group, given their often diffuse and indolent nature, creating difficulties in pinpointing specific structural abnormalities that relate to functional limitations. A number of studies in recent years have focused on eye-hand coordination (EHC) in the setting of acquired brain injury (ABI), highlighting the important set of interconnected functions of the eye and hand and their relevance in neurological conditions. These experiments, which have concentrated on focal lesion-based models, have significantly improved our understanding of neurophysiology and underscored the sensitivity of biomarkers in acute and chronic neurological disease processes, especially when such biomarkers are combined synergistically. To better understand EHC and its connection with ABI, there is a need to clarify its definition and to delineate its neuroanatomical and computational underpinnings. Successful EHC relies on the complex feedback- and prediction-mediated relationship between the visual, ocular motor, and manual motor systems and takes advantage of finely orchestrated synergies between these systems in both the spatial and temporal domains. Interactions of this type are representative of functional sensorimotor control, and their disruption constitutes one of the most frequent deficits secondary to brain injury. The present review describes the visually mediated planning and control of eye movements, hand movements, and their coordination, with a particular focus on deficits that occur following neurovascular, neurotraumatic, and neurodegenerative conditions. Following this review, we also discuss potential future research directions, highlighting objective EHC as a sensitive biomarker complement within acute and chronic neurological disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Ross Rizzo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maryam Hosseini
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eric A Wong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wayne E Mackey
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - James K Fung
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Edmond Ahdoot
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Janet C Rucker
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Preeti Raghavan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael S Landy
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Todd E Hudson
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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