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Barkia B, Sandt V, Melnik D, Cortés-Sánchez JL, Marchal S, Baselet B, Baatout S, Sahana J, Grimm D, Wehland M, Schulz H, Infanger M, Kraus A, Krüger M. The Formation of Stable Lung Tumor Spheroids during Random Positioning Involves Increased Estrogen Sensitivity. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1292. [PMID: 39456226 DOI: 10.3390/biom14101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The formation of tumor spheroids on the random positioning machine (RPM) is a complex and important process, as it enables the study of metastasis ex vivo. However, this process is not yet understood in detail. In this study, we compared the RPM-induced spheroid formation of two cell types of lung carcinoma (NCI-H1703 squamous cell carcinoma cells and Calu-3 adenocarcinoma cells). While NCI-H1703 cells were mainly present as spheroids after 3 days of random positioning, Calu-3 cells remained predominantly as a cell layer. We found that two-dimensional-growing Calu-3 cells have less mucin-1, further downregulate their expression on the RPM and therefore exhibit a higher adhesiveness. In addition, we observed that Calu-3 cells can form spheroids, but they are unstable due to an imbalanced ratio of adhesion proteins (β1-integrin, E-cadherin) and anti-adhesion proteins (mucin-1) and are likely to disintegrate in the shear environment of the RPM. RPM-exposed Calu-3 cells showed a strongly upregulated expression of the estrogen receptor alpha gene ESR1. In the presence of 17β-estradiol or phenol red, more stable Calu-3 spheroids were formed, which was presumably related to an increased amount of E-cadherin in the cell aggregates. Thus, RPM-induced tumor spheroid formation depends not solely on cell-type-specific properties but also on the complex interplay between the mechanical influences of the RPM and, to some extent, the chemical composition of the medium used during the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkis Barkia
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Viviann Sandt
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Melnik
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - José Luis Cortés-Sánchez
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Shannon Marchal
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK-CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK-CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jayashree Sahana
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Armin Kraus
- Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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Berardini M, Gesualdi L, Morabito C, Ferranti F, Reale A, Zampieri M, Karpach K, Tinari A, Bertuccini L, Guarnieri S, Catizone A, Mariggiò MA, Ricci G. Simulated Microgravity Exposure Induces Antioxidant Barrier Deregulation and Mitochondria Enlargement in TCam-2 Cell Spheroids. Cells 2023; 12:2106. [PMID: 37626916 PMCID: PMC10453291 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of microgravity-induced effects in several cellular models is represented by the alteration of oxidative balance with the consequent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is well known that male germ cells are sensitive to oxidative stress and to changes in gravitational force, even though published data on germ cell models are scarce. We previously studied the effects of simulated microgravity (s-microgravity) on a 2D cultured TCam-2 seminoma-derived cell line, considered the only human cell line available to study in vitro mitotically active human male germ cells. In this study, we used a corresponding TCam-2 3D cell culture model that mimics cell-cell contacts in organ tissue to test the possible effects induced by s-microgravity exposure. TCam-2 cell spheroids were cultured for 24 h under unitary gravity (Ctr) or s-microgravity conditions, the latter obtained using a random positioning machine (RPM). A significant increase in intracellular ROS and mitochondria superoxide anion levels was observed after RPM exposure. In line with these results, a trend of protein and lipid oxidation increase and increased pCAMKII expression levels were observed after RPM exposure. The ultrastructural analysis via transmission electron microscopy revealed that RPM-exposed mitochondria appeared enlarged and, even if seldom, disrupted. Notably, even the expression of the main enzymes involved in the redox homeostasis appears modulated by RPM exposure in a compensatory way, with GPX1, NCF1, and CYBB being downregulated, whereas NOX4 and HMOX1 are upregulated. Interestingly, HMOX1 is involved in the heme catabolism of mitochondria cytochromes, and therefore the positive modulation of this marker can be associated with the observed mitochondria alteration. Altogether, these data demonstrate TCam-2 spheroid sensitivity to acute s-microgravity exposure and indicate the capability of these cells to trigger compensatory mechanisms that allow them to overcome the exposure to altered gravitational force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Berardini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Embryology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (L.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Luisa Gesualdi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Embryology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (L.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Caterina Morabito
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences-CAST, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (C.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Francesca Ferranti
- Human Spaceflight and Scientific Research Unit, Italian Space Agency, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Reale
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (M.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Michele Zampieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (M.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Katsiaryna Karpach
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (M.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Antonella Tinari
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Gender Prevention and Health Section, ISS Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lucia Bertuccini
- Core Facilities, ISS Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Simone Guarnieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences-CAST, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (C.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Angela Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Embryology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (L.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria A. Mariggiò
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences-CAST, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (C.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Tran V, Carpo N, Cepeda C, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Oligodendrocyte Progenitors Display Enhanced Proliferation and Autophagy after Space Flight. Biomolecules 2023; 13:201. [PMID: 36830573 PMCID: PMC9953055 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial hypertension (ICP) and visual impairment intracranial pressure (VIIP) are some of the consequences of long-term space missions. Here we examined the behavior of oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs) after space flight using time-lapse microscopy. We show that most OLPs divided more than ground control (GC) counterparts did. Nonetheless, a subpopulation of OLPs flown to space presented a significant increase in autophagic cell death. Examination of the proteomic profile of the secretome of space flown OLPs (SPC-OLPs) revealed that the stress protein heat shock protein-90 beta "HSP-90β" was the 5th most enriched (6.8 times) and the secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine "SPARC" was the 7th most enriched (5.2 times), with respect to ground control cells. SPARC induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, which leads to autophagy. Given the roles and importance of these two proteins in mammalian cells' metabolism, their upregulation may hold the key to modulating cell proliferation and autophagy, in order to mitigate ICP and VIIP during and after space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Araceli Espinosa-Jeffrey
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Singh R, Rajput M, Singh RP. Simulated microgravity triggers DNA damage and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through ROS generation in human promyelocytic leukemic cells. Mitochondrion 2021; 61:114-124. [PMID: 34571251 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The weightlessness or microgravity, a physical factor in space, may adversely affect the health of the space travellers or astronauts. The knowledge about the effect of microgravity on human cancer cells is very limited and poorly understood. Here, we employed rotary cell culture system (RCCS) to induce simulated microgravity (SMG) and examined its effects on human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells. These cells were grown in normal gravity condition (1g) for control purpose. The 72 h exposure of cells to SMG decreased cell proliferation and viability which were accompanied by the reduced expression of PCNA and phosphorylated ERK1/2 and AKT proteins. SMG increased the DNA damage as well as the expression of DNA damage sensing proteins including ATM, ATR, Chk1, Chk2 and γH2A.X. The expression of AP1, XRCC1 and APEX1 regulating BER, XPC regulating NER and MLH1 and PMS2 regulating MMR were downregulated. However, SMG increased the expression of Ku70/80, DNA-PK and Rad51, regulating NHEJ and HR. SMG induced apoptosis and increased the levels of cleaved-poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase and cleaved-caspase-3. An increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential were also observed. SMG enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation which led to the enhanced DNA damage and apoptotic cell death. Overall, SMG induced ROS, DNA damage and differential expression of DNA repair genes, and altered the overall DNA repair capacity which may activate ATM/ATR-Chk1/2 and Ku70/80 and DNA-PK-mediated apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Singh
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Rajput
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana P Singh
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Microgravity, Stem Cells, and Cancer: A New Hope for Cancer Treatment. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:5566872. [PMID: 34007284 PMCID: PMC8102114 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5566872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are integrated with the environment where they live. Gravitational force plays an important role in shaping the universe, lives, and even cellular biological processes. Research in the last 40 years has shown how exposure to microgravity changes biological processes. Microgravity has been shown to have significant effects on cellular proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, migration, and gene expression, specifically in tumor cells, and these effects may also exist in stem and cancer stem cells. It has also been shown that microgravity changes the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. Although studies have been carried out in a simulated microgravity environment in cell culture lines, there are few animal experiments or true microgravity studies. Cancer remains one of the most significant problems worldwide. Despite advances in medical science, no definitive strategies have been found for the prevention of cancer formation or to inform treatment. Thus, the microgravity environment is a potential new therapeutic strategy for future cancer treatment. This review will focus on current knowledge on the impact of the microgravity environment on cancer cells, stem cells, and the biological behavior of cancer stem cells.
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A Protective Strategy to Counteract the Oxidative Stress Induced by Simulated Microgravity on H9C2 Cardiomyocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9951113. [PMID: 33986919 PMCID: PMC8079188 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9951113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity affects human cardiovascular function inducing heart rhythm disturbances and even cardiac atrophy. The mechanisms triggered by microgravity and the search for protection strategies are difficult to be investigated in vivo. This study is aimed at investigating the effects induced by simulated microgravity on a cardiomyocyte-like phenotype. The Random Positioning Machine (RPM), set in a CO2 incubator, was used to simulate microgravity, and H9C2 cell line was used as the cardiomyocyte-like model. H9C2 cells were exposed to simulated microgravity up to 96 h, showing a slower cell proliferation rate and lower metabolic activity in comparison to cell grown at earth gravity. In exposed cells, these effects were accompanied by increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytosolic Ca2+, and mitochondrial superoxide anion. Protein carbonyls, markers of protein oxidation, were significantly increased after the first 48 h of exposition in the RPM. In these conditions, the presence of an antioxidant, the N-acetylcysteine (NAC), counteracted the effects induced by the simulated microgravity. In conclusion, these data suggest that simulated microgravity triggers a concomitant increase of intracellular ROS and Ca2+ levels and affects cell metabolic activity which in turn could be responsible for the slower proliferative rate. Nevertheless, the very low number of detectable dead cells and, more interestingly, the protective effect of NA, demonstrate that simulated microgravity does not have “an irreversible toxic effect” but, affecting the oxidative balance, results in a transient slowdown of proliferation.
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Zhang L, Ruan Y, Qin Z, Gao X, Xu K, Shi X, Gao S, Liu S, Zhu K, Wang W, Zuo L, Zhang L, Zhang W. miR-483-3p, Mediated by KLF9, Functions as Tumor Suppressor in Testicular Seminoma via Targeting MMP9. Front Oncol 2021; 10:596574. [PMID: 33659208 PMCID: PMC7917253 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.596574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seminoma (SEM) is the most frequent testicular germ cell tumor with a high incidence in young men. The present study aims to explore the function and regulatory mechanism of miR-483-3p in SEM. Methods RT-qPCR was performed to investigate miR-483-3p levels in SEM tissues. The effect of miR-483-3p on TCam-2 cells was assessed by CCK-8, colony formation, cell migration, and invasion assays. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to investigate the interaction between miR-483-3p and MMP9, and then the recovery experiments were performed. Moreover, the potential upstream regulator of miR-483-3p was predicted based on JASPAR database. Results miR-483-3p was down-regulated in SEM tissues versus paracancerous normal tissues. The expression level of miR-483-3p was significantly associated with tumor stage by RT-qPCR. Functionally, miR-483-3p over-expression suppressed cell growth, migration, and invasion in SEM cell lines. Mechanically, miR-483-3p negatively regulated MMP9 by directly binding to its 3′-UTR. The over-expression of miR-483-3p could reverse the promoting role of MMP9 over-expression on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TCam-2 cells. Moreover, KLF9 was identified as a potential upstream regulator of miR-483-3p and functions as a tumor suppressor. Conclusions In general, our study suggested that miR-483-3p could inhibit the cell growth, migration, and invasion of testicular SEM by targeting MMP9. Moreover, KLF9 is an upstream positive regulator of miR-483-3p and also functions as a tumor suppressor in SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.,Graduate School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yashi Ruan
- Graduate School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, Taizhou People's Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Nantong University, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Urology and Transplantation, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Gao
- Graduate School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaokai Shi
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Shenglin Gao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Shouyong Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zuo
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Microgravity Induces Transient EMT in Human Keratinocytes by Early Down-Regulation of E-Cadherin and Cell-Adhesion Remodeling. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cell–matrix and cell-to-cell adhesion patterns are dramatically fostered by the microgravity exposure of living cells. The modification of adhesion properties could promote the emergence of a migrating and invasive phenotype. We previously demonstrated that short exposure to the simulated microgravity of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) promotes an early epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Herein, we developed this investigation to verify if the cells maintain the acquired invasive phenotype after an extended period of weightlessness exposure. We also evaluated cells’ capability in recovering epithelial characteristics when seeded again into a normal gravitational field after short microgravity exposure. We evaluated the ultra-structural junctional features of HaCaT cells by Transmission Electron Microscopy and the distribution pattern of vinculin and E-cadherin by confocal microscopy, observing a rearrangement in cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions. These results are mirrored by data provided by migration and invasion biological assay. Overall, our studies demonstrate that after extended periods of microgravity, HaCaT cells recover an epithelial phenotype by re-establishing E-cadherin-based junctions and cytoskeleton remodeling, both being instrumental in promoting a mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET). Those findings suggest that cytoskeletal changes noticed during the first weightlessness period have a transitory character, given that they are later reversed and followed by adaptive modifications through which cells miss the acquired mesenchymal phenotype.
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9
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Johnson IRD, Nguyen CT, Wise P, Grimm D. Implications of Altered Endosome and Lysosome Biology in Space Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218205. [PMID: 33147843 PMCID: PMC7663135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Space exploration poses multiple challenges for mankind, not only on a technical level but also to the entire physiology of the space traveller. The human system must adapt to several environmental stressors, microgravity being one of them. Lysosomes are ubiquitous to every cell and essential for their homeostasis, playing significant roles in the regulation of autophagy, immunity, and adaptation of the organism to changes in their environment, to name a few. Dysfunction of the lysosomal system leads to age-related diseases, for example bone loss, reduced immune response or cancer. As these conditions have been shown to be accelerated following exposure to microgravity, this review elucidates the lysosomal response to real and simulated microgravity. Microgravity activates the endo-lysosomal system, with resulting impacts on bone loss, muscle atrophy and stem cell differentiation. The investigation of lysosomal adaptation to microgravity can be beneficial in the search for new biomarkers or therapeutic approaches to several disease pathologies on earth as well as the potential to mitigate pathophysiology during spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. D. Johnson
- Research in Space Environments Group, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Catherine T. Nguyen
- Research in Space Environments Group, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Petra Wise
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA;
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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10
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Boada M, Perez-Poch A, Ballester M, García-Monclús S, González DV, García S, Barri PN, Veiga A. Microgravity effects on frozen human sperm samples. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:2249-2257. [PMID: 32683528 PMCID: PMC7492354 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Microgravity has severe effects on cellular and molecular structures as well as on metabolic interactions. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of microgravity (μg) exposure on human frozen sperm samples. METHODS Sibling samples from 15 normozoospermic healthy donors were frozen using glycerol as cryoprotectant and analyzed under microgravity and ground conditions. Microgravity was obtained by parabolic flights using a CAP10B plane. The plane executed 20 parabolic maneuvers with a mean of 8.5 s of microgravity for each parabola. RESULTS Frozen sperm samples preserved in cryostraws and stored in a secure and specific nitrogen vapor cryoshipper do not suffer significant alterations after μg exposure. Comparing the study group (μg) and the control group (1 g), similar results were obtained in the main parameters studied: sperm motility (M/ml) 13.72 ± 12.57 vs 13.03 ± 12.13 (- 0.69 95% CI [- 2.9; 1.52]), progressive a + b sperm motility (%) 21.83 ± 11.69 vs 22.54 ± 12.83 (0.03 95% CI [- 0.08; 0.15]), sperm vitality (%) 46.42 ± 10.81 vs 44.62 ± 9.34 (- 0.04 95% CI [- 0.13; 0.05]), morphologically normal spermatozoa (%) 7.03 ± 2.61 vs 8.09 ± 3.61 (0.12 95% CI [0.01; 0.24]), DNA sperm fragmentation by SCD (%) 13.33 ± 5.12 vs 13.88 ± 6.14 (0.03 95% CI [- 0.09; 0.16]), and apoptotic spermatozoa by MACS (%) 15.47 ± 15.04 vs 23.80 ± 23.63 (- 0.20 95% CI [- 0.66; 1.05]). CONCLUSION The lack of differences obtained between frozen samples exposed to μg and those maintained in ground conditions provides the possibility of considering the safe transport of human male gametes to space. Nevertheless, further research is needed to validate the results and to consider the possibility of creating a human sperm bank outside the Earth. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03760783.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boada
- Women's Health Dexeus, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Avinguda Carles III 71-75, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Perez-Poch
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, UPC BarcelonaTech, EEBE Campus Diagonal-Besòs, C. E. Maristany 16, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ballester
- Women's Health Dexeus, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Avinguda Carles III 71-75, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S García-Monclús
- Women's Health Dexeus, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Avinguda Carles III 71-75, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D V González
- Aeroclub Barcelona-Sabadell, Sabadell Airport, Carretera de Bellaterra s/n, 08205 Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S García
- Women's Health Dexeus, Unit of Biostatistics, Avinguda Carles III 71-75, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P N Barri
- Women's Health Dexeus, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Avinguda Carles III 71-75, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Veiga
- Women's Health Dexeus, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Avinguda Carles III 71-75, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Stem Cell Bank, Centre of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Patel S. The effects of microgravity and space radiation on cardiovascular health: From low-Earth orbit and beyond. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2020; 30:100595. [PMID: 32775602 PMCID: PMC7399104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The unique conditions of space harbor considerable challenges for astronauts to overcome. Namely, the ionizing content of space radiation and the effects of microgravity have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Post-flight carotid arterial stiffness was demonstrated in astronaut studies while early arteriosclerosis has been linked with microgravity-induced oxidative stress in cellular studies. Similarly, radiation has been shown to disrupt molecular pathways, enhance reactive oxygen species and increase risk of cardiovascular disease in exposed populations. These results may bear even more significance in space owing to the propensity for microgravity and space radiation to yield synergistic and/or additive interactions. Potential countermeasures such as α-tocopherol and captopril target these oxidative pathways and may help to protect against the effects of microgravity and radiation-induced cardiac damage. However, more research needs to be conducted in this area to facilitate a safe passage for humans to the Moon, Mars and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smit Patel
- Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Science, National Heart & Lung Institute (NHLI), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
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12
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Li CF, Pan YK, Gao Y, Shi F, Wang YC, Sun XQ. Autophagy protects HUVECs against ER stress-mediated apoptosis under simulated microgravity. Apoptosis 2020; 24:812-825. [PMID: 31359205 PMCID: PMC6711952 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01560-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astronauts exposed to a gravity-free environment experience cardiovascular deconditioning that causes post-spaceflight orthostatic intolerance and other pathological conditions. Endothelial dysfunction is an important factor responsible for this alteration. Our previous study showed enhanced autophagy in endothelial cells under simulated microgravity. The present study explored the cytoprotective role of autophagy under microgravity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that clinorotation for 48 h induced apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in HUVECs. ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) partially contributed to apoptosis under clinorotation. Autophagy partially reduced ER stress and restored UPR signaling by autophagic clearance of ubiquitin-protein aggregates, thereby reducing apoptosis. In addition, the ER stress antagonist 4-phenylbutyric acid upregulated autophagy in HUVECs. Taken together, these findings indicate that autophagy plays a protective role against apoptosis under clinorotation by clearing protein aggregates and partially restoring the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fei Li
- Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yi-Kai Pan
- Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yong-Chun Wang
- Key Lab of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xi-Qing Sun
- Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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13
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Exploration of space to achieve scientific breakthroughs. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107572. [PMID: 32540473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms adapt to changing environments using their amazing flexibility to remodel themselves by a process called evolution. Environmental stress causes selective pressure and is associated with genetic and phenotypic shifts for better modifications, maintenance, and functioning of organismal systems. The natural evolution process can be used in complement to rational strain engineering for the development of desired traits or phenotypes as well as for the production of novel biomaterials through the imposition of one or more selective pressures. Space provides a unique environment of stressors (e.g., weightlessness and high radiation) that organisms have never experienced on Earth. Cells in the outer space reorganize and develop or activate a range of molecular responses that lead to changes in cellular properties. Exposure of cells to the outer space will lead to the development of novel variants more efficiently than on Earth. For instance, natural crop varieties can be generated with higher nutrition value, yield, and improved features, such as resistance against high and low temperatures, salt stress, and microbial and pest attacks. The review summarizes the literature on the parameters of outer space that affect the growth and behavior of cells and organisms as well as complex colloidal systems. We illustrate an understanding of gravity-related basic biological mechanisms and enlighten the possibility to explore the outer space environment for application-oriented aspects. This will stimulate biological research in the pursuit of innovative approaches for the future of agriculture and health on Earth.
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14
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Morabito C, Guarnieri S, Cucina A, Bizzarri M, Mariggiò MA. Antioxidant Strategy to Prevent Simulated Microgravity-Induced Effects on Bone Osteoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103638. [PMID: 32455731 PMCID: PMC7279347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects induced by microgravity on human body functions have been widely described, in particular those on skeletal muscle and bone tissues. This study aims to implement information on the possible countermeasures necessary to neutralize the oxidative imbalance induced by microgravity on osteoblastic cells. Using the model of murine MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells, cellular morphology, proliferation, and metabolism were investigated during exposure to simulated microgravity on a random positioning machine in the absence or presence of an antioxidant—the 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox). Our results confirm that simulated microgravity-induced morphological and metabolic alterations characterized by increased levels of reactive oxygen species and a slowdown of the proliferative rate. Interestingly, the use of Trolox inhibited the simulated microgravity-induced effects. Indeed, the antioxidant-neutralizing oxidants preserved cell cytoskeletal architecture and restored cell proliferation rate and metabolism. The use of appropriate antioxidant countermeasures could prevent the modifications and damage induced by microgravity on osteoblastic cells and consequently on bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Morabito
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and clinical Sciences—Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 06100 Chieti, Italy; (C.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Simone Guarnieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and clinical Sciences—Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 06100 Chieti, Italy; (C.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Alessandra Cucina
- Department of Surgery “Pietro Valdoni”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Systems Biology Group Lab, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria A. Mariggiò
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and clinical Sciences—Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 06100 Chieti, Italy; (C.M.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0871-541399
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15
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Furukawa S, Nagamatsu A, Nenoi M, Fujimori A, Kakinuma S, Katsube T, Wang B, Tsuruoka C, Shirai T, Nakamura AJ, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A, Harada H, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi J, Kunieda T, Funayama T, Suzuki M, Miyamoto T, Hidema J, Yoshida Y, Takahashi A. Space Radiation Biology for "Living in Space". BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4703286. [PMID: 32337251 PMCID: PMC7168699 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4703286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Space travel has advanced significantly over the last six decades with astronauts spending up to 6 months at the International Space Station. Nonetheless, the living environment while in outer space is extremely challenging to astronauts. In particular, exposure to space radiation represents a serious potential long-term threat to the health of astronauts because the amount of radiation exposure accumulates during their time in space. Therefore, health risks associated with exposure to space radiation are an important topic in space travel, and characterizing space radiation in detail is essential for improving the safety of space missions. In the first part of this review, we provide an overview of the space radiation environment and briefly present current and future endeavors that monitor different space radiation environments. We then present research evaluating adverse biological effects caused by exposure to various space radiation environments and how these can be reduced. We especially consider the deleterious effects on cellular DNA and how cells activate DNA repair mechanisms. The latest technologies being developed, e.g., a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator, to measure real-time cell cycle progression and DNA damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation are presented. Progress in examining the combined effects of microgravity and radiation to animals and plants are summarized, and our current understanding of the relationship between psychological stress and radiation is presented. Finally, we provide details about protective agents and the study of organisms that are highly resistant to radiation and how their biological mechanisms may aid developing novel technologies that alleviate biological damage caused by radiation. Future research that furthers our understanding of the effects of space radiation on human health will facilitate risk-mitigating strategies to enable long-term space and planetary exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furukawa
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Aiko Nagamatsu
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Nenoi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Katsube
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Bing Wang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chizuru Tsuruoka
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shirai
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Asako J. Nakamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1, Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Lab for Cell Function and Dynamics, CBS, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Lab for Cell Function and Dynamics, CBS, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takekazu Kunieda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoo Funayama
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, QST, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Michiyo Suzuki
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, QST, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Jun Hidema
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of the Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yukari Yoshida
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akihisa Takahashi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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16
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PGC-1 α, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress: An Integrative View in Metabolism. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1452696. [PMID: 32215168 PMCID: PMC7085407 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1452696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α is a transcriptional coactivator described as a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and function, including oxidative phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species detoxification. PGC-1α is highly expressed in tissues with high energy demands, and it is clearly associated with the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and its principal complications including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and hepatic steatosis. We herein review the molecular pathways regulated by PGC-1α, which connect oxidative stress and mitochondrial metabolism with inflammatory response and metabolic syndrome. PGC-1α regulates the expression of mitochondrial antioxidant genes, including manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxiredoxin 3 and 5, uncoupling protein 2, thioredoxin 2, and thioredoxin reductase and thus prevents oxidative injury and mitochondrial dysfunction. Dysregulation of PGC-1α alters redox homeostasis in cells and exacerbates inflammatory response, which is commonly accompanied by metabolic disturbances. During inflammation, low levels of PGC-1α downregulate mitochondrial antioxidant gene expression, induce oxidative stress, and promote nuclear factor kappa B activation. In metabolic syndrome, which is characterized by a chronic low grade of inflammation, PGC-1α dysregulation modifies the metabolic properties of tissues by altering mitochondrial function and promoting reactive oxygen species accumulation. In conclusion, PGC-1α acts as an essential node connecting metabolic regulation, redox control, and inflammatory pathways, and it is an interesting therapeutic target that may have significant benefits for a number of metabolic diseases.
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17
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Shanmugam S, Patel D, Wolpert JM, Keshvani C, Liu X, Bergeson SE, Kidambi S, Mahimainathan L, Henderson GI, Narasimhan M. Ethanol Impairs NRF2/Antioxidant and Growth Signaling in the Intact Placenta In Vivo and in Human Trophoblasts. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E669. [PMID: 31671572 PMCID: PMC6921053 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NRF2 is a redox-sensitive transcription factor that depending on the duration or magnitude of the stress, either translocates to the nucleus (beneficial) or is degraded in the cytosol (harmful). However, the role of NRF2-based mechanism(s) under ethanol (E)-induced developmental toxicity in the placental context remains unknown. Here, we used a rat prenatal model of maternal alcohol stress consisting of intermittent ethanol vapor (IEV) daily from GD11 to GD20 with a 6 h ON/18 h OFF in a vapor chamber and in vitro placental model consisting of HTR-8 trophoblasts exposed to 86 mM of E for either 24 h or 48 h. The role of NRF2 was evaluated through the NRF2-transactivation reporter assay, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting for NRF2 and cell growth-promoting protein, and cell proliferation assay. In utero and in vitro E decreased the nuclear NRF2 content and diminished its transactivation ability along with dysregulation of the proliferation indices, PCNA, CYCLIN-D1, and p21. This was associated with a ~50% reduction in cell proliferation in vitro in trophoblasts. Interestingly, this was found to be partially rescued by ectopic Nrf2 overexpression. These results indicate that ethanol-induced dysregulation of NRF2 coordinately regulates PCNA/CYCLIN-D1/p21 involving growth network, at least partially to set a stage for placental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambantham Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Dhyanesh Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - John M Wolpert
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Caezaan Keshvani
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Susan E Bergeson
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Lenin Mahimainathan
- Department Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - George I Henderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Madhusudhanan Narasimhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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18
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Saha R, Arunprasath D, Sekar G. Surface enriched palladium on palladium-copper bimetallic nanoparticles as catalyst for polycyclic triazoles synthesis. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Morabito C, Lanuti P, Caprara GA, Marchisio M, Bizzarri M, Guarnieri S, Mariggiò MA. Physiological Responses of Jurkat Lymphocytes to Simulated Microgravity Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081892. [PMID: 30999563 PMCID: PMC6515345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of microgravity conditions deeply affects the human body functions at the systemic, organ and cellular levels. This study aimed to investigate the effects induced by simulated-microgravity on non-stimulated Jurkat lymphocytes, an immune cell phenotype considered as a biosensor of the body responses, in order to depict at the cellular level the effects of such a peculiar condition. Jurkat cells were grown at 1 g or on random positioning machine simulating microgravity. On these cells we performed: morphological, cell cycle and proliferation analyses using cytofluorimetric and staining protocols—intracellular Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria membrane potential and O2− measurements using fluorescent probes—aconitase and mitochondria activity, glucose and lactate content using colorimetric assays. After the first exposure days, the cells showed a more homogeneous roundish shape, an increased proliferation rate, metabolic and detoxifying activity resulted in decreased intracellular Ca2+ and ROS. In the late exposure time, the cells adapted to the new environmental condition. Our non-activated proliferating Jurkat cells, even if responsive to altered external forces, adapted to the new environmental condition showing a healthy status. In order to define the cellular mechanism(s) triggered by microgravity, developing standardized experimental approaches and controlled cell culture and simulator conditions is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Morabito
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Giusy A Caprara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 06100 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simone Guarnieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Maria A Mariggiò
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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20
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Jeong AJ, Kim YJ, Lim MH, Lee H, Noh K, Kim BH, Chung JW, Cho CH, Kim S, Ye SK. Microgravity induces autophagy via mitochondrial dysfunction in human Hodgkin's lymphoma cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14646. [PMID: 30279524 PMCID: PMC6168562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gravitational forces can impose physical stresses on the human body as it functions to maintain homeostasis. It has been reported that astronauts exposed to microgravity experience altered biological functions and many subsequent studies on the effects of microgravity have therefore been conducted. However, the anticancer mechanisms of simulated microgravity remain unclear. We previously showed that the proliferation of human Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) cells was inhibited when these cells were cultured in time-averaged simulated microgravity (taSMG). In the present study, we investigated whether taSMG produced an anticancer effect. Exposure of human HL cells to taSMG for 2 days increased their reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NADPH oxidase family gene expression, while mitochondrial mass, ATPase, ATP synthase, and intracellular ATP levels were decreased. Furthermore, human HL cells exposed to taSMG underwent autophagy via AMPK/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathway modulation; such autophagy was inhibited by the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC). These results suggest an innovative therapeutic approach to HL that is markedly different from conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Jin Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jae Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Min Hyuk Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeri Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kumhee Noh
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hak Kim
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Chung
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Neuro-Immune Information Storage Network Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Florio R, De Lellis L, Veschi S, Verginelli F, di Giacomo V, Gallorini M, Perconti S, Sanna M, Mariani-Costantini R, Natale A, Arduini A, Amoroso R, Cataldi A, Cama A. Effects of dichloroacetate as single agent or in combination with GW6471 and metformin in paraganglioma cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13610. [PMID: 30206358 PMCID: PMC6134030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31797-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paragangliomas (PGLs) are infiltrating autonomic nervous system tumors that cause important morbidity. At present, surgery is the only effective therapeutic option for this rare tumor. Thus, new agents for PGL treatment should be identified. Using unique PGL cell models established in our laboratory, we evaluated the effect of dichloroacetate (DCA) as single agent or in a novel combination with other metabolic drugs, including GW6471 and metformin. DCA and metformin had not been tested before in PGL. DCA reduced PGL cell viability and growth through mechanisms involving reactivation of PDH complex leading to promotion of oxidative metabolism, with lowering of lactate and enhanced ROS production. This resulted in cell cycle inhibition and induction of apoptosis in PGL cells, as shown by flow cytometry and immunoblot analyses. Moreover, DCA drastically impaired clonogenic activity and migration of PGL cells. Also metformin reduced PGL cell viability as single agent and the combinations of DCA, GW6471 and metformin had strong effects on cell viability. Furthermore, combined treatments had drastic and synergistic effects on clonogenic ability. In conclusion, DCA, GW6471 and metformin as single agents and in combination appear to have promising antitumor effects in unique cell models of PGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Florio
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Unit of General Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura De Lellis
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy. .,Unit of General Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Serena Veschi
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabio Verginelli
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Unit of General Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Viviana di Giacomo
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marialucia Gallorini
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Silvia Perconti
- Unit of General Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mario Sanna
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Gruppo Otologico, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Renato Mariani-Costantini
- Unit of General Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Angelica Natale
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Amoroso
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Amelia Cataldi
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cama
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy. .,Unit of General Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.
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