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Guo H, Liu Q, Yang D, Zhang H, Kuang Y, Li Y, Chen H, Wang X. Brincidofovir Effectively Inhibits Proliferation of Pseudorabies Virus by Disrupting Viral Replication. Viruses 2024; 16:464. [PMID: 38543829 PMCID: PMC10975951 DOI: 10.3390/v16030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies is an acute and febrile infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the family Herpesviridae. Currently, PRV is predominantly endemoepidemic and has caused significant economic losses among domestic pigs. Other animals have been proven to be susceptible to PRV, with a mortality rate of 100%. In addition, 30 human cases of PRV infection have been reported in China since 2017, and all patients have shown severe neurological symptoms and eventually died or developed various neurological sequelae. In these cases, broad-spectrum anti-herpesvirus drugs and integrated treatments were mostly applied. However, the inhibitory effect of the commonly used anti-herpesvirus drugs (e.g., acyclovir, etc.) against PRV were evaluated and found to be limited in this study. It is therefore urgent and important to develop drugs that are clinically effective against PRV infection. Here, we constructed a high-throughput method for screening antiviral drugs based on fluorescence-tagged PRV strains and multi-modal microplate readers that detect fluorescence intensity to account for virus proliferation. A total of 2104 small molecule drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were studied and validated by applying this screening model, and 104 drugs providing more than 75% inhibition of fluorescence intensity were selected. Furthermore, 10 drugs that could significantly inhibit PRV proliferation in vitro were strictly identified based on their cytopathic effects, virus titer, and viral gene expression, etc. Based on the determined 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), the selectivity index (SI) was calculated to be 26.3-3937.2 for these 10 drugs, indicating excellent drugability. The antiviral effects of the 10 drugs were then assessed in a mouse model. It was found that 10 mg/kg brincidofovir administered continuously for 5 days provided 100% protection in mice challenged with lethal doses of the human-origin PRV strain hSD-1/2019. Brincidofovir significantly attenuated symptoms and pathological changes in infected mice. Additionally, time-of-addition experiments confirmed that brincidofovir inhibited the proliferation of PRV mainly by interfering with the viral replication stage. Therefore, this study confirms that brincidofovir can significantly inhibit PRV both in vitro and in vivo and is expected to be an effective drug candidate for the clinical treatment of PRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Kuang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yafei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
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Song C, Ye H, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yao J, Gao L, Wang S, Yu Y, Shu X. Isolation and Characterization of Yunnan Variants of the Pseudorabies Virus and Their Pathogenicity in Rats. Viruses 2024; 16:233. [PMID: 38400009 PMCID: PMC10891970 DOI: 10.3390/v16020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine pseudorabies has long existed in China and is a serious threat to the Chinese farming industry. To understand the prevalence and genetic variation of the porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) and its pathogenicity in Yunnan Province, China, we collected 560 serum samples across seven Yunnan Province regions from 2020 to 2021 and detected anti-gE antibodies in these samples. Sixty-one clinical tissue samples were also collected from pigs with suspected PRV that were vaccinated with Bartha-K61. PRV-gE antibodies were found in 29.6% (166/560) of the serum samples. The PRV positivity rate in clinical tissue samples was 13.1% (8/61). Two isolates, PRV-KM and PRV-QJ, were obtained. The identity of the gB, gD, and gE genes between these isolates and the Chinese mutants exceeded 99.5%. These isolates and the classical Fa strain were used to infect 4-week-old rats intranasally to assess their pathogenicity. All infected rats showed the typical clinical and pathological features of PRV two days post-infection. The viral loads in the organs differed significantly among the infected groups. Viruses were detected in the saliva and feces at 12 h. Significant dynamic changes in total white blood cell counts (WBC), lymphocyte counts (Lym), and neutrophil counts (Gran) occurred in the blood of the infected groups at 24 and 48 h. These results show that mutant PRV strains are prevalent in Bartha-K61-vaccinated pigs in Yunnan Province, China. Moreover, rats shed PRV in their saliva and feces during early infection, indicating the need for rodent control in combatting PRV infections in Yunnan Province, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlian Song
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.S.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hua Ye
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.S.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.S.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yalun Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.S.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yonghui Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.S.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jun Yao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (J.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Lin Gao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (J.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Shanqiang Wang
- Weixin County Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Station, Zhaotong 657000, China;
| | - Yougeng Yu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Weixin County, Zhaotong 657000, China;
| | - Xianghua Shu
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.S.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
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Cai X, Wang Z, Li X, Zhang J, Ren Z, Shao Y, Xu Y, Zhu Y. Emodin as an Inhibitor of PRV Infection In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2023; 28:6567. [PMID: 37764342 PMCID: PMC10537396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR) is an acute and severe infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). Once the virus infects pigs, it is difficult to eliminate, resulting in major economic losses to the global pig industry. In addition, reports of human infection with PRV suggest that the virus is a potential threat to human health; thus, its significance to public health should be considered. In this paper, the anti-PRV activities of emodin in vitro and in vivo, and its mechanism of action were studied. The results showed that emodin inhibited the proliferation of PRV in PK15 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 0.127 mg/mL and a selection index of 5.52. The addition of emodin at different stages of viral infection showed that emodin inhibited intracellular replication. Emodin significantly inhibited the expression of the IE180, EP0, UL29, UL44, US6, and UL27 genes of PRV within 48 h. Emodin also significantly inhibited the expression of PRV gB and gD proteins. The molecular docking results suggested that emodin might form hydrogen bonds with PRV gB and gD proteins and affect the structure of viral proteins. Emodin effectively inhibited the apoptosis induced by PRV infection. Moreover, emodin showed a good protective effect on PRV-infected mice. During the experimental period, all the control PRV-infected mice died resulting in a survival rate of 0%, while the survival rate of emodin-treated mice was 28.5%. Emodin also significantly inhibited the replication of PRV in the heart, liver, brain, kidneys and lungs of mice and alleviated tissue and organ damage caused by PRV infection. Emodin was able to combat viral infection by regulating the levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-4 in the sera of infected mice. These results indicate that emodin has good anti-PRV activity in vitro and in vivo, and is expected to be a new agent for the prevention and control of PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xiaocheng Li
- Harbin Da BEINONG Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin 150030, China; (X.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Harbin Da BEINONG Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin 150030, China; (X.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yongkang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
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Ye N, Feng W, Fu T, Tang D, Zeng Z, Wang B. Membrane fusion, potential threats, and natural antiviral drugs of pseudorabies virus. Vet Res 2023; 54:39. [PMID: 37131259 PMCID: PMC10152797 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV) can infect several animals and causes severe economic losses in the swine industry. Recently, human encephalitis or endophthalmitis caused by PrV infection has been frequently reported in China. Thus, PrV can infect animals and is becoming a potential threat to human health. Although vaccines and drugs are the main strategies to prevent and treat PrV outbreaks, there is no specific drug, and the emergence of new PrV variants has reduced the effectiveness of classical vaccines. Therefore, it is challenging to eradicate PrV. In the present review, the membrane fusion process of PrV entering target cells, which is conducive to revealing new therapeutic and vaccine strategies for PrV, is presented and discussed. The current and potential PrV pathways of infection in humans are analyzed, and it is hypothesized that PrV may become a zoonotic agent. The efficacy of chemically synthesized drugs for treating PrV infections in animals and humans is unsatisfactory. In contrast, multiple extracts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have shown anti-PRV activity, exerting its effects in different phases of the PrV life-cycle and suggesting that TCM compounds may have great potential against PrV. Overall, this review provides insights into developing effective anti-PrV drugs and emphasizes that human PrV infection should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ye
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tiantian Fu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Deyuan Tang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Chen X, Xue J, Zou J, Zhao X, Li L, Jia R, Zou Y, Wan H, Chen Y, Zhou X, Ye G, Yin L, Liang X, He C, Zhao L, Tang H, Lv C, Song X, Yin Z. Resveratrol alleviated neuroinflammation induced by pseudorabies virus infection through regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114271. [PMID: 36724642 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infections in susceptible non-porcine species trigger uncontrolled inflammations and eventually fatal encephalitis. Resveratrol (Res) has broad pharmacological functions including anti-virus, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotective. PURPOSE We attempted to investigate the potential of Res in ameliorating PRV infection pathology in mice and decipher the mechanism of Res in treating PRV. METHODS The mice were infected by PRV to investigate the protective effect of Res. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, H&E/Nissl/TUNEL staining, Real-time PCR and ELISA analyses were performed. Primary microglia and neuron were isolated from mice and cultured. The co-culture model of microglia and neuron was established by transwell. Immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometry were used. RESULTS In this study, we showed that Res ameliorated brain damage by reducing BBB permeability in PRV-infected mice, and diminished the expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9 and ZO-1 in the cortex. Pathological changes of neurons by H&E/Nissl/TUNEL staining suggested that Res could alleviate neuronal lesions. Moreover, Res inhibited the expressions of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α) and chemokines (CCL3, CXCL10, MCP-1), but increased the expressions of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4, IL-10) and neurotrophic factor (TGF-β, NGF and GDNF) in brain. In vitro cultured microglia cells, Res could suppress M1 microglia polarization and activate M2 microglia polarization. Co-culture of PRV-infected microglia with neuron cells by transwell system indicated that Res alleviated inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSION This study provided evidence that Res could protect mice from PRV-induced encephalitis through regulation of microglia polarization and neuronal apoptosis suggesting the potential for treatment of viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiu Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junshu Xue
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junjie Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongping Wan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yaqin Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Feng L, Luo G, Li Y, Zhang C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Chen H, He D, Zhu Y, Gan L. Curcumin-dependent phenotypic transformation of microglia mediates resistance to pseudorabies-induced encephalitis. Vet Res 2023; 54:25. [PMID: 36918933 PMCID: PMC10015794 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes viral encephalitis, a devastating disease with high mortality worldwide. Curcumin (CUR) can reduce inflammatory damage by altering the phenotype of microglia; however, whether and how these changes mediate resistance to PRV-induced encephalitis is still unclear. In this study, BV2 cells were infected with/without PRV for 24 h and further treated with/without CUR for 24 h. The results indicated that CUR promoted the polarization of PRV-infected BV2 cells from the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype and reversed PRV-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, M1 BV2 cell secretions induced signalling pathways leading to apoptosis in PC-12 neuronal cells, and this effect was abrogated by the secretions of M2 BV2 cells. RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis predicted that this phenotypic shift may be due to changes in energy metabolism. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that CUR inhibited the increase in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, glycolysis, and triacylglycerol synthesis and the reduction in oxidative phosphorylation induced by PRV infection. Moreover, the ATP levels in M2 BV2 cells were higher than those in M1 cells. Furthermore, CUR prevented the increase in mortality, elevated body temperature, slowed growth, nervous system excitation, brain tissue congestion, vascular cuffing, and other symptoms of PRV-induced encephalitis in vivo. Thus, this study demonstrated that CUR protected against PRV-induced viral encephalitis by switching the phenotype of BV2 cells, thereby protecting neurons from inflammatory injury, and this effect was mediated by improving mitochondrial function and the AMPK/NF-κB p65-energy metabolism-related pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqiu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Guodong Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Hongyue Chen
- Chongqing General Station of Animal Husbandry Technology Promotion, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Daoling He
- Chongqing General Station of Animal Husbandry Technology Promotion, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Chongqing General Station of Animal Husbandry Technology Promotion, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Ling Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China.
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Gallocatechin Gallate Inhibits the Replication of Pseudorabies Virus via Suppressing the Entry and Release Stages in Its Replication Cycle. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030189. [PMID: 36977228 PMCID: PMC10059259 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pseudorabies virus is a widespread swine pathogen that has caused significant economic losses to the global pig industry. Due to the emergence of PRV variant strains in recent years, vaccines cannot provide complete protection against the infection of PRV. Therefore, the research on antiviral compounds is of great importance for PRV treatment. In this study, an EGFP-labeled PRV was used to screen anti-PRV compounds from 86 natural product extracts. Gallocatechin gallate was found to efficiently inhibit the replication of PRV with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.41 μM. In addition, it was found that gallocatechin gallate was unable to directly inactivate PRV and had no effect on the attachment stage of PRV. However, it was found that gallocatechin gallate significantly suppressed the viral entry stage. Furthermore, it was found that the release stage of PRV was also significantly suppressed by gallocatechin gallate. Together, this study found that gallocatechin gallate could efficiently inhibit the replication of PRV by suppressing the entry and release stages of PRV, which will contribute to the development of a new therapeutic strategy against PRV infection.
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Dihydromyricetin Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Multiplication In Vitro by Regulating NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Apoptosis. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020111. [PMID: 36851415 PMCID: PMC9961748 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infections have caused huge economic losses to the breeding industry worldwide, especially pig husbandry. PRV could threaten human health as an easily ignored zoonotic pathogen. The emergence of new mutants significantly reduced the protective effect of vaccination, indicating an urgent need to develop specific therapeutic drugs for PRV infection. In this study, we found that dihydromyricetin (DMY) could dose-dependently restrain PRV infection in vitro with an IC50 of 161.34 μM; the inhibition rate of DMY at a concentration of 500 μM was 92.16 %. Moreover, the mode of action showed that DMY directly inactivated PRV virion and inhibited viral adsorption and cellular replication. DMY treatment could improve PRV-induced abnormal changes of the NF-κB signaling pathway and excessive inflammatory response through regulation of the contents of IκBα and p-P65/P65 and the transcriptional levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). Furthermore, DMY promoted the apoptosis of PRV-infected cells through the regulation of the expressions of Bax and Bcl-xl and the transcriptional levels of Caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, thereby limiting the production of progeny virus. These findings indicated that DMY could be a candidate drug for the treatment of PRV infection.
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Liu Y, Song D, Liu X, Wang Y, Wang G, Lan Y. Suppression of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus replication by resveratrol. Virol J 2022; 19:226. [PMID: 36578037 PMCID: PMC9795454 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), a member of the genus Betacoronavirus, is the causative agent of neurological disease in pigs. No effective therapeutics are currently available for PHEV infection. Resveratrol has been shown to exert neuroprotective and antiviral effects. Here resveratrol was investigated for its ability to inhibit PHEV replication in nerve cells and central nervous system tissues. METHODS Anti-PHEV effect of resveratrol was evaluated using an in vitro cell-based PHEV infection model and employing a mouse PHEV infection model. The collected cells or tissues were used for quantitative PCR analysis, western blot analysis, or indirect immunofluorescence assay. The supernatants were collected to quantify viral loads by TCID50 assay in vitro. EC50 and CC50 were determined by dose-response experiments, and the ratio (EC50/CC50) was used as a selectivity index (SI) to measure the antiviral versus cytotoxic activity. RESULTS Our results showed that resveratrol treatment reduced PHEV titer in a dose-dependent manner, with a 50% inhibition concentration of 6.24 μM. A reduction of > 70% of viral protein expression and mRNA copy number and a 19-fold reduction of virus titer were achieved when infected cells were treated with 10 µM resveratrol in a pre-treatment assay. Quantitative PCR analysis and TCID50 assay results revealed that the addition of 10 μM resveratrol to cells after adsorption of PHEV significantly reduced 56% PHEV mRNA copy number and eightfold virus titer. 10 µM resveratrol treatment reduced 46% PHEV mRNA copy number and fourfold virus titer in virus inactivation assay. Moreover, the in vivo data obtained in this work also demonstrated that resveratrol inhibited PHEV replication, and anti-PHEV activities of resveratrol treatment via intranasal installation displayed better than oral gavage. CONCLUSION These results indicated that resveratrol exerted antiviral effects under various drug treatment and virus infection conditions in vitro and holds promise as a treatment for PHEV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Liu
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Deguang Song
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueli Liu
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanqi Wang
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gaili Wang
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Yungang Lan
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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10
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Ding Z, Li W, Dou Y, Zhou Y, Ren Y, Jing H, Liang X, Wang X, Li N. Triangular-shaped homologous heterostructure as photocatalytic H 2S scavenger and macrophage modulator for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:8549-8564. [PMID: 36239131 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01650h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic arthropathy causing cartilage destruction, bone erosion, and even disability. Although some advances in RA treatment have been made based on inflammatory cytokine inhibition, long-term treatment and drug effect have been restrained by severe side effects. Herein, we developed a resveratrol (RSV)-loaded Ag/Ag2S triangular-shaped homologous heterostructure with polyethylene glycol/folic acid (PEG/FA) modification (Ag/Ag2S-PEG-FA/RSV NTs) to simultaneously suppress inflammatory cytokine over-expression through photocatalytic H2S scavenging and macrophage polarization stimulation. On one hand, the over-expressed H2S, which acted as a pro-inflammatory mediator to activate the MAPK/ICAM-1 pathway and exacerbate inflammation, was eliminated through photocatalysis. The homologous Ag and Ag2S of the heterostructure enhanced electron separation and transfer by acting as a charge acceptor and electron generator, respectively, which restrained electron/hole recombination and promoted photocatalysis efficiency. Additionally, the intrinsic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity of Ag decomposed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) over-expressed in the RA microenvironment, which supplied O2 for the photocatalytic H2S scavenging progress. On the other hand, RSV, a natural product with anti-inflammatory activity, could be delivered to the inflammatory joint by the targeting effect of PEG-FA, thus inhibiting the IκB/NF-κB pro-inflammatory pathway to induce macrophage interconversion balance from M1 to M2. As expected, the Ag/Ag2S-PEG-FA/RSV NTs exhibited H2S scavenging capacity and modulated macrophage polarization to reduce the inflammatory cytokine level and halt RA progression in vitro and in vivo. Overall, this study revealed a therapeutic strategy with high efficacy, which opens broad prospects for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiao Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300072, Tianjin, P. R. China.
| | - Wen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300072, Tianjin, P. R. China.
| | - Yunsheng Dou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300072, Tianjin, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300072, Tianjin, P. R. China.
| | - Yingzi Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300072, Tianjin, P. R. China.
| | - Huaqing Jing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300072, Tianjin, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyang Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300072, Tianjin, P. R. China.
| | - Xinxing Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, 300050, Tianjin, P. R. China.
| | - Nan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300072, Tianjin, P. R. China.
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11
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Hu H, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Wan H, Yin Z, Li L, Liang X, Zhao X, Yin L, Ye G, Zou YF, Tang H, Jia R, Chen Y, Zhou H, Song X. Myricetin inhibits pseudorabies virus infection through direct inactivation and activating host antiviral defense. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:985108. [PMID: 36187970 PMCID: PMC9520584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.985108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myricetin, a polyhydroxyflavone compound, is one of the main ingredients of various human foods and therefore also known as dietary flavonoids. Due to the continuous emergence of resistant strains of herpesviruses, novel control measures are required. In the present study, myricetin exhibited potent antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus (PRV), a model organism of herpesvirus. The suppression rate could reach up to 96.4% at a concentration of 500 μM in cells, and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 42.69 μM. Moreover, the inhibitory activity was not attenuated by the increased amount of infective dose, and a significant reduction of intracellular PRV virions was observed by indirect immunofluorescence. A mode of action study indicated that myricetin could directly inactivate the virus in vitro, leading to inhibition of viral adsorption, penetration and replication in cells. In addition to direct killing effect, myricetin could also activate host antiviral defense through regulation of apoptosis-related gene expressions (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax), NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and cytokine gene expressions (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, c-Jun, STAT1, c-Fos, and c-Myc). In PRV-infected mouse model, myricetin could enhance the survival rate by 40% at 5 days post infection, and viral loads in kidney, liver, lung, spleen, and brain were significantly decreased. The pathological changes caused by PRV infection were improved by myricetin treatment. The gene expressions of inflammatory factors (MCP-1, G-CSF, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and apoptotic factors (Bcl-xl, Bcl-2, and Bax) were regulated by myricetin in PRV-infected mice. The present findings suggest that myricetin can effectively inhibit PRV infection and become a candidate for development of new anti-herpesvirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyue Hu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongping Wan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Feng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaqin Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Hao Zhou,
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Xu Song,
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12
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Insights into the Anti-inflammatory and Antiviral Mechanisms of Resveratrol. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:7138756. [PMID: 35990040 PMCID: PMC9391165 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7138756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring stilbene phytoalexin phenolic compound, which has been extensively studied on its biological activity. It has been widely accepted that resveratrol possesses anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. In this review, we summarize the anti-inflammatory dosages and mechanism and antiviral mechanism of resveratrol. Since viral infections are often accompanied by inflammation, we propose that the NF-κB signaling pathway is a key and common molecular mechanism of resveratrol to exert anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. For future studies, we believe that resveratrol's anti-inflammatory and antiviral mechanisms can consider the upstream signaling molecules of the NF-κB signaling pathway. For resveratrol antivirus, future studies can be conducted on the interaction of resveratrol with key proteins or important enzymes of the virus. In addition, we also think that the clinical application of resveratrol is very important. In short, resveratrol is a promising anti-inflammatory and antiviral drug, and research on it needs to be expanded.
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13
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Zhou M, Abid M, Cao S, Zhu S. Progress of Research into Novel Drugs and Potential Drug Targets against Porcine Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081753. [PMID: 36016377 PMCID: PMC9416328 DOI: 10.3390/v14081753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of pseudorabies (PR), infecting most mammals and some birds. It has been prevalent around the world and caused huge economic losses to the swine industry since its discovery. At present, the prevention of PRV is mainly through vaccination; there are few specific antivirals against PRV, but it is possible to treat PRV infection effectively with drugs. In recent years, some drugs have been reported to treat PR; however, the variety of anti-pseudorabies drugs is limited, and the underlying mechanism of the antiviral effect of some drugs is unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new drug targets for PRV and develop economic and efficient drug resources for prevention and control of PRV. This review will focus on the research progress in drugs and drug targets against PRV in recent years, and discuss the future research prospects of anti-PRV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Shinuo Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (S.Z.)
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14
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Pseudorabies Virus: From Pathogenesis to Prevention Strategies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081638. [PMID: 36016260 PMCID: PMC9414054 DOI: 10.3390/v14081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease (AD), is a highly infectious viral disease which is caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). It has been nearly 200 years since the first PR case occurred. Currently, the virus can infect human beings and various mammals, including pigs, sheep, dogs, rabbits, rodents, cattle and cats, and among them, pigs are the only natural host of PRV infection. PRV is characterized by reproductive failure in pregnant sows, nervous disorders in newborn piglets, and respiratory distress in growing pigs, resulting in serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Due to the extensive application of the attenuated vaccine containing the Bartha-K61 strain, PR was well controlled. With the variation of PRV strain, PR re-emerged and rapidly spread in some countries, especially China. Although researchers have been committed to the design of diagnostic methods and the development of vaccines in recent years, PR is still an important infectious disease and is widely prevalent in the global pig industry. In this review, we introduce the structural composition and life cycle of PRV virions and then discuss the latest findings on PRV pathogenesis, following the molecular characteristic of PRV and the summary of existing diagnosis methods. Subsequently, we also focus on the latest clinical progress in the prevention and control of PRV infection via the development of vaccines, traditional herbal medicines and novel small RNAs. Lastly, we provide an outlook on PRV eradication.
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15
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Chen X, Wang R, Hu H, Zhao X, Yin Z, Zou Y, Li L, Jia R, Zhang Y, Song X. Antiviral effect of an extract from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome in mice infected with pseudorabies virus. J Virol Methods 2022; 307:114573. [PMID: 35779703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV) is one of the most important herpesviruses which can cause severe diseases in many mammals and some avian species. In recent years, repeated outbreaks of pseudorabies worldwide indicated an urgent need for new control measures. The results described in this study demonstrated that an extract prepared from the rhizome of Kaempferia galanga L (Kge), which consisted of flavonoids (2.82%), saccharides (61.37%), phenols (1.22%) and saponins (3.10%), possessed a potent anti-PrV activity. In PK-15 cells, Kge treatment inhibited PrV-induced cell death by more than 90% at a dose of 200 μg/mL. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 55.85 μg/mL. In the PrV-infected mice treated with Kge, the survival rate was up to 60% at day 6 post-infection, while the infected mice without Kge treatment all died. The virus titers in the brains of the Kge-treated infected mice were significantly reduced. Kge treatment also alleviated the severity of the PrV-induced lesions in the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. Kge exhibited immune-regulating activity through the regulation of cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α) in the serum of PrV-infected mice, suggesting that one possible mechanism of anti-PrV activity was through the regulation of immune function. These results suggested that Kge could be a promising drug candidate for treating PrV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaiyue Hu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xufan Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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16
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Chen X, Song X, Li L, Chen Y, Jia R, Zou Y, Wan H, Zhao L, Tang H, Lv C, Zhao X, Yin Z. Resveratrol Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Replication by Targeting IE180 Protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:891978. [PMID: 35722304 PMCID: PMC9203040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic product in red wine and peanuts and has many pharmacological activities in humans. Our previous studies showed that resveratrol has good antiviral activity against the pseudorabies virus (PRV). However, little is known about the antiviral mechanism of resveratrol against PRV. In this study, we found that resveratrol inhibited the nuclear localization of IE180 protein, which is an important step for activating early/late genes transcription. Interestingly, the results show that resveratrol inhibited the activity of IE180 protein by dual-luciferase assay. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis shows that resveratrol could bind to the Thr601, Ser603, and Pro606 of IE180 protein. Point mutation assay confirmed that resveratrol lost its inhibition activity against the mutant IE180 protein. The results demonstrate that resveratrol exerts its antiviral activity against PRV by targeting the Thr601/Ser603/Pro606 sites of IE180 protein and inhibiting the transcriptional activation activity of IE180 protein. This study provides a novel insight into the antiviral mechanism of resveratrol against herpes viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiu Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaqin Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongping Wan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Zhang X, Xie J, Gao M, Yan Z, Chen L, Wei S, Feng R. Pseudorabies Virus ICP0 Abolishes Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced NF-κB Activation by Degrading P65. Viruses 2022; 14:954. [PMID: 35632696 PMCID: PMC9142898 DOI: 10.3390/v14050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is involved in a wide range of innate immune activities in host cells and serves as an important component of a host's immunity system. To survive in infected cells, viruses have evolved intricate strategies to evade the host immune response. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a member of the alpha herpesvirus family and is capable of causing reproductive and neurological dysfunction in pigs. PRV has a large DNA genome and therefore has the ability to encode numerous proteins that modulate host innate immune responses. In the present study, we demonstrated that the PRV-encoded immediate early protein ICP0 inhibits the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. An in-depth study showed that ICP0 protein was able to limit NF-κB activation and decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8). In addition, ICP0 blocked the activation of NF-κB through interacting with p65, degrading its protein expression and limiting its phosphorylation. PRV protein ICP0 is shown for the first time to enable escape from innate immune response through the regulation of NF-κB during PRV infection. These results illustrate that PRV ICP0 is able to block NF-κB activation. This mechanism may represent a critical role in the early events leading to PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Jingying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Ming Gao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Zhenfang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Suocheng Wei
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
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Low-Concentration T-2 Toxin Attenuates Pseudorabies Virus Replication in Porcine Kidney 15 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020121. [PMID: 35202147 PMCID: PMC8876018 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies, caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), is the main highly infectious disease that severely affects the pig industry globally. T-2 toxin (T2), a significant mycotoxin, is widely spread in food and feeds and shows high toxicity to mammals. The potential mechanism of the interaction between viruses and toxins is of great research value because revealing this mechanism may provide new ideas for their joint prevention and control. In this study, we investigated the effect of T2 on PRV replication and the mechanism of action. The results showed that at a low dose (10 nM), T2 had no significant effect on porcine kidney 15 (PK15) cell viability. However, this T2 concentration alleviated PRV-induced cell injury and increased cell survival time. Additionally, the number of PK15 cells infected with PRV significantly reduced by T2 treatment. Similarly, T2 significantly decreased the copy number of PRV. Investigation of the mechanism revealed that 10 nM T2 significantly inhibits PRV replication and leads to downregulation of oxidative stress- and apoptosis-related genes. These results suggest that oxidative stress and apoptosis are involved in the inhibition of PRV replication in PK15 cells by low-concentration T2. Taken together, we demonstrated the protective effects of T2 against PRV infection. A low T2 concentration inhibited the replication of PRV in PK15 cells, and this process was accompanied by downregulation of the oxidative stress and apoptosis signaling pathways. Our findings partly explain the interaction mechanism between T2 and PRV, relating to oxidative stress and apoptosis, though further research is required.
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Liu P, Hu D, Yuan L, Lian Z, Yao X, Zhu Z, Nowotny N, Shi Y, Li X. Meclizine Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Replication by Interfering With Virus Entry and Release. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:795593. [PMID: 35003025 PMCID: PMC8727530 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.795593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a pathogen that causes substantial economic losses to the swine industry. With the emergence and widespread of PRV variants since 2011 in China, current commercial vaccines cannot provide complete protection against PRV infection. Therefore, antiviral drugs may work as an alternative way to control and prevent PRV. In this study, the inhibitory effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of meclizine against PRV were studied. Meclizine displayed a significant inhibitory effect against PRV when it was added before, simultaneously with, or after virus infection. The inhibitory effect of meclizine occurred during viral entry and cell-to-cell spreading but not at viral attachment into PK-15 cells. Meclizine also inhibited viral particle release at the late stage of infection. The antiviral effect of meclizine was tested in mice, and the results showed that meclizine reduced the severity of clinical symptoms and the viral loads in tissues, and delayed the death, after PRV challenge. The above results indicated that meclizine had an inhibitory effect on PRV. Our findings will contribute to the development of potential therapeutic drugs against PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panrao Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Danhe Hu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lili Yuan
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengmin Lian
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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20
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Singla RK, He X, Chopra H, Tsagkaris C, Shen L, Kamal MA, Shen B. Natural Products for the Prevention and Control of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Sustainable Bioresources. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:758159. [PMID: 34925017 PMCID: PMC8671886 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.758159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The world has been unprecedentedly hit by a global pandemic which broke the record of deadly pandemics that faced humanity ever since its existence. Even kids are well-versed in the terminologies and basics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 now. The vaccination program has been successfully launched in various countries, given that the huge global population of concern is still far behind to be vaccinated. Furthermore, the scarcity of any potential drug against the COVID-19-causing virus forces scientists and clinicians to search for alternative and complementary medicines on a war-footing basis. Aims and Objectives: The present review aims to cover and analyze the etiology and epidemiology of COVID-19, the role of intestinal microbiota and pro-inflammatory markers, and most importantly, the natural products to combat this deadly SARS-CoV-2 virus. Methods: A primary literature search was conducted through PubMed and Google Scholar using relevant keywords. Natural products were searched from January 2020 to November 2020. No timeline limit has been imposed on the search for the biological sources of those phytochemicals. Interactive mapping has been done to analyze the multi-modal and multi-target sources. Results and Discussion: The intestinal microbiota and the pro-inflammatory markers that can serve the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19 were discussed. The literature search resulted in yielding 70 phytochemicals and ten polyherbal formulations which were scientifically analyzed against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its targets and found significant. Retrospective analyses led to provide information about 165 biological sources that can also be screened if not done earlier. Conclusion: The interactive analysis mapping of biological sources with phytochemicals and targets as well as that of phytochemical class with phytochemicals and COVID-19 targets yielded insights into the multitarget and multimodal evidence-based complementary medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K. Singla
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Xuefei He
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India
| | | | - Li Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing/Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
| | - Bairong Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Caragana rosea Turcz Methanol Extract Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB/IRF3 Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216660. [PMID: 34771068 PMCID: PMC8586996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caragana rosea Turcz, which belongs to the Leguminosae family, is a small shrub found in Northern and Eastern China that is known to possess anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat fever, asthma, and cough. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory effects are unknown. Therefore, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the anti-inflammatory activities of a methanol extract of Caragana rosea (Cr-ME). We showed that Cr-ME reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and mRNA levels of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner. We also found that Cr-ME blocked MyD88- and TBK1-induced NF-κB and IRF3 promoter activity, suggesting that it affects multiple targets. Moreover, Cr-ME reduced the phosphorylation levels of IκBα, IKKα/β and IRF3 in a time-dependent manner and regulated the upstream NF-κB proteins Syk and Src, and the IRF3 protein TBK1. Upon overexpression of Src and TBK1, Cr-ME stimulation attenuated the phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunits p50 and p65 and IRF3 signaling. Together, our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of Cr-ME occurs by inhibiting the NF-κB and IRF3 signaling pathways.
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22
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Abstract
Background Suid herpesvirus type 1 (SHV1) is a type of neurotropic virus able to infect various species. However, the clinical cases of human SHV1 encephalitis are still rarely reported, and the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of human SHV1 encephalitis are still unclear. Methods In this study, we reported 2 cases of human encephalitis associated with SHV1 infection and reviewed the other 18 cases from the literatures. A total of 20 cases with human SHV1 encephalitis were summarized and re-analyzed. Results Nineteen of 20 patients had a history of swine-related occupational exposure before illness onset. All patients initially presented with influenza-like symptoms and then developed seizures, disturbed consciousness, and endophthalmitis. All patients with clinical outcome of modified Rankin Scale of 5 or 6 suffered from rapid progressive respiratory failure. The results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicated aseptic or viral infection. MRI findings of SHV1 encephalitis were prone to distribute in temporal-frontal and insular cortex, which was similar to the pattern of herpes simplex virus encephalitis, while some cases with involvements of gray matter nuclei had a high rate of mortality. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) revealed that all patients had unique SHV1 sequences with variable reads in the CSF. Conclusions The variant SHV1 can cause a new type of human viral encephalitis, characterized by acute, fulminating, and catastrophic central nervous system infection. Rapid progressive respiratory failure and extensive lesions of deep gray matter nuclei might be indicators to poor prognosis. No approved treatments for the encephalitis are available, but it is possible to diagnose encephalitis quickly by mNGS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10072-021-05633-0.
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23
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Tagde P, Tagde S, Tagde P, Bhattacharya T, Monzur SM, Rahman MH, Otrisal P, Behl T, ul Hassan SS, Abdel-Daim MM, Aleya L, Bungau S. Nutraceuticals and Herbs in Reducing the Risk and Improving the Treatment of COVID-19 by Targeting SARS-CoV-2. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091266. [PMID: 34572452 PMCID: PMC8468567 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide transmission of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a deadly or devastating disease is known to affect thousands of people every day, many of them dying all over the planet. The main reason for the massive effect of COVID-19 on society is its unpredictable spread, which does not allow for proper planning or management of this disease. Antibiotics, antivirals, and other prescription drugs, necessary and used in therapy, obviously have side effects (minor or significant) on the affected person, there are still not clear enough studies to elucidate their combined effect in this specific treatment, and existing protocols are sometimes unclear and uncertain. In contrast, it has been found that nutraceuticals, supplements, and various herbs can be effective in reducing the chances of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also in alleviating COVID-19 symptoms. However, not enough specific details are yet available, and precise scientific studies to validate the approved benefits of natural food additives, probiotics, herbs, and nutraceuticals will need to be standardized according to current regulations. These alternative treatments may not have a direct effect on the virus or reduce the risk of infection with it, but these products certainly stimulate the human immune system so that the body is better prepared to fight the disease. This paper aims at a specialized literary foray precisely in the field of these “cures” that can provide real revelations in the therapy of coronavirus infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Tagde
- Bhabha Pharmacy Research Institute, Bhabha University, Bhopal 462026, India
- PRISAL Foundation, Pharmaceutical Royal International Society, Bhopal 462042, India;
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (M.H.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandeep Tagde
- PRISAL Foundation, Pharmaceutical Royal International Society, Bhopal 462042, India;
| | - Pooja Tagde
- Practice of Medicine Department, Government Homeopathic Medical College, Bhopal 462003, India;
| | - Tanima Bhattacharya
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Hubei 430062, China;
- Techno India NJR Institute of Technology, Udaipur 313003, India
| | | | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (M.H.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Pavel Otrisal
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, 77111 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jedah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment CNRS 6249, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (M.H.R.); (S.B.)
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24
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Li L, Wang R, Hu H, Chen X, Yin Z, Liang X, He C, Yin L, Ye G, Zou Y, Yue G, Tang H, Jia R, Song X. The antiviral activity of kaempferol against pseudorabies virus in mice. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:247. [PMID: 34275451 PMCID: PMC8287772 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the Alphaherpesviruses, is one of the most important pathogens that harm the global pig industry. Accumulated evidence indicated that PRV could infect humans under certain circumstances, inducing severe clinical symptoms such as acute human encephalitis. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs to treat PRV infections, and vaccines available only for swine could not provide full protection. Thus, new control measures are urgently needed. Results In the present study, kaempferol exhibited anti-PRV activity in mice through improving survival rate by 22.22 %, which was higher than acyclovir (Positive control) with the survival rate of 16.67 % at 6 days post infection (dpi); meanwhile, the survival rate was 0 % at 6 dpi in the infected-untreated group. Kaempferol could inhibit the virus replication in the brain, lung, kidney, heart and spleen, especially the viral gene copies were reduced by over 700-fold in the brain, which was further confirmed by immunohistochemical examination. The pathogenic changes induced by PRV infection in these organs were also alleviated. The transcription of the only immediate-early gene IE180 in the brain was significantly inhibited by kaempferol, leading to the decreased transcriptional levels of the early genes (EPO and TK). The expression of latency-associated transcript (LAT) was also inhibited in the brain, which suggested that kaempferol could inhibit PRV latency. Kaempferol-treatment could induce higher levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the serum at 3 dpi which were then declined to normal levels at 5 dpi. Conclusions These results suggested that kaempferol was expected to be a new alternative control measure for PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaiyue Hu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Guizhou Yue
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014, Ya'an, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China.
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25
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Zhao X, Wang X, Shukla R, Kumar R, Weingarth M, Breukink E, Kuipers OP. Brevibacillin 2V, a Novel Antimicrobial Lipopeptide With an Exceptionally Low Hemolytic Activity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693725. [PMID: 34220785 PMCID: PMC8245773 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial non-ribosomally produced peptides (NRPs) form a rich source of antibiotics, including more than 20 of these antibiotics that are used in the clinic, such as penicillin G, colistin, vancomycin, and chloramphenicol. Here we report the identification, purification, and characterization of a novel NRP, i.e., brevibacillin 2V (lipo-tridecapeptide), from Brevibacillus laterosporus DSM 25. Brevibacillin 2V has a strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacterial pathogens (minimum inhibitory concentration = 2 mg/L), including difficult-to-treat antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Notably, brevibacillin 2V has a much lower hemolytic activity (HC50 > 128 mg/L) and cytotoxicity (CC50 = 45.49 ± 0.24 mg/L) to eukaryotic cells than previously reported NRPs of the lipo-tridecapeptide family, including other brevibacillins, which makes it a promising candidate for antibiotic development. In addition, our results demonstrate that brevibacillins display a synergistic action with established antibiotics against Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Probably due to the presence of non-canonical amino acids and D-amino acids, brevibacillin 2V showed good stability in human plasma. Thus, we identified and characterized a novel and promising antimicrobial candidate (brevibacillin 2V) with low hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity, which can be used either on its own or as a template for further total synthesis and modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghong Zhao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rhythm Shukla
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raj Kumar
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Markus Weingarth
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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26
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Zhao X, Kuipers OP. BrevicidineB, a New Member of the Brevicidine Family, Displays an Extended Target Specificity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693117. [PMID: 34177875 PMCID: PMC8219939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The group of bacterial non-ribosomally produced peptides (NRPs) has formed a rich source for drug development. Brevicidine, a bacterial non-ribosomally produced cyclic lipo-dodecapeptide, displays selective antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative pathogens. Here, we show that brevicidineB, which contains a single substitution (Tyr2 to Phe2) in the amino acid sequence of the linear part of brevicidine, has a broadened antimicrobial spectrum, showing bactericidal activity against both Gram-negative (with a MIC value of 2 to 4 mg/L) and Gram-positive (with a MIC value of 2 to 8 mg/L) pathogens. Compared with an earlier reported member of the brevicidine family, the broadened antimicrobial spectrum of brevicidineB is caused by its increased membrane disruptive capacity on Gram-positive pathogens, which was evidenced by fluorescence microscopy assays. In addition, DiSC3(5) and resazurin assays show that brevicidine and brevicidineB exert their antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria via disrupting the proton motive force of cells. Notably, as a brevicidine family member, brevicidineB also showed neither hemolytic activity nor cytotoxicity at a high concentration of 64 mg/L. This study provides a promising antibiotic candidate (brevicidineB) with a broad antimicrobial spectrum, and provides novel insights into the antimicrobial mode of action of brevicidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghong Zhao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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27
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Nain Z, Rana HK, Liò P, Islam SMS, Summers MA, Moni MA. Pathogenetic profiling of COVID-19 and SARS-like viruses. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:1175-1196. [PMID: 32778874 PMCID: PMC7454314 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has recently emerged, causing COVID-19 outbreaks and significant societal/global disruption. Importantly, COVID-19 infection resembles SARS-like complications. However, the lack of knowledge about the underlying genetic mechanisms of COVID-19 warrants the development of prospective control measures. In this study, we employed whole-genome alignment and digital DNA-DNA hybridization analyses to assess genomic linkage between 2019-nCoV and other coronaviruses. To understand the pathogenetic behavior of 2019-nCoV, we compared gene expression datasets of viral infections closest to 2019-nCoV with four COVID-19 clinical presentations followed by functional enrichment of shared dysregulated genes. Potential chemical antagonists were also identified using protein-chemical interaction analysis. Based on phylogram analysis, the 2019-nCoV was found genetically closest to SARS-CoVs. In addition, we identified 562 upregulated and 738 downregulated genes (adj. P ≤ 0.05) with SARS-CoV infection. Among the dysregulated genes, SARS-CoV shared ≤19 upregulated and ≤22 downregulated genes with each of different COVID-19 complications. Notably, upregulation of BCL6 and PFKFB3 genes was common to SARS-CoV, pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome, while they shared CRIP2, NSG1 and TNFRSF21 genes in downregulation. Besides, 14 genes were common to different SARS-CoV comorbidities that might influence COVID-19 disease. We also observed similarities in pathways that can lead to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV diseases. Finally, protein-chemical interactions suggest cyclosporine, resveratrol and quercetin as promising drug candidates against COVID-19 as well as other SARS-like viral infections. The pathogenetic analyses, along with identified biomarkers, signaling pathways and chemical antagonists, could prove useful for novel drug development in the fight against the current global 2019-nCoV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulkar Nain
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, East West University, Bangladesh
| | - Humayan Kabir Rana
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Green University of Bangladesh
| | - Pietro Liò
- Artificial Intelligence Group at the University of Cambridge
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28
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Abedini E, Khodadadi E, Zeinalzadeh E, Moaddab SR, Asgharzadeh M, Mehramouz B, Dao S, Samadi Kafil H. A Comprehensive Study on the Antimicrobial Properties of Resveratrol as an Alternative Therapy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:8866311. [PMID: 33815561 PMCID: PMC7987421 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8866311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenolic antioxidant whose possible health benefits include anticarcinogenic, antiaging, and antimicrobial properties that have gained significant attention. The compound is well accepted by individuals and has been commonly used as a nutraceutical in recent decades. Its widespread usage makes it essential to study as a single agent as well as in combination with traditional prescription antibiotics as regards to antimicrobial properties. Resveratrol demonstrates the action of antimicrobials against a remarkable bacterial diversity, viruses, and fungus. This report explains resveratrol as an all-natural antimicrobial representative. It may modify the bacterial virulence qualities resulting in decreased toxic substance production, biofilm inhibition, motility reduction, and quorum sensing disturbance. Moreover, in conjunction with standard antibiotics, resveratrol improves aminoglycoside efficacy versus Staphylococcus aureus, while it antagonizes the deadly function of fluoroquinolones against S. aureus and also Escherichia coli. The present study aimed to thoroughly review and study the antimicrobial potency of resveratrol, expected to help researchers pave the way for solving antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Abedini
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsaneh Khodadadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Zeinalzadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Reza Moaddab
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asgharzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Mehramouz
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sounkalo Dao
- Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-Stomatologie (FMPOS), University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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29
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Tan L, Yao J, Yang Y, Luo W, Yuan X, Yang L, Wang A. Current Status and Challenge of Pseudorabies Virus Infection in China. Virol Sin 2021; 36:588-607. [PMID: 33616892 PMCID: PMC7897889 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease, is a highly infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). Without specific host tropism, PRV can infect a wide variety of mammals, including pig, sheep, cattle, etc., thereby causing severe clinical symptoms and acute death. PRV was firstly reported in China in 1950s, while outbreaks of emerging PRV variants have been documented in partial regions since 2011, leading to significant economic losses in swine industry. Although scientists have been devoting to the design of diagnostic approaches and the development of vaccines during the past years, PR remains a vital infectious disease widely prevalent in Chinese pig industry. Especially, its potential threat to human health has also attracted the worldwide attention. In this review, we will provide a summary of current understanding of PRV in China, mainly focusing on PRV history, the existing diagnosis methods, PRV prevalence in pig population and other susceptible mammals, molecular characteristics, and the available vaccines against its infection. Additionally, promising agents including traditional Chinese herbal medicines and novel inhibitors that may be employed to treat this viral infection, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Yadi Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Huaihua Vocational and Technical College, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Xiaomin Yuan
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lingchen Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Aibing Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China.
- PCB Biotechnology LLC, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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Lehman CW, Kehn-Hall K, Aggarwal M, Bracci NR, Pan HC, Panny L, Lamb RA, Lin SC. Resveratrol Inhibits Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection by Interfering with the AKT/GSK Pathway. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020346. [PMID: 33673026 PMCID: PMC7918260 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The host proteins Protein Kinase B (AKT) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) are associated with multiple neurodegenerative disorders. They are also important for the replication of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), thereby making the AKT/GSK-3 pathway an attractive target for developing anti-VEEV therapeutics. Resveratrol, a natural phytochemical, has been shown to substantially inhibit the AKT pathway. Therefore, we attempted to explore whether it exerts any antiviral activity against VEEV. In this study, we utilized green fluorescent protein (GFP)- and luciferase-encoding recombinant VEEV to determine the cytotoxicity and antiviral efficacy via luciferase reporter assays, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescent assays. Our results indicate that resveratrol treatment is capable of inhibiting VEEV replication, resulting in increased viability of Vero and U87MG cells as well as reduced virion production and viral RNA contents within host cells for at least 48 h with a single treatment. Furthermore, the suppression of apoptotic signaling adaptors, caspase-3, caspase-7, and annexin V may also be implicated in resveratrol-mediated antiviral activity. We found that decreased phosphorylation of the AKT/GSK-3 pathway, mediated by resveratrol, can be triggered during the early stages of VEEV infection, suggesting that resveratrol disrupts the viral replication cycle and consequently promotes cell survival. Finally, molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies revealed that resveratrol can directly bind to VEEV glycoproteins, which may interfere with virus attachment and entry. In conclusion, our results suggest that resveratrol exerts inhibitory activity against VEEV infection and upon further modification could be a useful compound to study in neuroprotective research and veterinary sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin W. Lehman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.W.L.); (K.K.-H.); (N.R.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.W.L.); (K.K.-H.); (N.R.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Megha Aggarwal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; (M.A.); (R.A.L.)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Nicole R. Bracci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.W.L.); (K.K.-H.); (N.R.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Han-Chi Pan
- National Center Animal Laboratory, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 11599, Taiwan;
| | - Lauren Panny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.W.L.); (K.K.-H.); (N.R.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Robert A. Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; (M.A.); (R.A.L.)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shih-Chao Lin
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 202301, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Adefovir dipivoxil efficiently inhibits the proliferation of pseudorabies virus in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2021; 186:105014. [PMID: 33422610 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since 2011, highly pathogenic pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants that emerged on many farms in China have posed major economic burdens to the animal industry and have even recently caused several human cases of viral encephalitis. Currently, there are no approved effective drugs to treat PRV associated diseases in humans or pigs. Thus, it is important to develop a new effective drug for the treatment of PRV infection. To this end, we established a novel rapid method to screen drugs against PRV from 1818 kinds of small molecular drugs approved by the FDA. Using this method, we identified 21 kinds of them that can strongly suppress the proliferation of PRV. Mitoxantrone, puromycin dihydrochloride, mitoxantrone hydrochloride and adefovir dipivoxil effectively inhibited PRV in vitro. Of them, only adefovir dipivoxil could potently protect mice against lethal PRV infection. Our work identifies several kinds of potential therapeutics against PRV and may offer important guidance for controlling PRV epidemics and treating associated diseases in humans and animals.
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Kumar A, Singh AK, Tripathi G. Phytochemicals as Potential Curative Agents against Viral Infection: A Review. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200910093524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present pandemic erupted due to highly contagious coronavirus SARS-CoV-
2, and lack of any efficient therapy to restrain its infection and treatment, led the scientific
community to re-evaluate the efficacy of commonly available phytochemicals as potential
therapeutic agents. The vast pharmacological activities and medicinal significance of the
plant-derived natural products against a diverse range of physiological disorders and diseases
are well documented. Under the current health emergency across the world, there is an
urgent requirement of repurposing of the available FDA approved drugs and natural products
which could help in controlling the infections and alleviating the severity of the diseases
as discovering entirely new chemical entity as a novel drug would be a protracted and
costly journey. Some of the phytochemicals have already displayed potential anti-viral
activity against different targets of SARS-CoV-2 virus. The present review would provide an account of the
prevalent phytochemicals with antiviral activities, which would help in the development of promising drug therapy
for the treatment of COVID-19 and similar such highly infectious viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar, India
| | - Garima Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, T. N. B. College, TMBU, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India
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Al-Horani RA, Kar S. Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics That Target the Post-Entry Stages of the Viral Life Cycle: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2020; 12:E1092. [PMID: 32993173 PMCID: PMC7600245 DOI: 10.3390/v12101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to challenge health care systems around the world. Scientists and pharmaceutical companies have promptly responded by advancing potential therapeutics into clinical trials at an exponential rate. Initial encouraging results have been realized using remdesivir and dexamethasone. Yet, the research continues so as to identify better clinically relevant therapeutics that act either as prophylactics to prevent the infection or as treatments to limit the severity of COVID-19 and substantially decrease the mortality rate. Previously, we reviewed the potential therapeutics in clinical trials that block the early stage of the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize potential anti-COVID-19 therapeutics that block/inhibit the post-entry stages of the viral life cycle. The review presents not only the chemical structures and mechanisms of the potential therapeutics under clinical investigation, i.e., listed in clinicaltrials.gov, but it also describes the relevant results of clinical trials. Their anti-inflammatory/immune-modulatory effects are also described. The reviewed therapeutics include small molecules, polypeptides, and monoclonal antibodies. At the molecular level, the therapeutics target viral proteins or processes that facilitate the post-entry stages of the viral infection. Frequent targets are the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the viral proteases such as papain-like protease (PLpro) and main protease (Mpro). Overall, we aim at presenting up-to-date details of anti-COVID-19 therapeutics so as to catalyze their potential effective use in fighting the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A. Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
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Pandey P, Rane JS, Chatterjee A, Kumar A, Khan R, Prakash A, Ray S. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of COVID-19 with naturally occurring phytochemicals: an in silico study for drug development. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:6306-6316. [PMID: 32698689 PMCID: PMC7441770 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1796811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spike glycoprotein, a class I fusion protein harboring the surface of SARS-CoV-2
(SARS-CoV-2S), plays a seminal role in the viral infection starting from recognition of
the host cell surface receptor, attachment to the fusion of the viral envelope with the
host cells. Spike glycoprotein engages host Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)
receptors for entry into host cells, where the receptor recognition and attachment of
spike glycoprotein to the ACE2 receptors is a prerequisite step and key determinant of the
host cell and tissue tropism. Binding of spike glycoprotein to the ACE2 receptor triggers
a cascade of structural transitions, including transition from a metastable pre-fusion to
a post-fusion form, thereby allowing membrane fusion and internalization of the virus.
From ancient times people have relied on naturally occurring substances like
phytochemicals to fight against diseases and infection. Among these phytochemicals,
flavonoids and non-flavonoids have been the active sources of different anti-microbial
agents. We performed molecular docking studies using 10 potential naturally occurring
compounds (flavonoids/non-flavonoids) against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and compared
their affinity with an FDA approved repurposed drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Further, our
molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and energy landscape studies with fisetin, quercetin,
and kamferol revealed that these molecules bind with the hACE2-S complex with low binding
free energy. The study provided an indication that these molecules might have the
potential to perturb the binding of hACE2-S complex. In addition, ADME analysis also
suggested that these molecules consist of drug-likeness property, which may be further
explored as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Pandey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Jitendra Subhash Rane
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Aroni Chatterjee
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Virus Research Laboratory, NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, India
| | - Rajni Khan
- Motihari College of Engineering, Motihari, India
| | - Amresh Prakash
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
| | - Shashikant Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, India
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Lo Muzio L, Bizzoca ME, Ravagnan G. New intriguing possibility for prevention of coronavirus pneumonitis: Natural purified polyphenols. Oral Dis 2020; 28 Suppl 1:899-903. [PMID: 32597513 PMCID: PMC7361353 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Bio-Oncologia, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Giampietro Ravagnan
- Microbiology Ca' Foscari University, Venice, Italy.,Institute of Translational Pharmacology of Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Pseudorabies Virus Infection of Epithelial Cells Leads to Persistent but Aberrant Activation of the NF-κB Pathway, Inhibiting Hallmark NF-κB-Induced Proinflammatory Gene Expression. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00196-20. [PMID: 32132236 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00196-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a potent transcription factor, activation of which typically results in robust proinflammatory signaling and triggering of fast negative feedback modulators to avoid excessive inflammatory responses. Here, we report that infection of epithelial cells, including primary porcine respiratory epithelial cells, with the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) results in the gradual and persistent activation of NF-κB, illustrated by proteasome-dependent degradation of the inhibitory NF-κB regulator IκB and nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit p65. PRV-induced persistent activation of NF-κB does not result in expression of negative feedback loop genes, like the gene for IκBα or A20, and does not trigger expression of prototypical proinflammatory genes, like the gene for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or interleukin-6 (IL-6). In addition, PRV infection inhibits TNF-α-induced canonical NF-κB activation. Hence, PRV infection triggers persistent NF-κB activation in an unorthodox way and dramatically modulates the NF-κB signaling axis, preventing typical proinflammatory gene expression and the responsiveness of cells to canonical NF-κB signaling, which may aid the virus in modulating early proinflammatory responses in the infected host.IMPORTANCE The NF-κB transcription factor is activated via different key inflammatory pathways and typically results in the fast expression of several proinflammatory genes as well as negative feedback loop genes to prevent excessive inflammation. In the current report, we describe that infection of cells with the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) triggers a gradual and persistent aberrant activation of NF-κB, which does not result in expression of hallmark proinflammatory or negative feedback loop genes. In addition, although PRV-induced NF-κB activation shares some mechanistic features with canonical NF-κB activation, it also shows remarkable differences; e.g., it is largely independent of the canonical IκB kinase (IKK) and even renders infected cells resistant to canonical NF-κB activation by the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Aberrant PRV-induced NF-κB activation may therefore paradoxically serve as a viral immune evasion strategy and may represent an important tool to unravel currently unknown mechanisms and consequences of NF-κB activation.
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Rainha J, Gomes D, Rodrigues LR, Rodrigues JL. Synthetic Biology Approaches to Engineer Saccharomyces cerevisiae towards the Industrial Production of Valuable Polyphenolic Compounds. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10050056. [PMID: 32370107 PMCID: PMC7281501 DOI: 10.3390/life10050056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are plant secondary metabolites with diverse biological and potential therapeutic activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer, among others. However, their extraction from the native plants is not enough to satisfy the increasing demand for this type of compounds. The development of microbial cell factories to effectively produce polyphenols may represent the most attractive solution to overcome this limitation and produce high amounts of these bioactive molecules. With the advances in the synthetic biology field, the development of efficient microbial cell factories has become easier, largely due to the development of the molecular biology techniques and by the identification of novel isoenzymes in plants or simpler organisms to construct the heterologous pathways. Furthermore, efforts have been made to make the process more profitable through improvements in the host chassis. In this review, advances in the production of polyphenols by genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as by synthetic biology and metabolic engineering approaches to improve the production of these compounds at industrial settings are discussed.
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Nutrigenomic Effects of Long-Term Grape Pomace Supplementation in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040714. [PMID: 32325906 PMCID: PMC7222749 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grape pomace (GP), the polyphenol-rich agricultural by-product, on dairy cows’ whole-blood transcriptome, milk production and composition. Twelve lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were randomly assigned to two groups; the first received a GP-supplemented diet for 60 days (group GP), whereas the second was given only a basal diet (CTR). The results reveal 40 protein-coding genes differentially expressed in the GP group when compared with the CTR group, but no effects were noticed on milk production, concentrations of crude protein, fat, casein, lactose and urea, or somatic cell count. Compared to CTR, GP had a transcriptomic signature mainly reflecting a reinforced immunogenic response. Abstract The increasing demand for more animal products put pressure on improving livestock production efficiency and sustainability. In this context, advanced animal nutrition studies appear indispensable. Here, the effect of grape pomace (GP), the polyphenol-rich agricultural by-product, was evaluated on Holstein-Friesian cows’ whole-blood transcriptome, milk production and composition. Two experimental groups were set up. The first one received a basal diet and served as a control, while the second one received a 7.5% GP-supplemented diet for a total of 60 days. Milk production and composition were not different between the group; however, the transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 40 genes significantly affected by GP supplementation. Among the most interesting down-regulated genes, we found the DnaJ heat-shock protein family member A1 (DNAJA1), the mitochondrial fission factor (MFF), and the impact RWD domain protein (IMPACT) genes. The gene set enrichment analysis evidenced the positive enrichment of ‘interferon alpha (IFN-α) and IFN-γ response’, ‘IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling’ and ‘complement’ genes. Moreover, the functional analysis denoted positive enrichment of the ‘response to protozoan’ and ‘negative regulation of viral genome replication’ biological processes. Our data provide an overall view of the blood transcriptomic signature after a 60-day GP supplementation in dairy cows which mainly reflects a GP-induced immunomodulatory effect.
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Zhang A, Wan B, Jiang D, Wu Y, Ji P, Du Y, Zhang G. The Cytoprotective Enzyme Heme Oxygenase-1 Suppresses Pseudorabies Virus Replication in vitro. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:412. [PMID: 32231654 PMCID: PMC7082841 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection brings about great economic losses to the swine industry worldwide, as there are currently no effective therapeutic agents or vaccines against this disease, and mutations in endemic wild virulent PRV strains result in immune failure of traditional vaccines. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) catalyzes the conversion of heme into biliverdin (BV), iron and carbon monoxide (CO), all of which have been demonstrated to protect cells from various stressors. However, the role of HO-1 in PRV replication remains unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of HO-1 on PRV replication and determine its underlying molecular mechanisms. The results demonstrated that induction of HO-1 via cobalt-protoporphyrin (CoPP) markedly suppressed PRV replication, while HO-1 specific small interfering RNA or inhibitor zinc-protoporphyrin partially reversed the inhibitory effect of CoPP on PRV replication. Furthermore, overexpression of HO-1 notably inhibited PRV replication, while knockdown of endogenous HO-1 expression promoted PRV replication. Mechanism analyses indicated that the HO-1 downstream metabolites, CO and BV/BR partially mediated the virus suppressive effect of HO-1. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that HO-1 may be developed as a novel endogenous antiviral factor against PRV, and the HO-1/BV/CO system may constitute a unique antiviral protection network during PRV infection and interaction with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angke Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Wan
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengchao Ji
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongkun Du
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Zhang Y, Liu S, Jiang H, Deng H, Dong C, Shen W, Chen H, Gao C, Xiao S, Liu ZF, Wei D. G 2-quadruplex in the 3'UTR of IE180 regulates Pseudorabies virus replication by enhancing gene expression. RNA Biol 2020; 17:816-827. [PMID: 32070191 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1731664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA secondary structure elements in the mRNA 3'-untranslated regions (3'UTR) play important roles in post-transcriptional regulation. RNA structure elements in the viral RNA provide valuable model for studying diverse regulation mechanisms. Herpesvirus genomes are double-stranded DNA with GC-rich sequences, which can be transcribed into abundant GC-rich RNAs. It is valuable to explore the structures and function of those GC-rich RNAs. We identified a G2-quadruplex-forming sequence named PQS18-1 in the 3'UTR of the unique immediate early gene of Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an important member of Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. The RNA PQS18-1 was folded into parallel G-quadruplex structure, enhancing gene expression. Both non-G-quadruplex mutant and G3-quadruplex mutant in the 3'UTR showed lower gene expression level than the wildtype G2-quadruplex. TMPyP4 destroyed PQS18-1 G2-quadruplex and suppressed gene expression, accordingly reducing PRV replication by one titre in the PK15 cells at 24 h post infection. Our findings indicated that the RNA G2-quadruplex in 3'UTR was essential for high expression of IE180 gene, and it could be a specific post-transcription regulation element in response to small molecules or other macromolecules. This study discovers a novel RNA G2-quadruplex in the 3'UTR of an immediate early gene of alphaherpesvirus and provides a new nucleic acid target for anti-virus drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China.,College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China.,College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China
| | - Sisi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China.,College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Deng
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Dong
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China.,College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China.,College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China
| | - Dengguo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China.,College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China
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41
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Effects of Plant and Animal Natural Products on Mitophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6969402. [PMID: 32308807 PMCID: PMC7086453 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6969402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a protected cellular process that is essential for autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria and for preservation of a healthy mitochondrial population. In the last years, a particular interest has been devoted in studying the effects of natural compounds on mitophagy. Different natural compounds may modulate mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, the expression of mitophagy- and autophagy-related genes, and the activities of transcription factors which regulate the expression of mitochondrial proteins, thereby controlling mitochondrial damage and mitophagy. Remarkably, since mitochondrial function has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various diseases (e.g., cancer, atherosclerosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, diabetes complications, Alzheimer's disease, and hepatic steatosis), these effects might have important therapeutic implications. In this review, preclinical studies investigating the role of different natural compounds in the modulation of mitophagy will be discussed.
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Tong W, Chen X, Song X, Chen Y, Jia R, Zou Y, Li L, Yin L, He C, Liang X, Ye G, Lv C, Lin J, Yin Z. Resveratrol inhibits LPS-induced inflammation through suppressing the signaling cascades of TLR4-NF-κB/MAPKs/IRF3. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1824-1834. [PMID: 32104238 PMCID: PMC7027153 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (Res) is a natural compound that possesses anti-inflammatory properties. However, the protective molecular mechanisms of Res against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation have not been fully studied. In the present study, RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of Res, and the subsequent modifications to the LPS-induced signaling pathways caused by Res treatment were examined. It was identified that Res decreased the mRNA levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88, TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 2, which suggested that Res may inhibit the activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway. It suppressed the expression levels of total and phosphorylated TLR4, NF-κB inhibitor, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) proteins. Following treatment with Res or specific inhibitors, the production of pro-inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IFN-β were decreased and the expression of anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 was increased. These results suggested that Res may inhibit the signaling cascades of NF-κB, MAPKs and IRF3, which modulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, Res exhibited a therapeutic effect on LPS-induced inflammation through suppression of the TLR4-NF-κB/MAPKs/IRF3 signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Tong
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Xiangxiu Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yaqin Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Juchun Lin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China
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Chen M, Chen X, Song X, Muhammad A, Jia R, Zou Y, Yin L, Li L, He C, Ye G, Lv C, Zhang W, Yin Z. The immune-adjuvant activity and the mechanism of resveratrol on pseudorabies virus vaccine in a mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 76:105876. [PMID: 31499271 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol had shown various properties before, like immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. Based on these properties, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects and mechanism of resveratrol as an immune-adjuvant for pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine. We found that oral administration of resveratrol to mice significantly increased the number of T lymphocytes in the spleen, and elevated the concentrations of antibodies and cytokines in the serum. Resveratrol (30 mg/kg) could enhance phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophage (PM) by boosting the percentage of phagocytosis, phagocytic index and the level of lysozyme. Resveratrol also enhanced antigen presentation function of PM by upregulating the expressions of CD86 and MHC-II. Further study revealed that resveratrol could increase the protein levels of TLR4, Ikk, IκBα, NF-κB and JNK when compared with non-adjuvant group. These results provide further insight into the mechanism of action in adjuvant activity of resveratrol, and also offer preclinical evidence for development as a PRV vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiangxiu Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Abaidullah Muhammad
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Antiviral Effect of Resveratrol in Piglets Infected with Virulent Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090457. [PMID: 30150559 PMCID: PMC6164078 DOI: 10.3390/v10090457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the most important pathogens of swine, resulting in devastating disease and economic losses worldwide. Nevertheless, there are currently no antiviral drugs available for PRV infection. Resveratrol (Res) was identified to exert its antiviral activity by inhibiting the PRV replication in preliminary investigations. In our previous study, we found that Res has anti-PRV activity in vitro. Here, we show that Res can effectively reduce the mortality and increase the growth performance of PRV-infected piglets. After Res treatment, the viral loads significantly (p < 0.001) decreased. Pathological symptoms, particularly inflammation in the brain caused by PRV infection, were significantly (p < 0.001) relieved by the effects of Res. In Res-treated groups, higher levels of cytokines in serum, including interferon gama, interleukin 12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon alpha were observed at 7 days post infection. These results indicated that Res possesses potent inhibitory activity against PRV-infection through inhibiting viral reproduction, alleviating PRV-induced inflammation and enhancing animal immunity, suggesting that Res is expected to be a new alternative control measure for PRV infection.
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Feng C, Fang P, Zhou Y, Liu L, Fang L, Xiao S, Liang J. Different Effects of His-Au NCs and MES-Au NCs on the Propagation of Pseudorabies Virus. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2018; 2:1800030. [PMID: 31565343 PMCID: PMC6607262 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201800030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In a previous work, gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) are found to inactivate RNA virus, but the effect of surface modification of Au NCs on its proliferation is still largely unknown. Here, the effect of surface modification of Au NCs on the proliferation of pseudorabies virus (PRV) by synthesizing two types of gold clusters with different surface modification, histidine stabilized Au NCs (His-Au NCs) and mercaptoethane sulfonate and histidine stabilized Au NCs (MES-Au NCs), is investigated. His-Au NCs rather than MES-Au NCs could strongly inhibit the proliferation of PRV, as indicated by the results of plaque assay, confocal microscopic analysis, Western blot assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Further study reveals that His-Au NCs perform the function via blockage of the viral replication process rather than the processes of attachment, penetration, or release. Additionally, His-Au NCs are found to be mainly localized to nucleus, while MES-Au NCs are strictly distributed in cytoplasm, which may explain why His-Au NCs can suppress the proliferation of PRV, but not MES-Au NCs. These results demonstrate that surface modification plays a key role in the antiviral effects of Au NCs and a potential antiviral agent can be developed by changing the Au NC surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Feng
- College of ScienceState Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Puxian Fang
- College of Veterinary MedicineState Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- College of Veterinary MedicineState Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Lingzhi Liu
- College of ScienceState Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Liurong Fang
- College of Veterinary MedicineState Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- College of Veterinary MedicineState Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Jiangong Liang
- College of ScienceState Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
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