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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39052606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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2
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Karras F, Kunz M. Patient-derived melanoma models. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 259:155231. [PMID: 38508996 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma is a very aggressive, rapidly metastasizing tumor that has been studied intensively in the past regarding the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms. More recently developed treatment modalities have improved response rates and overall survival of patients. However, the majority of patients suffer from secondary treatment resistance, which requires in depth analyses of the underlying mechanisms. Here, melanoma models based on patients-derived material may play an important role. Consequently, a plethora of different experimental techniques have been developed in the past years. Among these are 3D and 4D culture techniques, organotypic skin reconstructs, melanoma-on-chip models and patient-derived xenografts, Every technique has its own strengths but also weaknesses regarding throughput, reproducibility, and reflection of the human situation. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of currently used techniques and discuss their use in different experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Karras
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
| | - Manfred Kunz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 23, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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3
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Lekkala VKR, Kang SY, Liu J, Shrestha S, Acharya P, Joshi P, Zolfaghar M, Lee M, Vanga MG, Jamdagneya P, Pagnis S, Kundi A, Kabbur S, Kim UT, Yang Y, Lee MY. A Pillar/Perfusion Plate Enhances Cell Growth, Reproducibility, Throughput, and User Friendliness in Dynamic 3D Cell Culture. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3478-3488. [PMID: 38695610 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Static three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has been demonstrated in ultralow attachment well plates, hanging droplet plates, and microtiter well plates with hydrogels or magnetic nanoparticles. Although it is simple, reproducible, and relatively inexpensive, thus potentially used for high-throughput screening, statically cultured 3D cells often suffer from a necrotic core due to limited nutrient and oxygen diffusion and waste removal and have a limited in vivo-like tissue structure. Here, we overcome these challenges by developing a pillar/perfusion plate platform and demonstrating high-throughput, dynamic 3D cell culture. Cell spheroids were loaded on the pillar plate with hydrogel by simple sandwiching and encapsulation and cultured dynamically in the perfusion plate on a digital rocker. Unlike traditional microfluidic devices, fast flow velocity was maintained within perfusion wells and the pillar plate was separated from the perfusion plate for cell-based assays. It was compatible with common lab equipment and allowed cell culture, testing, staining, and imaging in situ. The pillar/perfusion plate enhanced cell growth by rapid diffusion, reproducibility, assay throughput, and user friendliness in a dynamic 3D cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soo-Yeon Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Jiafeng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Prabha Acharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Pranav Joshi
- Bioprinting Laboratories, Inc., Dallas, Texas 75234, United States
| | - Mona Zolfaghar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Minseong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Manav Goud Vanga
- Bioprinting Laboratories, Inc., Dallas, Texas 75234, United States
| | - Paarth Jamdagneya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Sohan Pagnis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Arham Kundi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Samarth Kabbur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Ung Tae Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
- Bioprinting Laboratories, Inc., Dallas, Texas 75234, United States
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4
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Singvogel K, Schittek B. Dormancy of cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:88. [PMID: 38419052 PMCID: PMC10903048 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Many cancer-related deaths including melanoma result from metastases that develop months or years after the initial cancer therapy. Even the most effective drugs and immune therapies rarely eradicate all tumor cells. Instead, they strongly reduce cancer burden, permitting dormant cancer cells to persist in niches, where they establish a cellular homeostasis with their host without causing clinical symptoms. Dormant cancers respond poorly to most drugs and therapies since they do not proliferate and hide in niches. It therefore remains a major challenge to develop novel therapies for dormant cancers. In this review we focus on the mechanisms regulating the initiation of cutaneous melanoma dormancy as well as those which are involved in reawakening of dormant cutaneous melanoma cells. In recent years the role of neutrophils and niche components in reawakening of melanoma cells came into focus and indicate possible future therapeutic applications. Sophisticated in vitro and in vivo melanoma dormancy models are needed to make progress in this field and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Singvogel
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D -72076 , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D -72076 , Tübingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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5
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Komarova AD, Shcheslavskiy VI, Plekhanov AA, Sirotkina MA, Bochkarev LN, Shirmanova MV. Oxygen Assessment in Tumors In Vivo Using Phosphorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2755:91-105. [PMID: 38319571 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3633-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The oxygen level in a tumor is a crucial factor for its development and response to therapies. Phosphorescence lifetime imaging (PLIM) with the use of phosphorescent oxygen probes is a highly sensitive, noninvasive optical technique for the assessment of molecular oxygen in living cells and tissues. Here, we present a protocol for microscopic mapping of oxygen distribution in a mouse tumor model in vivo. We demonstrate that PLIM microscopy, in combination with an Ir(III)-based probe, enables visualization of cellular-level heterogeneity of tumor oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia D Komarova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladislav I Shcheslavskiy
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
- Becker&Hickl GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anton A Plekhanov
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Marina A Sirotkina
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Leonid N Bochkarev
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Metallo-organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Marina V Shirmanova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Zhang B, Richards KD, Jones BE, Collins AR, Sanders R, Needham SR, Qian P, Mahadevegowda A, Ducati C, Botchway SW, Evans RC. Ultra-Small Air-Stable Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Nanoparticles for Anti-Stokes Time-Resolved Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308602. [PMID: 37647167 PMCID: PMC10952532 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Image contrast is often limited by background autofluorescence in steady-state bioimaging microscopy. Upconversion bioimaging can overcome this by shifting the emission lifetime and wavelength beyond the autofluorescence window. Here we demonstrate the first example of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) based lifetime imaging microscopy. A new class of ultra-small nanoparticle (NP) probes based on TTA-UC chromophores encapsulated in an organic-inorganic host has been synthesised. The NPs exhibit bright UC emission (400-500 nm) in aerated aqueous media with a UC lifetime of ≈1 μs, excellent colloidal stability and little cytotoxicity. Proof-of-concept demonstration of TTA-UC lifetime imaging using these NPs shows that the long-lived anti-Stokes emission is easily discriminable from typical autofluorescence. Moreover, fluctuations in the UC lifetime can be used to map local oxygen diffusion across the subcellular structure. Our TTA-UC NPs are highly promising stains for lifetime imaging microscopy, affording excellent image contrast and potential for oxygen mapping that is ripe for further exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Kieran D. Richards
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
| | - Beatrice E. Jones
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
- Diamond Light SourceDidcotOxfordshireOX11 0QXUK
| | - Abigail R. Collins
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
| | - Rosie Sanders
- Central Laser FacilityScience and Technology Facilities CouncilRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell Science and Innovation CampusOxfordshireOX11 0QXUK
| | - Sarah R. Needham
- Central Laser FacilityScience and Technology Facilities CouncilRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell Science and Innovation CampusOxfordshireOX11 0QXUK
| | - Pu Qian
- Materials and Structural AnalysisThermo Fisher ScientificAchtseweg Noord 55651 GGEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Amoghavarsha Mahadevegowda
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
- The Faraday InstitutionQuad OneHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotUK
| | - Caterina Ducati
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
- The Faraday InstitutionQuad OneHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotUK
| | - Stanley W. Botchway
- Central Laser FacilityScience and Technology Facilities CouncilRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell Science and Innovation CampusOxfordshireOX11 0QXUK
| | - Rachel C. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
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Litvinov IK, Belyaeva TN, Salova AV, Aksenov ND, Chelushkin PS, Solomatina AI, Tunik SP, Kornilova ES. The Dual Luminescence Lifetime pH/Oxygen Sensor: Evaluation of Applicability for Intravital Analysis of 2D- and 3D-Cultivated Human Endometrial Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15606. [PMID: 37958592 PMCID: PMC10650141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxygenation of cells and tissues and acidification of the cellular endolysosomal system are among the major factors that ensure normal functioning of an organism and are violated in various pathologies. Recording of these parameters and their changes under various conditions is an important task for both basic research and clinical applications. In the present work, we utilized internalizable dual pH/O2 lifetime sensor (Ir-HSA-FITC) based on the covalent conjugation of human serum albumin (HSA) with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as pH sensor and an orthometalated iridium complex as O2 sensor. The probe was tested for simultaneous detection of acidification level and oxygen concentration in endolysosomes of endometrial mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (enMSCs) cultivated as 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids. Using a combined FLIM/PLIM approach, we found that due to high autofluorescence of enMSCs FITC lifetime signal in control cells was insufficient to estimate pH changes. However, using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we managed to detect the FITC signal response to inhibition of endolysosomal acidification by Bafilomycin A1. The iridium chromophore phosphorescence was detected reliably by all methods used. It was demonstrated that the sensor, accumulated in endolysosomes for 24 h, disappeared from proliferating 2D enMSCs by 72 h, but can still be recorded in non-proliferating spheroids. PLIM showed high sensitivity and responsiveness of iridium chromophore phosphorescence to experimental hypoxia both in 2D and 3D cultures. In spheroids, the phosphorescence signal was detected at a depth of up to 60 μm using PLIM and showed a gradient in the intracellular O2 level towards their center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia K. Litvinov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky av. 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (I.K.L.); (T.N.B.); (A.V.S.); (N.D.A.)
| | - Tatiana N. Belyaeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky av. 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (I.K.L.); (T.N.B.); (A.V.S.); (N.D.A.)
| | - Anna V. Salova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky av. 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (I.K.L.); (T.N.B.); (A.V.S.); (N.D.A.)
| | - Nikolay D. Aksenov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky av. 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (I.K.L.); (T.N.B.); (A.V.S.); (N.D.A.)
| | - Pavel S. Chelushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii av., 26, 198504 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (P.S.C.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Anastasia I. Solomatina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii av., 26, 198504 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (P.S.C.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Sergey P. Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii av., 26, 198504 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (P.S.C.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Elena S. Kornilova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky av. 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (I.K.L.); (T.N.B.); (A.V.S.); (N.D.A.)
- Higher School of Biomedical Systems and Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Khlopina Str. 11, 195251 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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8
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Karan S, Cho MY, Lee H, Kim HM, Park HS, Han EH, Sessler JL, Hong KS. Hypoxia-Directed and Self-Immolative Theranostic Agent: Imaging and Treatment of Cancer and Bacterial Infections. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14175-14187. [PMID: 37823731 PMCID: PMC10614179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The impact of bacteria on cancer progression and treatment is becoming increasingly recognized. Cancer-associated bacteria are linked to metastases, reduced efficacy, and survival challenges. In this study, we present a sensitive hypoxia-activated prodrug, NR-NO2, which comprises an antibiotic combined with a chemotherapeutic. This prodrug demonstrates rapid and robust fluorescence enhancement and exhibits potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as tumor cells. Upon activation, NR-NO2 produces a distinct "fluorescence-on" signal, enabling real-time drug release monitoring. By leveraging elevated nitroreductase in cancer cells, NR-NO2 gives rise to heightened bacterial cytotoxicity while sparing normal cells. In A549 solid tumor-bearing mice, NR-NO2 selectively accumulated at tumor sites, displaying fluorescence signals under hypoxia superior to those of a corresponding prodrug-like control. These findings highlight the potential of NR-NO2 as a promising cancer therapy prodrug that benefits from targeted release, antibacterial impact, and imaging-based guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanu Karan
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
| | - Mi Young Cho
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hyunseung Lee
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Park
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Han
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
- Graduate
School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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9
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Fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetime imaging reveals a significant cell nuclear viscosity and refractive index changes upon DNA damage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:422. [PMID: 36624137 PMCID: PMC9829731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic viscosity is a crucial parameter in determining rates of diffusion-limited reactions. Changes in viscosity are associated with several diseases, whilst nuclear viscosity determines gene integrity, regulation and expression. Yet how drugs including DNA-damaging agents affect viscosity is unknown. We demonstrate the use of a platinum complex, Pt[L]Cl, that localizes efficiently mostly in the nucleus as a probe for nuclear viscosity. The phosphorescence lifetime of Pt[L]Cl is sensitive to viscosity and provides an excellent tool to investigate the impact of DNA damage. We show using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) that the lifetime of both green and red fluorescent proteins (FP) are also sensitive to changes in cellular viscosity and refractive index. However, Pt[L]Cl proved to be a more sensitive viscosity probe, by virtue of microsecond phosphorescence lifetime versus nanosecond fluorescence lifetime of FP, hence greater sensitivity to bimolecular reactions. DNA damage was inflicted by either a two-photon excitation, one-photon excitation microbeam and X-rays. DNA damage of live cells causes significant increase in the lifetime of either Pt[L]Cl (HeLa cells, 12.5-14.1 µs) or intracellularly expressed mCherry (HEK293 cells, 1.54-1.67 ns), but a decrease in fluorescence lifetime of GFP from 2.65 to 2.29 ns (in V15B cells). These values represent a viscosity change from 8.59 to 20.56 cP as well as significant changes in the refractive index (RI), according to independent calibration. Interestingly DNA damage localized to a submicron region following a laser microbeam induction showed a whole cell viscosity change, with those in the nucleus being greater than the cytoplasm. We also found evidence of a by-stander effect, whereby adjacent un-irradiated cells also showed nuclear viscosity change. Finally, an increase in viscosity following DNA damage was also observed in bacterial cells with an over-expressed mNeonGreen FP, evidenced by the change in its lifetime from 2.8 to 2.4 ns.
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10
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Michielon E, de Gruijl TD, Gibbs S. From simplicity to complexity in current melanoma models. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1818-1836. [PMID: 36103206 PMCID: PMC10092692 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent impressive clinical success of immunotherapy against melanoma, development of primary and adaptive resistance against immune checkpoint inhibitors remains a major issue in a large number of treated patients. This highlights the need for melanoma models that replicate the tumor's intricate dynamics in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and associated immune suppression to study possible resistance mechanisms in order to improve current and test novel therapeutics. While two-dimensional melanoma cell cultures have been widely used to perform functional genomics screens in a high-throughput fashion, they are not suitable to answer more complex scientific questions. Melanoma models have also been established in a variety of experimental (humanized) animals. However, due to differences in physiology, such models do not fully represent human melanoma development. Therefore, fully human three-dimensional in vitro models mimicking melanoma cell interactions with the TME are being developed to address this need for more physiologically relevant models. Such models include melanoma organoids, spheroids, and reconstructed human melanoma-in-skin cultures. Still, while major advances have been made to complement and replace animals, these in vitro systems have yet to fully recapitulate human tumor complexity. Lastly, technical advancements have been made in the organ-on-chip field to replicate functions and microstructures of in vivo human tissues and organs. This review summarizes advancements made in understanding and treating melanoma and specifically aims to discuss the progress made towards developing melanoma models, their applications, limitations, and the advances still needed to further facilitate the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Michielon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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A Novel Class of Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes for Solution-Processable OLEDs. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165171. [PMID: 36014412 PMCID: PMC9412278 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Substitution of the chlorido ligand of cyclometalated [Pt (5-R-1,3-di(2-pyridyl) benzene)Cl] (R = methyl, mesityl, 2-thienyl, or 4-diphenylamino-phenyl) by 4-phenylthiazole-2-thiolate leads to related thiolato complexes, which were fully characterized. Their photophysical properties were determined in degassed dichloromethane solution. The emission color of the novel complexes can be easily tuned by the nature of the substituents on the terdentate ligand, as is the case for the parent chlorido complexes. Their luminescence Quantum Yield is high, with that of the compounds with the 2-thienyl or 4-diphenylamino-phenyl substituents being much higher than that of the related chloride complexes. The platinum complex with the cyclometalated 5-(2-thienyl)-1,3-di(2-pyridyl) benzene was used as the emitter for the fabrication of a yellow solution-processable OLED.
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12
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De Soricellis G, Fagnani F, Colombo A, Dragonetti C, Roberto D. Exploring the potential of N^C^N cyclometalated Pt(II) complexes bearing 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene derivatives for imaging and photodynamic therapy. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Quadri M, Marconi A, Sandhu SK, Kiss A, Efimova T, Palazzo E. Investigating Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in vitro and in vivo: Novel 3D Tools and Animal Models. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:875517. [PMID: 35646967 PMCID: PMC9131878 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.875517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC) represents the second most common type of skin cancer, which incidence is continuously increasing worldwide. Given its high frequency, cSCC represents a major public health problem. Therefore, to provide the best patients’ care, it is necessary having a detailed understanding of the molecular processes underlying cSCC development, progression, and invasion. Extensive efforts have been made in developing new models allowing to study the molecular pathogenesis of solid tumors, including cSCC tumors. Traditionally, in vitro studies were performed with cells grown in a two-dimensional context, which, however, does not represent the complexity of tumor in vivo. In the recent years, new in vitro models have been developed aiming to mimic the three-dimensionality (3D) of the tumor, allowing the evaluation of tumor cell-cell and tumor-microenvironment interaction in an in vivo-like setting. These models include spheroids, organotypic cultures, skin reconstructs and organoids. Although 3D models demonstrate high potential to enhance the overall knowledge in cancer research, they lack systemic components which may be solved only by using animal models. Zebrafish is emerging as an alternative xenotransplant model in cancer research, offering a high-throughput approach for drug screening and real-time in vivo imaging to study cell invasion. Moreover, several categories of mouse models were developed for pre-clinical purpose, including xeno- and syngeneic transplantation models, autochthonous models of chemically or UV-induced skin squamous carcinogenesis, and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of cSCC. These models have been instrumental in examining the molecular mechanisms of cSCC and drug response in an in vivo setting. The present review proposes an overview of in vitro, particularly 3D, and in vivo models and their application in cutaneous SCC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Quadri
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marconi
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Simran K Sandhu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.,The George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alexi Kiss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.,The George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tatiana Efimova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.,The George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Elisabetta Palazzo
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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14
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Godet I, Doctorman S, Wu F, Gilkes DM. Detection of Hypoxia in Cancer Models: Significance, Challenges, and Advances. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040686. [PMID: 35203334 PMCID: PMC8869817 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid proliferation of cancer cells combined with deficient vessels cause regions of nutrient and O2 deprivation in solid tumors. Some cancer cells can adapt to these extreme hypoxic conditions and persist to promote cancer progression. Intratumoral hypoxia has been consistently associated with a worse patient prognosis. In vitro, 3D models of spheroids or organoids can recapitulate spontaneous O2 gradients in solid tumors. Likewise, in vivo murine models of cancer reproduce the physiological levels of hypoxia that have been measured in human tumors. Given the potential clinical importance of hypoxia in cancer progression, there is an increasing need to design methods to measure O2 concentrations. O2 levels can be directly measured with needle-type probes, both optical and electrochemical. Alternatively, indirect, noninvasive approaches have been optimized, and include immunolabeling endogenous or exogenous markers. Fluorescent, phosphorescent, and luminescent reporters have also been employed experimentally to provide dynamic measurements of O2 in live cells or tumors. In medical imaging, modalities such as MRI and PET are often the method of choice. This review provides a comparative overview of the main methods utilized to detect hypoxia in cell culture and preclinical models of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Godet
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.D.); (F.W.)
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Steven Doctorman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.D.); (F.W.)
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.D.); (F.W.)
| | - Daniele M. Gilkes
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.D.); (F.W.)
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Mizukami K, Muraoka T, Shiozaki S, Tobita S, Yoshihara T. Near-Infrared Emitting Ir(III) Complexes Bearing a Dipyrromethene Ligand for Oxygen Imaging of Deeper Tissues In Vivo. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2794-2802. [PMID: 35109653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (PLIM) using a phosphorescent oxygen probe is an innovative technique for elucidating the behavior of oxygen in living tissues. In this study, we designed and synthesized an Ir(III) complex, PPYDM-BBMD, that exhibits long-lived phosphorescence in the near-infrared region and enables in vivo oxygen imaging in deeper tissues. PPYDM-BBMD has a π-extended ligand based on a meso-mesityl dipyrromethene structure and phenylpyridine ligands with cationic dimethylamino groups to promote intracellular uptake. This complex gave a phosphorescence spectrum with a maximum at 773 nm in the wavelength range of the so-called biological window and exhibited an exceptionally long lifetime (18.5 μs in degassed acetonitrile), allowing for excellent oxygen sensitivity even in the near-infrared window. PPYDM-BBMD showed a high intracellular uptake in cultured cells and mainly accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum. We evaluated the oxygen sensitivity of PPYDM-BBMD phosphorescence in alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells based on the Stern-Volmer analysis, which gave an O2-induced quenching rate constant of 1.42 × 103 mmHg-1 s-1. PPYDM-BBMD was administered in the tail veins of anesthetized mice, and confocal one-photon PLIM images of hepatic tissues were measured at different depths from the liver surfaces. The PLIM images visualized the oxygen gradients in hepatic lobules up to a depth of about 100 μm from the liver surfaces with a cellular-level resolution, allowing for the quantification of oxygen partial pressure based on calibration results using AML12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Mizukami
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takako Muraoka
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shuichi Shiozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan
| | - Seiji Tobita
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan
| | - Toshitada Yoshihara
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan
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16
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Lee H, Shin W, Kim HJ, Kim J. Turn-On Fluorescence Sensing of Oxygen with Dendrimer-Encapsulated Platinum Nanoparticles as Tunable Oxidase Mimics for Spatially Resolved Measurement of Oxygen Gradient in a Human Gut-on-a-Chip. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16123-16132. [PMID: 34807579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Turn-on type fluorescence sensing of O2 is considered a promising approach to developing ways to measure O2 in microenvironments with spatially distributed O2 levels. As a class of nanomaterials with a high degree of control over composition and structure, dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) are promising candidates to mimic biological enzymes. Here, we report a strategy to monitor spatially distributed O2 across a three-dimensional (3D) human intestinal epithelial layer in a gut-on-a-chip in a turn-on fluorescence sensing manner. The strategy is based on the oxidase-mimetic activity of Pt DENs for catalytic oxidation of nonfluorescent Amplex Red to highly fluorescent resorufin in the presence of O2. We synthesized Pt DENs using two different types of dendrimers (i.e., amine-terminated or hydroxyl-terminated generation 6 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers) with six different Pt2+/dendrimer ratios (i.e., 55, 200, 220, 550, 880, and 1320). After clarifying the intrinsic oxidase-mimetic activity of Pt DENs, we determined tunable oxidase-mimetic activity of Pt DENs, especially with fine-tuning the ratios of the Pt precursor ions and dendrimers. Particularly, the optimal Pt DENs having a Pt2+/dendrimer ratio of 1320 exhibited an ∼117-fold increase in the oxidase-mimetic activity for catalyzing the aerobic oxidation of Amplex Red to resorufin compared to one having a Pt2+/dendrimer ratio of 200. This study exemplified a simple yet effective approach for spatially resolved imaging of O2 using metal nanoparticle-based oxidase mimics in microphysiological environments like a human gut-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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17
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Wu C, Kisel KS, Thangavel MK, Chen Y, Chang K, Tsai M, Chu C, Shen Y, Wu P, Zhang Z, Liu T, Jänis J, Grachova EV, Shakirova JR, Tunik SP, Koshevoy IO, Chou P. Functionalizing Collagen with Vessel-Penetrating Two-Photon Phosphorescence Probes: A New In Vivo Strategy to Map Oxygen Concentration in Tumor Microenvironment and Tissue Ischemia. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102788. [PMID: 34414696 PMCID: PMC8529487 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The encapsulation and/or surface modification can stabilize and protect the phosphorescence bio-probes but impede their intravenous delivery across biological barriers. Here, a new class of biocompatible rhenium (ReI ) diimine carbonyl complexes is developed, which can efficaciously permeate normal vessel walls and then functionalize the extravascular collagen matrixes as in situ oxygen sensor. Without protective agents, ReI -diimine complex already exhibits excellent emission yield (34%, λem = 583 nm) and large two-photon absorption cross-sections (σ2 = 300 GM @ 800 nm) in water (pH 7.4). After extravasation, remarkably, the collagen-bound probes further enhanced their excitation efficiency by increasing the deoxygenated lifetime from 4.0 to 7.5 µs, paving a way to visualize tumor hypoxia and tissue ischemia in vivo. The post-extravasation functionalization of extracellular matrixes demonstrates a new methodology for biomaterial-empowered phosphorescence sensing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Ham Wu
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Kristina S. Kisel
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuu80101Finland
- St.‐Petersburg State University7/9 Universitetskaya nabSt.‐Petersburg199034Russia
| | | | - Yi‐Ting Chen
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Kai‐Hsin Chang
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Rung Tsai
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Yu Chu
- Department of DermatologyNational Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipei10002Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Fang Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical EngineeringAsia UniversityTaichung City41354Taiwan
- 3D Printing Medical Research InstituteAsia UniversityTaichung City41354Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Chun Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesMinistry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesMinistry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Tzu‐Ming Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesMinistry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuu80101Finland
| | - Elena V. Grachova
- St.‐Petersburg State University7/9 Universitetskaya nabSt.‐Petersburg199034Russia
| | - Julia R. Shakirova
- St.‐Petersburg State University7/9 Universitetskaya nabSt.‐Petersburg199034Russia
| | - Sergey P. Tunik
- St.‐Petersburg State University7/9 Universitetskaya nabSt.‐Petersburg199034Russia
| | - Igor O. Koshevoy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuu80101Finland
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
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18
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Gkika K, Noorani S, Walsh N, Keyes TE. Os(II)-Bridged Polyarginine Conjugates: The Additive Effects of Peptides in Promoting or Preventing Permeation in Cells and Multicellular Tumor Spheroids. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8123-8134. [PMID: 33978399 PMCID: PMC8277133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of two polyarginine conjugates of the complex Os(II) [bis-(4'-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine)] [Os-(Rn)2]x+ (n = 4 and 8; x = 10 and 18) is reported, to explore whether the R8 peptide sequence that promotes cell uptake requires a contiguous amino acid sequence for membrane permeation or if this can be accomplished in a linearly bridged structure with the additive effect of shorter peptide sequences. The conjugates exhibit NIR emission centered at 754 nm and essentially oxygen-insensitive emission with a lifetime of 89 ns in phosphate-buffered saline. The uptake, distribution, and cytotoxicity of the parent complex and peptide derivatives were compared in 2D cell monolayers and a three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) model. Whereas, the bis-octaarginine sequences were impermeable to cells and spheroids, and the bis-tetraarginine conjugate showed excellent cellular uptake and accumulation in two 2D monolayer cell lines and remarkable in-depth penetration of 3D MCTSs of pancreatic cancer cells. Overall, the data indicates that cell permeability can be promoted via non-contiguous sequences of arginine residues bridged across the metal centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmel
S. Gkika
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Sara Noorani
- School
of Biotechnology, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Naomi Walsh
- School
of Biotechnology, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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19
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Smith LA, Hidalgo Aguilar A, Owens DDG, Quelch RH, Knight E, Przyborski SA. Using Advanced Cell Culture Techniques to Differentiate Pluripotent Stem Cells and Recreate Tissue Structures Representative of Teratoma Xenografts. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:667246. [PMID: 34026759 PMCID: PMC8134696 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Various methods are currently used to investigate human tissue differentiation, including human embryo culture and studies utilising pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) such as in vitro embryoid body formation and in vivo teratoma assays. Each method has its own distinct advantages, yet many are limited due to being unable to achieve the complexity and maturity of tissue structures observed in the developed human. The teratoma xenograft assay allows maturation of more complex tissue derivatives, but this method has ethical issues surrounding animal usage and significant protocol variation. In this study, we have combined three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell technologies including the common technique of embryoid body (EB) formation with a novel porous scaffold membrane, in order to prolong cell viability and extend the differentiation of PSC derived EBs. This approach enables the formation of more complex morphologically identifiable 3D tissue structures representative of all three primary germ layers. Preliminary in vitro work with the human embryonal carcinoma line TERA2.SP12 demonstrated improved EB viability and enhanced tissue structure formation, comparable to teratocarcinoma xenografts derived in vivo from the same cell line. This is thought to be due to reduced diffusion distances as the shape of the spherical EB transforms and flattens, allowing for improved nutritional/oxygen support to the developing structures over extended periods. Further work with EBs derived from murine embryonic stem cells demonstrated that the formation of a wide range of complex, recognisable tissue structures could be achieved within 2–3 weeks of culture. Rudimentary tissue structures from all three germ layers were present, including epidermal, cartilage and epithelial tissues, again, strongly resembling tissue structure of teratoma xenografts of the same cell line. Proof of concept work with EBs derived from the human embryonic stem cell line H9 also showed the ability to form complex tissue structures within this system. This novel yet simple model offers a controllable, reproducible method to achieve complex tissue formation in vitro. It has the potential to be used to study human developmental processes, as well as offering an animal free alternative method to the teratoma assay to assess the developmental potential of novel stem cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Smith
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - A Hidalgo Aguilar
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - D D G Owens
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - R H Quelch
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - E Knight
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - S A Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.,Reprocell Europe, NETPark, Sedgefield, United Kingdom
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20
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Shewring JR, Hodgson L, Bryant HL, Bullough PA, Weinstein JA, Verkade P. Refining a correlative light electron microscopy workflow using luminescent metal complexes. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 162:69-87. [PMID: 33707023 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential for increasing the application of Correlative Light Electron Microscopy (CLEM) technologies in life science research is hindered by the lack of suitable molecular probes that are emissive, photostable, and scatter electrons well. Most brightly fluorescent organic molecules are intrinsically poor electron-scatterers, while multi-metallic compounds scatter electrons well but are usually non-luminescent. Thus, the goal of CLEM to image the same object of interest on the continuous scale from hundreds of microns to nanometers remains a major challenge partially due to requirements for a single probe to be suitable for light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). Some of the main CLEM probes, based on gold nanoparticles appended with fluorophores and quantum dots (QD) have presented significant drawbacks. Here we present an Iridium-based luminescent metal complex (Ir complex 1) as a probe and describe how we have developed a CLEM workflow based on such metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorna Hodgson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L Bryant
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Per A Bullough
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Julia A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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21
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Mizukami K, Katano A, Shiozaki S, Yoshihara T, Goda N, Tobita S. In vivo O 2 imaging in hepatic tissues by phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy using Ir(III) complexes as intracellular probes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21053. [PMID: 33273499 PMCID: PMC7713648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (PLIM) combined with an oxygen (O2)-sensitive luminescent probe allows for high-resolution O2 imaging of living tissues. Herein, we present phosphorescent Ir(III) complexes, (btp)2Ir(acac-DM) (Ir-1) and (btp-OH)3Ir (Ir-2), as useful O2 probes for PLIM measurement. These small-molecule probes were efficiently taken up into cultured cells and accumulated in specific organelles. Their excellent cell-permeable properties allowed for efficient staining of three-dimensional cell spheroids, and thereby phosphorescence lifetime measurements enabled the evaluation of the O2 level and distribution in spheroids, including the detection of alterations in O2 levels by metabolic stimulation with an effector. We took PLIM images of hepatic tissues of living mice by intravenously administrating these probes. The PLIM images clearly visualized the O2 gradient in hepatic lobules with cellular-level resolution, and the O2 levels were derived based on calibration using cultured cells; the phosphorescence lifetime of Ir-1 gave reasonable O2 levels, whereas Ir-2 exhibited much lower O2 levels. Intravenous administration of NH4Cl to mice caused the hepatic tissues to experience hypoxia, presumably due to O2 consumption to produce ATP required for ammonia detoxification, suggesting that the metabolism of the probe molecule might affect liver O2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Mizukami
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Ayaka Katano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Shuichi Shiozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Toshitada Yoshihara
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Nobuhito Goda
- Department of Life Science and Medical BioScience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Seiji Tobita
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan.
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22
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Srisongkram T, Weerapreeyakul N, Thumanu K. Evaluation of Melanoma (SK-MEL-2) Cell Growth between Three-Dimensional (3D) and Two-Dimensional (2D) Cell Cultures with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Microspectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114141. [PMID: 32531986 PMCID: PMC7312007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy was used to evaluate the growth of human melanoma cells (SK-MEL-2) in two-dimensional (2D) versus three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture systems. FTIR microspectroscopy, coupled with multivariate analysis, could be used to monitor the variability of spheroid morphologies prepared from different cell densities. The characteristic shift in absorbance bands of the 2D cells were different from the spectra of cells from 3D spheroids. FTIR microspectroscopy can also be used to monitor cell death similar to fluorescence cell staining in 3D spheroids. A change in the secondary structure of protein was observed in cells from the 3D spheroid versus the 2D culture system. FTIR microspectroscopy can detect specific alterations in the biological components inside the spheroid, which cannot be detected using fluorescence cell death staining. In the cells from 3D spheroids, the respective lipid, DNA, and RNA region content represent specific markers directly proportional to the spheroid size and central area of necrotic cell death, which can be confirmed using unsupervised PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis. FTIR microspectroscopy could be used as an alternative tool for spheroid cell culture discrimination, and validation of the usual biochemical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarapong Srisongkram
- Research and Development in Pharmaceuticals Program, Graduate School, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Natthida Weerapreeyakul
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Human High Performance and Health Promotion Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-43-202-378
| | - Kanjana Thumanu
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
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23
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Rebecca VW, Somasundaram R, Herlyn M. Pre-clinical modeling of cutaneous melanoma. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2858. [PMID: 32504051 PMCID: PMC7275051 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is challenging to manage. Although targeted- and immune therapies have extended survival, most patients experience therapy resistance. The adaptability of melanoma cells in nutrient- and therapeutically-challenged environments distinguishes melanoma as an ideal model for investigating therapy resistance. In this review, we discuss the current available repertoire of melanoma models including two- and three-dimensional tissue cultures, organoids, genetically engineered mice and patient-derived xenograft. In particular, we highlight how each system recapitulates different features of melanoma adaptability and can be used to better understand melanoma development, progression and therapy resistance. Despite the new targeted and immunotherapies for metastatic melanoma, several patients show therapeutic plateau. Here, the authors review the current pre-clinical models of cutaneous melanoma and discuss their strengths and limitations that may help with overcoming therapeutic plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito W Rebecca
- The Wistar Institute, Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Meenhard Herlyn
- The Wistar Institute, Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Calpe B, Kovacs WJ. High-throughput screening in multicellular spheroids for target discovery in the tumor microenvironment. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:955-967. [PMID: 32364413 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1756769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Solid tumors are highly influenced by a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) that cannot be modeled with conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. In addition, monolayer culture conditions tend to induce undesirable molecular and phenotypic cellular changes. The discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo is an important factor accounting for the high failure rate in drug development. Three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS) more closely resemble the in vivo situation in avascularized tumors. AREAS COVERED This review describes the use of MTS for anti-cancer drug discovery, with an emphasis on high-throughput screening (HTS) compatible assays. In particular, we focus on how these assays can be used for target discovery in the context of the TME. EXPERT OPINION Arrayed MTS in microtiter plates are HTS compatible but remain more expensive and time consuming than their 2D culture counterpart. It is therefore imperative to use assays with multiplexed readouts, in order to maximize the information that can be gained with the screen. In this context, high-content screening allowing to uncover microenvironmental dependencies is the true added value of MTS-based screening compared to 2D culture-based screening. Hit translation in animal models will, however, be key to allow a broader use of MTS-based screening in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Calpe
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Debiopharm , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner J Kovacs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Raza A, Archer SA, Fairbanks SD, Smitten KL, Botchway SW, Thomas JA, MacNeil S, Haycock JW. A Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) Complex Excited by Near-Infrared Light through Two-Photon Absorption Induces Phototoxicity Deep within Hypoxic Regions of Melanoma Cancer Spheroids. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4639-4647. [PMID: 32065521 PMCID: PMC7146853 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
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The
dinuclear photo-oxidizing RuII complex [{Ru(TAP2)}2(tpphz)]4+ (TAP = 1,4,5,8- tetraazaphenanthrene,
tpphz = tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c:3″,2′′-h:2‴,3′′′-j]phenazine), 14+, is readily
taken up by live cells localizing in mitochondria and nuclei. In this
study, the two-photon absorption cross section of 14+ is quantified and its use as a two-photon absorbing phototherapeutic
is reported. It was confirmed that the complex is readily photoexcited
using near-infrared, NIR, and light through two-photon absorption,
TPA. In 2-D cell cultures, irradiation with NIR light at low power
results in precisely focused phototoxicity effects in which human
melanoma cells were killed after 5 min of light exposure. Similar
experiments were then carried out in human cancer spheroids that provide
a realistic tumor model for the development of therapeutics and phototherapeutics.
Using the characteristic emission of the complex as a probe, its uptake
into 280 μm spheroids was investigated and confirmed that the
spheroid takes up the complex. Notably TPA excitation results in more
intense luminescence being observed throughout the depth of the spheroids,
although emission intensity still drops off toward the necrotic core.
As 14+ can directly photo-oxidize DNA without
the mediation of singlet oxygen or other reactive oxygen species,
phototoxicity within the deeper, hypoxic layers of the spheroids was
also investigated. To quantify the penetration of these phototoxic
effects, 14+ was photoexcited through TPA
at a power of 60 mW, which was progressively focused in 10 μm
steps throughout the entire z-axis of individual
spheroids. These experiments revealed that, in irradiated spheroids
treated with 14+, acute and rapid photoinduced
cell death was observed throughout their depth, including the hypoxic
region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahtasham Raza
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Stuart A Archer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Simon D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Kirsty L Smitten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - James A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - John W Haycock
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
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Yamamoto K, Higuchi K, Ogawa M, Sogawa H, Kuwata S, Hayashi Y, Kawauchi S, Takata T. Macrocyclic Metal Complexes Bearing Rigid Polyaromatic Ligands: Synthesis and Catalytic Activity. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:356-359. [PMID: 31823483 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We synthesised palladium and platinum complexes possessing cyclic and acyclic pincer-type polyaromatic ligands and investigated their structural effect on the catalysis. The pincer-type bis(6-arylpyridin-2-yl)benzene skeleton was constructed via Kröhnke pyridine synthesis under transition metal-free conditions on gram-scale quantity. Ligand structure significantly influenced catalytic activity toward the platinum-catalysed hydrosilylation of diphenyl acetylenes, despite the ligand-independence of the conformations and electronic properties of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,Present address: Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Kazuki Higuchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Sogawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,Present address: Biomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kuwata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Susumu Kawauchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
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27
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New approach to measuring oxygen diffusion and consumption in encapsulated living cells, based on electron spin resonance microscopy. Acta Biomater 2020; 101:384-394. [PMID: 31672586 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell microencapsulation within biocompatible polymers is an established technology for immobilizing living cells that secrete therapeutic products. These can be transplanted into a desired site in the body for the controlled and continuous delivery of the therapeutic molecules. One of the most important properties of the material that makes up the microcapsule is its oxygen penetrability, which is critical for the cells' survival. Oxygen reaches the cells inside the microcapsules via a diffusion process. The diffusion coefficient for the microcapsules' gel material is commonly measured using bulk techniques, where the gel in a chamber is first flushed with nitrogen and the subsequent rate of oxygen diffusion back into it is measured by an oxygen electrode placed in the chamber. This technique does not address possible heterogeneities between microcapsules, and also cannot reveal O2 heterogeneity inside the microcapsule resulting from the living cells' activity. Here we develop and demonstrate a proof of principle for a new approach to measuring and imaging the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) inside a single microcapsule by means of high-resolution and high-sensitivity electron spin resonance (ESR). The proposed methodology makes use of biocompatible paramagnetic microparticulates intercalated inside the microcapsule during its preparation. The new ESR approach was used to measure the O2 diffusion properties of two types of gel materials (alginate and extracellular matrix - ECM), as well as to map a 3D image of the oxygen inside single microcapsules with living cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The technology of cell microencapsulation offers major advantages in the sustained delivery of therapeutic agents used for the treatment of various diseases ranging from diabetes to cancer. Despite the great advances made in this field, it still faces substantial challenges, preventing it from reaching the clinical practice. One of the primary challenges in developing cell microencapsulation systems is providing the cells with adequate supply of oxygen in the long term. Nevertheless, there is still no methodology good enough for measuring O2 distribution inside the microcapsule with sufficient accuracy and spatial resolution without affecting the microcapsule and/or the cells' activity in it. In the present work, we introduce a novel magnetic resonance technique to address O2 availability within cell-entrapping microcapsules. For the first time O2 distribution can be accurately measured and imaged within a single microcapsule. This new technique may be an efficient tool in the development of more optimal microencapsulation systems in the future, thus bringing this promising field closer to clinical application.
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Sheth DB, Gratzl M. Electrochemical mapping of oxygenation in the three-dimensional multicellular tumour hemi-spheroid. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 475:20180647. [PMID: 31236040 PMCID: PMC6545061 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2018.0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood capillaries deliver oxygen and nutrients to surrounding micro-regions of tissue and carry away metabolic waste. In normal tissue, capillaries are close enough to keep all the cells viable. In solid tumours, the capillary system is chaotic and typical inter-capillary distances are larger than in normal tissue. Therefore, hypoxic regions develop. Drug molecules may not reach these areas at concentrations above the lethal level. The combined effect of low drug concentrations and local hypoxia, often exacerbated by acidity, leads to therapy failure. To better understand the interplay between hypoxia and poor drug penetration, oxygenation needs to be assessed in different areas of inter-capillary tissue. The multicellular tumour spheroid is a well-established three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model of the capillary microenvironment. It is used to mimic nascent tumours and micro-metastases as well. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that dynamic intra-spheroidal oxygen maps can be obtained at the 3D multicellular tumour hemi-spheroid (MCH) using a non-invasive microelectrode array. The same oxygen distributions exist inside the equivalent but less accessible full spheroid. The MCH makes high throughput-high content analysis of spheroids feasible and thus can assist studies on basic cancer biology, drug development and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miklόs Gratzl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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29
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A three-dimensional engineered heterogeneous tumor model for assessing cellular environment and response. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:1917-1957. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Marconi A, Quadri M, Saltari A, Pincelli C. Progress in melanoma modelling in vitro. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:578-586. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Marconi
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology; Department of Surgical; Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Marika Quadri
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology; Department of Surgical; Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Annalisa Saltari
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology; Department of Surgical; Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Carlo Pincelli
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology; Department of Surgical; Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
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