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Burré J, Edwards RH, Halliday G, Lang AE, Lashuel HA, Melki R, Murayama S, Outeiro TF, Papa SM, Stefanis L, Woerman AL, Surmeier DJ, Kalia LV, Takahashi R. Research Priorities on the Role of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 38946200 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Various forms of Parkinson's disease, including its common sporadic form, are characterized by prominent α-synuclein (αSyn) aggregation in affected brain regions. However, the role of αSyn in the pathogenesis and evolution of the disease remains unclear, despite vast research efforts of more than a quarter century. A better understanding of the role of αSyn, either primary or secondary, is critical for developing disease-modifying therapies. Previous attempts to hone this research have been challenged by experimental limitations, but recent technological advances may facilitate progress. The Scientific Issues Committee of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS) charged a panel of experts in the field to discuss current scientific priorities and identify research strategies with potential for a breakthrough. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Burré
- Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert H Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Glenda Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- The Brain Bank for Neurodevelopmental, Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Stella M Papa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, and Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- First Department of Neurology, Eginitio Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Amanda L Woerman
- Department of Biology, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Prion Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Dalton James Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Lorraine V Kalia
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Chapman MA, Sorg BA. A Systematic Review of Extracellular Matrix-Related Alterations in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2024; 14:522. [PMID: 38928523 PMCID: PMC11201521 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14060522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well understood, even though it is critical for neuronal structure and signaling. This systematic review identified the top deregulated ECM-related pathways in studies that used gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) to document transcriptomic, proteomic, or genomic alterations in PD. PubMed and Google scholar were searched for transcriptomics, proteomics, or genomics studies that employed GSEA on data from PD tissues or cells and reported ECM-related pathways among the top-10 most enriched versus controls. Twenty-seven studies were included, two of which used multiple omics analyses. Transcriptomics and proteomics studies were conducted on a variety of tissue and cell types. Of the 17 transcriptomics studies (16 data sets), 13 identified one or more adhesion pathways in the top-10 deregulated gene sets or pathways, primarily related to cell adhesion and focal adhesion. Among the 8 proteomics studies, 5 identified altered overarching ECM gene sets or pathways among the top 10. Among the 4 genomics studies, 3 identified focal adhesion pathways among the top 10. The findings summarized here suggest that ECM organization/structure and cell adhesion (particularly focal adhesion) are altered in PD and should be the focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara A. Sorg
- R.S. Dow Neurobiology, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR 97232, USA;
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3
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Çamoğlu T, Yurttaş Z, Kına ÜY, Akkuş Süt P, Sahin F, Dursun E, Gezen-Ak D. Fibrillar Alpha-Synuclein Alters the Intracellular Chaperone Levels within Hours of Its Internalization. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:17185-17194. [PMID: 38645348 PMCID: PMC11025075 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. According to the Braak hypothesis, the disease spreads along specific neuroanatomical pathways. Studies indicate that fibrillar alpha-synuclein (F-αSyn) can propagate from cell-to-cell by following intercellular connections, leading to the selective death of certain cell groups like substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons and advancing the pathology. Internalized F-αSyn can be eliminated by lysosomes, proteasomes, or chaperones before it replicates inside the cell. Research has shown that F-αSyn can somehow escape from endosomes, lysosomes, and proteasomes and replicate itself. However, the impact of chaperones on intracellular levels during the initial hours of their internalization remains unknown. The present study investigates the effect of F-αSyn on chaperone levels within the first 6 and 12 h after internalization. Our findings showed that within the first 6 h, Hsc70 and Hsp90 levels were increased, while within 12 h, F-αSyn leads to a decrease or suppression of numerous intracellular chaperone levels. Exploring the pathological effects of PD on cells will contribute to identifying more targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugay Çamoğlu
- Brain
and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department
of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yurttaş
- Brain
and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department
of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Ümit Yaşar Kına
- Beykoz
Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Pınar Akkuş Süt
- Department
of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Department
of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Erdinç Dursun
- Brain
and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department
of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Duygu Gezen-Ak
- Brain
and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department
of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
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4
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Dorion MF, Yaqubi M, Senkevich K, Kieran NW, MacDonald A, Chen CXQ, Luo W, Wallis A, Shlaifer I, Hall JA, Dudley RWR, Glass IA, Stratton JA, Fon EA, Bartels T, Antel JP, Gan-or Z, Durcan TM, Healy LM. MerTK is a mediator of alpha-synuclein fibril uptake by human microglia. Brain 2024; 147:427-443. [PMID: 37671615 PMCID: PMC10834256 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates non-inflammatory, homeostatic phagocytosis of diverse types of cellular debris. Highly expressed on the surface of microglial cells, MerTK is of importance in brain development, homeostasis, plasticity and disease. Yet, involvement of this receptor in the clearance of protein aggregates that accumulate with ageing and in neurodegenerative diseases has yet to be defined. The current study explored the function of MerTK in the microglial uptake of alpha-synuclein fibrils which play a causative role in the pathobiology of synucleinopathies. Using human primary and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia, the MerTK-dependence of alpha-synuclein fibril internalization was investigated in vitro. Relevance of this pathway in synucleinopathies was assessed through burden analysis of MERTK variants and analysis of MerTK expression in patient-derived cells and tissues. Pharmacological inhibition of MerTK and siRNA-mediated MERTK knockdown both caused a decreased rate of alpha-synuclein fibril internalization by human microglia. Consistent with the non-inflammatory nature of MerTK-mediated phagocytosis, alpha-synuclein fibril internalization was not observed to induce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 or TNF, and downmodulated IL-1β secretion from microglia. Burden analysis in two independent patient cohorts revealed a significant association between rare functionally deleterious MERTK variants and Parkinson's disease in one of the cohorts (P = 0.002). Despite a small upregulation in MERTK mRNA expression in nigral microglia from Parkinson's disease/Lewy body dementia patients compared to those from non-neurological control donors in a single-nuclei RNA-sequencing dataset (P = 5.08 × 10-21), no significant upregulation in MerTK protein expression was observed in human cortex and substantia nigra lysates from Lewy body dementia patients compared to controls. Taken together, our findings define a novel role for MerTK in mediating the uptake of alpha-synuclein fibrils by human microglia, with possible involvement in limiting alpha-synuclein spread in synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease. Upregulation of this pathway in synucleinopathies could have therapeutic values in enhancing alpha-synuclein fibril clearance in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Dorion
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Moein Yaqubi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Konstantin Senkevich
- McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Nicholas W Kieran
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Adam MacDonald
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Carol X Q Chen
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Wen Luo
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Amber Wallis
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Irina Shlaifer
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jeffery A Hall
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Roy W R Dudley
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centers, Montreal H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ian A Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Tim Bartels
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-or
- McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
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5
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Giusti V, Kaur G, Giusto E, Civiero L. Brain clearance of protein aggregates: a close-up on astrocytes. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:5. [PMID: 38229094 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding and accumulation defines a prevailing feature of many neurodegenerative disorders, finally resulting in the formation of toxic intra- and extracellular aggregates. Intracellular aggregates can enter the extracellular space and be subsequently transferred among different cell types, thus spreading between connected brain districts.Although microglia perform a predominant role in the removal of extracellular aggregated proteins, mounting evidence suggests that astrocytes actively contribute to the clearing process. However, the molecular mechanisms used by astrocytes to remove misfolded proteins are still largely unknown.Here we first provide a brief overview of the progressive transition from soluble monomers to insoluble fibrils that characterizes amyloid proteins, referring to α-Synuclein and Tau as archetypical examples. We then highlight the mechanisms at the basis of astrocyte-mediated clearance with a focus on their potential ability to recognize, collect, internalize and digest extracellular protein aggregates. Finally, we explore the potential of targeting astrocyte-mediated clearance as a future therapeutic approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by protein misfolding and accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gurkirat Kaur
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Laura Civiero
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
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6
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Aubrey LD, Ninkina N, Ulamec SM, Abramycheva NY, Vasili E, Devine OM, Wilkinson M, Mackinnon E, Limorenko G, Walko M, Muwanga S, Amadio L, Peters OM, Illarioshkin SN, Outeiro TF, Ranson NA, Brockwell DJ, Buchman VL, Radford SE. Substitution of Met-38 to Ile in γ-synuclein found in two patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis induces aggregation into amyloid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309700120. [PMID: 38170745 PMCID: PMC10786281 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309700120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
α-, β-, and γ-Synuclein are intrinsically disordered proteins implicated in physiological processes in the nervous system of vertebrates. α-synuclein (αSyn) is the amyloidogenic protein associated with Parkinson's disease and certain other neurodegenerative disorders. Intensive research has focused on the mechanisms that cause αSyn to form amyloid structures, identifying its NAC region as being necessary and sufficient for amyloid assembly. Recent work has shown that a 7-residue sequence (P1) is necessary for αSyn amyloid formation. Although γ-synuclein (γSyn) is 55% identical in sequence to αSyn and its pathological deposits are also observed in association with neurodegenerative conditions, γSyn is resilient to amyloid formation in vitro. Here, we report a rare single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the SNCG gene encoding γSyn, found in two patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The SNP results in the substitution of Met38 with Ile in the P1 region of the protein. These individuals also had a second, common and nonpathological, SNP in SNCG resulting in the substitution of Glu110 with Val. In vitro studies demonstrate that the Ile38 variant accelerates amyloid fibril assembly. Contrastingly, Val110 retards fibril assembly and mitigates the effect of Ile38. Substitution of residue 38 with Leu had little effect, while Val retards, and Ala increases the rate of amyloid formation. Ile38 γSyn also results in the formation of γSyn-containing inclusions in cells. The results show how a single point substitution can enhance amyloid formation of γSyn and highlight the P1 region in driving amyloid formation in another synuclein family member.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D. Aubrey
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Ninkina
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod308015, Russian Federation
| | - Sabine M. Ulamec
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Y. Abramycheva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Tissue Engineering, Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow125367, Russia
| | - Eftychia Vasili
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Oliver M. Devine
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Wilkinson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Eilish Mackinnon
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Galina Limorenko
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Martin Walko
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Muwanga
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Amadio
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Owen M. Peters
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey N. Illarioshkin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Tissue Engineering, Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow125367, Russia
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen37075, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen37075, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon TyneNE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- Scientific employee with a honorary contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Göttingen37075, Germany
| | - Neil A. Ranson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Brockwell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir L. Buchman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod308015, Russian Federation
| | - Sheena E. Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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7
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Zhang N, Yan Z, Xin H, Shao S, Xue S, Cespuglio R, Wang S. Relationship among α‑synuclein, aging and inflammation in Parkinson's disease (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:23. [PMID: 38125364 PMCID: PMC10728906 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative pathology whose major clinical symptoms are movement disorders. The main pathological characteristics of PD are the selective death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein (α-Syn) within these neurons. PD is associated with numerous risk factors, including environmental factors, genetic mutations and aging. In many cases, the complex interplay of numerous risk factors leads to the onset of PD. The mutated α-Syn gene, which expresses pathologicalα-Syn protein, can cause PD. Another important feature of PD is neuroinflammation, which is conducive to neuronal death. α-Syn is able to interact with certain cell types in the brain, including through phagocytosis and degradation of α-Syn by glial cells, activation of inflammatory pathways by α-Syn in glial cells, transmission of α-Syn between glial cells and neurons, and interactions between peripheral immune cells and α-Syn. In addition to the aforementioned risk factors, PD may also be associated with aging, as the prevalence of PD increases with advancing age. The aging process impairs the cellular clearance mechanism, which leads to chronic inflammation and the accumulation of intracellular α-Syn, which results in DA neuronal death. In the present review, the age-associated α-Syn pathogenicity and the interactions between α-Syn and certain types of cells within the brain are discussed to facilitate understanding of the mechanisms of PD pathogenesis, which may potentially provide insight for the future clinical treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianping Zhang
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoli Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xin
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276800, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Jingmen People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Song Xue
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Raymond Cespuglio
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CNRL), Claude-Bernard Lyon-1 University, 69500 Lyon, France
| | - Shijun Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
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8
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Dong Y, Zhao K, Qin X, Du G, Gao L. The mechanisms of perineuronal net abnormalities in contributing aging and neurological diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102092. [PMID: 37839757 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The perineuronal net (PNN) is a highly latticed extracellular matrix in the central nervous system, which is composed of hyaluronic acid, proteoglycan, hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein (Hapln), and tenascin. PNN is predominantly distributed in GABAergic interneurons expressing Parvalbumin (PV) and plays a critical role in synaptic function, learning and memory, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In addition, PNN's structure and function are also modulated by a variety of factors, including protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ), orthodenticle homeo-box 2 (Otx2), and erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ErbB4). Glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a component of proteoglycan, also influences PNN through its sulfate mode. PNN undergoes abnormal changes during aging and in various neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and multiple sclerosis. Nevertheless, there is limited report on the relationship between PNN and aging or age-related neurological diseases. This review elaborates on the mechanisms governing PNN regulation and summarizes how PNN abnormalities contribute to aging and neurological diseases, offering insights for potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Dong
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kunkun Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China.
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9
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Schorova L, Bedard N, Khayachi A, Ho HH, Bolivar-Pedroso J, Huynh J, Piccirelli M, Wang Y, Plourde M, Luo W, Del Cid-Pellitero E, Shlaifer I, Castellanos-Montiel MJ, Yu Z, Valenzuela DVC, Lacalle-Aurioles M, Kriz A, Ye Y, Durcan TM, Wing SS. USP19 deubiquitinase inactivation regulates α-synuclein ubiquitination and inhibits accumulation of Lewy body-like aggregates in mice. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:157. [PMID: 38017009 PMCID: PMC10684503 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The USP19 deubiquitinase is found in a locus associated with Parkinson's Disease (PD), interacts with chaperonins, and promotes secretion of α-synuclein (α-syn) through the misfolding-associated protein secretion (MAPS) pathway. Since these processes might modulate the processing of α-syn aggregates in PD, we inactivated USP19 (KO) in mice expressing the A53T mutation of α-syn and in whom α-syn preformed fibrils (PFF) had been injected in the striatum. Compared to WT, KO brains showed decreased accumulation of phospho-synuclein (pSyn) positive aggregates. This improvement was associated with less activation of microglia and improved performance in a tail-suspension test. Exposure of primary neurons from WT and KO mice to PFF in vitro also led to decreased accumulation of pSyn aggregates. KO did not affect uptake of PFF nor propagation of aggregates in the cultured neurons. We conclude that USP19 instead modulates intracellular dynamics of aggregates. At an early time following PFF injection when the number of pSyn-positive neurons were similar in WT and KO brains, the KO neurons contained less aggregates. KO brain aggregates stained more intensely with anti-ubiquitin antibodies. Immunoprecipitation of soluble proteins from WT and KO brains with antibodies to pSyn showed higher levels of ubiquitinated oligomeric species in the KO samples. We propose that the improved pathology in USP19 KO brains may arise from decreased formation or enhanced clearance of the more ubiquitinated aggregates and/or enhanced disassembly towards more soluble oligomeric species. USP19 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic approach that targets the intracellular dynamics of α-syn complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Schorova
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bedard
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anouar Khayachi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hung-Hsiang Ho
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joao Bolivar-Pedroso
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Huynh
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mikaela Piccirelli
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Plourde
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Irina Shlaifer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - María José Castellanos-Montiel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziqi Yu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Anita Kriz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yihong Ye
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Simon S Wing
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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10
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Hivare P, Mujmer K, Swarup G, Gupta S, Bhatia D. Endocytic pathways of pathogenic protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases. Traffic 2023; 24:434-452. [PMID: 37392160 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is the fundamental uptake process through which cells internalize extracellular materials and species. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by a progressive accumulation of intrinsically disordered protein species, leading to neuronal death. Misfolding in many proteins leads to various NDs such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other disorders. Despite the significance of disordered protein species in neurodegeneration, their spread between cells and the cellular uptake of extracellular species is not entirely understood. This review discusses the major internalization mechanisms of the different conformer species of these proteins and their endocytic mechanisms. We briefly introduce the broad types of endocytic mechanisms found in cells and then summarize what is known about the endocytosis of monomeric, oligomeric and aggregated conformations of tau, Aβ, α-Syn, Huntingtin, Prions, SOD1, TDP-43 and other proteins associated with neurodegeneration. We also highlight the key players involved in internalizing these disordered proteins and the several techniques and approaches to identify their endocytic mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the obstacles involved in studying the endocytosis of these protein species and the need to develop better techniques to elucidate the uptake mechanisms of a particular disordered protein species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Hivare
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Kratika Mujmer
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Gitanjali Swarup
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
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11
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Aguilar-Calvo P, Malik A, Sandoval DR, Barback C, Orrù CD, Standke HG, Thomas OR, Dwyer CA, Pizzo DP, Bapat J, Soldau K, Ogawa R, Riley MB, Nilsson KPR, Kraus A, Caughey B, Iliff JJ, Vera DR, Esko JD, Sigurdson CJ. Neuronal Ndst1 depletion accelerates prion protein clearance and slows neurodegeneration in prion infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011487. [PMID: 37747931 PMCID: PMC10586673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Select prion diseases are characterized by widespread cerebral plaque-like deposits of amyloid fibrils enriched in heparan sulfate (HS), a abundant extracellular matrix component. HS facilitates fibril formation in vitro, yet how HS impacts fibrillar plaque growth within the brain is unclear. Here we found that prion-bound HS chains are highly sulfated, and that the sulfation is essential for accelerating prion conversion in vitro. Using conditional knockout mice to deplete the HS sulfation enzyme, Ndst1 (N-deacetylase / N-sulfotransferase) from neurons or astrocytes, we investigated how reducing HS sulfation impacts survival and prion aggregate distribution during a prion infection. Neuronal Ndst1-depleted mice survived longer and showed fewer and smaller parenchymal plaques, shorter fibrils, and increased vascular amyloid, consistent with enhanced aggregate transit toward perivascular drainage channels. The prolonged survival was strain-dependent, affecting mice infected with extracellular, plaque-forming, but not membrane bound, prions. Live PET imaging revealed rapid clearance of recombinant prion protein monomers into the CSF of neuronal Ndst1- deficient mice, neuronal, further suggesting that HS sulfate groups hinder transit of extracellular prion protein monomers. Our results directly show how a host cofactor slows the spread of prion protein through the extracellular space and identify an enzyme to target to facilitate aggregate clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adela Malik
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Sandoval
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Barback
- Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christina D. Orrù
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Heidi G. Standke
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Olivia R. Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chrissa A. Dwyer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Donald P. Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jaidev Bapat
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Katrin Soldau
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ryotaro Ogawa
- Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mckenzie B. Riley
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - K. Peter R. Nilsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Allison Kraus
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Iliff
- VISN 20 NW Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David R. Vera
- Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christina J. Sigurdson
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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12
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Downs M, Zaia J, Sethi MK. Mass spectrometry methods for analysis of extracellular matrix components in neurological diseases. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:1848-1875. [PMID: 35719114 PMCID: PMC9763553 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly glycosylated environment and plays important roles in many processes including cell communication, growth factor binding, and scaffolding. The formation of structures such as perineuronal nets (PNNs) is critical in neuroprotection and neural plasticity, and the formation of molecular networks is dependent in part on glycans. The ECM is also implicated in the neuropathophysiology of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Schizophrenia (SZ). As such, it is of interest to understand both the proteomic and glycomic makeup of healthy and diseased brain ECM. Further, there is a growing need for site-specific glycoproteomic information. Over the past decade, sample preparation, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatic methods have been developed and refined to provide comprehensive information about the glycoproteome. Core ECM molecules including versican, hyaluronan and proteoglycan link proteins, and tenascin are dysregulated in AD, PD, and SZ. Glycomic changes such as differential sialylation, sulfation, and branching are also associated with neurodegeneration. A more thorough understanding of the ECM and its proteomic, glycomic, and glycoproteomic changes in brain diseases may provide pathways to new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Downs
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manveen K Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Wojewska MJ, Otero-Jimenez M, Guijarro-Nuez J, Alegre-Abarrategui J. Beyond Strains: Molecular Diversity in Alpha-Synuclein at the Center of Disease Heterogeneity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13199. [PMID: 37686005 PMCID: PMC10487421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synucleinopathies (α-synucleinopathies) such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) are all characterized by aggregates of alpha-synuclein (α-syn), but display heterogeneous clinical and pathological phenotypes. The mechanism underlying this heterogeneity is thought to be due to diversity in the α-syn strains present across the diseases. α-syn obtained from the post-mortem brain of patients who lived with these conditions is heterogenous, and displays a different protease sensitivity, ultrastructure, cytotoxicity, and seeding potential. The primary aim of this review is to summarize previous studies investigating these concepts, which not only reflect the idea of different syn strains being present, but demonstrate that each property explains a small part of a much larger puzzle. Strains of α-syn appear at the center of the correlation between α-syn properties and the disease phenotype, likely influenced by external factors. There are considerable similarities in the properties of disease-specific α-syn strains, but MSA seems to consistently display more aggressive traits. Elucidating the molecular underpinnings of heterogeneity amongst α-synucleinopathies holds promise for future clinical translation, allowing for the development of personalized medicine approaches tackling the root cause of each α-synucleinopathy.
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14
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Gorecki AM, Spencer H, Meloni BP, Anderton RS. The Poly-Arginine Peptide R18D Interferes with the Internalisation of α-Synuclein Pre-Formed Fibrils in STC-1 Enteroendocrine Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2089. [PMID: 37626586 PMCID: PMC10452853 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), gut inflammation is hypothesised to contribute to α-synuclein aggregation, but gastrointestinal α-synuclein expression is poorly characterised. Cationic arginine-rich peptides (CARPs) are an emerging therapeutic option that exerts various neuroprotective effects and may target the transmission of protein aggregates. This study aimed to investigate endogenous α-synuclein expression in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells and the potential of the CARP, R18D (18-mer of D-arginine), to prevent internalisation of pre-formed α-synuclein fibrils (PFFs) in enteroendocrine cells in vitro. Through confocal microscopy, the immunoreactivity of full-length α-synuclein and the serine-129 phosphorylated form (pS129) was investigated in STC-1 (mouse enteroendocrine) cells. Thereafter, STC-1 cells were exposed to PFFs tagged with Alexa-Fluor 488 (PFF-488) for 2 and 24 h and R18D-FITC for 10 min. After confirming the uptake of both PFFs and R18D-FITC through fluorescent microscopy, STC-1 cells were pre-treated with R18D (5 or 10 μM) for 10 min prior to 2 h of PFF-488 exposure. Immunoreactivity for endogenous α-synuclein and pS129 was evident in STC-1 cells, with prominent pS129 staining along cytoplasmic processes and in perinuclear areas. STC-1 cells internalised PFFs, confirmed through co-localisation of PFF-488 and human-specific α-synuclein immunoreactivity. R18D-FITC entered STC-1 cells within 10 min and pre-treatment of STC-1 cells with R18D interfered with PFF uptake. The endogenous presence of α-synuclein in enteroendocrine cells, coupled with their rapid uptake of PFFs, demonstrates a potential for pathogenic spread of α-synuclein aggregates in the gut. R18D is a novel therapeutic approach to reduce the intercellular transmission of α-synuclein pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastazja M. Gorecki
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia; (H.S.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Holly Spencer
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia; (H.S.)
| | - Bruno P. Meloni
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, First Floor, G-Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Ryan S. Anderton
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia; (H.S.)
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15
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Ferrari E, Salvadè M, Zianni E, Brumana M, DiLuca M, Gardoni F. Detrimental effects of soluble α-synuclein oligomers at excitatory glutamatergic synapses. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1152065. [PMID: 37009450 PMCID: PMC10060538 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1152065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionOligomeric and fibrillar species of the synaptic protein α-synuclein are established key players in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease and other synucleinopathies. Increasing evidence in the literature points to prefibrillar oligomers as the main cytotoxic species driving dysfunction in diverse neurotransmitter systems even at early disease stages. Of note, soluble oligomers have recently been shown to alter synaptic plasticity mechanisms at the glutamatergic cortico-striatal synapse. However, the molecular and morphological detrimental events triggered by soluble α-synuclein aggregates that ultimately lead to excitatory synaptic failure remain mostly elusive.MethodsIn the present study, we aimed to clarify the effects of soluble α-synuclein oligomers (sOligo) in the pathophysiology of synucleinopathies at cortico-striatal and hippocampal excitatory synapses. To investigate early defects of the striatal synapse in vivo, sOligo were inoculated in the dorsolateral striatum of 2-month-old wild-type C57BL/6J mice, and molecular and morphological analyses were conducted 42 and 84 days post-injection. In parallel, primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons were exposed to sOligo, and molecular and morphological analyses were performed after 7 days of treatment.ResultsIn vivo sOligo injection impaired the post-synaptic retention of striatal ionotropic glutamate receptors and decreased the levels of phosphorylated ERK at 84 days post-injection. These events were not correlated with morphological alterations at dendritic spines. Conversely, chronic in vitro administration of sOligo caused a significant decrease in ERK phosphorylation but did not significantly alter post-synaptic levels of ionotropic glutamate receptors or spine density in primary hippocampal neurons.ConclusionOverall, our data indicate that sOligo are involved in pathogenic molecular changes at the striatal glutamatergic synapse, confirming the detrimental effect of these species in an in vivo synucleinopathy model. Moreover, sOligo affects the ERK signaling pathway similarly in hippocampal and striatal neurons, possibly representing an early mechanism that anticipates synaptic loss.
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16
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The Interplay between α-Synuclein and Microglia in α-Synucleinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032477. [PMID: 36768798 PMCID: PMC9916729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a set of devastating neurodegenerative diseases that share a pathologic accumulation of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn). This accumulation causes neuronal death resulting in irreversible dementia, deteriorating motor symptoms, and devastating cognitive decline. While the etiology of these conditions remains largely unknown, microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), have been consistently implicated in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies. Microglia are generally believed to be neuroprotective in the early stages of α-syn accumulation and contribute to further neurodegeneration in chronic disease states. While the molecular mechanisms by which microglia achieve this role are still being investigated, here we highlight the major findings to date. In this review, we describe how structural varieties of inherently disordered α-syn result in varied microglial receptor-mediated interactions. We also summarize which microglial receptors enable cellular recognition and uptake of α-syn. Lastly, we review the downstream effects of α-syn processing within microglia, including spread to other brain regions resulting in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in chronic disease states. Understanding the mechanism of microglial interactions with α-syn is vital to conceptualizing molecular targets for novel therapeutic interventions. In addition, given the significant diversity in the pathophysiology of synucleinopathies, such molecular interactions are vital in gauging all potential pathways of neurodegeneration in the disease state.
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17
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Smith JK, Mellick GD, Sykes AM. The role of the endolysosomal pathway in α-synuclein pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 16:1081426. [PMID: 36704248 PMCID: PMC9871505 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain (SNpc). Extensive studies into genetic and cellular models of PD implicate protein trafficking as a prominent contributor to the death of these dopaminergic neurons. Considerable evidence also suggests the involvement of α-synuclein as a central component of the characteristic cell death in PD and it is a major structural constituent of proteinaceous inclusion bodies (Lewy bodies; LB). α-synuclein research has been a vital part of PD research in recent years, with newly discovered evidence suggesting that α-synuclein can propagate through the brain via prion-like mechanisms. Healthy cells can internalize toxic α-synuclein species and seed endogenous α-synuclein to form large, pathogenic aggregates and form LBs. A better understanding of how α-synuclein can propagate, enter and be cleared from the cell is vital for therapeutic strategies.
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18
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Ozoran H, Srinivasan R. Astrocytes and Alpha-Synuclein: Friend or Foe? JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:1289-1301. [PMID: 38007674 PMCID: PMC10741342 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite its devastating disease burden and alarming prevalence, the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains to be completely elucidated. PD is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and this correlates with the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein. While the aggregation of α-synuclein in the form of Lewy bodies or Lewy neurites is a well-established intraneuronal hallmark of the disease process, our understanding of the glial contribution to aberrant α-synuclein proteostasis is lacking. In this regard, restoring astrocyte function during early PD could offer a promising therapeutic avenue and understanding the involvement of astrocytes in handling/mishandling of α-synuclein is of particular interest. Here, we explore the growing body of scientific literature implicating aberrant astrocytic α-synuclein proteostasis with the seemingly inexorable pathological sequelae typifying PD. We also provide a perspective on how heterogeneity in the morphological relationship between astrocytes and neurons will need to be considered in the context of PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Ozoran
- Clinical Medical School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rahul Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), College Station, TX, USA
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19
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Neupane S, De Cecco E, Aguzzi A. The Hidden Cell-to-Cell Trail of α-Synuclein Aggregates. J Mol Biol 2022:167930. [PMID: 36566800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The progressive accumulation of insoluble aggregates of the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy, and Dementia with Lewy Bodies, commonly referred to as synucleinopathies. Despite considerable progress on the structural biology of these aggregates, the molecular mechanisms mediating their cell-to-cell transmission, propagation, and neurotoxicity remain only partially understood. Numerous studies have highlighted the stereotypical spatiotemporal spreading of pathological α-Syn aggregates across different tissues and anatomically connected brain regions over time. Experimental evidence from various cellular and animal models indicate that α-Syn transfer occurs in two defined steps: the release of pathogenic α-Syn species from infected cells, and their uptake via passive or active endocytic pathways. Once α-Syn aggregates have been internalized, little is known about what drives their toxicity or how they interact with the endogenous protein to promote its misfolding and subsequent aggregation. Similarly, unknown genetic factors modulate different cellular responses to the aggregation and accumulation of pathogenic α-Syn species. Here we discuss the current understanding of the molecular phenomena associated with the intercellular spreading of pathogenic α-Syn seeds and summarize the evidence supporting the transmission hypothesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in α-Syn aggregates transmission is essential to develop novel targeted therapeutics against PD and related synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Neupane
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. https://twitter.com/neuron_sandesh
| | - Elena De Cecco
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Wang Q, Chi L. The Alterations and Roles of Glycosaminoglycans in Human Diseases. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225014. [PMID: 36433141 PMCID: PMC9694910 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides which are composed of a repeating disaccharide unit. They are also linked to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs). GAGs/PGs are major components of the cell surface and the extracellular matrix (ECM), and they display critical roles in development, normal function, and damage response in the body. Some properties (such as expression quantity, molecular weight, and sulfation pattern) of GAGs may be altered under pathological conditions. Due to the close connection between these properties and the function of GAGs/PGs, the alterations are often associated with enormous changes in the physiological/pathological status of cells and organs. Therefore, these GAGs/PGs may serve as marker molecules of disease. This review aimed to investigate the structural alterations and roles of GAGs/PGs in a range of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and virus infection. It is hoped to provide a reference for disease diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis, and drug development.
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21
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Fahie KMM, Papanicolaou KN, Zachara NE. Integration of O-GlcNAc into Stress Response Pathways. Cells 2022; 11:3509. [PMID: 36359905 PMCID: PMC9654274 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytosolic proteins by O-linked βN-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) has emerged as a dynamic and essential post-translational modification of mammalian proteins. O-GlcNAc is cycled on and off over 5000 proteins in response to diverse stimuli impacting protein function and, in turn, epigenetics and transcription, translation and proteostasis, metabolism, cell structure, and signal transduction. Environmental and physiological injury lead to complex changes in O-GlcNAcylation that impact cell and tissue survival in models of heat shock, osmotic stress, oxidative stress, and hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, as well as ischemic reperfusion injury. Numerous mechanisms that appear to underpin O-GlcNAc-mediated survival include changes in chaperone levels, impacts on the unfolded protein response and integrated stress response, improvements in mitochondrial function, and reduced protein aggregation. Here, we discuss the points at which O-GlcNAc is integrated into the cellular stress response, focusing on the roles it plays in the cardiovascular system and in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamau M. M. Fahie
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kyriakos N. Papanicolaou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Natasha E. Zachara
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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22
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Okuda S, Nakayama T, Uemura N, Hikawa R, Ikuno M, Yamakado H, Inoue H, Tachibana N, Hayashi Y, Takahashi R, Egawa N. Striatal-Inoculation of α-Synuclein Preformed Fibrils Aggravated the Phenotypes of REM Sleep without Atonia in A53T BAC-SNCA Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13390. [PMID: 36362177 PMCID: PMC9656146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is the pathological hallmark of α-synucleinopathy. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a pivotal manifestation of α-synucleinopathy including Parkinson's disease (PD). RBD is clinically confirmed by REM sleep without atonia (RWA) in polysomnography. To accurately characterize RWA preceding RBD and their underlying α-syn pathology, we inoculated α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the striatum of A53T human α-syn BAC transgenic (A53T BAC-SNCA Tg) mice which exhibit RBD-like phenotypes with RWA. RWA phenotypes were aggravated by PFFs-inoculation in A53T BAC-SNCA Tg mice at 1 month after inoculation, in which prominent α-syn pathology in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) was observed. The intensity of RWA phenotype could be dependent on the severity of the underlying α-syn pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Okuda
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakayama
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norihito Uemura
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Rie Hikawa
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikuno
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- iPSC-Based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naoko Tachibana
- Department of Neurology, Center for Sleep-Related Disorders, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka 553-0003, Japan
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Osaka 553-0003, Japan
| | - Yu Hayashi
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naohiro Egawa
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- iPSC-Based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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23
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Ruf WP, Meirelles J, Danzer KM. Spreading of alpha-synuclein between different cell types. Behav Brain Res 2022; 436:114059. [PMID: 35995264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is central in Parkinson's disease as well as in other synucleinopathies. Recent evidence suggests that not only intracellular aggregation of α-syn plays an important role for disease pathogenesis but also cell-to-cell propagation of α-syn seems to significantly contribute to pathological changes in synucleinopathies. In this mini-review we summarize current aspects of spreading of α-syn between brain cell types and its role in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang P Ruf
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joao Meirelles
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | - Karin M Danzer
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany.
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24
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Mehra S, Ahlawat S, Kumar H, Datta D, Navalkar A, Singh N, Patel K, Gadhe L, Kadu P, Kumar R, Jha NN, Sakunthala A, Sawner AS, Padinhateeri R, Udgaonkar JB, Agarwal V, Maji SK. α-Synuclein aggregation intermediates form fibril polymorphs with distinct prion-like properties. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167761. [PMID: 35907572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) amyloids in synucleinopathies are suggested to be structurally and functionally diverse, reminiscent of prion-like strains. But how the aggregation of the same precursor protein results in the formation of fibril polymorphs remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate the structure-function relationship of two polymorphs, pre-matured fibrils (PMFs) and helix-matured fibrils (HMFs), based on α-Syn aggregation intermediates. These polymorphs display the structural differences as demonstrated by solid-state NMR and mass spectrometry studies and also possess different cellular activities such as seeding, internalization, and cell-to-cell transfer of aggregates. HMFs with a compact core structure exhibit low seeding potency but readily internalize and transfer from one cell to another. The less structured PMFs lack transcellular transfer ability but induce abundant α-Syn pathology and trigger the formation of aggresomes in cells. Overall, the study highlights that the conformational heterogeneity in the aggregation pathway may lead to fibril polymorphs with distinct prion-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Mehra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Sahil Ahlawat
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500 046, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune- 411 008, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Debalina Datta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Ambuja Navalkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Nitu Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Komal Patel
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Laxmikant Gadhe
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Pradeep Kadu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Narendra N Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Arunima Sakunthala
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Ajay S Sawner
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Ranjith Padinhateeri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Jayant B Udgaonkar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune- 411 008, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Vipin Agarwal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500 046, India
| | - Samir K Maji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
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25
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Therapeutic functions of astrocytes to treat α-synuclein pathology in Parkinson’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110746119. [PMID: 35858361 PMCID: PMC9304026 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110746119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal inclusions of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) and prion-like spread of the pathologic α-syn contribute to progressive neuronal death in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite the pathologic significance, no efficient therapeutic intervention targeting α-synucleinopathy has been developed. In this study, we provide evidence that astrocytes, especially those cultured from the ventral midbrain (VM), show therapeutic potential to alleviate α-syn pathology in multiple in vitro and in vivo α-synucleinopathic models. Regulation of neuronal α-syn proteostasis underlies the therapeutic function of astrocytes. Specifically, VM-derived astrocytes inhibited neuronal α-syn aggregation and transmission in a paracrine manner by correcting not only intraneuronal oxidative and mitochondrial stresses but also extracellular inflammatory environments, in which α-syn proteins are prone to pathologic misfolding. The astrocyte-derived paracrine factors also promoted disassembly of extracellular α-syn aggregates. In addition to the aggregated form of α-syn, VM astrocytes reduced total α-syn protein loads both by actively scavenging extracellular α-syn fibrils and by a paracrine stimulation of neuronal autophagic clearance of α-syn. Transplantation of VM astrocytes into the midbrain of PD model mice alleviated α-syn pathology and protected the midbrain dopamine neurons from neurodegeneration. We further showed that cografting of VM astrocytes could be exploited in stem cell–based therapy for PD, in which host-to-graft transmission of α-syn pathology remains a critical concern for long-term cell therapeutic effects.
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26
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Bayati A, Banks E, Han C, Luo W, Reintsch WE, Zorca CE, Shlaifer I, Del Cid Pellitero E, Vanderperre B, McBride HM, Fon EA, Durcan TM, McPherson PS. Rapid macropinocytic transfer of α-synuclein to lysosomes. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111102. [PMID: 35858558 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system spread of alpha-synuclein fibrils is thought to cause Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies; however, the mechanisms underlying internalization and cellular spread are enigmatic. Here, we use confocal and superresolution microscopy, subcellular fractionation, and electron microscopy (EM) of immunogold-labeled α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) to demonstrate that this form of the protein undergoes rapid internalization and is targeted directly to lysosomes in as little as 2 min. Uptake of PFFs is disrupted by macropinocytic inhibitors and circumvents classical endosomal pathways. Immunogold-labeled PFFs are seen at the highly curved inward edge of membrane ruffles, in newly formed macropinosomes, in multivesicular bodies and in lysosomes. While most fibrils remain in lysosomes, a portion is transferred to neighboring naive cells along with markers of exosomes. These data indicate that PFFs use a unique internalization mechanism as a component of cell-to-cell propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Bayati
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Emily Banks
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Chanshuai Han
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Wolfgang E Reintsch
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Cornelia E Zorca
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Irina Shlaifer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Esther Del Cid Pellitero
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Benoit Vanderperre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Heidi M McBride
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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27
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Leupold L, Sigutova V, Gerasimova E, Regensburger M, Zundler S, Zunke F, Xiang W, Winner B, Prots I. The Quest for Anti-α-Synuclein Antibody Specificity—Lessons Learnt From Flow Cytometry Analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:869103. [PMID: 35911883 PMCID: PMC9334871 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.869103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is the hallmark of a group of neurodegenerative conditions termed synucleopathies. Physiological functions of aSyn, including those outside of the CNS, remain elusive. However, a reliable and reproducible evaluation of aSyn protein expression in different cell types and especially in low-expressing cells is impeded by the existence of a huge variety of poorly characterized anti-aSyn antibodies and a lack of a routinely used sensitive detection methods. Here, we developed a robust flow cytometry-based workflow for aSyn detection and antibody validation. We test our workflow using three commercially available antibodies (MJFR1, LB509, and 2A7) in a variety of human cell types, including induced pluripotent stem cells, T lymphocytes, and fibroblasts, and provide a cell- and antibody-specific map for aSyn expression. Strikingly, we demonstrate a previously unobserved unspecificity of the LB509 antibody, while the MJFR1 clone revealed specific aSyn binding however with low sensitivity. On the other hand, we identified an aSyn-specific antibody clone 2A7 with an optimal sensitivity for detecting aSyn in a range of cell types, including those with low aSyn expression. We further utilize our workflow to demonstrate the ability of the 2A7 antibody to distinguish between physiological differences in aSyn expression in neuronal and non-neuronal cells from the cortical organoids, and in neural progenitors and midbrain dopaminergic neurons from healthy controls and in patients with Parkinson's disease who have aSyn gene locus duplication. Our results provide a proof of principle for the use of high-throughput flow cytometry-based analysis of aSyn and highlight the necessity of rigorous aSyn antibody validation to facilitate the research of aSyn physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Leupold
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Sigutova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Gerasimova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Regensburger
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, Translational Research Center (TRC), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iryna Prots
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Iryna Prots
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28
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Chavarría C, Ivagnes R, Souza JM. Extracellular Alpha-Synuclein: Mechanisms for Glial Cell Internalization and Activation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050655. [PMID: 35625583 PMCID: PMC9138387 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a small protein composed of 140 amino acids and belongs to the group of intrinsically disordered proteins. It is a soluble protein that is highly expressed in neurons and expressed at low levels in glial cells. The monomeric protein aggregation process induces the formation of oligomeric intermediates and proceeds towards fibrillar species. These α-syn conformational species have been detected in the extracellular space and mediate consequences on surrounding neurons and glial cells. In particular, higher-ordered α-syn aggregates are involved in microglial and oligodendrocyte activation, as well as in the induction of astrogliosis. These phenomena lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species formation, and the induction of an inflammatory response, associated with neuronal cell death. Several receptors participate in cell activation and/or in the uptake of α-syn, which can vary depending on the α-syn aggregated state and cell types. The receptors involved in this process are of outstanding relevance because they may constitute potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD and related synucleinopathies. This review article focuses on the mechanism associated with extracellular α-syn uptake in glial cells and the consequent glial cell activation that contributes to the neuronal death associated with synucleinopathies.
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29
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Moretto E, Stuart S, Surana S, Vargas JNS, Schiavo G. The Role of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Spreading of Pathological Protein Aggregates. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:844211. [PMID: 35573838 PMCID: PMC9100790 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.844211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of aggregated misfolded proteins. These pathological agents have been suggested to propagate in the brain via mechanisms similar to that observed for the prion protein, where a misfolded variant is transferred from an affected brain region to a healthy one, thereby inducing the misfolding and/or aggregation of correctly folded copies. This process has been characterized for several proteins, such as α-synuclein, tau, amyloid beta (Aβ) and less extensively for huntingtin and TDP-43. α-synuclein, tau, TDP-43 and huntingtin are intracellular proteins, and their aggregates are located in the cytosol or nucleus of neurons. They have been shown to spread between cells and this event occurs, at least partially, via secretion of these protein aggregates in the extracellular space followed by re-uptake. Conversely, Aβ aggregates are found mainly extracellularly, and their spreading occurs in the extracellular space between brain regions. Due to the inherent nature of their spreading modalities, these proteins are exposed to components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including glycans, proteases and core matrix proteins. These ECM components can interact with or process pathological misfolded proteins, potentially changing their properties and thus regulating their spreading capabilities. Here, we present an overview of the documented roles of ECM components in the spreading of pathological protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases with the objective of identifying the current gaps in knowledge and stimulating further research in the field. This could potentially lead to the identification of druggable targets to slow down the spreading and/or progression of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Moretto
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, CNR, Milan, Italy
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Edoardo Moretto,
| | - Skye Stuart
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sunaina Surana
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Norberto S. Vargas
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Giampietro Schiavo,
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30
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Effects of oligomer toxicity, fibril toxicity and fibril spreading in synucleinopathies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:174. [PMID: 35244787 PMCID: PMC8897347 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding is a general hallmark of protein deposition diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease, in which different types of aggregated species (oligomers, protofibrils and fibrils) are generated by the cells. Despite widespread interest, the relationship between oligomers and fibrils in the aggregation process and spreading remains elusive. A large variety of experimental evidences supported the idea that soluble oligomeric species of different proteins might be more toxic than the larger fibrillar forms. Furthermore, the lack of correlation between the presence of the typical pathological inclusions and disease sustained this debate. However, recent data show that the β-sheet core of the α-Synuclein (αSyn) fibrils is unable to establish persistent interactions with the lipid bilayers, but they can release oligomeric species responsible for an immediate dysfunction of the recipient neurons. Reversibly, such oligomeric species could also contribute to pathogenesis via neuron-to-neuron spreading by their direct cell-to-cell transfer or by generating new fibrils, following their neuronal uptake. In this Review, we discuss the various mechanisms of cellular dysfunction caused by αSyn, including oligomer toxicity, fibril toxicity and fibril spreading.
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31
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Extracellular alpha-synuclein: Sensors, receptors, and responses. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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32
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Modeling the cellular fate of alpha-synuclein aggregates: A pathway to pathology. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 72:171-177. [PMID: 35131527 PMCID: PMC9235864 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by pathological protein inclusions that form in the brains of patients, leading to neuron loss and the observed clinical symptoms. These inclusions, containing aggregates of the protein α-Synuclein, spread throughout the brain as the disease progresses. This spreading follows patterns that inform our understanding of the disease. One way to further our understanding of disease progression is to model the discrete steps from when a cell first encounters an aggregate to when those aggregates propagate to new cells. This review will serve to highlight the recent progress made in the effort to better understand the mechanistic steps that determine how this propagation happens at the cellular level.
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Disease-specific glycosaminoglycan patterns in the extracellular matrix of human lung and brain. Carbohydr Res 2021; 511:108480. [PMID: 34837849 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of diseases throughout the mammalian organism is characterized by abnormal deposition of various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including the heterogeneous family of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which contribute considerably to the ECM architecture as part of the so-called proteoglycans. The GAG's unique sulfation pattern, derived from highly dynamic and specific modification processes, has a massive impact on critical mediators such as cytokines and growth factors. Due to the strong connection between the specific sulfation pattern and GAG function, slight alterations of this pattern are often associated with enormous changes at the cell as well as at the organ level. This review aims to investigate the connection between modifications of GAG sulfation patterns and the wide range of pathological conditions, mainly focusing on a range of chronic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the respiratory tract.
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Albert K, Raymundo DP, Panhelainen A, Eesmaa A, Shvachiy L, Araújo GR, Chmielarz P, Yan X, Singh A, Cordeiro Y, Palhano FL, Foguel D, Luk KC, Domanskyi A, Voutilainen MH, Huttunen HJ, Outeiro TF, Saarma M, Almeida MS, Airavaara M. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor reduces α-synuclein aggregation and propagation and alleviates behavioral alterations in vivo. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2821-2840. [PMID: 33940158 PMCID: PMC8417450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A molecular hallmark in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis are α-synuclein aggregates. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is an atypical growth factor that is mostly resident in the endoplasmic reticulum but exerts its effects both intracellularly and extracellularly. One of the beneficial effects of CDNF can be protecting neurons from the toxic effects of α-synuclein. Here, we investigated the effects of CDNF on α-synuclein aggregation in vitro and in vivo. We found that CDNF directly interacts with α-synuclein with a KD = 23 ± 6 nM and reduces its auto-association. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we identified interaction sites on the CDNF protein. Remarkably, CDNF reduces the neuronal internalization of α-synuclein fibrils and induces the formation of insoluble phosphorylated α-synuclein inclusions. Intra-striatal CDNF administration alleviates motor deficits in rodents challenged with α-synuclein fibrils, though it did not reduce the number of phosphorylated α-synuclein inclusions in the substantia nigra. CDNF's beneficial effects on rodent behavior appear not to be related to the number of inclusions formed in the current context, and further study of its effects on the aggregation mechanism in vivo are needed. Nonetheless, the interaction of CDNF with α-synuclein, modifying its aggregation, spreading, and associated behavioral alterations, provides novel insights into the potential of CDNF as a therapeutic strategy in PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Albert
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diana P Raymundo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil; Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Protein Advanced Biochemistry, CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Anne Panhelainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ave Eesmaa
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liana Shvachiy
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gabriela R Araújo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil; Protein Advanced Biochemistry, CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Piotr Chmielarz
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow 31-343, Poland
| | - Xu Yan
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aastha Singh
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Palhano
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Debora Foguel
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja H Voutilainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri J Huttunen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Herantis Pharma Plc, 20520 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcius S Almeida
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil; Protein Advanced Biochemistry, CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil.
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Hoppe SO, Uzunoğlu G, Nussbaum-Krammer C. α-Synuclein Strains: Does Amyloid Conformation Explain the Heterogeneity of Synucleinopathies? Biomolecules 2021; 11:931. [PMID: 34201558 PMCID: PMC8301881 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases with amyloid deposits that contain the α-synuclein (SNCA/α-Syn) protein as a common hallmark. It is astonishing that aggregates of a single protein are able to give rise to a whole range of different disease manifestations. The prion strain hypothesis offers a possible explanation for this conundrum. According to this hypothesis, a single protein sequence is able to misfold into distinct amyloid structures that can cause different pathologies. In fact, a growing body of evidence suggests that conformationally distinct α-Syn assemblies might be the causative agents behind different synucleinopathies. In this review, we provide an overview of research on the strain hypothesis as it applies to synucleinopathies and discuss the potential implications for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carmen Nussbaum-Krammer
- Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.O.H.); (G.U.)
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36
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Neurons and Glia Interplay in α-Synucleinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094994. [PMID: 34066733 PMCID: PMC8125822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the neuronal presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein within proteinaceous inclusions represents the key histophathological hallmark of a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, referred to by the umbrella term a-synucleinopathies. Even though alpha-synuclein is expressed predominantly in neurons, pathological aggregates of the protein are also found in the glial cells of the brain. In Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, alpha-synuclein accumulates mainly in neurons forming the Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, whereas in multiple system atrophy, the protein aggregates mostly in the glial cytoplasmic inclusions within oligodendrocytes. In addition, astrogliosis and microgliosis are found in the synucleinopathy brains, whereas both astrocytes and microglia internalize alpha-synuclein and contribute to the spread of pathology. The mechanisms underlying the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein in glial cells that under physiological conditions express low to non-detectable levels of the protein are an area of intense research. Undoubtedly, the presence of aggregated alpha-synuclein can disrupt glial function in general and can contribute to neurodegeneration through numerous pathways. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of alpha-synuclein in both neurons and glia, highlighting the contribution of the neuron-glia connectome in the disease initiation and progression, which may represent potential therapeutic target for a-synucleinopathies.
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Guiney SJ, Adlard PA, Lei P, Mawal CH, Bush AI, Finkelstein DI, Ayton S. Fibrillar α-synuclein toxicity depends on functional lysosomes. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:17497-17513. [PMID: 33453994 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) can be recapitulated in animals by administration of α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the brain. However, the mechanism by which these PFFs induce toxicity is unknown. Iron is implicated in PD pathophysiology, so we investigated whether α-synuclein PFFs induce ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death pathway. A range of ferroptosis inhibitors were added to a striatal neuron-derived cell line (STHdhQ7/7 cells), a dopaminergic neuron-derived cell line (SN4741 cells), and WT primary cortical neurons, all of which had been intoxicated with α-synuclein PFFs. Viability was not recovered by these inhibitors except for liproxstatin-1, a best-in-class ferroptosis inhibitor, when used at high doses. High-dose liproxstatin-1 visibly enlarged the area of a cell that contained acidic vesicles and elevated the expression of several proteins associated with the autophagy-lysosomal pathway similarly to the known lysosomal inhibitors, chloroquine and bafilomycin A1. Consistent with high-dose liproxstatin-1 protecting via a lysosomal mechanism, we further de-monstrated that loss of viability induced by α-synuclein PFFs was attenuated by chloroquine and bafilomycin A1 as well as the lysosomal cysteine protease inhibitors, leupeptin, E-64D, and Ca-074-Me, but not other autophagy or lysosomal enzyme inhibitors. We confirmed using immunofluorescence microscopy that heparin prevented uptake of α-synuclein PFFs into cells but that chloroquine did not stop α-synuclein uptake into lysosomes despite impairing lysosomal function and inhibiting α-synuclein toxicity. Together, these data suggested that α-synuclein PFFs are toxic in functional lysosomes in vitro. Therapeutic strategies that prevent α-synuclein fibril uptake into lysosomes may be of benefit in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Guiney
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Peng Lei
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia; Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Celeste H Mawal
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Our understanding of PD biology has been enriched by the identification of genes involved in its rare, inheritable forms, termed PARK genes. These genes encode proteins including α-syn, LRRK2, VPS35, parkin, PINK1, and DJ1, which can cause monogenetic PD when mutated. Investigating the cellular functions of these proteins has been instrumental in identifying signaling pathways that mediate pathology in PD and neuroprotective mechanisms active during homeostatic and pathological conditions. It is now evident that many PD-associated proteins perform multiple functions in PD-associated signaling pathways in neurons. Furthermore, several PARK proteins contribute to non-cell-autonomous mechanisms of neuron death, such as neuroinflammation. A comprehensive understanding of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous pathways involved in PD is essential for developing therapeutics that may slow or halt its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Panicker
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Preston Ge
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA
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Filippini A, Mutti V, Faustini G, Longhena F, Ramazzina I, Rizzi F, Kaganovich A, Roosen DA, Landeck N, Duffy M, Tessari I, Bono F, Fiorentini C, Greggio E, Bubacco L, Bellucci A, Missale M, Cookson MR, Gennarelli M, Russo I. Extracellular clusterin limits the uptake of α-synuclein fibrils by murine and human astrocytes. Glia 2021; 69:681-696. [PMID: 33045109 PMCID: PMC7821254 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The progressive neuropathological damage seen in Parkinson's disease (PD) is thought to be related to the spreading of aggregated forms of α-synuclein. Clearance of extracellular α-synuclein released by degenerating neurons may be therefore a key mechanism to control the concentration of α-synuclein in the extracellular space. Several molecular chaperones control misfolded protein accumulation in the extracellular compartment. Among these, clusterin, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, binds α-synuclein aggregated species and is present in Lewy bodies, intraneuronal aggregates mainly composed by fibrillary α-synuclein. In this study, using murine primary astrocytes with clusterin genetic deletion, human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes with clusterin silencing and two animal models relevant for PD we explore how clusterin affects the clearance of α-synuclein aggregates by astrocytes. Our findings showed that astrocytes take up α-synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs) through dynamin-dependent endocytosis and that clusterin levels are modulated in the culture media of cells upon α-synuclein pffs exposure. Specifically, we found that clusterin interacts with α-synuclein pffs in the extracellular compartment and the clusterin/α-synuclein complex can be internalized by astrocytes. Mechanistically, using clusterin knock-out primary astrocytes and clusterin knock-down hiPSC-derived astrocytes we observed that clusterin limits the uptake of α-synuclein pffs by cells. Interestingly, we detected increased levels of clusterin in the adeno-associated virus- and the α-synuclein pffs- injected mouse model, suggesting a crucial role of this chaperone in the pathogenesis of PD. Overall, our observations indicate that clusterin can limit the uptake of extracellular α-synuclein aggregates by astrocytes and, hence, contribute to the spreading of Parkinson pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Filippini
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
- Present address:
Genetics UnitIRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBresciaItaly
| | - Veronica Mutti
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | | | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Dorien A. Roosen
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Natalie Landeck
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Megan Duffy
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | - Federica Bono
- Laboratory of Personalized and Preventive MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Chiara Fiorentini
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Laboratory of Personalized and Preventive MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Mariacristina Missale
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
- Genetics UnitIRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBresciaItaly
| | - Isabella Russo
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
- Genetics UnitIRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBresciaItaly
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Kim C, Kwon S, Iba M, Spencer B, Rockenstein E, Mante M, Adame A, Shin SJ, Fields JA, Rissman RA, Lee SJ, Masliah E. Effects of innate immune receptor stimulation on extracellular α-synuclein uptake and degradation by brain resident cells. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:281-290. [PMID: 33594256 PMCID: PMC8080790 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are age-related neurological disorders characterized by the progressive deposition of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates and include Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Although cell-to-cell α-syn transmission is thought to play a key role in the spread of α-syn pathology, the detailed mechanism is still unknown. Neuroinflammation is another key pathological feature of synucleinopathies. Previous studies have identified several immune receptors that mediate neuroinflammation in synucleinopathies, such as Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). However, the species of α-syn aggregates varies from study to study, and how different α-syn aggregate species interact with innate immune receptors has yet to be addressed. Therefore, we investigated whether innate immune receptors can facilitate the uptake of different species of α-syn aggregates. Here, we examined whether stimulation of TLRs could modulate the cellular uptake and degradation of α-syn fibrils despite a lack of direct interaction. We observed that stimulation of TLR2 in vitro accelerated α-syn fibril uptake in neurons and glia while delaying the degradation of α-syn in neurons and astrocytes. Internalized α-syn was rapidly degraded in microglia regardless of whether TLR2 was stimulated. However, cellular α-syn uptake and degradation kinetics were not altered by TLR4 stimulation. In addition, upregulation of TLR2 expression in a synucleinopathy mouse model increased the density of Lewy-body-like inclusions and induced morphological changes in microglia. Together, these results suggest that cell type-specific modulation of TLR2 may be a multifaceted and promising therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies; inhibition of neuronal and astroglial TLR2 decreases pathogenic α-syn transmission, but activation of microglial TLR2 enhances microglial extracellular α-syn clearance. New treatments for neurological disorders could target immune receptors associated with the build-up of protein aggregates in neurons. Synucleinopathies are characterized by abnormal deposition of α-synuclein, but the mechanism how α-synuclein spreads between cells is still elusive. Changyoun Kim and Eliezer Masliah at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, USA, and co-workers investigated indirect role of TLR2 in α-synuclein spreading. TLR2 has been known to interact with β-sheet-enriched oligomeric forms of α-synuclein, but not with fibrilar forms of α-synuclein (fibril). Herein, the authors found that TLR2 stimulation accelerated the uptake of fibrils in both neurons and glial cells, delayed degradation of internalized fibrils and worsen α-synuclein pathology in mouse brains. The study provides indirect modulation of α-synuclein spearding via innate immune receptor which might be a potential therapy for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyoun Kim
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Somin Kwon
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michiyo Iba
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Soo Jean Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jerel A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Division of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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41
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Brás IC, Outeiro TF. Alpha-Synuclein: Mechanisms of Release and Pathology Progression in Synucleinopathies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020375. [PMID: 33673034 PMCID: PMC7917664 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein (aSyn) throughout the brain, as Lewy pathology, is a phenomenon central to Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. The stereotypical distribution and evolution of the pathology during disease is often attributed to the cell-to-cell transmission of aSyn between interconnected brain regions. The spreading of conformationally distinct aSyn protein assemblies, commonly referred as strains, is thought to result in a variety of clinically and pathologically heterogenous diseases known as synucleinopathies. Although tremendous progress has been made in the field, the mechanisms involved in the transfer of these assemblies between interconnected neural networks and their role in driving PD progression are still unclear. Here, we present an update of the relevant discoveries supporting or challenging the prion-like spreading hypothesis. We also discuss the importance of aSyn strains in pathology progression and the various putative molecular mechanisms involved in cell-to-cell protein release. Understanding the pathways underlying aSyn propagation will contribute to determining the etiology of PD and related synucleinopathies but also assist in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C. Brás
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Scientific Employee with a Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-551-391-3544; Fax: +49-(0)-551-392-2693
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Quittot N, Fortier M, Babych M, Nguyen PT, Sebastiao M, Bourgault S. Cell surface glycosaminoglycans exacerbate plasma membrane perturbation induced by the islet amyloid polypeptide. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21306. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001845r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noé Quittot
- Department of Chemistry Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases ‐ Courtois Foundation Montreal Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO Quebec City Canada
| | - Mathilde Fortier
- Department of Chemistry Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases ‐ Courtois Foundation Montreal Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO Quebec City Canada
| | - Margaryta Babych
- Department of Chemistry Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases ‐ Courtois Foundation Montreal Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO Quebec City Canada
| | - Phuong Trang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases ‐ Courtois Foundation Montreal Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO Quebec City Canada
| | - Mathew Sebastiao
- Department of Chemistry Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases ‐ Courtois Foundation Montreal Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO Quebec City Canada
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases ‐ Courtois Foundation Montreal Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO Quebec City Canada
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Kovaleva V, Saarma M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Regulators: New Drug Targets for Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 11:S219-S228. [PMID: 34180421 PMCID: PMC8543257 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology involves progressive degeneration and death of vulnerable dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Extensive axonal arborization and distinct functions make this type of neurons particularly sensitive to homeostatic perturbations, such as protein misfolding and Ca2+ dysregulation. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cell compartment orchestrating protein synthesis and folding, as well as synthesis of lipids and maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. When misfolded proteins start to accumulate in ER lumen the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated. UPR is an adaptive signaling machinery aimed at relieving of protein folding load in the ER. When UPR is chronic, it can either boost neurodegeneration and apoptosis or cause neuronal dysfunctions. We have recently discovered that mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) exerts its prosurvival action in dopamine neurons and in an animal model of PD through the direct binding to UPR sensor inositol-requiring protein 1 alpha (IRE1α) and attenuation of UPR. In line with this, UPR targeting resulted in neuroprotection and neurorestoration in various preclinical animal models of PD. Therefore, growth factors (GFs), possessing both neurorestorative activity and restoration of protein folding capacity are attractive as drug candidates for PD treatment especially their blood-brain barrier penetrating analogs and small molecule mimetics. In this review, we discuss ER stress as a therapeutic target to treat PD; we summarize the existing preclinical data on the regulation of ER stress for PD treatment. In addition, we point out the crucial aspects for successful clinical translation of UPR-regulating GFs and new prospective in GFs-based treatments of PD, focusing on ER stress regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kovaleva
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland
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44
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Choi YR, Park SJ, Park SM. Molecular events underlying the cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein. FEBS J 2020; 288:6593-6602. [PMID: 33332736 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is associated with the formation of protein inclusion bodies called Lewy bodies (LB) or Lewy neurites (LN). α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a major component of LB and LN. The formation of LB or LN is mediated by formation of α-Syn fibrils, which are formed from α-Syn monomers and oligomers. Additionally, intercellular α-Syn propagation has been proposed to be important for the progression of PD. Thus, various studies have focused on elucidating the role of α-Syn propagation in the pathogenesis of PD. Previous studies have reported that α-Syn species are released from the cells through various pathways, including the unconventional secretion pathways. The released α-Syn species are internalized by the cells through multiple mechanisms, including receptor-mediated endocytosis. Some molecular processes involved in intercellular α-Syn propagation have been recently elucidated. This review discusses the current studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying the release and uptake of α-Syn and their physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ree Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,BK21 Plus Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,BK21 Plus Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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45
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Kumari M, Hanpude P, Maiti TK. α-Synuclein Exhibits Differential Membrane Perturbation, Nucleation, and TLR2 Binding through Its Secondary Structure. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:4203-4214. [PMID: 33196165 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid formation drives the pathology of different neurodegenerative diseases. α-Synuclein is a natively unfolded protein that assembles itself into toxic amyloid structures, hence contributing to synucleinopathy. Its amyloid formation proceeds through various conformational intermediate stages, starting with a lag phase, followed by a rapid growth phase, and leading to beta rich fibril formation. Few studies have shown that the helix rich intermediate may be involved in fibril formation. Earlier, the helix intermediate was only studied in the membrane bound state. Despite many years of research, a precise mechanism of α-synuclein aggregation and the significance of intermediates with variable secondary structures are not well elucidated. Therefore, this study aims to understand the importance of secondary structures in α-synuclein-mediated neuronal toxicity. Our data revealed that the helix rich intermediate species exposes more of the hydrophobic surface than the beta rich intermediate species and harbors with the lipid membrane efficiently, thus contributing to the greater roughness of the cellular membrane that subsequently results in membrane disruption. It has been seen that upon internalization these species also activate the redox machinery. β-Sheet enrichment contributes to self-assemblies of monomeric α-synuclein as it binds more with the monomeric species than the helix rich species. Additionally, we also observed that the beta rich species exhibits stronger TLR2 binding than the helix rich species as well as a potentiated neuroinflammatory cascade. Taken together, our data evidently put forward that secondary structures play a differential role during amyloid formation, and targeting them can be a novel intervention strategy for neurodegenerative disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Kumari
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Pranita Hanpude
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India
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46
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Piersimoni ME, Teng X, Cass AEG, Ying L. Antioxidant lipoic acid ligand-shell gold nanoconjugates against oxidative stress caused by α-synuclein aggregates. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:5666-5681. [PMID: 36133855 PMCID: PMC9416995 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00688b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles are becoming a promising platform for the delivery of drugs to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Parkinson's disease, associated with the aggregation of α-synuclein, is a condition that results in dysfunctional neuronal cells leading to their degeneration and death. Oxidative stress has been strongly implicated as a common feature in this process. The limited efficacy of the traditional therapies and the development of associated severe side effects present an unmet need for preventive and adjuvant therapies. The organosulfur compound lipoic acid, naturally located in the mitochondria, plays a powerful antioxidative role against oxidative stress. However, the efficacy is limited by its low physiological concentration, and the administration is affected by its short half-life and bioavailability due to hepatic degradation. Here we exploited the drug delivery potential of gold nanoparticles to assemble lipoic acid, and administered the system into SH-SY5Y cells, a cellular model commonly used to study Parkinson's disease. We tested the nanoconjugates of GNPs-LA, under an oxidative environment induced by gold nanoparticle/α-synuclein conjugates (GNPs-α-Syn). GNPs-LA were found to be biocompatible and capable of restoring the cell damage caused by high-level reactive oxygen species generated by excessive oxidative stress in the cellular environment. We conclude that GNPs-LA may serve as promising drug delivery vehicles conveying antioxidant molecules for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Piersimoni
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub London W12 0BZ UK
- Bio Nano Consulting London W1T 4TQ UK
| | - Xiangyu Teng
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Anthony E G Cass
- Bio Nano Consulting London W1T 4TQ UK
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Liming Ying
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub London W12 0BZ UK
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47
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Sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate prion-like behavior of p53 aggregates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33225-33234. [PMID: 33318190 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009931117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparan sulfate (HS) are heteropolysaccharides implicated in the pathology of protein aggregation diseases including localized and systemic forms of amyloidosis. Among subdomains of sulfated GAGs, highly sulfated domains of HS, called HS S-domains, have been highlighted as being critical for HS function in amyloidoses. Recent studies suggest that the tumor suppressor p53 aggregates to form amyloid fibrils and propagates in a prion-like manner; however, molecules and mechanisms that are involved in the prion-like behavior of p53 aggregates have not been addressed. Here, we identified sulfated GAGs as molecules that mediate prion-like behavior of p53 aggregates. Sulfated GAGs at the cell surface were required for cellular uptake of recombinant and cancer cell-derived p53 aggregates and extracellular release of p53 from cancer cells. We further showed that HS S-domains accumulated within p53 deposits in human ovarian cancer tissues, and enzymatic remodeling of HS S-domains by Sulf-2 extracellular sulfatase down-regulated cellular uptake of p53 aggregates. Finally, sulfated GAG-dependent cellular uptake of p53 aggregates was critical for subsequent extracellular release of the aggregates and gain of oncogenic function in recipient cells. Our work provides a mechanism of prion-like behavior of p53 aggregates and will shed light on sulfated GAGs as a common mediator of prions.
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48
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Jeon YM, Kwon Y, Jo M, Lee S, Kim S, Kim HJ. The Role of Glial Mitochondria in α-Synuclein Toxicity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:548283. [PMID: 33262983 PMCID: PMC7686475 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.548283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in neurons and glial cells is widely known to be associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Multiple system atrophy (MSA). Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons and glia is known as a key feature of α-syn toxicity. Studies aimed at understanding α-syn-induced toxicity and its role in neurodegenerative diseases have primarily focused on neurons. However, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that glial cells such as microglia and astrocytes have been implicated in the initial pathogenesis and the progression of α-Synucleinopathy. Glial cells are important for supporting neuronal survival, synaptic functions, and local immunity. Furthermore, recent studies highlight the role of mitochondrial metabolism in the normal function of glial cells. In this work, we review the complex relationship between glial mitochondria and α-syn-mediated neurodegeneration, which may provide novel insights into the roles of glial cells in α-syn-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Jeon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Younghwi Kwon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Myungjin Jo
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shinrye Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seyeon Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
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Reid MJ, Beltran-Lobo P, Johnson L, Perez-Nievas BG, Noble W. Astrocytes in Tauopathies. Front Neurol 2020; 11:572850. [PMID: 33071951 PMCID: PMC7542303 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.572850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the progressive accumulation across the brain of hyperphosphorylated aggregates of the microtubule-associated protein tau that vary in isoform composition, structural conformation and localization. Tau aggregates are most commonly deposited within neurons but can show differential association with astrocytes, depending on the disease. Astrocytes, the most abundant neural cells in the brain, play a major role in synapse and neuronal function, and are a key component of the glymphatic system and blood brain barrier. However, their contribution to tauopathy progression is not fully understood. Here we present a brief overview of the association of tau with astrocytes in tauopathies. We discuss findings that support a role for astrocytes in the uptake and spread of pathological tau, and we describe how alterations to astrocyte phenotype in tauopathies may cause functional alterations that impedes their ability to support neurons and/or cause neurotoxicity. The research reviewed here further highlights the importance of considering non-neuronal cells in neurodegeneration and suggests that astrocyte-directed targets that may have utility for therapeutic intervention in tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Reid
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Beltran-Lobo
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa Johnson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Gomez Perez-Nievas
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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50
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Fouka M, Mavroeidi P, Tsaka G, Xilouri M. In Search of Effective Treatments Targeting α-Synuclein Toxicity in Synucleinopathies: Pros and Cons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:559791. [PMID: 33015057 PMCID: PMC7500083 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.559791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) represent pathologically similar, progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the pathological aggregation of the neuronal protein α-synuclein. PD and DLB are characterized by the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein in proteinaceous inclusions within neurons named Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs), whereas in MSA α-synuclein inclusions are mainly detected within oligodendrocytes named glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). The presence of pathologically aggregated α-synuclein along with components of the protein degradation machinery, such as ubiquitin and p62, in LBs and GCIs is considered to underlie the pathogenic cascade that eventually leads to the severe neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation that characterizes these diseases. Importantly, α-synuclein is proposed to undergo pathogenic misfolding and oligomerization into higher-order structures, revealing self-templating conformations, and to exert the ability of "prion-like" spreading between cells. Therefore, the manner in which the protein is produced, is modified within neural cells and is degraded, represents a major focus of current research efforts in the field. Given that α-synuclein protein load is critical to disease pathogenesis, the identification of means to limit intracellular protein burden and halt α-synuclein propagation represents an obvious therapeutic approach in synucleinopathies. However, up to date the development of effective therapeutic strategies to prevent degeneration in synucleinopathies is limited, due to the lack of knowledge regarding the precise mechanisms underlying the observed pathology. This review critically summarizes the recent developed strategies to counteract α-synuclein toxicity, including those aimed to increase protein degradation, to prevent protein aggregation and cell-to-cell propagation, or to engage antibodies against α-synuclein and discuss open questions and unknowns for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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