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Gaddelapati SC, George S, Moola A, Sengodan K, Palli SR. N(alpha)-acetyltransferase 40-mediated histone acetylation plays an important role in ecdysone regulation of metamorphosis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Commun Biol 2024; 7:521. [PMID: 38702540 PMCID: PMC11068786 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation, a crucial epigenetic modification, is governed by histone acetyltransferases (HATs), that regulate many biological processes. Functions of HATs in insects are not well understood. We identified 27 HATs and determined their functions using RNA interference (RNAi) in the model insect, Tribolium castaneum. Among HATs studied, N-alpha-acetyltransferase 40 (NAA40) knockdown caused a severe phenotype of arrested larval development. The steroid hormone, ecdysone induced NAA40 expression through its receptor, EcR (ecdysone receptor). Interestingly, ecdysone-induced NAA40 regulates EcR expression. NAA40 acetylates histone H4 protein, associated with the promoters of ecdysone response genes: EcR, E74, E75, and HR3, and causes an increase in their expression. In the absence of ecdysone and NAA40, histone H4 methylation by arginine methyltransferase 1 (ART1) suppressed the above genes. However, elevated ecdysone levels at the end of the larval period induced NAA40, promoting histone H4 acetylation and increasing the expression of ecdysone response genes. NAA40 is also required for EcR, and steroid-receptor co-activator (SRC) mediated induction of E74, E75, and HR3. These findings highlight the key role of ecdysone-induced NAA40-mediated histone acetylation in the regulation of metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharath Chandra Gaddelapati
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Smitha George
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Anilkumar Moola
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Karthi Sengodan
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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Liu S, Tian H, Xu Y, Wang H. Juvenile hormone regulates silk gene expression by m 6A RNA methylation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:331. [PMID: 37870631 PMCID: PMC11071706 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) is an indispensable insect hormone that is critical in regulating insect development and physiology. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modification of RNA that regulates RNA fate in eukaryotic organisms. However, the relationship between m6A and JH remains largely unknown. Here, we found that the application of a Juvenile hormone analog (JHA) extended the larval period of Bombyx mori and increased the weight and thickness of the cocoon. Interestingly, global transcriptional patterns revealed that m6A-related genes are specifically regulated by JHA in the posterior silk gland (PSG) that synthesizes the major component of cocoon silk. By transcriptome and m6A sequencing data conjointly, we discovered that JHA significantly regulated the m6A modification in the PSG of B. mori and many m6A-containing genes are related to nucleic acid binding, nucleus, and nucleobase-containing compound metabolism. Notably, 547 genes were significantly regulated by JHA at both the m6A modification and expression levels, especially 16 silk-associated genes, including sericin2, seroin1, Serine protease inhibitors 4 (BmSPI4), Serine protease inhibitors 5 (BmSPI5), and LIM domain-binding protein 2 (Ldb). Among them, 11 silk associated genes were significantly affected by METTL3 knockdown, validating that these genes are targets of m6A modification. Furthermore, we confirm that JHA directly regulates the expression of BmSPI4 and BmSPI5 through m6A modification of CDS regions. These results demonstrate the essential role of m6A methylation regulated by JH in PSG, and elucidate a novel mechanism by which JH affects silk gland development via m6A methylation. This study uncovers that m6A modification is a critical factor mediating the effect of JH in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huan Tian
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yusong Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Mogilicherla K, Roy A. Epigenetic regulations as drivers of insecticide resistance and resilience to climate change in arthropod pests. Front Genet 2023; 13:1044980. [PMID: 36685945 PMCID: PMC9853188 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1044980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod pests are remarkably capable of rapidly adapting to novel forms of environmental stress, including insecticides and climate change. The dynamic interplay between epigenetics and genetics explains the largely unexplored reality underlying rapid climatic adaptation and the development of insecticide resistance in insects. Epigenetic regulation modulates gene expression by methylating DNA and acetylating histones that play an essential role in governing insecticide resistance and adaptation to climate change. This review summarises and discusses the significance of recent advances in epigenetic regulation that facilitate phenotypic plasticity in insects and their symbiotic microbes to cope with selection pressure implied by extensive insecticide applications and climate change. We also discuss how epigenetic changes are passed on to multiple generations through sexual recombination, which remains enigmatic. Finally, we explain how these epigenetic signatures can be utilized to manage insecticide resistance and pest resilience to climate change in Anthropocene.
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Transcriptional Activation of Ecdysone-Responsive Genes Requires H3K27 Acetylation at Enhancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810791. [PMID: 36142704 PMCID: PMC9502983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone ecdysone regulates insect development via its nuclear receptor (the EcR protein), which functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor. The EcR regulates target gene expression by binding to ecdysone response elements (EcREs) in their promoter or enhancer regions. Its role in epigenetic regulation and, particularly, in histone acetylation remains to be clarified. Here, we analyzed the dynamics of histone acetylation and demonstrated that the acetylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27) at enhancers was required for the transcriptional activation of ecdysone-responsive genes. Western blotting and ChIP-qPCR revealed that ecdysone altered the acetylation of H3K27. For E75B and Hr4, ecdysone-responsive genes, enhancer activity, and transcription required the histone acetyltransferase activity of the CBP. EcR binding was critical in inducing enhancer activity and H3K27 acetylation. The CREB-binding protein (CBP) HAT domain catalyzed H3K27 acetylation and CBP coactivation with EcR, independent of the presence of ecdysone. Increased H3K27 acetylation promoted chromatin accessibility, with the EcR and CBP mediating a local chromatin opening in response to ecdysone. Hence, epigenetic mechanisms, including the modification of acetylation and chromatin accessibility, controlled ecdysone-dependent gene transcription.
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He Q, Zhang Y. Kr-h1, a Cornerstone Gene in Insect Life History. Front Physiol 2022; 13:905441. [PMID: 35574485 PMCID: PMC9092015 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.905441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect life cycle is coordinated by hormones and their downstream effectors. Krüppel homolog1 (Kr-h1) is one of the crucial effectors which mediates the actions of the two critical hormones of insects, the juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). It is a transcription factor with a DNA-binding motif of eight C2H2 zinc fingers which is found to be conserved among insect orders. The expression of Kr-h1 is fluctuant during insect development with high abundance in juvenile instars and lower levels in the final instar and pupal stage, and reappearance in adults, which is governed by the coordination of JH, 20E, and miRNAs. The dynamic expression pattern of Kr-h1 is closely linked to its function in the entire life of insects. Over the past several years, accumulating studies have advanced our understanding of the role of Kr-h1 during insect development. It acts as a universal antimetamorphic factor in both hemimetabolous and holometabolous species by directly inhibiting the transcription of 20E signaling genes Broad-Complex (Br-C) and Ecdysone induced protein 93F (E93), and steroidogenic enzyme genes involved in ecdysone biosynthesis. Meanwhile, it promotes vitellogenesis and ovarian development in the majority of studied insects. In addition, Kr-h1 regulates insect behavioral plasticity and caste identity, neuronal morphogenesis, maturation of sexual behavior, as well as embryogenesis and metabolic homeostasis. Hence, Kr-h1 acts as a cornerstone regulator in insect life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu He
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuanxi Zhang
- Daqing Municipal Ecology and Environment Bureau, Daqing, China
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Juvenile hormone-induced histone deacetylase 3 suppresses apoptosis to maintain larval midgut in the yellow fever mosquito. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118871119. [PMID: 35259020 PMCID: PMC8931318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118871119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceJuvenile hormone (JH), a sesquiterpenoid, regulates many aspects of insect development, including maintenance of the larval stage by preventing metamorphosis. In contrast, ecdysteroids promote metamorphosis by inducing the E93 transcription factor, which triggers apoptosis of larval cells and remodeling of the larval midgut. We discovered that JH suppresses precocious larval midgut-remodeling by inducing an epigenetic modifier, histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). JH-induced HDAC3 deacetylates the histone H4 localized at the promoters of proapoptotic genes, resulting in the suppression of these genes. This eventually prevents programmed cell death of midgut cells and midgut-remodeling during larval stages. These studies identified a previously unknown mechanism of JH action in blocking premature remodeling of the midgut during larval feeding stages.
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Sellamuthu G, Amin S, Bílý J, Synek J, Modlinger R, Sen MK, Chakraborty A, Roy A. Reference Gene Selection for Normalizing Gene Expression in Ips Sexdentatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Under Different Experimental Conditions. Front Physiol 2021; 12:752768. [PMID: 34777015 PMCID: PMC8580292 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.752768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ips sexdentatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is one of the most destructive and economically important forest pests. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying its adaptation to toxic host compounds may unleash the potential for future management of this pest. Gene expression studies could be considered as one of the key experimental approaches for such purposes. A suitable reference gene selection is fundamental for quantitative gene expression analysis and functional genomics studies in I. sexdentatus. Twelve commonly used reference genes in Coleopterans were screened under different experimental conditions to obtain accurate and reliable normalization of gene expression data. The majority of the 12 reference genes showed a relatively stable expression pattern among developmental stages, tissue-specific, and sex-specific stages; however, some variabilities were observed during varied temperature incubation. Under developmental conditions, the Tubulin beta-1 chain (β-Tubulin) was the most stable reference gene, followed by translation elongation factor (eEF2) and ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3). In sex-specific conditions, RPS3, β-Tubulin, and eEF2 were the most stable reference genes. In contrast, different sets of genes were shown higher stability in terms of expression under tissue-specific conditions, i.e., RPS3 and eEF2 in head tissue, V-ATPase-A and eEF2 in the fat body, V-ATPase-A and eEF2 in the gut. Under varied temperatures, β-Tubulin and V-ATPase-A were most stable, whereas ubiquitin (UbiQ) and V-ATPase-A displayed the highest expression stability after Juvenile Hormone III treatment. The findings were validated further using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR)-based target gene expression analysis. Nevertheless, the present study delivers a catalog of reference genes under varied experimental conditions for the coleopteran forest pest I. sexdentatus and paves the way for future gene expression and functional genomic studies on this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gothandapani Sellamuthu
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Shan Amin
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Bílý
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jirí Synek
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Roman Modlinger
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Madhab Kumar Sen
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Amit Roy
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia.,EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
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Wu Z, Yang L, Li H, Zhou S. Krüppel-homolog 1 exerts anti-metamorphic and vitellogenic functions in insects via phosphorylation-mediated recruitment of specific cofactors. BMC Biol 2021; 19:222. [PMID: 34625063 PMCID: PMC8499471 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zinc-finger transcription factor Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) exerts a dual regulatory role during insect development by preventing precocious larval/nymphal metamorphosis and in stimulating aspects of adult reproduction such as vitellogenesis. However, how Kr-h1 functions both as a transcriptional repressor in juvenile metamorphosis and an activator in adult reproduction remains elusive. Here, we use the insect Locusta migratoria to dissect the molecular mechanism by which Kr-h1 functions as activator and repressor at these distinct developmental stages. Results We report that the kinase PKCα triggers Kr-h1 phosphorylation at the amino acid residue Ser154, a step essential for its dual functions. During juvenile stage, phosphorylated Kr-h1 recruits a corepressor, C-terminal binding protein (CtBP). The complex of phosphorylated Kr-h1 and CtBP represses the transcription of Ecdysone induced protein 93F (E93) and consequently prevents the juvenile-to-adult transition. In adult insects, phosphorylated Kr-h1 recruits a coactivator, CREB-binding protein (CBP), and promotes vitellogenesis by inducing the expression of Ribosomal protein L36. Furthermore, Kr-h1 phosphorylation with the concomitant inhibition of E93 transcription is evolutionarily conserved across insect orders. Conclusion Our results suggest that Kr-h1 phosphorylation is indispensable for the recruitment of transcriptional cofactors, and for its anti-metamorphic and vitellogenic actions in insects. Our data shed new light on the understanding of Kr-h1 regulation and function in JH-regulated insect metamorphosis and reproduction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01157-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Libin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Shutang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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Zhu Z, Tong C, Qiu B, Yang H, Xu J, Zheng S, Song Q, Feng Q, Deng H. 20E-mediated regulation of BmKr-h1 by BmKRP promotes oocyte maturation. BMC Biol 2021; 19:39. [PMID: 33632227 PMCID: PMC7905918 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) is a critical transcription factor for juvenile hormone (JH) signaling, known to play a key role in regulating metamorphosis and adult reproduction in insects. Kr-h1 can also be induced by molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), however, the underlying mechanism of 20E-induced Kr-h1 expression remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of Kr-h1 induction by 20E in the reproductive system of a model lepidopteran insect, Bombyx mori. RESULTS Developmental and tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that BmKr-h1 was highly expressed in ovaries during the late pupal and adult stages and the expression was induced by 20E. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of BmKr-h1 in female pupae severely repressed the transcription of vitellogenin receptor (VgR), resulting in the reduction in vitellogenin (Vg) deposition in oocytes. BmKr-h1 specifically bound the Kr-h1 binding site (KBS) between - 2818 and - 2805 nt upstream of BmVgR and enhanced the transcription of BmVgR. A 20E cis-regulatory element (CRE) was identified in the promoter of BmKr-h1 and functionally verified using luciferase reporter assay, EMSA and DNA-ChIP. Using pull-down assays, we identified a novel transcription factor B. mori Kr-h1 regulatory protein (BmKRP) that specifically bound the BmKr-h1 CRE and activated its transcription. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of BmKRP in female pupae suppressed the transcription of BmKr-h1 and BmVgR, resulting in arrested oogenesis. CONCLUSION We identified BmKRP as a new transcription factor mediating 20E regulation of B. mori oogenesis. Our data suggests that induction of BmKRP by 20E regulates BmKr-h1 expression, which in turn induces BmVgR expression to facilitate Vg uptake and oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Chunmei Tong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Binbin Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Hongguang Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Sichun Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Qili Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Huimin Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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Zhu ZD, Hu QH, Tong CM, Yang HG, Zheng SC, Feng QL, Deng HM. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the regulation network of BmKrüppel homolog 1 in the oocyte development of Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:47-62. [PMID: 32283000 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), a zinc finger transcription factor, is involved in the metamorphosis and adult reproduction of insects. However, the role of Kr-h1 in reproduction of holometabolic insects remains to be elucidated. The regulation network of Kr-h1-associated genes in the reproduction in Bombyx mori was investigated in this study. The higher expression level of BmKr-h1 in the ovaries was detected during the late pupal stage and adults. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of BmKr-h1 in the female at day 6 of pupae resulted in abnormal oocytes at 48 h post-double-stranded RNA treatment, which showed less yolk protein deposition and partially transparent chorion. RNA-seq and subsequent differentially expressed transcripts analysis showed that knockdown of BmKr-h1 caused a decrease in the expression of 2882 genes and an increase in the expression of 2565 genes in the oocytes at day 8 of pupae. Totally, 27 genes coding for transcription factors were down-regulated, while six genes coding for other transcription factors were up-regulated. BmKr-h1 bound to the Kr-h1 binding site of the transcription factors AP-1 (activating protein-1) and FOXG1 to increase their messenger RNA transcripts in the BmN cells, respectively. Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses of that positively co-expressed with AP-1 and FOXG1 transcripts showed mainly enrichment in the metabolic-related pathways, the nutrient absorption and the yolk protein absorption processes. These data suggested that BmKr-h1 might directly regulate the metabolic-related pathways, the nutrient absorption and the yolk protein absorption processes or probably through AP-1 and /or FOXG1 to regulate oocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Dan Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Hao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Mei Tong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Guang Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Chun Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Li Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Min Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Palli SR. Epigenetic regulation of post-embryonic development. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:63-69. [PMID: 33068783 PMCID: PMC8044252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Modifications to DNA and core histones influence chromatin organization and expression of the genome. DNA methylation plays a significant role in the regulation of multiple biological processes that regulate behavior and caste differentiation in social insects. Histone modifications play significant roles in the regulation of development and reproduction in other insects. Genes coding for acetyltransferases, deacetylases, methyltransferases, and demethylases that modify core histones have been identified in genomes of multiple insects. Studies on the function and mechanisms of action of some of these enzymes uncovered their contribution to post-embryonic development. The results from studies on epigenetic modifiers could help in the identification of inhibitors of epigenetic modifiers that could be developed to control pests and disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, S225 Ag. Science N, Lexington, KY 40546, United States.
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George S, Palli SR. Histone Deacetylase 11 Knockdown Blocks Larval Development and Metamorphosis in the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Front Genet 2020; 11:683. [PMID: 32719718 PMCID: PMC7348043 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTM) such as methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of histones and other proteins regulate expression of genes. The acetylation levels of these proteins are determined by the balance of expression of histone acetyltransferase (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). We recently reported that class I HDACs (HDAC1 and HDAC3) play important roles in juvenile hormone (JH) suppression of metamorphosis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Here, we report on the function of a single class IV HDAC member, HDAC11. Injection of dsRNA targeting T. castaneum HDAC11 gene into newly molted last instar larvae induced knockdown of the target gene and arrested larval development and prevented metamorphosis into the pupal stage. Dark melanized areas were detected in larvae that showed developmental arrest and mortality. Developmental expression studies showed an increase in HDAC11 mRNA levels beginning at the end of the penultimate larval stage. These higher levels were maintained during the final instar larval and pupal stages. A JH analog, hydroprene, suppressed HDAC11 expression in the larvae. Sequencing of RNA isolated from control and dsHDAC11 injected larvae identified several differentially expressed genes, including those involved in JH action, ecdysone response, and melanization. The acetylation levels of core histones showed an increase in TcA cells exposed to dsHDAC11. Also, an increase in histone H3 acetylation, specifically H3K9, H3K18 and H3K27, were detected in HDAC11 knockdown larvae. These studies report the function of HDAC11 in insects other than Drosophila for the first time and show that HDAC11 influences the acetylation levels of histones and expression of multiple genes involved in T. castaneum larval development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha George
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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George S, Palli SR. Histone deacetylase 3 is required for development and metamorphosis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:420. [PMID: 32571203 PMCID: PMC7310253 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hormones are chemical communication signaling molecules released into the body fluids to stimulate target cells of multicellular organisms. We recently showed that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) plays an important role in juvenile hormone (JH) suppression of metamorphosis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Here, we investigated the function of another class I HDAC member, HDAC3, and show that it is required for the normal development of T. castaneum. Results RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the HDAC3 gene affected development resulting in abnormally folded wings in pupae and adults. JH analog, hydroprene, suppressed the expression of HDAC3 in T. castaneum larvae. The knockdown of HDAC3 during the final instar larval stage resulted in an increase in the expression of genes coding for proteins involved in JH action. Sequencing of RNA isolated from larvae injected with dsRNA targeting malE (E. coli gene, control) or HDAC3 followed by differential gene expression analysis identified 148 and 741 differentially expressed genes based on the P-value < 0.01 and four-fold difference, and the P-value < 0.05 and two-fold difference, respectively. Several genes, including those coding for myosin-I heavy chain (Myosin 22), Shaven, and nuclear receptor corepressor 1 were identified as differentially expressed genes in HDAC3 knockdown larvae. An increase in histone H3 acetylation, specifically H3K9, H3K18, and H3K27, was detected in HDAC3 knockdown insects. Conclusion Overall, these data suggest that HDAC3 affects the acetylation levels of histones and influences the expression of genes coding for proteins involved in the regulation of growth, development, and metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha George
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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Gaddelapati SC, Dhandapani RK, Palli SR. CREB-binding protein regulates metamorphosis and compound eye development in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194576. [PMID: 32389826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormones (JH) and ecdysone coordinately regulate metamorphosis in Aedes aegypti. We studied the function of an epigenetic regulator and multifunctional transactivator, CREB binding protein (CBP) in A. aegypti. RNAi-mediated knockdown of CBP in Ae. aegypti larvae resulted in suppression of JH primary response gene, Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1), and induction of primary ecdysone response gene, E93, resulting in multiple effects including early metamorphosis, larval-pupal intermediate formation, mortality and inhibition of compound eye development. RNA sequencing identified hundreds of genes, including JH and ecdysone response genes regulated by CBP. In the presence of JH, CBP upregulates Kr-h1 by acetylating core histones at the Kr-h1 promoter and facilitating the recruitment of JH receptor and other proteins. CBP suppresses metamorphosis regulators, EcR-A, USP-A, BR-C, and E93 through the upregulation of Kr-h1 and E75A. CBP regulates the expression of core eye specification genes including those involved in TGF-β and EGFR signaling. These studies demonstrate that CBP is an essential player in JH and 20E action and regulates metamorphosis and compound eye development in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Sethi S, Lin HH, Shepherd AK, Volkan PC, Su CY, Wang JW. Social Context Enhances Hormonal Modulation of Pheromone Detection in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3887-3898.e4. [PMID: 31679932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Critical to evolutionary fitness, animals regulate social behaviors by integrating signals from both their external environments and internal states. Here, we find that population density modulates the courtship behavior of male Drosophila melanogaster in an age-dependent manner. In a competitive mating assay, males reared in a social environment have a marked advantage in courting females when pitted against males reared in isolation. Group housing promotes courtship in mature (7-day) but not immature (2-day) males; this behavioral plasticity requires the Or47b pheromone receptor. Using single-sensillum recordings, we find that group housing increases the response of Or47b olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) only in mature males. The effect of group housing on olfactory response and behavior can be mimicked by chronically exposing single-housed males to an Or47b ligand. At the molecular level, group housing elevates Ca2+ levels in Or47b ORNs, likely leading to CaMKI-mediated activation of the histone-acetyl transferase CBP. This signaling event in turn enhances the efficacy of juvenile hormone, an age-related regulator of reproductive maturation in flies. Furthermore, the male-specific Fruitless isoform (FruM) is required for the sensory plasticity, suggesting that FruM functions as a downstream genomic coincidence detector in Or47b ORNs-integrating reproductive maturity, signaled by juvenile hormone, and population density, signaled by CBP. In all, we identify a neural substrate and activity-dependent mechanism by which social context can directly influence pheromone sensitivity, thereby modulating social behavior according to animals' life-history stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Sethi
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hui-Hao Lin
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew K Shepherd
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pelin C Volkan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chih-Ying Su
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jing W Wang
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Histone deacetylase 1 suppresses Krüppel homolog 1 gene expression and influences juvenile hormone action in Tribolium castaneum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17759-17764. [PMID: 31439816 PMCID: PMC6731676 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909554116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) regulates many processes in insects, and JH mimics are used to control them. However, not much is known about the epigenetic regulation of JH action. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are known to modulate hormone action. We identified 12 HDACs and analyzed their function in Tribolium castaneum. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of HDAC genes showed that HDAC1 plays critical roles in the regulation of growth and development by suppressing the expression of many genes, including those involved in JH action. Expression of the HDAC1 gene is suppressed by JH, resulting in an increase in acetylation levels of histones, which promotes expression of JH response genes. SIN3:HDAC1 multiprotein complexes suppress the expression of JH response genes in the absence of JH. Posttranslational modifications, including acetylation and deacetylation of histones and other proteins, modulate hormone action. In Tribolium castaneum TcA cells, Trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, mimics juvenile hormone (JH) in inducing JH response genes (e.g., Kr-h1), suggesting that HDACs may be involved in JH action. To test this hypothesis, we identified genes coding for HDACs in T. castaneum and studied their function. Knockdown of 12 HDAC genes showed variable phenotypes; the most severe phenotype was detected in insects injected with double-stranded RNA targeting HDAC1 (dsHDAC1). The dsHDAC1-injected insects showed arrested growth and development and eventually died. Application of JH analogs hydroprene to T. castaneum larvae and JH III to TcA cells suppressed HDAC1 expression. Sequencing of RNA isolated from control and dsHDAC1-injected larvae identified 1,720 differentially expressed genes, of which 1,664 were up-regulated in dsHDAC1-treated insects. The acetylation levels of core histones were increased in TcA cells exposed to dsHDAC1 or JH III. ChIP assays performed using histone H2BK5ac antibodies showed an increase in acetylation in the Kr-h1 promoter region of cells exposed to JH III or dsHDAC1. Overexpression or knockdown of HDAC1, SIN3, or both resulted in a decrease or increase in Kr-h1 mRNA levels and its promoter activity, respectively. Overexpression of the JH receptor Methoprene tolerant (Met) was unable to induce Kr-h1 in the presence of HDAC1 or SIN3. These data suggest that epigenetic modifications influence JH action by modulating acetylation levels of histones and by affecting the recruitment of proteins involved in the regulation of JH response genes.
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Green DA, Kronforst MR. Monarch butterflies use an environmentally sensitive, internal timer to control overwintering dynamics. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3642-3655. [PMID: 31338928 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) complements its iconic migration with diapause, a hormonally controlled developmental programme that contributes to winter survival at overwintering sites. Although timing is a critical adaptive feature of diapause, how environmental cues are integrated with genetically-determined physiological mechanisms to time diapause development, particularly termination, is not well understood. In a design that subjected western North American monarchs to different environmental chamber conditions over time, we modularized constituent components of an environmentally-controlled, internal diapause termination timer. Using comparative transcriptomics, we identified molecular controllers of these specific diapause termination components. Calcium signalling mediated environmental sensitivity of the diapause timer, and we speculate that it is a key integrator of environmental condition (cold temperature) with downstream hormonal control of diapause. Juvenile hormone (JH) signalling changed spontaneously in diapause-inducing conditions, capacitating response to future environmental condition. Although JH is a major target of the internal timer, it is not itself the timer. Epigenetic mechanisms are implicated to be the proximate timing mechanism. Ecdysteroid, JH, and insulin/insulin-like peptide signalling are major targets of the diapause programme used to control response to permissive environmental conditions. Understanding the environmental and physiological mechanisms of diapause termination sheds light on fundamental properties of biological timing, and also helps inform expectations for how monarch populations may respond to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delbert A Green
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marcus R Kronforst
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Roy A, Palli SR. Epigenetic modifications acetylation and deacetylation play important roles in juvenile hormone action. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:934. [PMID: 30547764 PMCID: PMC6295036 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation and post-translational modifications of histones are known to regulate gene expression. Antagonistic activities of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediate transcriptional reprogramming during insect development as shown in Drosophila melanogaster and other insects. Juvenile hormones (JH) play vital roles in the regulation of growth, development, metamorphosis, reproduction and other physiological processes. However, our current understanding of epigenetic regulation of JH action is still limited. Hence, we studied the role of CREB binding protein (CBP, contains HAT domain) and Trichostatin A (TSA, HDAC inhibitor) on JH action. RESULTS Exposure of Tribolium castaneum cells (TcA cells) to JH or TSA caused an increase in expression of Kr-h1 (a known JH-response gene) and 31 or 698 other genes respectively. Knockdown of the gene coding for CBP caused a decrease in the expression of 456 genes including Kr-h1. Interestingly, the expression of several genes coding for transcription factors, nuclear receptors, P450 and fatty acid synthase family members that are known to mediate JH action were affected by CBP knockdown or TSA treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that acetylation and deacetylation mediated by HATs and HDACs play an important role in JH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Roy
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, EXTEMIT-K, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 1176, Prague 6, 165 21 Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
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