1
|
Hu W, Su S, Mohamed HF, Xiao J, Kang J, Krock B, Xie B, Luo Z, Chen B. Assessing the global distribution and risk of harmful microalgae: A focus on three toxic Alexandrium dinoflagellates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174767. [PMID: 39004369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Harmful dinoflagellates and their resulting blooms pose a threat to marine life and human health. However, to date, global maps of marine life often overlook harmful microorganisms. As harmful algal blooms (HABs) increase in frequency, severity, and extent, understanding the distribution of harmful dinoflagellates and their drivers is crucial for their management. We used MaxEnt, random forest, and ensemble models to map the habitats of the representative HABs species in the genus Alexandrium, including A. catenella, A. minutum, and A. pacificum. Since species occurrence records used in previous studies were solely morphology-based, potentially leading to misidentifications, we corrected these species' distribution records using molecular criteria. The results showed that the key environmental drivers included the distance to the coastline, bathymetry, sea surface temperature (SST), and dissolved oxygen. Alexandrium catenella thrives in temperate to cold zones and is driven by low SST and high oxygen levels. Alexandrium pacificum mainly inhabits the Temperate Northern Pacific and prefers warmer SST and lower oxygen levels. Alexandrium minutum thrives universally and adapts widely to SST and oxygen. By analyzing the habitat suitability of locations with recorded HAB occurrences, we found that high habitat suitability could serve as a reference indicator for bloom risk. Therefore, we have proposed a qualitative method to spatially assess the harmful algae risk according to the habitat suitability. On the global risk map, coastal temperate seas, such as the Mediterranean, Northwest Pacific, and Southern Australia, faced higher risks. Although HABs currently have restricted geographic distributions, our study found these harmful algae possess high environmental tolerance and can thrive across diverse habitats. HAB impacts could increase if climate changes or ocean conditions became more favorable. Marine transportation may also spread the harmful algae to new unaffected ecosystems. This study has pioneered the assessment of harmful algal risk based on habitat suitability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shangke Su
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hala F Mohamed
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo 11751, Egypt
| | - Jiamei Xiao
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jianhua Kang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bernd Krock
- Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhaohe Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cai S, Zhang Y, Pan M, Zhang Z, Lu B, Tian C, Wang C, Fang T, Wu X. Combined effect of freshwater salinization and harmful algae on the benthic invertebrate Chironomus pallidivittatus. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142149. [PMID: 38685334 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Global climate change as well as human activities have been reported to increase the frequency and severity of both salinization and harmful algal blooms (HABs) in many freshwater systems, but their co-effect on benthic invertebrates has rarely been studied. This study simultaneously examined the joint toxicity of salinity and different cyanobacterial diets on the behavior, development, select biomarkers, and partial life cycle of Chironomus pallidivittatus (Diptera). High concentrations of salts (e.g., 1 g/L Ca2+ and Mg2+) and toxic Microcystis had synergistic toxicity, inhibiting development, burrowing ability and causing high mortality of C. pallidivittatus, especially for the Mg2+ treatment, which caused around 90% death. Low Ca2+ concentration (e.g., 0.01 g/L) promoted larval burrowing ability and inhibited toxin accumulation, which increased the tolerance of Chironomus to toxic Microcystis. However, low Mg2+ concentration (e.g., 0.01 g/L) was shown to inhibit the behavior, development and increase algal toxicity to Chironomus. Toxic Microcystis resulted in microcystin (MC) accumulation, inhibited the burrowing ability of larvae, and increased the proportion of male adults (>50%). The combined toxicity level from low to high was verified by the weight of evidence and the grey TOPSIS model, which integrated five lines of evidence to increase the risk assessment accuracy and efficiency. This is the first study that provided insights into ecological risk arising from the joint effect of salinity and harmful algae on benthic organisms. We suggest that freshwater salinization and HABs should be considered together when assessing ecological threats that arise from external stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenghe Cai
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Pan
- Dianchi Lake Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Kunming Dianchi & Plateau Lakes Institute, Kunming, 650228, China
| | - Zhizhong Zhang
- Dianchi Lake Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Kunming Dianchi & Plateau Lakes Institute, Kunming, 650228, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Dianchi Lake Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Kunming Dianchi & Plateau Lakes Institute, Kunming, 650228, China
| | - Cuicui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Dianchi Lake Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Kunming Dianchi & Plateau Lakes Institute, Kunming, 650228, China
| | - Chunbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Dianchi Lake Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Kunming Dianchi & Plateau Lakes Institute, Kunming, 650228, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xingqiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Dianchi Lake Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Kunming Dianchi & Plateau Lakes Institute, Kunming, 650228, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meng R, Du X, Ge K, Wu C, Zhang Z, Liang X, Yang J, Zhang H. Does climate change increase the risk of marine toxins? Insights from changing seawater conditions. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03784-5. [PMID: 38795135 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Marine toxins produced by marine organisms threaten human health and impose a heavy public health burden on coastal countries. Lately, there has been an emergence of marine toxins in regions that were previously unaffected, and it is believed that climate change may be a significant factor. This paper systematically summarizes the impact of climate change on the risk of marine toxins in terms of changes in seawater conditions. From our findings, climate change can cause ocean warming, acidification, stratification, and sea-level rise. These climatic events can alter the surface temperature, salinity, pH, and nutrient conditions of seawater, which may promote the growth of various algae and bacteria, facilitating the production of marine toxins. On the other hand, climate change may expand the living ranges of marine organisms (such as algae, bacteria, and fish), thereby exacerbating the production and spread of marine toxins. In addition, the sources, distribution, and toxicity of ciguatoxin, tetrodotoxin, cyclic imines, and microcystin were described to improve public awareness of these emerging marine toxins. Looking ahead, developing interdisciplinary cooperation, strengthening monitoring of emerging marine toxins, and exploring more novel approaches are essential to better address the risks of marine toxins posed by climate change. Altogether, the interrelationships between climate, marine ecology, and marine toxins were analyzed in this study, providing a theoretical basis for preventing and managing future health risks from marine toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Meng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Kangfeng Ge
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chunrui Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zongxin Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marcus L, Mardones JI, Rioseco JT, Pinochet J, Montes C, Corredor-Acosta A, Moreno-Meynard P, Garcés-Vargas J, Jorquera E, Iriarte JL, Urbina MA. Evidence of plastic pollution from offshore oceanic sources in southern Chilean Patagonian fjords. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168706. [PMID: 37992835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The Chilean Patagonian fjords are globally renowned as one of the few remaining pristine environments on Earth; however, their ecosystems are under significant threat from climatic and anthropogenic pressures. Of particular concern is the lack of research into the impact of plastic pollution on the waters and biodiversity of these fjords. In this study, the marine environment of a secluded and sparsely populated fjord system in southern Patagonia was sampled to assess microplastics in seawater, beaches, bottom sediment, and zooplankton. Microplastics were found to be widespread across the water surface of the fjord, but with low abundances of 0.01 ± 0.01 particles m-3 (mean ± SD). The presence of microplastics in sedimentary environments (e.g., beaches and bottom sediments, 15.6 ± 15.3 and 9.8 ± 24 particles kg of dry sediment-1, respectively) provided additional evidence of plastic debris accumulation within the fjord system. Furthermore, microplastics were already bioavailable to key zooplankton species of the Patagonian food web (0.01 ± 0.02 particles individual-1), suggesting bioaccumulation. A comprehensive examination of potential microplastic inputs originating from coastal runoff, coupled with distribution of water masses, suggested minimal local contribution of microplastics to the fjord, strongly indicating that plastic litter is likely entering the area through oceanic currents. The composition and type of microplastics, primarily consisting of polyester fibers (approx. 60 %), provided further support for the proposed distant origin and transportation into the fjord by oceanographic drivers. These results raise significant concern as reveal that despite a lack of nearby population, industrial or agricultural activity, remote Patagonian fjords are still impacted by plastic pollution originating from distant sources. Prioritizing monitoring efforts is crucial for effectively assessing the future trends and ecological impact of plastic pollution in these once so-called pristine ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Marcus
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lago Panguipulli 1390, 5501842 Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Jorge I Mardones
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jazmin Toledo Rioseco
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Javier Pinochet
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Caroline Montes
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring Research (LAPMAR), Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Andrea Corredor-Acosta
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | | | - José Garcés-Vargas
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Erika Jorquera
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Luis Iriarte
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile; Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Urbina
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.; Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, PO Box 1313, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baldrich ÁM, Díaz PA, Rosales SA, Rodríguez-Villegas C, Álvarez G, Pérez-Santos I, Díaz M, Schwerter C, Araya M, Reguera B. An Unprecedented Bloom of Oceanic Dinoflagellates ( Karenia spp.) Inside a Fjord within a Highly Dynamic Multifrontal Ecosystem in Chilean Patagonia. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:77. [PMID: 38393154 PMCID: PMC10892511 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
At the end of summer 2020, a moderate (~105 cells L-1) bloom of potential fish-killing Karenia spp. was detected in samples from a 24 h study focused on Dinophysis spp. in the outer reaches of the Pitipalena-Añihue Marine Protected Area. Previous Karenia events with devastating effects on caged salmon and the wild fauna of Chilean Patagonia had been restricted to offshore waters, eventually reaching the southern coasts of Chiloé Island through the channel connecting the Chiloé Inland Sea to the Pacific Ocean. This event occurred at the onset of the COVID-19 lockdown when monitoring activities were slackened. A few salmon mortalities were related to other fish-killing species (e.g., Margalefidinium polykrikoides). As in the major Karenia event in 1999, the austral summer of 2020 was characterised by negative anomalies in rainfall and river outflow and a severe drought in March. Karenia spp. appeared to have been advected in a warm (14-15 °C) surface layer of estuarine saline water (S > 21). A lack of daily vertical migration patterns and cells dispersed through the whole water column suggested a declining population. Satellite images confirmed the decline, but gave evidence of dynamic multifrontal patterns of temperature and chl a distribution. A conceptual circulation model is proposed to explain the hypothetical retention of the Karenia bloom by a coastally generated eddy coupled with the semidiurnal tides at the mouth of Pitipalena Fjord. Thermal fronts generated by (topographically induced) upwelling around the Tic Toc Seamount are proposed as hot spots for the accumulation of swimming dinoflagellates in summer in the southern Chiloé Inland Sea. The results here provide helpful information on the environmental conditions and water column structure favouring Karenia occurrence. Thermohaline properties in the surface layer in summer can be used to develop a risk index (positive if the EFW layer is thin or absent).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela M. Baldrich
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Patricio A. Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Sergio A. Rosales
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
| | - Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral y COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile;
| | - Camila Schwerter
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Centro Nacional Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Díaz PA, Álvarez G, Figueroa RI, Garreaud R, Pérez-Santos I, Schwerter C, Díaz M, López L, Pinto-Torres M, Krock B. From lipophilic to hydrophilic toxin producers: Phytoplankton succession driven by an atmospheric river in western Patagonia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115214. [PMID: 37385183 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton succession is related to hydroclimatic conditions. In this study we provide the first description of a toxic phytoplankton succession in the Patagonian Fjord System. The shift was modulated by atmospheric-oceanographic forcing and consisted of the replacement of the marine dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta in a highly stratified water column during austral summer by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha in a mixed water column during late summer and early autumn. This transition, accompanied by a change in the biotoxin profiles (from lipophilic dinophysis toxins to hydrophilic domoic acid), was induced by the arrival of an intense atmospheric river. The winds in Magdalena Sound may have been further amplified, due to its west-east orientation and its location within a tall, narrow mountain canyon. This work also documents the first known appearance of toxic P. calliantha in Northern Patagonian. The potential impacts of the biotoxins of this species on higher trophic levels are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1281, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Center for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Rosa I Figueroa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - René Garreaud
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370449, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Camila Schwerter
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos S/N, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Loreto López
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Marco Pinto-Torres
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos S/N, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. El Bosque 01789, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Bernd Krock
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Díaz PA, Figueroa RI. Toxic Algal Bloom Recurrence in the Era of Global Change: Lessons from the Chilean Patagonian Fjords. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1874. [PMID: 37630433 PMCID: PMC10458688 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic and harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a global problem affecting human health, marine ecosystems, and coastal economies, the latter through their impact on aquaculture, fisheries, and tourism. As our knowledge and the techniques to study HABs advance, so do international monitoring efforts, which have led to a large increase in the total number of reported cases. However, in addition to increased detections, environmental factors associated with global change, mainly high nutrient levels and warming temperatures, are responsible for the increased occurrence, persistence, and geographical expansion of HABs. The Chilean Patagonian fjords provide an "open-air laboratory" for the study of climate change, including its impact on the blooms of several toxic microalgal species, which, in recent years, have undergone increases in their geographical range as well as their virulence and recurrence (the species Alexandrium catenella, Pseudochattonella verruculosa, and Heterosigma akashiwo, and others of the genera Dinophysis and Pseudo-nitzschia). Here, we review the evolution of HABs in the Chilean Patagonian fjords, with a focus on the established connections between key features of HABs (expansion, recurrence, and persistence) and their interaction with current and predicted global climate-change-related factors. We conclude that large-scale climatic anomalies such as the lack of rain and heat waves, events intensified by climate change, promote the massive proliferation of these species by creating ideal conditions for their growth and persistence, as they affect water-column stratification, nutrient inputs, and reproductive rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A. Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Rosa I. Figueroa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fujiyoshi S, Yarimizu K, Fuenzalida G, Campos M, Rilling JI, Acuña JJ, Miranda PC, Cascales EK, Perera I, Espinoza-González O, Guzmán L, Jorquera MA, Maruyama F. Monitoring bacterial composition and assemblage in the Gulf of Corcovado, southern Chile: Bacteria associated with harmful algae. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 4:100194. [PMID: 37346179 PMCID: PMC10279789 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) have caused damage to the marine environment in Isla San Pedro in the Gulf of Corcovado, Chile. While rising water temperature and artificial eutrophication are the most discussed topics as a cause, marine bacteria is a recent attractive parameter as an algal bloom driver. This study monitored algal and bacterial compositions in the water of Isla San Pedro for one year using microscopy and 16S rRNA metabarcoding analysis, along with physicochemical parameters. The collected data were analyzed with various statistical tools to understand how the particle-associated bacteria (PA) and the free-living (FL) bacteria were possibly involved in algal blooms. Both FL and PA fractions maintained a stable bacterial composition: the FL fraction was dominated by Proteobacteria (α-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria), and Cyanobacteria dominated the PA fraction. The two fractions contained equivalent bacterial taxonomic richness (c.a. 8,000 Operational Taxonomic Units) and shared more than 50% of OTU; however, roughly 20% was exclusive to each fraction. The four most abundant algal genera in the Isla San Pedro water were Thalassiosira, Skeletonema, Chaetoceros, and Pseudo-nitzchia. Statistical analysis identified that the bacterial species Polycyclovorans algicola was correlated with Pseudo-nitzschia spp., and our monitoring data recorded a sudden increase of particle-associated Polycyclovorans algicola shortly after the increase of Pseudo-nitzschia, suggesting that P. algicola may have regression effect on Pseudo-nitzschia spp. The study also investigated the physicochemical parameter effect on algal-bacterial interactions. Oxygen concentration and chlorophyll-a showed a strong correlation with both FL and PA bacteria despite their assemblage differences, suggesting that the two groups had different mechanisms for interacting with algal species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Fujiyoshi
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Kyoko Yarimizu
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Gonzalo Fuenzalida
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Buena Vecindad #91, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Marco Campos
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMAlab), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Joaquin-Ignacio Rilling
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMAlab), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Jacquelinne J. Acuña
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMAlab), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Pedro Calabrano Miranda
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Emma-Karin Cascales
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Ishara Perera
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Oscar Espinoza-González
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Milko A. Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMAlab), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Díaz PA, Pérez-Santos I, Basti L, Garreaud R, Pinilla E, Barrera F, Tello A, Schwerter C, Arenas-Uribe S, Soto-Riquelme C, Navarro P, Díaz M, Álvarez G, Linford PM, Altamirano R, Mancilla-Gutiérrez G, Rodríguez-Villegas C, Figueroa RI. The impact of local and climate change drivers on the formation, dynamics, and potential recurrence of a massive fish-killing microalgal bloom in Patagonian fjord. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161288. [PMID: 36587668 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in southern Chile are a serious threat to public health, tourism, artisanal fisheries, and aquaculture in this region. Ichthyotoxic HAB species have recently become a major annual threat to the Chilean salmon farming industry, due to their severe economic impacts. In early austral autumn 2021, an intense bloom of the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo was detected in Comau Fjord, Chilean Patagonia, resulting in a high mortality of farmed salmon (nearly 6000 tons of biomass) within 15 days. H. akashiwo cells were first detected at the head of the fjord on March 16, 2021 (up to 478 cells mL-1). On March 31, the cell density at the surface had reached a maximum of 2 × 105 cells mL-1, with intense brown spots visible on the water surface. Strong and persistent high-pressure anomalies over the southern tip of South America, consistent with the positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), resulted in extremely dry conditions, high solar radiation, and strong southerly winds. A coupling of these features with the high water retention times inside the fjord can explain the spatial-temporal dynamics of this bloom event. Other factors, such as the internal local physical uplift process (favored by the north-to-south orientation of the fjord), salt-fingering events, and the uplift of subantarctic deep-water renewal, likely resulted in the injection of nutrients into the euphotic layer, which in turn could have promoted cell growth and thus high microalgal cell densities, such as reached by the bloom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Center for Oceanographic Research COPAS Sur-Austral and COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Leila Basti
- Faculty of Marine Environment and Resources, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 108-8477 Tokyo, Japan; College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Department of Integrative Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - René Garreaud
- Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370449, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Elias Pinilla
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Putemún, Castro, Chile; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Facundo Barrera
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Camila Schwerter
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Sara Arenas-Uribe
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Pilar Navarro
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Instituto de Acuicultura & Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1281, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Pamela M Linford
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | | | - Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Rosa I Figueroa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Beal MRW, Wilkinson GM, Block PJ. Large scale seasonal forecasting of peak season algae metrics in the Midwest and Northeast U.S. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119402. [PMID: 36462259 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, many inland lakes have seen an increase in the prevalence of potentially harmful algae. In many inland lakes, the peak season for algae abundance (summer and early fall in the northern hemisphere) coincides with the peak season for recreational use. Currently, little information regarding expected algae conditions is available prior to the peak season for productivity in inland lakes. Peak season algae conditions are influenced by an array of pre-season (spring and early summer) local and global scale variables; identifying these variables for forecast development may be useful in managing potential public health threats posed by harmful algae. Using the LAGOS-NE dataset, pre-season local and global drivers of peak-season algae metrics (represented by chlorophyll-a) are identified for 178 lakes across the Northeast and Midwest U.S. from readily available gridded datasets. Forecasting models are built for each lake conditioned on relevant pre-season predictors. Forecasts are assessed for the magnitude, severity, and duration of seasonal chlorophyll concentrations. Regions of pre-season sea surface temperature, and pre-season chlorophyll-a demonstrate the most predictive power for peak season algae metrics, and resulting models show significant skill. Based on categorical forecast metrics, more than 70% of magnitude models and 90% of duration models outperform climatology. Forecasts of high and severe algae magnitude perform best in large mesotrophic and oligotrophic lakes, however, high algae duration performance appears less dependent on lake characteristics. The advance notice of elevated algae biomass provided by these models may allow lake managers to better prepare for challenges posed by algae during the high use season for inland lakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell R W Beal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415, Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Grace M Wilkinson
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 680N Park St, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Paul J Block
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415, Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Manik LP, Albasri H, Puspasari R, Yaman A, Al Hakim S, Siagian AHAM, Kushadiani SK, Riyanto S, Setiawan FA, Thesiana L, Jabbar MA, Saville R, Wada M. Usability and acceptance of crowd-based early warning of harmful algal blooms. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14923. [PMID: 36879908 PMCID: PMC9985416 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Crowdsensing has become an alternative solution to physical sensors and apparatuses. Utilizing citizen science communities is undoubtedly a much cheaper solution. However, similar to other participatory-based applications, the willingness of community members to be actively involved is paramount to the success of implementation. This research investigated factors that affect the continual use intention of a crowd-based early warning system (CBEWS) to mitigate harmful algal blooms (HABs). This study applied the partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using an augmented technology acceptance model (TAM). In addition to the native TAM variables, such as perceived ease of use and usefulness as well as attitude, other factors, including awareness, social influence, and reward, were also studied. Furthermore, the usability factor was examined, specifically using the System Usability Scale (SUS) score as a determinant. Results showed that usability positively affected the perceived ease of use. Moreover, perceived usefulness and awareness influenced users' attitudes toward using CBEWS. Meanwhile, the reward had no significant effects on continual use intention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindung Parningotan Manik
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Nusa Mandiri, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Research Center for Data and Information Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hatim Albasri
- Research Center for Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Reny Puspasari
- Research Center for Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aris Yaman
- Research Center for Computing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Shidiq Al Hakim
- Research Center for Data and Information Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Siti Kania Kushadiani
- Research Center for Data and Information Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Slamet Riyanto
- Research Center for Data and Information Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Foni Agus Setiawan
- Research Center for Data and Information Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Lolita Thesiana
- Research Center for Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Meuthia Aula Jabbar
- Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Jakarta Technical University of Fisheries, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ramadhona Saville
- Department of Agribusiness Management, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Wada
- School of Systems Information Science, Future University Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu F, Gaul L, Shu F, Vitenson D, Wu M. Microscope-based light gradient generation for quantitative growth studies of photosynthetic micro-organisms. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3138-3146. [PMID: 35730387 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00393g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic micro-organisms are equipped with molecular machineries that are designed to transform light into chemical or bioenergy, and help shape and balance the ecosystem of all life forms on earth. Recently, aquatic ecosystems have been disrupted by climate change, which leads to the frequent occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs). HABs endanger drinking water resources and harm the fishing and coastal recreation industries. Despite its urgency, mechanistic understanding of how key biophysical and biochemical parameters impact algal growth is largely unexplored. In this article, we developed a microscope-based light gradient generator for studies of photosynthetic micro-organisms under well-defined light intensity gradients. This technology utilized a commercially available microscope, allowed for controlled light exposure and imaging of cells on the same microscope platform, and can be integrated with any micrometer-scale device. Using this technology, we studied the role of light intensity in the growth of photosynthetic micro-organisms. A parallel study was also carried out using a 96-well plate. Our work revealed that the growth rate of the microalgae/cyanobacteria was significantly regulated by the light intensity and followed Monod or van Oorschot kinetic models. The measured half-saturation constants were compared with those obtained in macro-scale devices, and indicated that shading, light spectrum, and temperature may all play important roles in the light sensitivity of photosynthetic micro-organisms. This work highlighted the importance of analytical tools for quantitative understanding of biophysical parameters in the growth of photosynthetic micro-organisms, and knowledge learned will be critical in the design of future technologies for managing algal blooms or optimizing bioenergy production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangchen Liu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Larissa Gaul
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Fang Shu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Daniel Vitenson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu S, Lyu P, Zheng X, Yang H, Xia B, Li H, Zhang H, Ma S. Monitoring and control methods of harmful algal blooms in Chinese freshwater system: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:56908-56927. [PMID: 35708805 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a worldwide problem with substantial adverse effects on the aquatic environment as well as human health, which have prompted researchers to study measures to stem and control them. Meanwhile, it is key to research and develop monitoring methods to establish early warning HABs. However, both the current monitoring methods and control methods have some shortcomings, making the field application limited. Thus, we need to improve current approaches for monitoring and controlling HABs efficiently. Based on the freshwater system features in China, we review various monitoring and control methods of HABs, summarize and discuss the problems with these methods, and propose the future development direction of monitoring and control HABs. Finally, we envision that it can combine physical, chemical, and biological methods to inhibit HAB expansion in the future, complementing each other with advantages. Further, we promise to establish a long-term strategy of controlling HABs with various algicidal bacteria co-cultivate for field applications in China. Efforts in studying algicidal bacteria must be increased to better control HABs and mitigate the risks of aquatic ecosystems and human health in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Xu
- Shenzhen BLY Landscape & Architecture Planning & Design Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ping Lyu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zheng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Shenzhen BLY Landscape & Architecture Planning & Design Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Shenzhen BLY Landscape & Architecture Planning & Design Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shenzhen BLY Landscape & Architecture Planning & Design Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Shuanglong Ma
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Algicidal Effects of a High-Efficiency Algicidal Bacterium Shewanella Y1 on the Toxic Bloom-Causing Dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040239. [PMID: 35447912 PMCID: PMC9024950 DOI: 10.3390/md20040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alexandriumpacificum is a typical toxic bloom-forming dinoflagellate, causing serious damage to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Many bacteria have been isolated, having algicidal effects on harmful algal species, while few algicidal bacteria have been found to be able to lyse A. pacificum. Herein, an algicidal bacterium, Shewanella Y1, with algicidal activity to the toxic dinoflagellate A. pacificum, was isolated from Jiaozhou Bay, China, and the physiological responses to oxidative stress in A. pacificum were further investigated to elucidate the mechanism involved in Shewanella Y1. Y1 exhibited a significant algicidal effect (86.64 ± 5.04% at 24 h) and algicidal activity in an indirect manner. The significant declines of the maximal photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), initial slope of the light limited region (alpha), and maximum relative photosynthetic electron transfer rate (rETRmax) indicated that the Y1 filtrate inhibited photosynthetic activities of A. pacificum. Impaired photosynthesis induced the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused strong oxidative damage in A. pacificum, ultimately inducing cell death. These findings provide a better understanding of the biological basis of complex algicidal bacterium-harmful algae interactions, providing a potential source of bacterial agent to control harmful algal blooms.
Collapse
|
15
|
Saxitoxin Group Toxins Accumulation Induces Antioxidant Responses in Tissues of Mytilus chilensis, Ameghinomya antiqua, and Concholepas concholepas during a Bloom of Alexandrium pacificum. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020392. [PMID: 35204273 PMCID: PMC8869173 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) group toxins consist of a set of analogues which are produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs). During a HAB, filter-feeding marine organisms accumulate the dinoflagellates and concentrate the toxins in the tissues. In this study, we analyze the changes in antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage in the bivalves Mytilus chilensis and Ameghinomya antiqua, and the gastropod Concholepas concholepas during a bloom of Alexandrium pacificum. The results show that during the exponential phase of the bloom bivalves show an increase in toxicity and activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathinoe reductase, p < 0.05), while in the gastropods, increased activity of antioxidant enzymes was associated with the bioaccumulation of toxins through the diet. At the end of the bloom, decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes in the visceral and non-visceral tissues was detected in the bivalves, with an increase in oxidative damage (p < 0.05), in which the latter is correlated with the detection of the most toxic analogues of the STX-group (r = 0.988). In conclusion, in areas with high incidence of blooms, shellfish show a high activity of antioxidants, however, during the stages involving the distribution and bioconversion of toxins, there is decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes resulting in oxidative damage.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cho K, Ueno M, Liang Y, Kim D, Oda T. Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)-Forming Phytoplankton and Their Potential Impact on Surrounding Living Organisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020206. [PMID: 35204089 PMCID: PMC8868398 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most marine phytoplankton with relatively high ROS generation rates are categorized as harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming species, among which Chattonella genera is the highest ROS-producing phytoplankton. In this review, we examined marine microalgae with ROS-producing activities, with focus on Chattonella genera. Several studies suggest that Chattonella produces superoxide via the activities of an enzyme similar to NADPH oxidase located on glycocalyx, a cell surface structure, while hydrogen peroxide is generated inside the cell by different pathways. Additionally, hydroxyl radical has been detected in Chattonella cell suspension. By the physical stimulation, such as passing through between the gill lamellas of fish, the glycocalyx is easily discharged from the flagellate cells and attached on the gill surface, where ROS are continuously produced, which might cause gill tissue damage and fish death. Comparative studies using several strains of Chattonella showed that ROS production rate and ichthyotoxicity of Chattonella is well correlated. Furthermore, significant levels of ROS have been reported in other raphidophytes and dinoflagellates, such as Cochlodinium polykrikoides and Karenia mikimotoi. Chattonella is the most extensively studied phytoplankton in terms of ROS production and its biological functions. Therefore, this review examined the potential ecophysiological roles of extracellular ROS production by marine microalgae in aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Cho
- Department of Microbiology, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea;
| | - Mikinori Ueno
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (M.U.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Liang
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (M.U.); (Y.L.)
| | - Daekyung Kim
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (T.O.)
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (M.U.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (T.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sandoval-Sanhueza A, Aguilera-Belmonte A, Basti L, Figueroa RI, Molinet C, Álvarez G, Oyanedel S, Riobó P, Mancilla-Gutiérrez G, Díaz PA. Interactive effects of temperature and salinity on the growth and cytotoxicity of the fish-killing microalgal species Heterosigma akashiwo and Pseudochattonella verruculosa. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113234. [PMID: 34922228 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fish-killing blooms of Heterosigma akashiwo and Pseudochattonella verruculosa have been devastating for the farmed salmon industry, but in Southern Chile the conditions that promote the growth and toxicity of these microalgae are poorly understood. This study examined the effects of different combinations of temperature (12, 15, 18 °C) and salinity (10, 20, 30 psu) on the growth of Chilean strains of these two species. The results showed that the optimal growth conditions for H. akashiwo and P. verruculosa differed, with a maximum rate of 0.99 day-1 obtained at 15 °C and a salinity of 20 psu for H. akashiwo, and a maximum rate of 1.06 day-1 obtained at 18 °C and a salinity of 30 psu for P. verruculosa. Cytotoxic assays (2 × 101 - 2 × 105 cell mL-1; cells, filtrates, and cell lysates) performed at salinities of 20 and 30 psu showed a 100% reduction in the viability of embryonic fish cells exposed to intact cells of H. akashiwo and a 39% reduction following exposure to culture filtrates of P. verruculosa. Differences in the fish-killing mechanisms (direct cell contact vs. extracellular substances) and physiological traits of H. akashiwo and P. verruculosa explain the recent occurrence of very large blooms under contrasting (cold-brackish vs. hot-salty) extreme climate conditions in Chile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Aguilera-Belmonte
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile
| | - Leila Basti
- Faculty of Marine Environment and Resources, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 108-8477 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rosa I Figueroa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Molinet
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile; Programa Integrativo, Centro Interdisciplinario para la Investigación Acuícola (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Sandra Oyanedel
- Fraunhofer Chile Research - Fundación Chile, Quillaipe Aquaculture Center, Km 23.8 Quillaipe, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fan G, Chen Z, Gu S, Du B, Wang L. Self-floating photocatalytic hydrogel for efficient removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and degradation of microcystins-LR. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131283. [PMID: 34323790 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) and the release of cyanotoxins have posed adverse impacts to aquatic system and human health. In this study, a novel self-floating Ag/AgCl@LaFeO3 (ALFO) photocatalytic hydrogel was prepared via freeze-thaw method for removal of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). The ALFO hydrogel performed an excellent photocatalytic activity with a 99.4% removal efficiency of chlorophyll a within 4 h. It can still remove above 95% chlorophyll a after six consecutive recycles. Besides it has also shown excellent mechanical strength and elasticity, which can ensure its use in practical applications. The mechanisms of M. aeruginosa inactivation are attributed to •O2- and •OH generated by the ALFO hydrogel under visible light radiation. In addition, •O2- and •OH can further oxidative degrade and even mineralize the leaked algae organic matter, avoiding the recurrence of CyanoHABs. What's more, the ALFO hydrogel owns good photocatalytic degradation performance for microcystins-LR (MC-LR) with a 97% removal efficiency within 90 min. A possible photocatalytic degradation pathway of MC-LR was proposed through the identification of the intermediate products during the photocatalytic reaction, which confirmed the reduction of MC-LR toxicity. This work develops recyclable a self-floating ALFO hydrogel to simultaneously inactivate M. aeruginosa and degrade MC-LR, providing a prospective method for governing and controlling CyanoHABs in practical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gongduan Fan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, 350002, Fujian, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, Fuzhou University, 350002, Fujian, PR China
| | - Zhong Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Shiping Gu
- CCCC First Highway Engineering Group Xiamen Co., Ltd., Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Banghao Du
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pérez-Santos I, Díaz PA, Silva N, Garreaud R, Montero P, Henríquez-Castillo C, Barrera F, Linford P, Amaya C, Contreras S, Aracena C, Pinilla E, Altamirano R, Vallejos L, Pavez J, Maulen J. Oceanography time series reveals annual asynchrony input between oceanic and estuarine waters in Patagonian fjords. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149241. [PMID: 34333429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The postglacial Patagonian fjord system along the west coast of southern South America is one of the largest stretches of the southern hemisphere (SH) fjord belt, influenced by the SH westerly wind belt and continental freshwater input. This study reports a 3-year monthly time series (2017-2020) of physical and biogeochemical parameters obtained from the Reloncaví Marine Observatory (OMARE, Spanish acronym) at the northernmost embayment and fjord system of Patagonia. The main objective of this work was to understand the land-atmosphere-ocean interactions and to identify the mechanisms that modulate the density of phytoplankton. A key finding of this study was the seasonally varying asynchronous input of oceanic and estuarine water. Surface lower salinity and warmer estuarine water arrived in late winter to summer, contributing to water column stability, followed by subsurface higher salinity and less warmer oceanic water during fall-winter. In late winter 2019, an interannual change above the picnocline due to the record-high polarity of the Indian Ocean Dipole inhibited water column stability. The biogeochemical parameters (NO3-, NO2-, PO43-, Si(OH)4, pH, and dissolved oxygen) responded to the surface annual salinity variations, and oceanic water mass contributed greatly to the subsurface inorganic nutrient input. The water column N/P ratio indicated that no eutrophication occurred, even under intense aquaculture activity, likely because of the high ventilation dynamics of the Reloncaví Sound. Finally, a shift in phytoplankton composition, characterized by surface chlorophyll-a maxima in late winter and deepening of spring-summer blooms related to the physicochemical conditions of the water column, was observed. Our results support the ecosystem services provided by local oceanography processes in the north Patagonian fjords. Here, the anthropogenic impact caused by economic activities could be, in part, chemically reduced by the annual ventilation cycle mediated by the exchange of oceanic water masses into Patagonian fjords.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i-mar de la Universidad de los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile.
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i-mar de la Universidad de los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Nelson Silva
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - René Garreaud
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resilencia (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Paulina Montero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Henríquez-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Facundo Barrera
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resilencia (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias & Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Linford
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Centro i-mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Sergio Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias & Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudia Aracena
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elías Pinilla
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), CTPA-Putemún, Castro, Chile
| | - Robinson Altamirano
- Centro i-mar de la Universidad de los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Luis Vallejos
- Centro i-mar de la Universidad de los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Javiera Pavez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Juan Maulen
- Centro i-mar de la Universidad de los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Unprecedented Outbreak of Harmful Algae in Pacific Coastal Waters off Southeast Hokkaido, Japan, during Late Summer 2021 after Record-Breaking Marine Heatwaves. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9121335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Unprecedented large-scale harmful algae blooms (HABs) were reported in coastal waters off the south-eastern coast of Hokkaido, Japan, in mid-to-late September 2021, about a month after very intense and extensive marine heatwaves subsided. To understand the physical–biological processes associated with development of the HABs, we conducted analyses via a combination of realistic ocean circulation models, particle-tracking simulations, and satellite measurements. The satellite-derived chlorophyll concentrations (SCCs) and areal extent of the high SCCs associated with the HABs were the highest recorded since 1998. More specifically, the extent of SCCs exceeding 5 or 10 mg m−3 started to slowly increase after 20 August, when the marine heatwaves subsided, intermittently exceeded the climatological daily maximum after late August, and reached record-breaking extremes in mid-to-late September. About 70% of the SCCs that exceeded 10 mg m−3 occurred in places where water depths were <300 m, i.e., coastal shelf waters. The high SCCs were also tightly linked with low-salinity water (e.g., subarctic Oyashio and river-influenced waters). High-salinity subtropical water (e.g., Soya Warm Current water) appeared to suppress the occurrence of HABs. The expansion of the area of high SCCs seemed to be synchronized with the deepening of surface mixed layer depths in subarctic waters on the Pacific shelves. That deepening began around 10 August, when the marine heatwaves weakened abruptly. However, another mechanism was needed to explain the intensification of the SCCs in very nearshore waters off southeast Hokkaido. Particle-tracking simulations based on ocean circulation models identified three potential source areas of the HABs: the Pacific Ocean east of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Sea of Japan, and the Sea of Okhotsk east of the Sakhalin Island. Different processes of HAB development were proposed because distance, time, and probability for transport of harmful algae from the potential source areas to the study region differed greatly between the three source areas.
Collapse
|
21
|
Pearson LA, D'Agostino PM, Neilan BA. Recent developments in quantitative PCR for monitoring harmful marine microalgae. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 108:102096. [PMID: 34588118 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine microalgae produce a variety of specialised metabolites that have toxic effects on humans, farmed fish, and marine wildlife. Alarmingly, many of these compounds bioaccumulate in the tissues of shellfish and higher trophic organisms, including species consumed by humans. Molecular methods are emerging as a potential alternative and complement to the conventional microscopic diagnosis of toxic or otherwise harmful microalgal species. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) in particular, has gained popularity over the past decade as a sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective method for monitoring harmful microalgae. Assays targeting taxonomic marker genes provide the opportunity to identify and quantify (or semi-quantify) microalgal species and importantly to pre-empt bloom events. Moreover, the discovery of paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis genes in dinoflagellates has enabled researchers to directly monitor toxigenic species in coastal waters and fisheries. This review summarises the recent developments in qPCR detection methods for harmful microalgae, with emphasis on emerging toxin gene monitoring technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne A Pearson
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Paul M D'Agostino
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brett A Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Oliveira VHS, Dean KR, Qviller L, Kirkeby C, Bang Jensen B. Factors associated with baseline mortality in Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14702. [PMID: 34282173 PMCID: PMC8289829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, it was estimated that more than 50 million captive Atlantic salmon in Norway died in the final stage of their production in marine cages. This mortality represents a significant economic loss for producers and a need to improve welfare for farmed salmon. Single adverse events, such as algal blooms or infectious disease outbreaks, can explain mass mortality in salmon cages. However, little is known about the production, health, or environmental factors that contribute to their baseline mortality during the sea phase. Here we conducted a retrospective study including 1627 Atlantic salmon cohorts put to sea in 2014-2019. We found that sea lice treatments were associated with Atlantic salmon mortality. In particular, the trend towards non-medicinal sea lice treatments, including thermal delousing, increases Atlantic salmon mortality in the same month the treatment is applied. There were differences in mortality among production zones. Stocking month and weight were other important factors, with the lowest mortality in smaller salmon stocked in August-October. Sea surface temperature and salinity also influenced Atlantic salmon mortality. Knowledge of what affects baseline mortality in Norwegian aquaculture can be used as part of syndromic surveillance and to inform salmon producers on farming practices that can reduce mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars Qviller
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Carsten Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Summer Is Coming! Tackling Ocean Warming in Atlantic Salmon Cage Farming. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061800. [PMID: 34208637 PMCID: PMC8234874 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) cage farming has traditionally been located at higher latitudes where cold seawater temperatures favor this practice. However, these regions can be impacted by ocean warming and heat waves that push seawater temperature beyond the thermo-tolerance limits of this species. As more mass mortality events are reported every year due to abnormal sea temperatures, the Atlantic salmon cage aquaculture industry acknowledges the need to adapt to a changing ocean. This paper reviews adult Atlantic salmon thermal tolerance limits, as well as the deleterious eco-physiological consequences of heat stress, with emphasis on how it negatively affects sea cage aquaculture production cycles. Biotechnological solutions targeting the phenotypic plasticity of Atlantic salmon and its genetic diversity, particularly that of its southernmost populations at the limit of its natural zoogeographic distribution, are discussed. Some of these solutions include selective breeding programs, which may play a key role in this quest for a more thermo-tolerant strain of Atlantic salmon that may help the cage aquaculture industry to adapt to climate uncertainties more rapidly, without compromising profitability. Omics technologies and precision breeding, along with cryopreservation breakthroughs, are also part of the available toolbox that includes other solutions that can allow cage farmers to continue to produce Atlantic salmon in the warmer waters of the oceans of tomorrow.
Collapse
|
24
|
Díaz PA, Peréz-Santos I, Álvarez G, Garreaud R, Pinilla E, Díaz M, Sandoval A, Araya M, Álvarez F, Rengel J, Montero P, Pizarro G, López L, Iriarte L, Igor G, Reguera B. Multiscale physical background to an exceptional harmful algal bloom of Dinophysis acuta in a fjord system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145621. [PMID: 33582350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis acuta produces diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins and pectenotoxins (PTX). It blooms in thermally-stratified shelf waters in late summer in temperate to cold temperate latitudes. Despite its major contribution to shellfish harvesting bans, little effort has been devoted to study its population dynamics in Chilean Patagonia. In 2017-2018, mesoscale distribution of harmful algal species (75 monitoring stations) revealed the initiation (late spring) and seasonal growth of a dense D. acuta population in the Aysén region, with maximal values at Puyuhuapi Fjord (PF). Vertical phytoplankton distribution and fine-resolution measurements of physical parameters along a 25-km transect in February 16th identified a 15-km (horizontal extension) subsurface thin layer of D. acuta from 4 to 8 m depth. This layer, disrupted at the confluence of PF with the Magdalena Sound, peaked at the top of the pycnocline (6 m, 15.9 °C, 23.4 psu) where static stability was maximal. By February 22nd, it deepened (8 m, 15.5 °C; 23.62 psu) following the excursions of the pycnocline and reached the highest density ever recorded (664 × 103 cells L-1) for this species. Dinophysis acuta was the dominant Dinophysis species in all microplankton net-tows/bottle samples; they all contained DSP toxins (OA, DTX-1) and PTX-2. Modeled flushing rates showed that Puyuhuapi, the only fjord in the area with 2 connections with the open sea, had the highest water residence time. Long term climate variability in the Southern hemisphere showed the effects of a Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in positive mode (+1.1 hPa) overwhelming a moderate La Niña. These effects included positive spring precipitation anomalies with enhanced salinity gradients and summer drought with positive anomalies in air (+1 °C) and sea surface (+2 °C) temperature. Locally, persistent thermal stratification in PF seemed to provide an optimal physical habitat for initiation and bloom development of D. acuta. Thus, in summer 2018, a favourable combination of meteorological and hydrographic processes of multiple scales created conditions that promoted the development of a widespread bloom of D. acuta with its epicentre at the head of Puyuhuapi fjord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Iván Peréz-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - René Garreaud
- Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370449, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, Santiago 8370449, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Elías Pinilla
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Putemun, Castro, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Instituto de Acuicultura & Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Alondra Sandoval
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Francisco Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - José Rengel
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Paulina Montero
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Gemita Pizarro
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Loreto López
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Luis Iriarte
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Sargento Aldea 431, Puerto Aysén, Chile
| | - Gabriela Igor
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- Juan G Navedo
- Estación Experimental Quempillén (Chiloé), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile. .,Bird Ecology Lab, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP de Investigaciones en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Integrative Biology Group, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rashidi H, Baulch H, Gill A, Bharadwaj L, Bradford L. Monitoring, Managing, and Communicating Risk of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in Recreational Resources across Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2021; 15:11786302211014401. [PMID: 34017178 PMCID: PMC8114296 DOI: 10.1177/11786302211014401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Globally, harmful algal blooms (HABs) are on the rise, as is evidence of their toxicity. The impacts associated with blooms, however, vary across Nation states, as do the strategies and protocols to assess, monitor, and manage their occurrence. In Canada, water quality guidelines are standardized nationally, but the management strategies for HABs are not. Here, we explore current strategies to understand how to better communicate risks associated with HABs to the public. Our team conducted an environmental scan on provincial and territorial government agency protocols around HABs. Results suggest that there are variations in the monitoring, managing, and communicating of risk to the public: British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Quebec have well-established inter-agency protocols, and most provinces report following federal guidelines for water quality. Notably, 3 northern territories have no HABs monitoring or management protocols in place. More populous provinces use a variety of information venues (websites, social media, on site postings, and radio) to communicate risks associated with HABs, whereas others' communications are limited. To induce more collaboration on HABs monitoring and management and reduce the associated risks, creating a coherent system with consistent messaging and inter-agency communication is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Rashidi
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Helen Baulch
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Arshdeep Gill
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lalita Bharadwaj
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lori Bradford
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mardones JI, Paredes J, Godoy M, Suarez R, Norambuena L, Vargas V, Fuenzalida G, Pinilla E, Artal O, Rojas X, Dorantes-Aranda JJ, Lee Chang KJ, Anderson DM, Hallegraeff GM. Disentangling the environmental processes responsible for the world's largest farmed fish-killing harmful algal bloom: Chile, 2016. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144383. [PMID: 33421787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dictyochophyte microalga Pseudochattonella verruculosa was responsible for the largest farmed fish mortality ever recorded in the world, with losses for the Chilean salmon industry amounting to US$ 800 M in austral summer 2016. Super-scale climatic anomalies resulted in strong vertical water column stratification that stimulated development of a dynamic P. verruculosa thin layer (up to 38 μg chl a L-1) for several weeks in Reloncaví Sound. Hydrodynamic modeling (MIKE 3D) indicated that the Sound had extremely low flushing rates (between 121 and 200 days) in summer 2016. Reported algal cell densities of 7000-20,000 cells mL-1 generated respiratory distress in fish that was unlikely due to low dissolved oxygen (permanently >4 mg L-1). Histological examination of salmon showed that gills were the most affected organ with significant tissue damage and circulatory disorders. It is possible that some of this damage was due to a diatom bloom that preceded the Pseudochattonella event, thereby rendering the fish more susceptible to Pseudochattonella. No correlation between magnitude of fish mortality and algal cell abundance nor fish age was evident. Algal cultures revealed rapid growth rates and high cell densities (up to 600,000 cells mL-1), as well as highly complex life cycle stages that can be easily overlooked in monitoring programs. In cell-based bioassays, Chilean P. verruculosa was only toxic to the RTgill-W1 cell line following exposures to high cell densities of lysed cells (>100,000 cells mL-1). Fatty acid profiles of a cultured strain showed elevated concentrations of potentially ichthyotoxic, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (69.7% ± 1.8%)- stearidonic (SDA, 18:4ω3-28.9%), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3-22.3%), suggesting that lipid peroxidation may help to explain the mortalities, though superoxide production by Pseudochattonella was low (< 0.21 ± 0.19 pmol O2- cell-1 h-1). It therefore remains unknown what the mechanisms of salmon mortality were during the Pseudochattonella bloom. Multiple mitigation strategies were used by salmon farmers during the event, with only delayed seeding of juvenile fish into the cages and towing of cages to sanctuary sites being effective. Airlift pumping, used effectively against other fish-killing HABs in the US and Canada was not effective, perhaps because it brought subsurface layers of Pseudochattonella to the surface, or and it also may have lysed the fragile cells, rendering them more lethal. The present study highlights knowledge gaps and inefficiency of contingency plans by the fish farming industry to overcome future fish-killing algal blooms under future climate change scenarios. The use of new technologies based on molecular methods for species detection, good farm practices by fish farms, and possible mitigation strategies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I Mardones
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Javier Paredes
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Marcos Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt, Chile; Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; Doctorado en acuicultura, Programa cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rudy Suarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt, Chile; Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; Magister en acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Luis Norambuena
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Valentina Vargas
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Fuenzalida
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Elias Pinilla
- CTPA-Putemún, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Castro, Chile
| | - Osvaldo Artal
- CTPA-Putemún, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Castro, Chile
| | - Ximena Rojas
- Instituto Tecnológico del Salmón (INTESAL), Juan Soler Manfredini 41, Of. 1802, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Kim J Lee Chang
- CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Gustaaf M Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Recent Changes in the Low-Level Jet along the Subtropical West Coast of South America. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface winds along the subtropical west coast of South America are characterized by the quasi-weekly occurrences of low-level jet events. These short lived but intense wind events impact the coastal ocean environment. Hence, identifying long-term trends in the coastal low-level jet (CLLJ) is essential for understanding changes in marine ecosystems. Here we use ERA5 reanalysis (1979–2019) and an objective algorithm to track anticyclones to investigate recent changes in CLLJ events off central Chile (25–43 °S). Results present evidence that the number of days with intense wind (≥10 ms−1), and the number and duration of CLLJ events have significantly changed off central Chile in recent decades. There is an increase in the number of CLLJ events in the whole study area during winter (June-July-August; JJA), while during summer (December–January–February; DJF) a decrease is observed at lower latitudes (29–34 °S), and an increase is found at the southern boundary of the Humboldt system. We suggest that changes in the central pressures and frequency of extratropical, migratory anticyclones that reach the coast of South America, which force CLLJs, have played an important role in the recent CLLJ changes observed in this region.
Collapse
|
29
|
Aguayo R, León-Muñoz J, Garreaud R, Montecinos A. Hydrological droughts in the southern Andes (40-45°S) from an ensemble experiment using CMIP5 and CMIP6 models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5530. [PMID: 33750825 PMCID: PMC7943561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The decrease in freshwater input to the coastal system of the Southern Andes (40-45°S) during the last decades has altered the physicochemical characteristics of the coastal water column, causing significant environmental, social and economic consequences. Considering these impacts, the objectives were to analyze historical severe droughts and their climate drivers, and to evaluate the hydrological impacts of climate change in the intermediate future (2040-2070). Hydrological modelling was performed in the Puelo River basin (41°S) using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model. The hydrological response and its uncertainty were compared using different combinations of CMIP projects (n = 2), climate models (n = 5), scenarios (n = 3) and univariate statistical downscaling methods (n = 3). The 90 scenarios projected increases in the duration, hydrological deficit and frequency of severe droughts of varying duration (1 to 6 months). The three downscaling methodologies converged to similar results, with no significant differences between them. In contrast, the hydroclimatic projections obtained with the CMIP6 and CMIP5 models found significant climatic (greater trends in summer and autumn) and hydrological (longer droughts) differences. It is recommended that future climate impact assessments adapt the new simulations as more CMIP6 models become available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aguayo
- grid.5380.e0000 0001 2298 9663Centro EULA, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge León-Muñoz
- grid.412876.e0000 0001 2199 9982Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile ,Centro Interdisciplinario para la Investigación Acuícola (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - René Garreaud
- grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile ,Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Montecinos
- grid.5380.e0000 0001 2298 9663Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile ,Centro de Recursos Hídricos para la Agricultura y Minería (CRHIAM), Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fujiyoshi S, Yarimizu K, Miyashita Y, Rilling J, Acuña JJ, Ueki S, Gajardo G, Espinoza-González O, Guzmán L, Jorquera MA, Nagai S, Maruyama F. Suitcase Lab: new, portable, and deployable equipment for rapid detection of specific harmful algae in Chilean coastal waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14144-14155. [PMID: 33206296 PMCID: PMC7673245 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton blooms, including harmful algal blooms (HABs), have serious impacts on ecosystems, public health, and productivity activities. Rapid detection and monitoring of marine microalgae are important in predicting and managing HABs. We developed a toolkit, the Suitcase Lab, to detect harmful algae species in the field. We demonstrated the Suitcase Lab's capabilities for sampling, filtration, DNA extraction, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) detection in cultured Alexandrium catenella cells as well as Chilean coastal waters from four sites: Repollal, Isla García, Puerto Montt, and Metri. A LAMP assay using the Suitcase Lab in the field confirmed microscopic observations of A. catenella in samples from Repollal and Isla García. The Suitcase Lab allowed the rapid detection of A. catenella, within 2 h from the time of sampling, even at a single cell per milliliter concentrations, demonstrating its usefulness for quick and qualitative on-site diagnosis of target toxic algae species. This method is applicable not only to detecting harmful algae but also to other field studies that seek a rapid molecular diagnostic test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Fujiyoshi
- Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan.
- Center for holobiome and built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan.
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Kyoko Yarimizu
- Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyashita
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Joaquín Rilling
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jacquelinne J Acuña
- Center for holobiome and built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Shoko Ueki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Gonzalo Gajardo
- Laboratorio de Genética, Acuicultura & Biodiversidad. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Oscar Espinoza-González
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, 5480000, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, IFOP, Balmaceda 252, 5480000, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Milko A Jorquera
- Center for holobiome and built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Fisheries Stock Assessment Center, Bioinformatics and Biosciences Division, Genome Structure Analysis Group, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan.
- Center for holobiome and built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan.
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sunesen I, Méndez SM, Mancera-Pineda JE, Dechraoui Bottein MY, Enevoldsen H. The Latin America and Caribbean HAB status report based on OBIS and HAEDAT maps and databases. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101920. [PMID: 33875182 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful Algae Blooms (HAB) have been documented for at least fifty years in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), however, their impacts at social, ecological and economic levels are still little known. To contribute to the impact assessment of HABs in LAC region, the available information in HAEDAT, OBIS, CAREC, and CARPHA databases, and scientific literature was analyzed. This historical analysis allows identification of the main syndromes and causal organisms. Considering the existence of two regional working groups of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC): Algas Nocivas del Caribe (ANCA) and Floraciones Algales Nocivas en Sudamérica (FANSA), representing Central American/Caribbean and South American countries, respectively, the analysis is presented both globally and subregional. For the FANSA region, the HAEDAT data base listed 249 records from 1970 to 2019, with a total of 1432 human intoxications, including 37 fatalities. The majority of these events comprised Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (49%), Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (34%), Cyanotoxins (12%) and 6 % other toxins. The total number of harmful taxa in the OBIS database includes 79 species distributed over 25 genera. The most commonly reported species are Alexandrium catenella/tamarense, Gymnodinium catenatum and the Dinophysis acuminata complex. Two new species Prorocentrum caipirignum Fraga, Menezes and Nascimento and Alexandrium fragae Branco and Menezes were newly described from Brazilian waters. In the ANCA region, HAEDAT listed 131 records from 1956 to 2018. The main problems are PSP and Ciguatera and common HAB taxa are Gambierdiscus, Gymnodinium, Pyrodinium, Alexandrium and Dinophysis. The most reported HAB forming species are Gymnodinium catenatum, Pyrodinium bahamense and Gambierdiscus spp. In recent years Margalefidinium polykrikoides blooms have become frequent, causing fish and invertebrates massive mortalities and impacts on touristic activities. In the LAC region, the greatest economic losses were produced by ichthyotoxic massive events causing salmon deaths associated to Pseudochattonella verruculosa and Alexandrium catenella in Chile and tuna deaths related to Tripos furca and Chattonella spp. in the Mexican Pacific. In the last decade, several studies in LAC have linked HAB events with local mesoscale oceanographic and atmospheric phenomena. Trends analyzed up to 2019 are related to the increasing awareness about presence of toxic species, the geographical expansion of already known species, the detection of new toxins for the region, and HAB events duration and/or impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Sunesen
- División Ficología Dr. Sebastián Guarrera, FCNyM, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina. CONICET - UNLP.
| | - Silvia M Méndez
- Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos/MGAP, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Seasonal Variability of SST Fronts in the Inner Sea of Chiloé and Its Adjacent Coastal Ocean, Northern Patagonia. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface oceanic fronts are regions characterized by high biological activity. Here, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) fronts are analyzed for the period 2003–2019 using the Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution (MUR) SST product in northern Patagonia, a coastal region with high environmental variability through river discharges and coastal upwelling events. SST gradient magnitudes were maximum off Chiloé Island in summer and fall, coherent with the highest frontal probability in the coastal oceanic area, which would correspond to the formation of a coastal upwelling front in the meridional direction. Increased gradient magnitudes in the Inner Sea of Chiloé (ISC) were found primarily in spring and summer. The frontal probability analysis revealed the highest occurrences were confined to the northern area (north of Desertores Islands) and around the southern border of Boca del Guafo. An Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis was performed to clarify the dominant modes of variability in SST gradient magnitudes. The meridional coastal fronts explained the dominant mode (78% of the variance) off Chiloé Island, which dominates in summer, whereas the SST fronts inside the ISC (second mode; 15.8%) were found to dominate in spring and early summer (October–January). Future efforts are suggested focusing on high frontal probability areas to study the vertical structure and variability of the coastal fronts in the ISC and its adjacent coastal ocean.
Collapse
|
33
|
Rodríguez-Benito CV, Navarro G, Caballero I. Using Copernicus Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3 data to monitor harmful algal blooms in Southern Chile during the COVID-19 lockdown. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 161:111722. [PMID: 33039790 PMCID: PMC7544481 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During the southern summer of 2020, large phytoplankton blooms were detected using satellite technology in Chile (western Patagonia), where intensive salmonid aquaculture is carried out. Some harvesting sites recorded massive fish mortalities, which were associated with the presence of the dinoflagellate species Cochlodinium sp. The bloom included other phytoplankton species, as Lepidodinium chlorophorum, which persistently changed the colour of the ocean to green. These blooms coincided with the government-managed emergency lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Local in situ sampling was slowed down. However, imagery from the Copernicus programme allowed operational monitoring. This study shows the benefits of both Sentinel-3 and Sentinel-2 satellites in terms of their spectral, spatial and temporal capabilities for improved algal bloom monitoring. These novel tools, which can foster optimal decision-making, are available for delivering early alerts in situations of natural catastrophes and blockages, such as those occurred during the global COVID-19 lockdown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Puerto Real 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Isabel Caballero
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Puerto Real 11510, Cádiz, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Marquet PA, Castilla JC, Gaxiola A, Hucke-Gaete R, Pena-Vega A. Indigenous rights to Patagonia's Guafo island. Science 2020; 370:669-670. [PMID: 33154130 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Marquet
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 8331150, Santiago, Chile. .,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Castilla
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aurora Gaxiola
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 8331150, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Hucke-Gaete
- Programa Austral Patagonia, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alfredo Pena-Vega
- Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Anthropologie du Contemporain, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Massey IY, Al osman M, Yang F. An overview on cyanobacterial blooms and toxins production: their occurrence and influencing factors. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1843060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Yaw Massey
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muwaffak Al osman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yarimizu K, Fujiyoshi S, Kawai M, Norambuena-Subiabre L, Cascales EK, Rilling JI, Vilugrón J, Cameron H, Vergara K, Morón-López J, Acuña JJ, Gajardo G, Espinoza-González O, Guzmán L, Jorquera MA, Nagai S, Pizarro G, Riquelme C, Ueki S, Maruyama F. Protocols for Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms for Sustainable Aquaculture and Coastal Fisheries in Chile. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207642. [PMID: 33092111 PMCID: PMC7589761 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Harmful algae blooms (HABs) cause acute effects on marine ecosystems due to their production of endogenous toxins or their enormous biomass, leading to significant impacts on local economies and public health. Although HAB monitoring has been intensively performed at spatiotemporal scales in coastal areas of the world over the last decades, procedures have not yet been standardized. HAB monitoring procedures are complicated and consist of many methodologies, including physical, chemical, and biological water sample measurements. Each monitoring program currently uses different combinations of methodologies depending on site specific purposes, and many prior programs refer to the procedures in quotations. HAB monitoring programs in Chile have adopted the traditional microscopic and toxin analyses but not molecular biology and bacterial assemblage approaches. Here we select and optimize the HAB monitoring methodologies suitable for Chilean geography, emphasizing on metabarcoding analyses accompanied by the classical tools with considerations including cost, materials and instrument availability, and easiness and efficiency of performance. We present results from a pilot study using the standardized stepwise protocols, demonstrating feasibility and plausibility for sampling and analysis for the HAB monitoring. Such specific instructions in the standardized protocol are critical obtaining quality data under various research environments involving multiple stations, different analysts, various time-points, and long HAB monitoring duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Yarimizu
- Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan;
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (F.M.); Tel.: +81-082-424-7048 (K.Y. & F.M.)
| | - So Fujiyoshi
- Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan;
| | - Mikihiko Kawai
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatsu-cho, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
| | - Luis Norambuena-Subiabre
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (L.N.-S.); (E.-K.C.); (J.V.); (O.E.-G.); (L.G.)
| | - Emma-Karin Cascales
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (L.N.-S.); (E.-K.C.); (J.V.); (O.E.-G.); (L.G.)
| | - Joaquin-Ignacio Rilling
- Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (J.-I.R.); (J.J.A.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Jonnathan Vilugrón
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (L.N.-S.); (E.-K.C.); (J.V.); (O.E.-G.); (L.G.)
| | - Henry Cameron
- Centro de Bioinnovacion, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biologicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (H.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Karen Vergara
- Laboratorio de Genética, Acuicultura & Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile; (K.V.); (G.G.)
| | - Jesus Morón-López
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan; (J.M.-L.); (S.U.)
| | - Jacquelinne J. Acuña
- Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (J.-I.R.); (J.J.A.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Gonzalo Gajardo
- Laboratorio de Genética, Acuicultura & Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile; (K.V.); (G.G.)
| | - Oscar Espinoza-González
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (L.N.-S.); (E.-K.C.); (J.V.); (O.E.-G.); (L.G.)
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (L.N.-S.); (E.-K.C.); (J.V.); (O.E.-G.); (L.G.)
| | - Milko A. Jorquera
- Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (J.-I.R.); (J.J.A.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Fisheries Resources Institute, Fisheries Stock Assessment Center, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan;
| | - Gemita Pizarro
- Laboratorio de toxinas y fitoplancton, IFOP, Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile;
| | - Carlos Riquelme
- Centro de Bioinnovacion, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biologicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (H.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Shoko Ueki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan; (J.M.-L.); (S.U.)
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan;
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (F.M.); Tel.: +81-082-424-7048 (K.Y. & F.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
A Twitter-Lived Red Tide Crisis on Chiloé Island, Chile: What Can Be Obtained for Social-Ecological Research through Social Media Analysis? SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12208506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Considering traditional research on social-ecological crises, new social media analysis, particularly Twitter data, contributes with supplementary exploration techniques. In this article, we argue that a social media approach to social-ecological crises can offer an actor-centered meaningful perspective on social facts, a depiction of the general dynamics of meaning making that takes place among actors, and a systemic view of actors’ communication before, during and after the crisis. On the basis of a multi-technique approach to Twitter data (TF-IDF, hierarchical clustering, egocentric networks and principal component analysis) applied to a red tide crisis on Chiloé Island, Chile, in 2016, the most significant red tide in South America ever, we offer a view on the boundaries and dynamics of meaning making in a social-ecological crisis. We conclude that this dynamics shows a permanent reflexive work on elucidating the causes and effects of the crisis that develops according to actors’ commitments, the sequence of events, and political conveniences. In this vein, social media analysis does not replace good qualitative research, it rather opens up supplementary possibilities for capturing meanings from the past that cannot be retrieved otherwise. This is particularly relevant for studying social-ecological crises and supporting collective learning processes that point towards increased resilience capacities and more sustainable trajectories in affected communities.
Collapse
|
38
|
Berger J, Wangchuk T, Briceño C, Vila A, Lambert JE. Disassembled Food Webs and Messy Projections: Modern Ungulate Communities in the Face of Unabating Human Population Growth. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
39
|
Onitsuka G, Yamaguchi M, Sakamoto S, Shikata T, Nakayama N, Kitatsuji S, Itakura S, Sakurada K, Ando H, Yoshimura N, Mukai H, Yamashita H. Interannual variations in abundance and distribution of Chattonella cysts, and the relationship to population dynamics of vegetative cells in the Yatsushiro Sea, Japan. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 96:101833. [PMID: 32560835 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fish-killing raphidophytes Chattonella spp. have a resting cyst stage. To investigate the abundance and distribution of Chattonella cysts and determine their relationship to the population dynamics of vegetative cells, we conducted field observations from 2002 to 2017 in the Yatsushiro Sea, a semi-enclosed embayment in Japan, and analyzed the data including environmental conditions. Analysis of sediment sampled in the spring (mid-April to early June), shows that cysts are relatively abundant in the northern to middle area, where initial vegetative cells and large blooms are frequently detected. The maximum density of cysts was 616 cysts cm-3 in the northern area in 2016. Mean cyst abundance in the spring varied interannually, ranging from 5 to 138 cysts cm-3. A significant positive correlation between mean cyst abundance in the spring and maximum density of vegetative cells the preceding summer was seen, but no significant correlation was observed the following summer. The first detected date of vegetative cells (FDD) each year, which is likely related to cyst abundance and environmental conditions influencing cyst germination and/or growth characteristics of vegetative cells, also varied interannually from mid-April to early June. Regression analyses showed that FDD tended to be early when cyst abundance and bottom-water temperature were high. However, no significant correlation was observed between mean cyst abundance and bloom timing (the period from FDD to the occurrence date of the bloom), and bloom duration the following summer, as was the maximum density of vegetative cells. Instead, the timing and duration of blooms were correlated significantly with meteorological factors (e.g., solar radiation) for a month after FDD. The results suggest that cyst abundance reflecting the bloom magnitude of the preceding summer contributes to the timing of the appearance of vegetative cells in the year, but that bloom occurrence is likely to be controlled by the growth dynamics of vegetative cells through environmental conditions rather than by cyst abundance. The three distinct peaks in Chattonella cysts and vegetative cells from 2002 to 2017 correspond to the timings just after the El Niño. Large-scale atmospheric variability and its global teleconnection are possibly linked to long-term population dynamics of Chattonella in the area through local meteorological conditions and their life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goh Onitsuka
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Mineo Yamaguchi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Setsuko Sakamoto
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shikata
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Natsuko Nakayama
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Saho Kitatsuji
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Shigeru Itakura
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Kiyonari Sakurada
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kumamoto Prefectural Government, 6-18-1 Suizenji, Chuo, Kumamoto 862-8570, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ando
- Northern Kumamoto Administrative Headquarters, 1272-10 Waifu, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 861-1331, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yoshimura
- Amakusa Area Administrative Headquarters, 3530 Imagamashinmachi, Amakusa, Kumamoto 863-0013, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Mukai
- Kumamoto Fisheries Research Center, 2450-2 Naka Oyanomachi, Kamiamakusa, Kumamoto 869-3603, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yamashita
- Kumamoto Fisheries Research Center, 2450-2 Naka Oyanomachi, Kamiamakusa, Kumamoto 869-3603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu F, Yazdani M, Ahner BA, Wu M. An array microhabitat device with dual gradients revealed synergistic roles of nitrogen and phosphorous in the growth of microalgae. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:798-805. [PMID: 31971190 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01153f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are an emerging environmental problem contaminating water resources and disrupting the balance of the ecosystems. HABs are caused by the sudden growth of photosynthetic algal cells in both fresh and marine water, and have been expanding in extent and appearing more frequently due to the climate change and population growth. Despite the urgency of the problem, the exact environmental conditions that trigger HABs are unknown. This is in part due to the lack of high throughput tools for screening environmental parameters in promoting the growth of photosynthetic microorganisms. In this article, we developed an array microhabitat device with well defined dual nutrient gradients suitable for quantitative studies of multiple environmental parameters in microalgal cell growth. This device enabled an ability to provide 64 different nutrient conditions [nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and N : P ratio] at the same time, and the gradient generation took less than 90 min, advancing the current pond and test tube assays in terms of time and cost. Using a photosynthetic algal cell line, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, preconditioned in co-limited media, we revealed that N and P synergistically promoted cell growth. Interestingly, no discernible response was observed when single P or N gradient was imposed. Our work demonstrated the enabling capability of the microfluidic platform for screening effects of multiple environmental factors in photosynthetic cell growth, and highlighted the importance of the synergistic roles of environmental factors in algal cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangchen Liu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Mohammad Yazdani
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Beth A Ahner
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Trainer VL, Moore SK, Hallegraeff G, Kudela RM, Clement A, Mardones JI, Cochlan WP. Pelagic harmful algal blooms and climate change: Lessons from nature's experiments with extremes. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 91:101591. [PMID: 32057339 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Time series now have sufficient duration to determine harmful algal bloom (HAB) responses to changing climate conditions, including warming, stratification intensity, freshwater inputs and natural patterns of climate variability, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Against the context of time series, such as those available from phytoplankton monitoring, dinoflagellate cyst records, the Continuous Plankton Recorder surveys, and shellfish toxin records, it is possible to identify extreme events that are significant departures from long-term means. Extreme weather events can mimic future climate conditions and provide a "dress rehearsal" for understanding future frequency, intensity and geographic extent of HABs. Three case studies of extreme HAB events are described in detail to explore the drivers and impacts of these oceanic outliers that may become more common in the future. One example is the chain-forming diatom of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and its response to the 2014-16 northeast Pacific marine heat wave. The other two case studies are pelagic flagellates. Highly potent Alexandrium catenella group 1 dinoflagellate blooms (up to 150 mg/kg PST in mussels; 4 human poisonings) during 2012-17 created havoc for the seafood industry in Tasmania, south-eastern Australia, in a poorly monitored area where such problems were previously unknown. Early evidence suggests that changes in water column stratification during the cold winter-spring season are driving new blooms caused by a previously cryptic species. An expansion of Pseudochattonella cf. verruculosa to the south and A. catenella to the north over the past several years resulted in the convergence of both species to cause the most catastrophic event in the history of the Chilean aquaculture in the austral summer of 2016. Together, these two massive blooms were colloquially known as the "Godzilla-Red tide event", resulting in the largest fish farm mortality ever recorded worldwide, equivalent to an export loss of USD$800 million which when combined with shellfish toxicity, resulted in major social unrest and rioting. Both blooms were linked to the strong El Niño event and the positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode, the latter an indicator of anthropogenic climate change in the southeastern Pacific region. For each of these three examples, representing recent catastrophic events in geographically distinct regions, additional targeted monitoring was employed to improve the understanding of the climate drivers and mechanisms that gave rise to the event and to document the societal response. Scientists must be poised to study future extreme HAB events as these natural experiments provide unique opportunities to define and test multifactorial drivers of blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Gustaaf Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Alejandro Clement
- Plancton Andino spA, Laboratorio Puerto Varas, Terraplén 869, Puerto Varas, Chile
| | - Jorge I Mardones
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - William P Cochlan
- Estuary & Ocean Science Center, Romberg Tiburon Campus, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Dr., Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Armijo J, Oerder V, Auger PA, Bravo A, Molina E. The 2016 red tide crisis in southern Chile: Possible influence of the mass oceanic dumping of dead salmons. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110603. [PMID: 31784267 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, a massive harmful algal bloom (HAB) of Alexandrium catenella around Chiloé island caused one of the major socio-ecological crisis in Chilean history. This red tide occurred in two distinct pulses, the second, most anomalous, bursting with extreme toxicity on the Pacific coast, weeks after the highly controversial dumping off Chiloé of 4,700 t of rotting salmons, killed by a previous HAB of Pseudochattonella verruculosa. We study the transport of this pollution, analyzing the physical oceanographic conditions during and after the dumping. We find that a cyclonic gyre was present between the dumping site and the coast, visible in satellite altimetry and sea surface temperature data. Using Lagrangian simulations, we confirm that near-surface currents could have brought part of the pollution to the coast, and fueled the bloom. This scenario explains also the anomalous later finding of ammonium near Chiloé. Finally we discuss the mismanagement of risk throughout the events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Armijo
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Vera Oerder
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía and Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Pierre-Amaël Auger
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía and Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale, Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Brest, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
González HE, Nimptsch J, Giesecke R, Silva N. Organic matter distribution, composition and its possible fate in the Chilean North-Patagonian estuarine system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:1419-1431. [PMID: 30677908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The distribution, composition, and transport of both dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) were studied across a terrestrial - marine transition system in the Chilean North-Patagonia (41°S). At the land-fjord boundary we reported: (i) high concentrations of both silicic acid (up to 100 μM) and integrated chlorophyll a (62 mg m-2), (ii) dominance of nanophytoplankton (63%), humic-, terrigenous-derived, and protein-like DOC (19 and 36%, respectively), and (iii) a shallow photic zone (12 m depth). In contrast, the estuarine-ocean boundary was characterized by (i) high concentrations of nitrate and phosphate (20 and 2 μM respectively) and low chlorophyll a concentration (11 mg m-2), (ii) dominance of microphytoplankton (59%) and tyrosine-like C3 autochthonous DOC (34%), and (iii) a deep photic zone (29 m depth). Allochthonous DOC input at the fjord head and the ocean accounted for 60% and 10% of total DOC, respectively. The input of humic-like substances was enhanced by intense forestry and agriculture activity around the Puelo River watershed, contributing from 50% to 14% of total DOC along the fjord - ocean transect. In contrast, autochthonous tyrosine-like substances increased from 25% to 41% of total DOC, highlighting the role of bacterial metabolism in regulating DOM composition. The high correlation (R2 = 0.7) between the UVC-humic:UVA-humic ratio and salinity suggest that processes associated to freshwater input impinged on the DOC chemical characteristics and origins. Overall, our observations support the view that climate warming (freshwater input) and anthropogenic practices (aquaculture) boost the mobilization of terrestrial carbon pools and their intrusion into coastal ocean areas, a process that should be given more attention in climate prediction models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Humberto E González
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Jorge Nimptsch
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Giesecke
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nelson Silva
- Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Strub PT, James C, Montecino V, Rutllant JA, Blanco JL. Ocean circulation along the southern Chile transition region (38°-46°S): Mean, seasonal and interannual variability, with a focus on 2014-2016. PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY 2019; 172:159-198. [PMID: 33204044 PMCID: PMC7668349 DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Satellite and atmospheric model fields are used to describe the wind forcing, surface ocean circulation, temperature and chlorophyll-a pigment concentrations along the coast of southern Chile in the transition region between 38° and 46°S. Located inshore of the bifurcation of the eastward South Pacific Current into the equatorward Humboldt and the poleward Cape Horn Currents, the region also includes the Chiloé Inner Sea and the northern extent of the complex system of fjords, islands and canals that stretch south from near 42°S. The high resolution satellite data reveal that equatorward currents next to the coast extend as far south as 48°-51°S in spring-summer. They also display detailed distributions of forcing from wind stress and wind stress curl near the coast and within the Inner Sea. Between 38°-46°S, both winds and surface currents during 1993-2016 change directions seasonally from equatorward during summer upwelling to poleward during winter downwelling, with cooler SST and greater surface chlorophyll-a concentrations next to the coast during upwelling, opposite conditions during downwelling. Over interannual time scales during 1993-2016, there is a strong correlation between equatorial El Niño events and sea level and a moderate correlation with alongshore currents. Looking more closely at the 2014-2016 period, we find a marginal El Niño during 2014 and a strong El Niño during 2015 that connect the region to the tropics through the oceanic pathway, with some atmospheric connections through the phenomenon of atmospheric blocking (as noted by others). The period also includes a Harmful Algal Bloom of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella during early-2016 that occurred during a sequence of physical conditions (winds, currents and temperatures) that would favor such a bloom. The most anomalous physical condition during this specific bloom is an extreme case of atmospheric blocking that creates a long period of calm in austral autumn after strong upwelling in austral summer. The blocking is related to the 2015-2016 El Niño and an unusual coincident positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Ted Strub
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 CEOAS Admin. Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, United States
| | - Corinne James
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 CEOAS Admin. Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, United States
| | - Vivian Montecino
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - José A. Rutllant
- Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 2777, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - José Luis Blanco
- Bluewater Consulting Company, Ramalab Laboratory, O’Higgins 464, Castro, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ahumada-Rudolph R, Novoa V, Becerra J. Morphological response to salinity, temperature, and pH changes by marine fungus Epicoccum nigrum. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 191:35. [PMID: 30593600 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epicoccum nigrum (strain LQRA39-P) was isolated from sediments collected in Chilean Patagonian fjords using microscopy and molecular techniques. We analyzed adaptive responses of cell wall morphology to salinity, temperature, and pH in order to explain the ability of E. nigrum to co-inhabit both marine and freshwater environments. For this purpose, E. nigrum was cultured in a series of media with variations in salinity (freshwater and seawater), pH (acidic, neutral, and basic), and temperature (5 to 25 °C). Changes were observed through transmission electron microscopy. A direct correlation between increased salinity and cell wall thickening (> 0.2 μm) was observed, along with a significant relationship between pH and the presence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the outside of the cell wall. The observed morphological changes could confirm that an ubiquitous fungus such as E. nigrum requires adaptive responses to co-inhabit freshwater, marine, and terrestrial substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Ahumada-Rudolph
- Laboratorio de Bioprocesos y Biotratamientos, Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Collao 1202, PO Box 5-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Vanessa Novoa
- Department of Geography, School of Architecture, Urbanism and Geography, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
| | - José Becerra
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mardones JI, Shabala L, Shabala S, Dorantes-Aranda JJ, Seger A, Hallegraeff GM. Fish gill damage by harmful microalgae newly explored by microelectrode ion flux estimation techniques. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 80:55-63. [PMID: 30502812 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) are responsible for massive mortalities of wild and aquacultured fish due to noticeable gill damage, but the precise fish-killing mechanisms remain poorly understood. A non-invasive microelectrode ion flux estimation (MIFE) technique was successfully applied to assess changes in membrane-transport processes in a model fish gill cell line exposed to harmful microplankton. Net Ca2+, H+, K+ ion fluxes in the rainbow trout cell line RTgill-W1 were monitored before and after addition of lysed cells of this Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST) producer along with purified endocellular dinoflagellate PST. It was demonstrated that PST alone do not play a role in fish gill damage during A. catenella outbreaks as previously thought, but that other ichthyotoxic metabolites from lysed algal cells (i.e. lipid peroxidation products or other unknown metabolites) result in net K+ efflux from fish gill cells and thereby gill cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I Mardones
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Lana Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Juan José Dorantes-Aranda
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Andreas Seger
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Gustaaf M Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Viruses of Eukaryotic Algae: Diversity, Methods for Detection, and Future Directions. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090487. [PMID: 30208617 PMCID: PMC6165237 DOI: 10.3390/v10090487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope for ecological studies of eukaryotic algal viruses has greatly improved with the development of molecular and bioinformatic approaches that do not require algal cultures. Here, we review the history and perceived future opportunities for research on eukaryotic algal viruses. We begin with a summary of the 65 eukaryotic algal viruses that are presently in culture collections, with emphasis on shared evolutionary traits (e.g., conserved core genes) of each known viral type. We then describe how core genes have been used to enable molecular detection of viruses in the environment, ranging from PCR-based amplification to community scale "-omics" approaches. Special attention is given to recent studies that have employed network-analyses of -omics data to predict virus-host relationships, from which a general bioinformatics pipeline is described for this type of approach. Finally, we conclude with acknowledgement of how the field of aquatic virology is adapting to these advances, and highlight the need to properly characterize new virus-host systems that may be isolated using preliminary molecular surveys. Researchers can approach this work using lessons learned from the Chlorella virus system, which is not only the best characterized algal-virus system, but is also responsible for much of the foundation in the field of aquatic virology.
Collapse
|
48
|
Zheng N, Ding N, Gao P, Han M, Liu X, Wang J, Sun L, Fu B, Wang R, Zhou J. Diverse algicidal bacteria associated with harmful bloom-forming Karenia mikimotoi in estuarine soil and seawater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:1415-1420. [PMID: 29727965 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Algicidal bacteria associated with Karenia mikimotoi have been isolated, yet the distribution of the algicidal bacteria has been rarely studied. Here, we postulated and demonstrated that terrestrial environment harbors diverse algicidal bacteria, which can survive in seawater along water flowing into marine and suppress Karenia mikimotoi. In summary, 9 and 5 bacteria with algicidal activity on Karenia mikimotoi were isolated from seawater and estuarine soil, respectively. Similar with the marine bacteria (Alteromonas sp., Halomonas sp., Marinobacter sp., Paracoccus sp., Rhodobacteraceae, Idiomarina sp.), the soil strains (Pseudoalteromonas sp. and Flavobaterium sp.) showed high mortality in Karenia mikimotoi with the inhibitory rate of 87% and 93.5%, respectively, after two days co-cultivation. Algicidal activity of the two strains was detected in the cell-free filtrate not in bacterial cells. The results suggest that algicidal bacteria associated with Karenia mikimotoi widely exist in terrestrial and marine environments, and have application potential on controlling Karenia mikimotoi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Ning Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Peike Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China.
| | - Meiaoxue Han
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Li Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Baoyan Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Renjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China.
| | - Jing Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Montes RM, Rojas X, Artacho P, Tello A, Quiñones RA. Quantifying harmful algal bloom thresholds for farmed salmon in southern Chile. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 77:55-65. [PMID: 30005802 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have affected salmon farms in Chile since the early 1970's, causing massive losses in fish. Two large HABs occurred in 2002 and 2009, during which Alexandrium catenella blooms killed tons of salmon over an extended geographic area in southern Chile. At the beginning of 2016, high and persistent densities of Pseudochattonella cf. verruculosa and A. catenella were detected in the estuarine and marine ecosystems of southern Chile. Mortality for this latter event reached 27 million salmon and trout (i.e. 39,000 tons). Unfortunately, the threshold concentrations of algae that could be harmful to the health of farmed salmon in southern Chile have not yet been quantified. Here, to protect fish farms from HABs, critical concentration levels, i.e. thresholds at which the behavior of farmed Salmo salar is affected by harmful algae were quantified using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). An extensive database from southern Chile covering the period from 1989 to 2016 was analyzed. The database included salmon behavior, cell abundance of microalgae and oceanographic factors. For both species analyzed, the higher the cell abundance, the greater the probability of detecting anomalous behavior. A threshold of 397 cells/mL was estimated for A. catenella, although it can increase up to ca. >975 cells/mL at a Secchi depth >6 m and up to 874 cells/mL during flood tide. A threshold value <1 cell/mL for Pseudochattonella cf. verruculosa was found to be associated with anomalous salmon behavior, which significantly increased at a water temperature of 11 °C. Evidence for a relationship between fish behavior and mortality is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M Montes
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, O'Higgins 1695, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Ximena Rojas
- Instituto Tecnológico del Salmon (INTESAL), Juan Soler Manfredini 41, Of. 1802, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Paulina Artacho
- Instituto Tecnológico del Salmon (INTESAL), Juan Soler Manfredini 41, Of. 1802, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Alfredo Tello
- Instituto Tecnológico del Salmon (INTESAL), Juan Soler Manfredini 41, Of. 1802, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Renato A Quiñones
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, O'Higgins 1695, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Temporal Variability of MODIS Phenological Indices in the Temperate Rainforest of Northern Patagonia. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|