1
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Ha CP, Hua TNM, Vo VTA, Om J, Han S, Cha SK, Park KS, Jeong Y. Humanin activates integrin αV-TGFβ axis and leads to glioblastoma progression. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:464. [PMID: 38942749 PMCID: PMC11213926 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The role of mitochondria peptides in the spreading of glioblastoma remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying intracranial glioblastoma progression. Our findings demonstrate that the mitochondria-derived peptide, humanin, plays a significant role in enhancing glioblastoma progression through the intratumoral activation of the integrin alpha V (ITGAV)-TGF beta (TGFβ) signaling axis. In glioblastoma tissues, humanin showed a significant upregulation in the tumor area compared to the corresponding normal region. Utilizing multiple in vitro pharmacological and genetic approaches, we observed that humanin activates the ITGAV pathway, leading to cellular attachment and filopodia formation. This process aids the subsequent migration and invasion of attached glioblastoma cells through intracellular TGFβR signaling activation. In addition, our in vivo orthotopic glioblastoma model provides further support for the pro-tumoral function of humanin. We observed a correlation between poor survival and aggressive invasiveness in the humanin-treated group, with noticeable tumor protrusions and induced angiogenesis compared to the control. Intriguingly, the in vivo effect of humanin on glioblastoma was significantly reduced by the treatment of TGFBR1 inhibitor. To strengthen these findings, public database analysis revealed a significant association between genes in the ITGAV-TGFβR axis and poor prognosis in glioblastoma patients. These results collectively highlight humanin as a pro-tumoral factor, making it a promising biological target for treating glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong P Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuyen N M Hua
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology - Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu T A Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Om
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kuy Cha
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Lifestyle Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
- Mitochondrial Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea.
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea.
- Institutes of Lifestyle Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea.
- Mitochondrial Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yangsik Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea.
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea.
- Institutes of Lifestyle Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea.
- Mitochondrial Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Parseh S, Shakerian S, Reza Tabandeh M, Habibi A. An 8-Week study on the effects of high and Moderate-Intensity interval exercises on mitochondrial MOTS-C changes and their relation to metabolic markers in male diabetic sand rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2024; 212:111656. [PMID: 38636847 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a significant feature of type 2 diabetes. MOTS-C, a peptide derived from mitochondria, has positive effects on metabolism and exercise capacity. This study explored the impact of high and moderate-intensity interval exercises on mitochondrial MOTS-C alterations and their correlation with metabolic markers in male diabetic sand rats. Thirty male sand rats were divided into six groups: control, MIIT, DM + HIIT, DM + MIIT, DM, and HIIT (5 rats each). Diabetes was induced using a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ). The Wistar sand rats in exercise groups underwent 8 weeks of interval training of varying intensities. Post sample collection, protein expressions of PCG-1a, AMPK, and GLUT4 were assessed through Western blot analysis, while MOTS-C protein expression was determined using ELISA. Both exercise intensity and diabetes significantly affected the levels of PCG-1a, MOTS-C, GLUT4 proteins, and insulin resistance (p < 0.001). The combined effect of diabetes status and exercise intensity on these levels was also significant (p < 0.001). However, the diabetes effect varied when comparing high-intensity to moderate-intensity exercise. The moderate-intensity exercise group with diabetes showed higher levels of PCG-1a, MOTS-C, and GLUT4 proteins and reduced insulin resistance levels (p < 0.001). Exercise intensity (p = 0.022) and diabetes (p = 0.008) significantly influenced AMPK protein levels. The interplay between diabetes status and exercise intensity on AMPK protein levels was noteworthy, with the moderate-intensity diabetes group exhibiting higher AMPK levels than the high-intensity diabetes group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, exercise elevates the levels of PCG-1a, MOTS-C, GLUT4, and AMPK proteins, regulating insulin resistance in diabetic sand rats. Given the AMPK-MOTS-C mitochondrial pathway's mechanisms, interval exercises might enhance the metabolic rates and general health of diabetic rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Parseh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeid Shakerian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
- Department of Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdolhamid Habibi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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3
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Kim SJ, Miller B, Hartel NG, Ramirez R, Braniff RG, Leelaprachakul N, Huang A, Wang Y, Arpawong TE, Crimmins EM, Wang P, Sun X, Liu C, Levy D, Yen K, Petzinger GM, Graham NA, Jakowec MW, Cohen P. A naturally occurring variant of SHLP2 is a protective factor in Parkinson's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:505-517. [PMID: 38167865 PMCID: PMC11116102 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs) have been associated with a reduced risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we investigate the functional role of a PD-associated mtSNP that impacts the mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) Small Humanin-like Peptide 2 (SHLP2). We identify m.2158 T > C, a mtSNP associated with reduced PD risk, within the small open reading frame encoding SHLP2. This mtSNP results in an alternative form of SHLP2 (lysine 4 replaced with arginine; K4R). Using targeted mass spectrometry, we detect specific tryptic fragments of SHLP2 in neuronal cells and demonstrate its binding to mitochondrial complex 1. Notably, we observe that the K4R variant, associated with reduced PD risk, exhibits increased stability compared to WT SHLP2. Additionally, both WT and K4R SHLP2 show enhanced protection against mitochondrial dysfunction in in vitro experiments and confer protection against a PD-inducing toxin, a mitochondrial complex 1 inhibitor, in a mouse model. This study sheds light on the functional consequences of the m.2158 T > C mtSNP on SHLP2 and provides insights into the potential mechanisms by which this mtSNP may reduce the risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jeong Kim
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brendan Miller
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas G Hartel
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo Ramirez
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Regina Gonzalez Braniff
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naphada Leelaprachakul
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Amy Huang
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thalida Em Arpawong
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eileen M Crimmins
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Penglong Wang
- The Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xianbang Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- The Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University's and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University's and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Kelvin Yen
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giselle M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Graham
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, The George and MaryLou Boone Center for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Qu S, Lin H, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Mitochondria-Associated Autoantibodies: A Review of the Specific Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1624. [PMID: 38338904 PMCID: PMC10855900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a severe retinal disease that causes irreversible visual loss and blindness in elderly populations worldwide. The pathological mechanism of AMD is complex, involving the interactions of multiple environmental and genetic factors. A poor understanding of the disease leads to limited treatment options and few effective prevention methods. The discovery of autoantibodies in AMD patients provides an opportunity to explore the pathogenesis and treatment direction of the disease. This review focuses on the mitochondria-associated autoantibodies and summarizes the functional roles of mitochondria under physiological conditions and their alterations during the pathological states. Additionally, it discusses the crosstalk between mitochondria and other organelles, as well as the mitochondria-related therapeutic strategies in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franz H. Grus
- Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.Q.); (H.L.)
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5
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Karachaliou CE, Livaniou E. Neuroprotective Action of Humanin and Humanin Analogues: Research Findings and Perspectives. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1534. [PMID: 38132360 PMCID: PMC10740898 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Humanin is a 24-mer peptide first reported in the early 2000s as a new neuroprotective/cytoprotective factor rescuing neuronal cells from death induced by various Alzheimer's disease-associated insults. Nowadays it is known that humanin belongs to the novel class of the so-called mitochondrial-derived peptides (which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA) and has been shown to exert beneficial cytoprotective effects in a series of in vitro and/or in vivo experimental models of human diseases, including not only neurodegenerative disorders but other human diseases as well (e.g., age-related macular degeneration, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes mellitus). This review article is focused on the presentation of recent in vitro and in vivo research results associated with the neuroprotective action of humanin as well as of various, mainly synthetic, analogues of the peptide; moreover, the main mode(s)/mechanism(s) through which humanin and humanin analogues may exert in vitro and in vivo regarding neuroprotection have been reported. The prospects of humanin and humanin analogues to be further investigated in the frame of future research endeavors against neurodegenerative/neural diseases have also been briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Immunopeptide Chemistry Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece;
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6
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Barabino S, Lombardi S, Zilocchi M. Keep in touch: a perspective on the mitochondrial social network and its implication in health and disease. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:417. [PMID: 37973903 PMCID: PMC10654391 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have been the focus of extensive research for decades since their dysfunction is linked to more than 150 distinct human disorders. Despite considerable efforts, researchers have only been able to skim the surface of the mitochondrial social complexity and the impact of inter-organelle and inter-organ communication alterations on human health. While some progress has been made in deciphering connections among mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles through direct (i.e., contact sites) or indirect (i.e., inter-organelle trafficking) crosstalk, most of these efforts have been restricted to a limited number of proteins involved in specific physiological pathways or disease states. This research bottleneck is further narrowed by our incomplete understanding of the cellular alteration timeline in a specific pathology, which prevents the distinction between a primary organelle dysfunction and the defects occurring due to the disruption of the organelle's interconnectivity. In this perspective, we will (i) summarize the current knowledge on the mitochondrial crosstalk within cell(s) or tissue(s) in health and disease, with a particular focus on neurodegenerative disorders, (ii) discuss how different large-scale and targeted approaches could be used to characterize the different levels of mitochondrial social complexity, and (iii) consider how investigating the different expression patterns of mitochondrial proteins in different cell types/tissues could represent an important step forward in depicting the distinctive architecture of inter-organelle communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Barabino
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Lombardi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Zilocchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy.
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7
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Gutierrez-Merino C. Brain Hydrophobic Peptides Antagonists of Neurotoxic Amyloid β Peptide Monomers/Oligomers-Protein Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13846. [PMID: 37762148 PMCID: PMC10531495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and are the main neurotoxic forms of Aβ. This review focuses on the following: (i) the Aβ(1-42):calmodulin interface as a model for the design of antagonist Aβ peptides and its limitations; (ii) proteolytic degradation as the major source of highly hydrophobic peptides in brain cells; and (iii) brain peptides that have been experimentally demonstrated to bind to Aβ monomers or oligomers, Aβ fibrils, or Aβ plaques. It is highlighted that the hydrophobic amino acid residues of the COOH-terminal segment of Aβ(1-42) play a key role in its interaction with intracellular protein partners linked to its neurotoxicity. The major source of highly hydrophobic endogenous peptides of 8-10 amino acids in neurons is the proteasome activity. Many canonical antigen peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex class 1 are of this type. These highly hydrophobic peptides bind to Aβ and are likely to be efficient antagonists of the binding of Aβ monomers/oligomers concentrations in the nanomolar range with intracellular proteins. Also, their complexation with Aβ will protect them against endopeptidases, suggesting a putative chaperon-like physiological function for Aβ that has been overlooked until now. Remarkably, the hydrophobic amino acid residues of Aβ responsible for the binding of several neuropeptides partially overlap with those playing a key role in its interaction with intracellular protein partners that mediates its neurotoxicity. Therefore, these latter neuropeptides are also potential candidates to antagonize Aβ peptides binding to target proteins. In conclusion, the analysis performed in this review points out that hydrophobic endogenous brain neuropeptides could be valuable biomarkers to evaluate the risk of the onset of sporadic AD, as well as for the prognosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Thamarai Kannan H, Issac PK, Dey N, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. A Review on Mitochondrial Derived Peptide Humanin and Small Humanin-Like Peptides and Their Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023; 29:86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-023-10558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
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9
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Dabravolski SA. Mitochondria-derived peptides in healthy ageing and therapy of age-related diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 136:197-215. [PMID: 37437978 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are small bioactive peptides encoded by mitochondrial DNA and involved in various stress-protecting mechanisms. To date, eight mitochondrial-derived peptides have been identified: MOTS-c sequence is hidden in the 12 S rRNA gene (MT-RNR1), and the other 7 (humanin and small humanin-like peptides 1-6) are encoded by the 16 S rRNA (MT-RNR2) gene. While the anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective activities of MDPs are well described, recent research suggests that MDPs are sensitive metabolic sensors, closely connected with mtDNA mutation-associated diseases and age-associated metabolic disorders. In this chapter, we focus on the recent progress in understanding the metabolo-protective properties of MDPs, their role in maintenance of the cellular and mitochondrial homeostasis associated with age-related diseases: Alzheimer's disease, cognitive decline, macular degeneration and cataracts. Also, we will discuss MDPs-based and MDPs-targeted interventions to treat age-related diseases and extend a healthy lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A Dabravolski
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Braude Academic College of Engineering, Karmiel 2161002, Israel.
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10
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Johns A, Higuchi-Sanabria R, Thorwald MA, Vilchez D. A tale of two pathways: Regulation of proteostasis by UPR mt and MDPs. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 78:102673. [PMID: 36621224 PMCID: PMC9845188 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fitness is critical to organismal health and its impairment is associated with aging and age-related diseases. As such, numerous quality control mechanisms exist to preserve mitochondrial stability, including the unfolded protein response of the mitochondria (UPRmt). The UPRmt is a conserved mechanism that drives the transcriptional activation of mitochondrial chaperones, proteases, autophagy (mitophagy), and metabolism to promote restoration of mitochondrial function under stress conditions. UPRmt has direct ramifications in aging, and its activation is often ascribed to improve health whereas its dysfunction tends to correlate with disease. This review pairs a description of the most recent findings within the field of UPRmt with a more poorly understood field: mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs). Similar to UPRmt, MDPs are microproteins derived from the mitochondria that can impact organismal health and longevity. We then highlight a tantalizing interconnection between UPRmt and MDPs wherein both mechanisms may be efficiently coordinated to maintain organismal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Johns
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. https://twitter.com/AngyJohns
| | - Ryo Higuchi-Sanabria
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California. 3715 McClintock Ave, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Max A Thorwald
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California. 3715 McClintock Ave, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - David Vilchez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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11
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Zhang H, Li X, Fan W, Pandovski S, Tian Y, Dillin A. Inter-tissue communication of mitochondrial stress and metabolic health. LIFE METABOLISM 2023; 2:load001. [PMID: 37538245 PMCID: PMC10399134 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria function as a hub of the cellular metabolic network. Mitochondrial stress is closely associated with aging and a variety of diseases, including neurodegeneration and cancer. Cells autonomously elicit specific stress responses to cope with mitochondrial stress to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. Interestingly, mitochondrial stress responses may also be induced in a non-autonomous manner in cells or tissues that are not directly experiencing such stress. Such non-autonomous mitochondrial stress responses are mediated by secreted molecules called mitokines. Due to their significant translational potential in improving human metabolic health, there has been a surge in mitokine-focused research. In this review, we summarize the findings regarding inter-tissue communication of mitochondrial stress in animal models. In addition, we discuss the possibility of mitokine-mediated intercellular mitochondrial communication originating from bacterial quorum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wudi Fan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sentibel Pandovski
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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12
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Kumagai H, Miller B, Kim SJ, Leelaprachakul N, Kikuchi N, Yen K, Cohen P. Novel Insights into Mitochondrial DNA: Mitochondrial Microproteins and mtDNA Variants Modulate Athletic Performance and Age-Related Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:286. [PMID: 36833212 PMCID: PMC9956216 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports genetics research began in the late 1990s and over 200 variants have been reported as athletic performance- and sports injuries-related genetic polymorphisms. Genetic polymorphisms in the α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genes are well-established for athletic performance, while collagen-, inflammation-, and estrogen-related genetic polymorphisms are reported as genetic markers for sports injuries. Although the Human Genome Project was completed in the early 2000s, recent studies have discovered previously unannotated microproteins encoded in small open reading frames. Mitochondrial microproteins (also called mitochondrial-derived peptides) are encoded in the mtDNA, and ten mitochondrial microproteins, such as humanin, MOTS-c (mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c), SHLPs 1-6 (small humanin-like peptides 1 to 6), SHMOOSE (Small Human Mitochondrial ORF Over SErine tRNA), and Gau (gene antisense ubiquitous in mtDNAs) have been identified to date. Some of those microproteins have crucial roles in human biology by regulating mitochondrial function, and those, including those to be discovered in the future, could contribute to a better understanding of human biology. This review describes a basic concept of mitochondrial microproteins and discusses recent findings about the potential roles of mitochondrial microproteins in athletic performance as well as age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kumagai
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Brendan Miller
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Naphada Leelaprachakul
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan
| | - Kelvin Yen
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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13
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Abstract
The mechanisms that explain mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and healthspan continue to be studied, but one element has been unexplored: microproteins. Small open reading frames in circular mitochondria DNA can encode multiple microproteins, called mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs). Currently, eight MDPs have been published: humanin, MOTS-c, and SHLPs 1–6. This Review describes recent advances in microprotein discovery with a focus on MDPs. It discusses what is currently known about MDPs in aging and how this new understanding could add to the way we understand age-related diseases including type 2 diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases at the genomic, proteomic, and drug-development levels.
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14
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Thiankhaw K, Chattipakorn K, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. Roles of humanin and derivatives on the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases and cognition. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130097. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Rochette L, Rigal E, Dogon G, Malka G, Zeller M, Vergely C, Cottin Y. Mitochondrial-derived peptides: New markers for cardiometabolic dysfunction. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 115:48-56. [PMID: 34972639 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Great attention is being paid to the evaluation of new markers in blood circulation for the estimation of tissue metabolism disturbance. This endogenous disturbance may contribute to the onset and progression of cardiometabolic disease. In addition to their role in energy production and metabolism, mitochondria play a main function in cellular mechanisms, including apoptosis, oxidative stress and calcium homeostasis. Mitochondria produce mitochondrial-derived peptides that mediate the transcriptional stress response by translocating into the nucleus and interacting with deoxyribonucleic acid. This class of peptides includes humanin, mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S ribosomal ribonucleic acid type c (MOTS-c) and small humanin-like peptides. Mitochondrial-derived peptides are regulators of metabolism, exerting cytoprotective effects through antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory responses and antiapoptosis; they are emerging biomarkers reflecting mitochondrial function, and the circulating concentration of these proteins can be used to diagnose cardiometabolic dysfunction. The aims of this review are: (1) to describe the emerging role for mitochondrial-derived peptides as biomarkers; and (2) to discuss the therapeutic application of these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Rochette
- Équipe d'Accueil (EA 7460), physiopathologie et épidémiologie cérébro-cardiovasculaires (PEC2), faculté des sciences de santé, université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Eve Rigal
- Équipe d'Accueil (EA 7460), physiopathologie et épidémiologie cérébro-cardiovasculaires (PEC2), faculté des sciences de santé, université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Geoffrey Dogon
- Équipe d'Accueil (EA 7460), physiopathologie et épidémiologie cérébro-cardiovasculaires (PEC2), faculté des sciences de santé, université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Gabriel Malka
- Centre interface applications médicales (CIAM), université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Marianne Zeller
- Équipe d'Accueil (EA 7460), physiopathologie et épidémiologie cérébro-cardiovasculaires (PEC2), faculté des sciences de santé, université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Vergely
- Équipe d'Accueil (EA 7460), physiopathologie et épidémiologie cérébro-cardiovasculaires (PEC2), faculté des sciences de santé, université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Yves Cottin
- Cardiology Unit, CHU de Dijon-Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
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16
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DeVito LM, Barzilai N, Cuervo AM, Niedernhofer LJ, Milman S, Levine M, Promislow D, Ferrucci L, Kuchel GA, Mannick J, Justice J, Gonzales MM, Kirkland JL, Cohen P, Campisi J. Extending human healthspan and longevity: a symposium report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1507:70-83. [PMID: 34498278 PMCID: PMC10231756 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For many years, it was believed that the aging process was inevitable and that age-related diseases could not be prevented or reversed. The geroscience hypothesis, however, posits that aging is, in fact, malleable and, by targeting the hallmarks of biological aging, it is indeed possible to alleviate age-related diseases and dysfunction and extend longevity. This field of geroscience thus aims to prevent the development of multiple disorders with age, thereby extending healthspan, with the reduction of morbidity toward the end of life. Experts in the field have made remarkable advancements in understanding the mechanisms underlying biological aging and identified ways to target aging pathways using both novel agents and repurposed therapies. While geroscience researchers currently face significant barriers in bringing therapies through clinical development, proof-of-concept studies, as well as early-stage clinical trials, are underway to assess the feasibility of drug evaluation and lay a regulatory foundation for future FDA approvals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | | | - Sofiya Milman
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | | | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George A Kuchel
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | - Jamie Justice
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mitzi M Gonzales
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Pinchas Cohen
- USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, Los Angeles, California
| | - Judith Campisi
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkley, California
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17
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Robson B. Computers and preventative diagnosis. A survey with bioinformatics examples of mitochondrial small open reading frame peptides as portents of a new generation of powerful biomarkers. Comput Biol Med 2022; 140:105116. [PMID: 34896883 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present brief survey is to alert developers in datamining, machine learning, inference methods, and other approaches in relation to diagnostic, predictive, and risk assessment medicine about a relatively new class of bioactive messaging peptides in which there is escalating interest. They provide patterns of communication and cross-chatter about states of health and disease within and, importantly, between cells (they also appear extracellularly in biological fluids). This chatter needs to be analyzed somewhat in the manner of the decryption of the Enigma code in the Second World War. It could lead not only to improved diagnosis but to predictive diagnosis, prediction of organ failure, and preventative medicine. This involves peptide products of short reading frames that have been previously somewhat neglected as unlikely gene products, with probably many examples in nuclear DNA, but certainly several known in the mitochondrial DNA. There is a great deal of knowledge now becoming available about the latter and itis believed thatthat the mRNA can be translated both by standard cytosolic and mitochondrial genetic codes, resulting in different peptides, adding a further level of complexity to the applications of bioinformatics and computational biology but a higher level of detail and sophistication to preventative diagnosis. The code to crack could be sophisticated and combinatorically complex to analyze by computers. Mitochondria may have combined with proto-eucaryotic cells some 2 billion years ago, only about a 7th of the age of the universe. Cells appeared some 2 billion years before that, also with possible signaling based on similar ideas. This makes life small in space but huge in time, refinement of which centrally involves these signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Robson
- Ingine Inc. Viginia, USA and the Dirac Foundation OxfordShire UK.
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18
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Dabravolski SA, Nikiforov NG, Starodubova AV, Popkova TV, Orekhov AN. The Role of Mitochondria-Derived Peptides in Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168770. [PMID: 34445477 PMCID: PMC8396025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) are small peptides hidden in the mitochondrial DNA, maintaining mitochondrial function and protecting cells under different stresses. Currently, three types of MDPs have been identified: Humanin, MOTS-c and SHLP1-6. MDPs have demonstrated anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities, reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress-protecting properties both in vitro and in vivo. Recent research suggests that MDPs have a significant cardioprotective role, affecting CVDs (cardiovascular diseases) development and progression. CVDs are the leading cause of death globally; this term combines disorders of the blood vessels and heart. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in understanding the relationships between MDPs and the main cardiovascular risk factors (atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia and ageing). We also will discuss the therapeutic application of MDPs, modified and synthetic MDPs, and their potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A. Dabravolski
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine [UO VGAVM], 7/11 Dovatora Str., 210026 Vitebsk, Belarus
- Correspondence:
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.N.); (A.N.O.)
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14 Ustinsky Passage, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
- Therapy Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Popkova
- V.A. Nasonova Institute of Rheumatology, 34A Kashirskoye Shosse, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.N.); (A.N.O.)
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
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19
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Bhullar KS, Shang N, Kerek E, Wu K, Wu J. Mitofusion is required for MOTS-c induced GLUT4 translocation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14291. [PMID: 34253808 PMCID: PMC8275580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTS-c (mitochondrial ORF of the twelve S-c) is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial peptide that has been shown to counter insulin resistance and alleviate obesity in vivo. However, the mechanisms involved in the pharmacological action of MOTS-c remain elusive. Based on the ability of MOTS-c to improve insulin resistance and promote cold adaptation, we hypothesized that MOTS-c might play a role in boosting the number of mitochondria in a cell. We found that treatment of mammalian cells with MOTS-c increased protein levels of TFAM, COX4, and NRF1, which are markers for mitochondrial biogenesis. However, flow cytometry analysis using MitoTracker Green revealed a sharp reduction in the mitochondrial count after MOTS-c treatment. We then anticipated possible synchronized activation of mitofusion/mitochondrial fusion by MOTS-c following the onset of mitochondrial biogenesis. This was confirmed after a significant increase in protein levels two GTPases, OPA1, and MFN2, both vital for the fusion of mammalian mitochondria. Finally, we found that inhibition of the two GTPases by TNFα abrogated the ability of MOTS-c to prompt GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. Similar results were obtained by siRNA KD of MFN2 as well. Our results reveal for the first time a pathway that links mitofusion to MOTS-c-induced GLUT4 translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushwant S Bhullar
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nan Shang
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Evan Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kaiyu Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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20
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Huang L, Qu X, Chen Y, Xu W, Huang C. Sandwiched-fusion strategy facilitates recombinant production of small labile proteins. Protein Sci 2021; 30:650-662. [PMID: 33433908 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient production of large quantities of soluble, properly folded proteins is of high demand in modern structural and functional genomics. Despite much advancement toward improving recombinant protein expression, many eukaryotic proteins especially small peptides often fail to be recovered due to rapid proteolytic degradation. Here we show that the sandwiched-fusion strategy, which is based on two protein tags incorporated both at the amino- and carboxyl-terminus of target protein, could be employed to overcome this obstacle. We have exploited this strategy on heterologous expression in Escherichia coli of eight small degradation-prone eukaryotic proteins, whose successful recombinant productions have yet to be achieved. These include seven mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPS), a class of unique metabolic regulators of human body, and a labile mosquito transcription factor, Guy1. We show here that the sandwiched-fusion strategy, which provides robust protection against proteolysis, affords an economical method to obtain large quantities of pure five MDPs and the transcription factor Guy1, in sharp contrast to otherwise unsuccessful recovery using the traditional amino-fusion method. Further biophysical characterization and interaction studies by NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the proteins produced by this novel approach are properly folded into their biologically active structures. We anticipate this strategy could be widely utilized in production of other labile protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaozhan Qu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weiya Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chengdong Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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21
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Wu Y, Sun L, Zhuang Z, Hu X, Dong D. Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides in Diabetes and Its Complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:808120. [PMID: 35185787 PMCID: PMC8851315 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.808120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes of mitochondrial function are closely related to diabetes and its complications. Here we describe the effects of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs), short peptides formed by transcription and translation of the open reading frame site in human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), on diabetes and its complications. We mainly focus on MDPs that have been discovered so far, such as Humanin (HN), mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) and Small humanin-like peptides (SHLP 1-6), and elucidated the role of MDPs in diabetes and its major complications stroke and myocardial infarction by improving insulin resistance, inhibiting inflammatory response and anti-apoptosis. It provides more possibilities for the clinical application of mitochondrial derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liankun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhoudao Zhuang
- Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoqing Hu, ; Delu Dong,
| | - Delu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoqing Hu, ; Delu Dong,
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22
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Hazafa A, Batool A, Ahmad S, Amjad M, Chaudhry SN, Asad J, Ghuman HF, Khan HM, Naeem M, Ghani U. Humanin: A mitochondrial-derived peptide in the treatment of apoptosis-related diseases. Life Sci 2021; 264:118679. [PMID: 33130077 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humanin (HN) is a small mitochondrial-derived cytoprotective polypeptide encoded by mtDNA. HN exhibits protective effects in several cell types, including leukocytes, germ cells, neurons, tissues against cellular stress conditions and apoptosis through regulating various signaling mechanisms, such as JAK/STAT pathway and interaction of BCL-2 family of protein. HN is an essential cytoprotective peptide in the human body that regulates mitochondrial functions under stress conditions. The present review aims to evaluate HN peptide's antiapoptotic activities as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of cancer, diabetes mellitus, male infertility, bone-related diseases, cardiac diseases, and brain diseases. Based on in vitro and in vivo studies, HN significantly suppressed the apoptosis during the treatment of bone osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative diseases. According to accumulated data, it is concluded that HN exerts the proapoptotic activity of TNF-α in cancer, which makes HN as a novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer and suggested that along with HN, the development of another mitochondrial-derived peptide could be a viable therapeutic option against different oxidative stress and apoptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Hazafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Ammara Batool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sundas Nasir Chaudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Jamal Asad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hasham Feroz Ghuman
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Naeem
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Usman Ghani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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23
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Madrid FF, Grossman LI, Aras S. Mitochondria Autoimmunity and MNRR1 in Breast Carcinogenesis: A Review. JOURNAL OF CANCER IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 2:138-158. [PMID: 33615312 PMCID: PMC7894625 DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.2.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We review here the evidence for participation of mitochondrial autoimmunity in BC inception and progression and propose a new paradigm that may challenge the prevailing thinking in oncogenesis by suggesting that mitochondrial autoimmunity is a major contributor to breast carcinogenesis and probably to the inception and progression of other solid tumors. It has been shown that MNRR1 mediated mitochondrial-nuclear function promotes BC cell growth and migration and the development of metastasis and constitutes a proof of concept supporting the participation of mitochondrial autoimmunity in breast carcinogenesis. The resemblance of the autoantibody profile in BC detected by IFA with that in the rheumatic autoimmune diseases suggested that studies on the autoantibody response to tumor associated antigens and the characterization of the mtDNA- and nDNA-encoded antigens may provide functional data on breast carcinogenesis. We also review the studies supporting the view that a panel of autoreactive nDNA-encoded mitochondrial antigens in addition to MNRR1 may be involved in breast carcinogenesis. These include GAPDH, PKM2, GSTP1, SPATA5, MFF, ncRNA PINK1-AS/DDOST as probably contributing to BC progression and metastases and the evidence suggesting that DDX21 orchestrates a complex signaling network with participation of JUND and ATF3 driving chronic inflammation and breast tumorigenesis. We suggest that the widespread autoreactivity of mtDNA- and nDNA-encoded mitochondrial proteins found in BC sera may be the reflection of autoimmunity triggered by mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial tumor associated antigens involved in multiple tumorigenic pathways. Furthermore, we suggest that mitochondrial proteins may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction in BC even if mitochondrial respiration is found to be within normal limits. However, although the studies show that mitochondrial autoimmunity is a major factor in breast cancer inception and progression, it is not the only factor since there is a multiplex autoantibody profile targeting centrosome and stem cell antigens as well as anti-idiotypic antibodies, revealing the complex signaling network involved in breast carcinogenesis. In summary, the studies reviewed here open new, unexpected therapeutic avenues for cancer prevention and treatment of patients with cancer derived from an entirely new perspective of breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Fernández Madrid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Lawrence I. Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Siddhesh Aras
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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24
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English J, Son JM, Cardamone MD, Lee C, Perissi V. Decoding the rosetta stone of mitonuclear communication. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105161. [PMID: 32846213 PMCID: PMC7755734 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis in eukaryotic cells requires synchronized coordination of multiple organelles. A key role in this stage is played by mitochondria, which have recently emerged as highly interconnected and multifunctional hubs that process and coordinate diverse cellular functions. Beyond producing ATP, mitochondria generate key metabolites and are central to apoptotic and metabolic signaling pathways. Because most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome, the biogenesis of new mitochondria and the maintenance of mitochondrial functions and flexibility critically depend upon effective mitonuclear communication. This review addresses the complex network of signaling molecules and pathways allowing mitochondria-nuclear communication and coordinated regulation of their independent but interconnected genomes, and discusses the extent to which dynamic communication between the two organelles has evolved for mutual benefit and for the overall maintenance of cellular and organismal fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin English
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jyung Mean Son
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Changhan Lee
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Valentina Perissi
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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25
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Yen K, Mehta HH, Kim SJ, Lue Y, Hoang J, Guerrero N, Port J, Bi Q, Navarrete G, Brandhorst S, Lewis KN, Wan J, Swerdloff R, Mattison JA, Buffenstein R, Breton CV, Wang C, Longo V, Atzmon G, Wallace D, Barzilai N, Cohen P. The mitochondrial derived peptide humanin is a regulator of lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:11185-11199. [PMID: 32575074 PMCID: PMC7343442 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Humanin is a member of a new family of peptides that are encoded by short open reading frames within the mitochondrial genome. It is conserved in animals and is both neuroprotective and cytoprotective. Here we report that in C. elegans the overexpression of humanin is sufficient to increase lifespan, dependent on daf-16/Foxo. Humanin transgenic mice have many phenotypes that overlap with the worm phenotypes and, similar to exogenous humanin treatment, have increased protection against toxic insults. Treating middle-aged mice twice weekly with the potent humanin analogue HNG, humanin improves metabolic healthspan parameters and reduces inflammatory markers. In multiple species, humanin levels generally decline with age, but here we show that levels are surprisingly stable in the naked mole-rat, a model of negligible senescence. Furthermore, in children of centenarians, who are more likely to become centenarians themselves, circulating humanin levels are much greater than age-matched control subjects. Further linking humanin to healthspan, we observe that humanin levels are decreased in human diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and MELAS (Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes). Together, these studies are the first to demonstrate that humanin is linked to improved healthspan and increased lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Yen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hemal H. Mehta
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - YanHe Lue
- Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - James Hoang
- Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Noel Guerrero
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jenna Port
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qiuli Bi
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Gerardo Navarrete
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sebastian Brandhorst
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Noel Lewis
- Department of Physiology, The Barshop Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Junxiang Wan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ronald Swerdloff
- Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Julie A. Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Dickerson, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rochelle Buffenstein
- Department of Physiology, The Barshop Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Carrie V. Breton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Christina Wang
- Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Valter Longo
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Douglas Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Bravo JI, Nozownik S, Danthi PS, Benayoun BA. Transposable elements, circular RNAs and mitochondrial transcription in age-related genomic regulation. Development 2020; 147:dev175786. [PMID: 32527937 PMCID: PMC10680986 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular regulation of aging and age-related diseases is still in its infancy, requiring in-depth characterization of the molecular landscape shaping these complex phenotypes. Emerging classes of molecules with promise as aging modulators include transposable elements, circRNAs and the mitochondrial transcriptome. Analytical complexity means that these molecules are often overlooked, even though they exhibit strong associations with aging and, in some cases, may directly contribute to its progress. Here, we review the links between these novel factors and age-related phenotypes, and we suggest tools that can be easily incorporated into existing pipelines to better understand the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Bravo
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Graduate Program in the Biology of Aging, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Séverine Nozownik
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Magistère européen de Génétique, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris 75014, France
| | - Prakroothi S Danthi
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Bérénice A Benayoun
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Stem Cell Initiative, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Effects of Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides (MDPs) on Mitochondrial and Cellular Health in AMD. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051102. [PMID: 32365540 PMCID: PMC7290668 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantive evidence demonstrates the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction in the etiology and pathogenesis of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Recently, extensive characterization of Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides (MDPs) has revealed their cytoprotective role in several diseases, including AMD. Here we summarize the varied effects of MDPs on cellular and mitochondrial health, which establish the merit of MDPs as therapeutic targets for AMD. We argue that further research to delve into the mechanisms of action and delivery of MDPs may advance the field of AMD therapy.
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28
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Reynolds JC, Bwiza CP, Lee C. Mitonuclear genomics and aging. Hum Genet 2020; 139:381-399. [PMID: 31997134 PMCID: PMC7147958 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Our cells operate based on two distinct genomes that are enclosed in the nucleus and mitochondria. The mitochondrial genome presumably originates from endosymbiotic bacteria. With time, a large portion of the original genes in the bacterial genome is considered to have been lost or transferred to the nuclear genome, leaving a reduced 16.5 Kb circular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Traditionally only 37 genes, including 13 proteins, were thought to be encoded within mtDNA, its genetic repertoire is expanding with the identification of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs). The biology of aging has been largely unveiled to be regulated by genes that are encoded in the nuclear genome, whereas the mitochondrial genome remained more cryptic. However, recent studies position mitochondria and mtDNA as an important counterpart to the nuclear genome, whereby the two organelles constantly regulate each other. Thus, the genomic network that regulates lifespan and/or healthspan is likely constituted by two unique, yet co-evolved, genomes. Here, we will discuss aspects of mitochondrial biology, especially mitochondrial communication that may add substantial momentum to aging research by accounting for both mitonuclear genomes to more comprehensively and inclusively map the genetic and molecular networks that govern aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Reynolds
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Conscience P Bwiza
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Changhan Lee
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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29
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Nashine S, Subramaniam SR, Chwa M, Nesburn A, Kuppermann BD, Federoff H, Kenney MC. PU-91 drug rescues human age-related macular degeneration RPE cells; implications for AMD therapeutics. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6691-6713. [PMID: 31477635 PMCID: PMC6756897 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD, this study is based on the premise that repurposing of mitochondria-stabilizing FDA-approved drugs such as PU-91, might rescue AMD RPE cells from AMD mitochondria-induced damage. The PU-91 drug upregulates PGC-1α which is a critical regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Herein, we tested the therapeutic potential of PU-91 drug and examined the additive effects of treatment with PU-91 and esterase inhibitors i.e., EI-12 and EI-78, using the in vitro transmitochondrial AMD cell model. This model was created by fusing platelets obtained from AMD patients with Rho0 i.e., mitochondria-deficient, ARPE-19 cell lines. The resulting AMD RPE cell lines have identical nuclei but differ in their mitochondrial DNA content, which is derived from individual AMD patients. Briefly, we report significant improvement in cell survival, mitochondrial health, and antioxidant potential in PU-91-treated AMD RPE cells compared to their untreated counterparts. In conclusion, this study identifies PU 91 as a therapeutic candidate drug for AMD and repurposing of PU-91 will be a smoother transition from lab bench to clinic since the pharmacological profiles of PU-91 have been examined already.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Nashine
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Marilyn Chwa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anthony Nesburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Baruch D Kuppermann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Howard Federoff
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Benayoun BA, Lee C. MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial-Encoded Regulator of the Nucleus. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900046. [PMID: 31378979 PMCID: PMC8224472 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are increasingly being recognized as information hubs that sense cellular changes and transmit messages to other cellular components, such as the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Nonetheless, the interaction between mitochondria and the nucleus is of special interest because they both host part of the cellular genome. Thus, the communication between genome-bearing organelles would likely include gene expression regulation. Multiple nuclear-encoded proteins have been known to regulate mitochondrial gene expression. On the contrary, no mitochondrial-encoded factors are known to actively regulate nuclear gene expression. MOTS-c (mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S ribosomal RNA type-c) is a recently identified peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene that has metabolic functions. Notably, MOTS-c can translocate to the nucleus upon metabolic stress (e.g., glucose restriction and oxidative stress) and directly regulate adaptive nuclear gene expression to promote cellular homeostasis. It is hypothesized that cellular fitness requires the coevolved mitonuclear genomes to coordinate adaptive responses using gene-encoded factors that cross-regulate the opposite genome. This suggests that cellular gene expression requires the bipartite split genomes to operate as a unified system, rather than the nucleus being the sole master regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérénice A Benayoun
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Epigenetics and Gene Regulation Program, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- USC Stem Cell Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Changhan Lee
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Epigenetics and Gene Regulation Program, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
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31
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Yang Y, Gao H, Zhou H, Liu Q, Qi Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J. The role of mitochondria-derived peptides in cardiovascular disease: Recent updates. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Levine ZA, Teranishi K, Okada AK, Langen R, Shea JE. The Mitochondrial Peptide Humanin Targets but Does Not Denature Amyloid Oligomers in Type II Diabetes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14168-14179. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Levine
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Mehta HH, Xiao J, Ramirez R, Miller B, Kim SJ, Cohen P, Yen K. Metabolomic profile of diet-induced obesity mice in response to humanin and small humanin-like peptide 2 treatment. Metabolomics 2019; 15:88. [PMID: 31172328 PMCID: PMC6554247 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are a novel group of natural occurring peptides that have important signaling functions and biological activity. Both humanin and small-humanin-like peptide 2 (SHLP2) have been reported to act as insulin sensitizers and modulate metabolism. OBJECTIVES By using a metabolomic approach, this study explores how the plasma metabolite profile is regulated in response to humanin and SHLP2 treatment in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. The results also shed light on the potential mechanism underlying MDPs' insulin sensitization effects. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from DIO mice subjected to vehicle (water) treatment, or peptide treatment with either humanin analog S14G (HNG) or SHLP2 (n = 6 per group). Vehicle or peptides were given as intraperitoneal (IP) injections twice a day at dose of 2.5 mg/kg/injection for 3 days. Metabolites in plasma samples were comprehensively identified and quantified using UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS HNG and SHLP2 administration significantly altered the concentrations of amino acid and lipid metabolites in plasma. Among all the metabolic pathways, the glutathione and sphingolipid metabolism responded most strongly to the peptide treatment. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that humanin and SHLP2 can lower several markers associated with age-related metabolic disorders. With the previous understanding of the effects of humanin and SHLP2 on cardiovascular function, insulin sensitization, and anti-inflammation, this metabolomic discovery provides a more comprehensive molecular explanation of the mechanism of action for humanin and SHLP2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemal H Mehta
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jialin Xiao
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo Ramirez
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brendan Miller
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelvin Yen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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34
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Popov LD. Mitochondrial peptides—appropriate options for therapeutic exploitation. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:161-165. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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35
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Angers A, Ouimet P, Tsyvian-Dzyabko A, Nock T, Breton S. [The underestimated coding potential of mitochondrial DNA]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:46-54. [PMID: 30672456 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2018308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are ancient organelles that emerged from the endosymbiosis of free-living proto-bacteria. They still retain a semi-autonomous genetic system with a small genome. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) codes for 13 essential proteins for the production of ATP, the sequences of which are relatively conserved across Metazoans. The discovery of additional mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) indicates an underestimated coding potential. Humanin, an anti-apoptotic peptide, is likely independently transcribed from within the 16S rRNA gene, as are recently described SHLPs. MOTS-c, discovered in silico, has been demonstrated to be involved in metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Gau, is a positionally conserved open reading frame (ORF) sequence found in the antisense strand of the COX1 gene and its corresponding peptide is strictly colocalized with mitochondrial markers. In bivalves with doubly uniparental inheritance of mtDNA, male and female mtDNAs each carry a separate additional gene possibly involved in sex determination. Other MDPs likely exist and their investigation will shed light on the underestimated functional repertoire of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Angers
- Département de sciences biologiques, université de Montréal, pavillon Marie-Victorin, faculté des arts et des sciences. CP 6128, succursale centre-ville, Montréal QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Philip Ouimet
- Département de sciences biologiques, université de Montréal, pavillon Marie-Victorin, faculté des arts et des sciences. CP 6128, succursale centre-ville, Montréal QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Assia Tsyvian-Dzyabko
- Département de sciences biologiques, université de Montréal, pavillon Marie-Victorin, faculté des arts et des sciences. CP 6128, succursale centre-ville, Montréal QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Tanya Nock
- Département de sciences biologiques, université de Montréal, pavillon Marie-Victorin, faculté des arts et des sciences. CP 6128, succursale centre-ville, Montréal QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sophie Breton
- Département de sciences biologiques, université de Montréal, pavillon Marie-Victorin, faculté des arts et des sciences. CP 6128, succursale centre-ville, Montréal QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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36
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Zuccato CF, Asad AS, Nicola Candia AJ, Gottardo MF, Moreno Ayala MA, Theas MS, Seilicovich A, Candolfi M. Mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin as therapeutic target in cancer and degenerative diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:117-126. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1559300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Florencia Zuccato
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonela Sofia Asad
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Javier Nicola Candia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - María Susana Theas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Seilicovich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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37
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Nashine S, Cohen P, Nesburn AB, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Characterizing the protective effects of SHLP2, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, in macular degeneration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15175. [PMID: 30310092 PMCID: PMC6182005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are rapidly emerging therapeutic targets to combat development of neurodegenerative diseases. SHLP2 (small humanin-like peptide 2) is a newly discovered MDP that is coded from the MT-RNR2 (Mitochondrially encoded 16S rRNA) gene in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In the current study, we examined the biological consequences of treatment with exogenously-added SHLP2 in an in vitro human transmitochondrial age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ARPE-19 cell model. In AMD cells, we observed significant down-regulation of the MDP-coding MT-RNR2 gene, and remarkably reduced levels of all five oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex I-V protein subunits that are involved in the electron transport chain; these results suggested mitochondrial toxicity and abnormal OXPHOS complex protein subunits' levels in AMD cells. However, treatment of AMD cells with SHLP2: (1) restored the normal levels of OXPHOS complex protein subunits, (2) prevented loss of viable cells and mitochondria, (3) increased the number of mtDNA copies, (4) induced anti-apoptotic effects, and (5) attenuated amyloid-β-induced cellular and mitochondrial toxicity. Cumulatively, our findings established the protective role of SHLP2 in AMD cells in vitro. In conclusion, this novel study supports the merit of SHLP2 in the treatment of AMD, a primary retinal disease that is a leading cause of blindness among the elderly population in the United States as well as worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Nashine
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anthony B Nesburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Baruch D Kuppermann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Mitochondria undergo continuous challenges in the course of their life, from their generation to their degradation. These challenges include the management of reactive oxygen species, the proper assembly of mitochondrial respiratory complexes and the need to balance potential mutations in the mitochondrial DNA. The detection of damage and the ability to keep it under control is critical to fine-tune mitochondrial function to the organismal energy needs. In this review, we will analyze the multiple mechanisms that safeguard mitochondrial function in light of in crescendo damage. This sequence of events will include initial defense against excessive reactive oxygen species production, compensation mechanisms by the unfolded protein response (UPRmt), mitochondrial dynamics and elimination by mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Valera-Alberni
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne.,School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne
| | - Carles Canto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne.,School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne
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39
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Muterspaugh R, Price D, Esckilsen D, McEachern S, Guthrie J, Heyl D, Evans HG. Interaction of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3 With Hyaluronan and Its Regulation by Humanin and CD44. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5726-5737. [PMID: 30184438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) belongs to a family of IGF-binding proteins. Humanin is a peptide known to bind residues 215-232 of mature IGFBP-3 in the C-terminal region of the protein. This region of IGFBP-3 was shown earlier to bind certain glycosaminoglycans including hyaluronan (HA). Here, we characterized the binding affinities of the IGFBP-3 protein and peptide (215-KKGFYKKKQCRPSKGRKR-232) to HA and to humanin and found that HA binds with a weaker affinity to this region than does humanin. Either HA or humanin could bind to this IGFBP-3 segment, but not simultaneously. The HA receptor, CD44, blocked HA binding to IGFBP-3 but had no effect on binding of humanin to either IGFBP-3 or its peptide. Upon incubation of HA with CD44 and either IGFBP-3 protein or peptide, humanin was effective at binding and sequestering IGFBP-3 or peptide, thereby enabling access of CD44 to HA. We show that IGFBP-3 and humanin in the medium of A549 lung cancer cells can immunoprecipitate in a complex. However, the fraction of IGFBP-3 in the medium that is able to bind HA was not complexed with humanin suggesting that HA binding to the 215-232 segment renders it inaccessible for binding to humanin. Moreover, while the cytotoxic effects of IGFBP-3 on cell viability were reversed by humanin, blocking HA-CD44 interaction with an anti-CD44 antibody in combination with IGFBP-3 did not have an additive negative effect on cell viability suggesting that IGFBP-3 exerts its cytotoxic effects on cell survival through a mechanism that depends on HA-CD44 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Muterspaugh
- Chemistry Department , Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti , Michigan 48197 , United States
| | - Deanna Price
- Chemistry Department , Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti , Michigan 48197 , United States
| | - Daniel Esckilsen
- Chemistry Department , Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti , Michigan 48197 , United States
| | - Sydney McEachern
- Chemistry Department , Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti , Michigan 48197 , United States
| | - Jeffrey Guthrie
- Chemistry Department , Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti , Michigan 48197 , United States
| | - Deborah Heyl
- Chemistry Department , Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti , Michigan 48197 , United States
| | - Hedeel Guy Evans
- Chemistry Department , Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti , Michigan 48197 , United States
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A Mitochondrial Encoded Messenger at the Nucleus. Cells 2018; 7:cells7080105. [PMID: 30104535 PMCID: PMC6115982 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria–nucleus (mitonuclear) retrograde signaling via nuclear import of otherwise mitochondrial targeted factors occurs during mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), a mechanism that counters mitochondrial and cellular stresses. Other than nuclear encoded proteins, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded peptides, such as humanin, are known to have important pro-survival and metabolic regulatory functions. A recent report has indicated that another mtDNA-encoded peptide, the mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c), could translocate into the nucleus upon stress induction. In the nucleus, MOTS-c binds to DNA and regulates the transcription of stress response genes in concert with other transcription factors. This is the first clear example of a mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP) acting in the nucleus to affect transcriptional responses to stress. Thus, MOTS-c may bear some characteristics of a ‘mitokine’ factor that mediates mitohormesis, influencing cell survival as well as organismal health and longevity.
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Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW. Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides Exacerbate Senescence. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 21:369-373. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2018.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Mendelsohn
- Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, California
- Regenerative Sciences Institute, Sunnyvale, California
| | - James W. Larrick
- Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, California
- Regenerative Sciences Institute, Sunnyvale, California
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Brunet MA, Levesque SA, Hunting DJ, Cohen AA, Roucou X. Recognition of the polycistronic nature of human genes is critical to understanding the genotype-phenotype relationship. Genome Res 2018; 28:609-624. [PMID: 29626081 PMCID: PMC5932603 DOI: 10.1101/gr.230938.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances promise unprecedented opportunities for whole exome sequencing and proteomic analyses of populations. Currently, data from genome and exome sequencing or proteomic studies are searched against reference genome annotations. This provides the foundation for research and clinical screening for genetic causes of pathologies. However, current genome annotations substantially underestimate the proteomic information encoded within a gene. Numerous studies have now demonstrated the expression and function of alternative (mainly small, sometimes overlapping) ORFs within mature gene transcripts. This has important consequences for the correlation of phenotypes and genotypes. Most alternative ORFs are not yet annotated because of a lack of evidence, and this absence from databases precludes their detection by standard proteomic methods, such as mass spectrometry. Here, we demonstrate how current approaches tend to overlook alternative ORFs, hindering the discovery of new genetic drivers and fundamental research. We discuss available tools and techniques to improve identification of proteins from alternative ORFs and finally suggest a novel annotation system to permit a more complete representation of the transcriptomic and proteomic information contained within a gene. Given the crucial challenge of distinguishing functional ORFs from random ones, the suggested pipeline emphasizes both experimental data and conservation signatures. The addition of alternative ORFs in databases will render identification less serendipitous and advance the pace of research and genomic knowledge. This review highlights the urgent medical and research need to incorporate alternative ORFs in current genome annotations and thus permit their inclusion in hypotheses and models, which relate phenotypes and genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Brunet
- Biochemistry Department, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada.,Groupe de recherche PRIMUS, Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada.,PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sébastien A Levesque
- Pediatric Department, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Darel J Hunting
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Alan A Cohen
- Groupe de recherche PRIMUS, Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Xavier Roucou
- Biochemistry Department, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada.,PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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Peptide inhibition of the SETD6 methyltransferase catalytic activity. Oncotarget 2017; 9:4875-4885. [PMID: 29435148 PMCID: PMC5797019 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence accumulating in the past few years indicates the physiological significance of non-histone proteins lysine methylation, catalyzed by protein lysine methyl transferases (PKMTs). Dysregulation of these enzymes was shown to contribute to the development and progression of numerous diseases. SETD6 lysine methylatransferase was recently shown to participate in essential cellular processes, such as the NFkB pathway, oxidative stress and also the Wnt signaling cascade. In order to test the effect of blocking SETD6 catalytic activity, we used the peptide inhibition method, which is considered highly specific and can potentially target almost any protein. We designed a 15 amino acids peptide based on the sequence of the RelA protein (residues 302-316), containing the lysine that is methylated by SETD6. To enable cellular intake, the designed peptide was fused to a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) vp22. The vp22-RelA302-316 peptide showed direct and specific interaction with SETD6 in vitro. This interaction was shown to inhibit SETD6 methyltransferase activity. SETD6 catalytic blockage by the peptide was also observed in cells upon treatment with the vp22-RelA302-316, resulting in induced cellular migration and proliferation. This new insight into the activity of a methylation inhibitory peptide could represent a milestone in the development of therapeutic tools, which can be of use in physiological cases where administration of cell proliferation is required.
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