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Barik S, Riddell T. The Brain-Heart Network of Syncope. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6959. [PMID: 39000068 PMCID: PMC11241714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Observed and recorded in various forms since ancient times, 'syncope' is often popularly called 'fainting', such that the two terms are used synonymously. Syncope/fainting can be caused by a variety of conditions, including but not limited to head injuries, vertigo, and oxygen deficiency. Here, we draw on a large body of literature on syncope, including the role of a recently discovered set of specialized mammalian neurons. Although the etiology of syncope still remains a mystery, we have attempted to provide a comprehensive account of what is known and what still needs to be performed. Much of our understanding of syncope is owing to studies in the laboratory mouse, whereas evidence from human patients remains scarce. Interestingly, the cardioinhibitory Bezold-Jarisch reflex, recognized in the early 1900s, has an intriguing similarity to-and forms the basis of-syncope. In this review, we have integrated this minimal model into the modern view of the brain-neuron-heart signaling loop of syncope, to which several signaling events contribute. Molecular signaling is our major focus here, presented in terms of a normal heart, and thus, syncope due to abnormal or weak heart activity is not discussed in detail. In addition, we have offered possible directions for clinical intervention based on this model. Overall, this article is expected to generate interest in chronic vertigo and syncope/fainting, an enigmatic condition that affects most humans at some point in life; it is also hoped that this may lead to a mechanism-based clinical intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailen Barik
- Independent Researcher, EonBio, 3780 Pelham Drive, Mobile, AL 36619, USA
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2
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Dumiaty Y, Underwood BM, Phy-Lim J, Chee MJ. Neurocircuitry underlying the actions of glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY 3-36 in the suppression of food, drug-seeking, and anxiogenesis. Neuropeptides 2024; 105:102427. [PMID: 38579490 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a critical health condition worldwide that increases the risks of comorbid chronic diseases, but it can be managed with weight loss. However, conventional interventions relying on diet and exercise are inadequate for achieving and maintaining weight loss, thus there is significant market interest for pharmaceutical anti-obesity agents. For decades, receptor agonists for the gut peptide glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) featured prominently in anti-obesity medications by suppressing appetite and food reward to elicit rapid weight loss. As the neurocircuitry underlying food motivation overlaps with that for drugs of abuse, GLP-1 receptor agonism has also been shown to decrease substance use and relapse, thus its therapeutic potential may extend beyond weight management to treat addictions. However, as prolonged use of anti-obesity drugs may increase the risk of mood-related disorders like anxiety and depression, and individuals taking GLP-1-based medication commonly report feeling demotivated, the long-term safety of such drugs is an ongoing concern. Interestingly, current research now focuses on dual agonist approaches that include GLP-1 receptor agonism to enable synergistic effects on weight loss or associated functions. GLP-1 is secreted from the same intestinal cells as the anorectic gut peptide, Peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36), thus this review assessed the therapeutic potential and underlying neural circuits targeted by PYY3-36 when administered independently or in combination with GLP-1 to curb the appetite for food or drugs of abuse like opiates, alcohol, and nicotine. Additionally, we also reviewed animal and human studies to assess the impact, if any, for GLP-1 and/or PYY3-36 on mood-related behaviors in relation to anxiety and depression. As dual agonists targeting GLP-1 and PYY3-36 may produce synergistic effects, they can be effective at lower doses and offer an alternative approach for therapeutic benefits while mitigating undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Dumiaty
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Brett M Underwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jenny Phy-Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Melissa J Chee
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Blevins JE, Honeycutt MK, Slattery JD, Goldberg M, Rambousek JR, Tsui E, Dodson AD, Shelton KA, Salemeh TS, Elfers CT, Chichura KS, Ashlaw EF, Zraika S, Doyle RP, Roth CL. The Novel Chimeric Multi-Agonist Peptide (GEP44) Reduces Energy Intake and Body Weight in Male and Female Diet-Induced Obese Mice in a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor-Dependent Manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.17.594690. [PMID: 38826286 PMCID: PMC11142068 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.17.594690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
We recently reported that a novel chimeric peptide (GEP44) targeting both the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and neuropeptide Y1- and Y2 receptor (Y1R and Y2R) reduced energy intake and body weight (BW) in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. We hypothesized that GEP44 reduces energy intake and BW primarily through a GLP-1R dependent mechanism. To test this hypothesis, GLP-1R +/+ mice and GLP-1R null (GLP-1R -/- ) mice were fed a high fat diet for 4 months to elicit diet-induced obesity prior to undergoing a sequential 3-day vehicle period, 3-day drug treatment (5, 10, 20 or 50 nmol/kg; GEP44 vs the selective GLP-1R agonist, exendin-4) and a 3-day washout. Energy intake, BW, core temperature and activity were measured daily. GEP44 (10, 20 and 50 nmol/kg) reduced BW after 3-day treatment in DIO male GLP-1R +/+ mice by - 1.5±0.6, -1.3±0.4 and -1.9±0.4 grams, respectively ( P <0.05), with similar effects being observed in female GLP-1R +/+ mice. These effects were absent in male and female DIO GLP-1R -/- mice suggesting that GLP-1R signaling contributes to GEP44-elicited reduction of BW. Further, GEP44 decreased energy intake in both male and female DIO GLP-1R +/+ mice, but GEP44 appeared to produce more consistent effects across multiple doses in males. In GLP-1R -/- mice, the effects of GEP44 on energy intake were only observed in males and not females, suggesting that GEP44 may reduce energy intake, in part, through a GLP-1R independent mechanism in males. In addition, GEP44 reduced core temperature and activity in both male and female GLP-1R +/+ mice suggesting that it may also reduce energy expenditure. Lastly, we show that GEP44 reduced fasting blood glucose in DIO male and female mice through GLP-1R. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that the chimeric peptide, GEP44, reduces energy intake, BW, core temperature, and glucose levels in male and female DIO mice primarily through a GLP-1R dependent mechanism.
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Xu J, Wang S, Wu H, Chen D, Han J, Lin Q. Engineering a potent and long-acting GLP-1/Y 2 receptor dual agonist as a multi-agonist therapy for diabetes and obesity. Peptides 2023; 169:171073. [PMID: 37536423 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel dual agonists for the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Y2 receptor hold the potential for enhanced efficacy over GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists in treating obesity and diabetes. In this study, we aimed to improve the stability and increase the drug development success rate of our previously identified GLP-1/Y2 receptor dual agonist, 6q. To achieve this, we first optimized the structure of the linker within 6q. Additionally, we explored various fatty acid albumin binders to further enhance the stability of 6q. These binders were mainly selected from approved or clinically developed GLP-1R agonists or GLP-1-based multi-agonists. Through this process, we were able to identify a lead peptide, xGLP/PYY-6, that exhibited comparable in vitro potency toward the GLP-1 and Y2 receptors as 6q but with significantly improved stability compared to 6q. In Kunming and DIO mice, xGLP/PYY-6 showed a comparable hypoglycemic effect to semaglutide, and a significantly better effect on inhibiting food intake than semaglutide. In a chronic study in DIO mice, xGLP/PYY-6 exhibited significant metabolic benefits, as reflected by regulation of lipid levels, improved glucose tolerance, weight loss, decreased hepatocellular vacuolation, and the reversal of steatosis effects caused by xGLP/PYY-6. These results indicate the potential of developing xGLP/PYY-6 as an antiobesity, lipid regulation, antisteatotic, and antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222000, PR China
| | - Shuang Wang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Han Wu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - De Chen
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Nanning 530021, China.; School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China.
| | - Qisi Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, PR China.
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Peterson SM, Juliana CA, Hu CF, Chai J, Holliday C, Chan KY, Lujan Hernandez AG, Challocombe Z, Wang L, Han Z, Haas N, Stafford R, Axelrod F, Yuan TZ, De León DD, Sato AK. Optimization of a Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Antagonist Antibody for Treatment of Hyperinsulinism. Diabetes 2023; 72:1320-1329. [PMID: 37358194 PMCID: PMC10450825 DOI: 10.2337/db22-1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) is a genetic disorder in which pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion is excessive and results in hypoglycemia that, without treatment, can cause brain damage or death. Most patients with loss-of-function mutations in ABCC8 and KCNJ11, the genes encoding the β-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP), are unresponsive to diazoxide, the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved medical therapy and require pancreatectomy. The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonist exendin-(9-39) is an effective therapeutic agent that inhibits insulin secretion in both HI and acquired hyperinsulinism. Previously, we identified a highly potent antagonist antibody, TB-001-003, which was derived from our synthetic antibody libraries that were designed to target G protein-coupled receptors. Here, we designed a combinatorial variant antibody library to optimize the activity of TB-001-003 against GLP-1R and performed phage display on cells overexpressing GLP-1R. One antagonist, TB-222-023, is more potent than exendin-(9-39), also known as avexitide. TB-222-023 effectively decreased insulin secretion in primary isolated pancreatic islets from a mouse model of hyperinsulinism, Sur1-/- mice, and in islets from an infant with HI, and increased plasma glucose levels and decreased the insulin to glucose ratio in Sur1-/- mice. These findings demonstrate that targeting GLP-1R with an antibody antagonist is an effective and innovative strategy for treatment of hyperinsulinism. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Patients with the most common and severe form of diazoxide-unresponsive congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) require a pancreatectomy. Other second-line therapies are limited in their use because of severe side effects and short half-lives. Therefore, there is a critical need for better therapies. Studies with the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonist, avexitide (exendin-(9-39)), have demonstrated that GLP-1R antagonism is effective at lowering insulin secretion and increasing plasma glucose levels. We have optimized a GLP-1R antagonist antibody with more potent blocking of GLP-1R than avexitide. This antibody therapy is a potential novel and effective treatment for HI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine A. Juliana
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Jinghua Chai
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | - Linya Wang
- Twist Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Zhen Han
- Twist Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Diva D. De León
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Chichura KS, Elfers CT, Salameh TS, Kamat V, Chepurny OG, McGivney A, Milliken BT, Holz GG, Applebey SV, Hayes MR, Sweet IR, Roth CL, Doyle RP. A peptide triple agonist of GLP-1, neuropeptide Y1, and neuropeptide Y2 receptors promotes glycemic control and weight loss. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9554. [PMID: 37308546 PMCID: PMC10261008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying long-term sustained weight loss and glycemic normalization after obesity surgery include changes in gut hormone levels, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). We demonstrate that two peptide biased agonists (GEP44 and GEP12) of the GLP-1, neuropeptide Y1, and neuropeptide Y2 receptors (GLP-1R, Y1-R, and Y2-R, respectively) elicit Y1-R antagonist-controlled, GLP-1R-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion in both rat and human pancreatic islets, thus revealing the counteracting effects of Y1-R and GLP-1R agonism. These agonists also promote insulin-independent Y1-R-mediated glucose uptake in muscle tissue ex vivo and more profound reductions in food intake and body weight than liraglutide when administered to diet-induced obese rats. Our findings support a role for Y1-R signaling in glucoregulation and highlight the therapeutic potential of simultaneous receptor targeting to achieve long-term benefits for millions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie S Chichura
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Clinton T Elfers
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Therese S Salameh
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Varun Kamat
- Diabetes Research Institute and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Aelish McGivney
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Brandon T Milliken
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Sarah V Applebey
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ian R Sweet
- Diabetes Research Institute and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christian L Roth
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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7
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Yuan Y, Yan Z, Lao Q, Jiang N, Wu S, Lu Q, Han J, Zhao S. Discovery of a potent and long-acting Xenopus GLP-1-based GLP-1/glucagon/Y 2 receptor triple agonist. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115036. [PMID: 36571995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The combination of incretin-based therapies and PYY analogue has shown great potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity. In this study we developed the first example of a unimolecular triple agonist peptide to simultaneously target GLP-1, glucagon and Y2 receptors, aiming for superior weight loss and better glycemic control. The strategy for constructing such a unimolecular triple agonist peptide is the conjugation of the GLP-1R/GCGR dual-agonistic moiety and PYY moiety via maleimide-thiol specific reaction. A novel triple agonist peptide, 3b, was identified via stepwise structure optimization, long-acting modification and in vitro receptor screens. Peptide 3b exhibited potent and balanced GCGR and GLP-1R activities as well as potent and highly selective Y2R activity. Peptide 3b potently reduced food intake without triggering nausea associated behavior in kaolin consumption and conditioned taste aversion assays. In diet induced obesity (DIO) mice, a lower dose of 3b achieved significantly better effects on lipid metabolism, body weight, and glycemic control than higher dose of GLP-1R mono-agonist, GLP-1R/GCGR dual agonist and GLP-1R/Y2R dual agonist counterparts. Collectively, these data support the therapeutic potential of our GLP-1R/GCGR/Y2R triple agonist 3b as a novel anti-obesity and anti-diabetic agent. Targeting GLP-1R, GCGR and Y2R with unimolecular triple agonist peptide offers a route to develop new obesity and T2DM treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Zhiming Yan
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, PR China
| | - Qifang Lao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, PR China
| | - Neng Jiang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, PR China
| | - Shuangmin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Qinpei Lu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, PR China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, PR China.
| | - Songfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
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8
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Camerino C. The Long Way of Oxytocin from the Uterus to the Heart in 70 Years from Its Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032556. [PMID: 36768879 PMCID: PMC9916674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The research program on oxytocin started in 1895, when Oliver and Schafer reported that a substance extracted from the pituitary gland elevates blood pressure when injected intravenously into dogs. Dale later reported that a neurohypophysial substance triggers uterine contraction, lactation, and antidiuresis. Purification of this pituitary gland extracts revealed that the vasopressor and antidiuretic activity could be attributed to vasopressin, while uterotonic and lactation activity could be attributed to oxytocin. In 1950, the amino-acid sequences of vasopressin and oxytocin were determined and chemically synthesized. Vasopressin (CYFQNCPRG-NH2) and oxytocin (CYIQNCPLG-NH2) differ by two amino acids and have a disulfide bridge between the cysteine residues at position one and six conserved in all vasopressin/oxytocin-type peptides. This characterization of oxytocin led to the Nobel Prize awarded in 1955 to Vincent du Vigneaud. Nevertheless, it was only 50 years later when the evidence that mice depleted of oxytocin or its receptor develop late-onset obesity and metabolic syndrome established that oxytocin regulates energy and metabolism. Oxytocin is anorexigenic and regulates the lean/fat mass composition in skeletal muscle. Oxytocin's effect on muscle is mediated by thermogenesis via a pathway initiated in the myocardium. Oxytocin involvement in thermogenesis and muscle contraction is linked to Prader-Willi syndrome in humans, opening exciting therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Camerino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, P.za G. Cesare 11, 70100 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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9
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Yang Q, Tang W, Sun L, Yan Z, Tang C, Yuan Y, Zhou H, Zhou F, Zhou S, Wu Q, Song P, Fang T, Xu R, Han J, Jiang N. Design of Xenopus GLP-1-Based Long-Acting Dual GLP-1/Y 2 Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14201-14220. [PMID: 36214844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and neuropeptide Y2 receptor (Y2R) dual agonists have shown great potential to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We developed a multitarget strategy to design monomeric agonists based on Xenopus GLP-1 (xGLP-1) and PYY3-36 analogues with dual activation activities on GLP-1R and Y2R. A novel peptide, 6q, was obtained via stepwise structure optimization and in vitro receptor screens. In db/db and diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice, 6q produced greater effects on long-term glycemic control and body weight reduction than GLP-1R and Y2R monoagonist counterparts. Notably, in high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mice, 6q treatment significantly reduced hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels and reversed hepatic steatosis compared with GLP-1R monoagonist (liraglutide) treatment. Collectively, these data support the therapeutic potential of our GLP-1R/Y2R dual agonist 6q as a novel antidiabetic, antiobesity, and antisteatotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Weizhong Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, P. R. China
| | - Lidan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, P. R. China
| | - Yongliang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhou
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Zhou
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Peng Song
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Ting Fang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Ronglian Xu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Neng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, P. R. China
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10
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Olszewski PK, Noble EE, Paiva L, Ueta Y, Blevins JE. Oxytocin as a potential pharmacological tool to combat obesity. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13106. [PMID: 35192207 PMCID: PMC9372234 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has emerged as an important anorexigen in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. It has been shown that the release of OT and activation of hypothalamic OT neurons coincide with food ingestion. Its effects on feeding have largely been attributed to limiting meal size through interactions in key regulatory brain regions governing the homeostatic control of food intake such as the hypothalamus and hindbrain in addition to key feeding reward areas such as the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. Furthermore, the magnitude of an anorexigenic response to OT and feeding-related activation of the brain OT circuit are modified by the composition and flavor of a diet, as well as by a social context in which a meal is consumed. OT is particularly effective in reducing consumption of carbohydrates and sweet tastants. Pharmacologic, genetic, and pair-feeding studies indicate that OT-elicited weight loss cannot be fully explained by reductions of food intake and that the overall impact of OT on energy balance is also partly a result of OT-elicited changes in lipolysis, energy expenditure, and glucose regulation. Peripheral administration of OT mimics many of its effects when it is given into the central nervous system, raising the questions of whether and to what extent circulating OT acts through peripheral OT receptors to regulate energy balance. Although OT has been found to elicit weight loss in female mice, recent studies have indicated that sex and estrous cycle may impact oxytocinergic modulation of food intake. Despite the overall promising basic research data, attempts to use OT in the clinical setting to combat obesity and overeating have generated somewhat mixed results. The focus of this mini-review is to briefly summarize the role of OT in feeding and metabolism, address gaps and inconsistencies in our knowledge, and discuss some of the limitations to the potential use of chronic OT that should help guide future research on OT as a tailor-made anti-obesity therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel K Olszewski
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Waikato, New Zealand
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily E Noble
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Luis Paiva
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - James E Blevins
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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11
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Chen T, Sun T, Bian Y, Pei Y, Feng F, Chi H, Li Y, Tang X, Sang S, Du C, Chen Y, Chen Y, Sun H. The Design and Optimization of Monomeric Multitarget Peptides for the Treatment of Multifactorial Diseases. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3685-3705. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingkai Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Bian
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, College of Regimen and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Food and Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Huaian 223003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Chi
- Food and Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Huaian 223003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Huaian 223005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenghu Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Du
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Cabrera O, Ficorilli J, Shaw J, Echeverri F, Schwede F, Chepurny OG, Leech CA, Holz GG. Intra-islet glucagon confers β-cell glucose competence for first-phase insulin secretion and favors GLP-1R stimulation by exogenous glucagon. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101484. [PMID: 34896391 PMCID: PMC8789663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that intra-islet glucagon secreted from α-cells signals through β-cell glucagon and GLP-1 receptors (GcgR and GLP-1R), thereby conferring to rat islets their competence to exhibit first-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Thus, in islets not treated with exogenous glucagon or GLP-1, first-phase GSIS is abolished by a GcgR antagonist (LY2786890) or a GLP-1R antagonist (Ex[9-39]). Mechanistically, glucose competence in response to intra-islet glucagon is conditional on β-cell cAMP signaling because it is blocked by the cAMP antagonist prodrug Rp-8-Br-cAMPS-pAB. In its role as a paracrine hormone, intra-islet glucagon binds with high affinity to the GcgR, while also exerting a "spillover" effect to bind with low affinity to the GLP-1R. This produces a right shift of the concentration-response relationship for the potentiation of GSIS by exogenous glucagon. Thus, 0.3 nM glucagon fails to potentiate GSIS, as expected if similar concentrations of intra-islet glucagon already occupy the GcgR. However, 10 to 30 nM glucagon effectively engages the β-cell GLP-1R to potentiate GSIS, an action blocked by Ex[9-39] but not LY2786890. Finally, we report that the action of intra-islet glucagon to support insulin secretion requires a step-wise increase of glucose concentration to trigger first-phase GSIS. It is not measurable when GSIS is stimulated by a gradient of increasing glucose concentrations, as occurs during an oral glucose tolerance test in vivo. Collectively, such findings are understandable if defective intra-islet glucagon action contributes to the characteristic loss of first-phase GSIS in an intravenous glucose tolerance test that is diagnostic of type 2 diabetes in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Over Cabrera
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - James Ficorilli
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Janice Shaw
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Frank Schwede
- Biolog Life Science Institute GmbH & Co KG, Bremen, Germany
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Colin A Leech
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA; Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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13
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Boland BB, Laker RC, O'Brien S, Sitaula S, Sermadiras I, Nielsen JC, Barkholt P, Roostalu U, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Sejthen SR, Thorbek DD, Suckow A, Burmeister N, Oldham S, Will S, Howard VG, Gill BM, Newton P, Naylor J, Hornigold DC, Austin J, Lantier L, McGuinness OP, Trevaskis JL, Grimsby JS, Rhodes CJ. Peptide-YY 3-36/glucagon-like peptide-1 combination treatment of obese diabetic mice improves insulin sensitivity associated with recovered pancreatic β-cell function and synergistic activation of discrete hypothalamic and brainstem neuronal circuitries. Mol Metab 2021; 55:101392. [PMID: 34781035 PMCID: PMC8717237 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-linked type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a worldwide health concern and many novel approaches are being considered for its treatment and subsequent prevention of serious comorbidities. Co-administration of glucagon like peptide 1 (Fc-GLP-1) and peptide YY3-36 (Fc-PYY3-36) renders a synergistic decrease in energy intake in obese men. However, mechanistic details of the synergy between these peptide agonists and their effects on metabolic homeostasis remain relatively scarce. METHODS In this study, we utilized long-acting analogues of GLP-1 and PYY3-36 (via Fc-peptide conjugation) to better characterize the synergistic pharmacological benefits of their co-administration on body weight and glycaemic regulation in obese and diabetic mouse models. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps were used to measure weight-independent effects of Fc-PYY3-36 + Fc-GLP-1 on insulin action. Fluorescent light sheet microscopy analysis of whole brain was performed to assess activation of brain regions. RESULTS Co-administration of long-acting Fc-IgG/peptide conjugates of Fc-GLP-1 and Fc-PYY3-36 (specific for PYY receptor-2 (Y2R)) resulted in profound weight loss, restored glucose homeostasis, and recovered endogenous β-cell function in two mouse models of obese T2D. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in C57BLKS/J db/db and diet-induced obese Y2R-deficient (Y2RKO) mice indicated Y2R is required for a weight-independent improvement in peripheral insulin sensitivity and enhanced hepatic glycogenesis. Brain cFos staining demonstrated distinct temporal activation of regions of the hypothalamus and hindbrain following Fc-PYY3-36 + Fc-GLP-1R agonist administration. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal a therapeutic approach for obesity/T2D that improved insulin sensitivity and restored endogenous β-cell function. These data also highlight the potential association between the gut-brain axis in control of metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon B Boland
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK; Gubra ApS, Horsholm, Denmark; PRECISIONscientia, Yardley, PA, USA
| | - Rhianna C Laker
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Siobhan O'Brien
- Antibody and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Antibody and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sadichha Sitaula
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabelle Sermadiras
- Antibody and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Antibody and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arthur Suckow
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK; DTX Pharma, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Burmeister
- Antibody and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Antibody and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK; Roche, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Oldham
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Will
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victor G Howard
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benji M Gill
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip Newton
- Antibody and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Antibody and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacqueline Naylor
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Hornigold
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jotham Austin
- University of Chicago Advanced Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Louise Lantier
- Vanderbilt University Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Vanderbilt University Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James L Trevaskis
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Joseph S Grimsby
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
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14
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Niu J, Tong J, Blevins JE. Oxytocin as an Anti-obesity Treatment. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:743546. [PMID: 34720864 PMCID: PMC8549820 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.743546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing health concern, as it increases risk for heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cancer, COVID-19 related hospitalizations and mortality. However, current weight loss therapies are often associated with psychiatric or cardiovascular side effects or poor tolerability that limit their long-term use. The hypothalamic neuropeptide, oxytocin (OT), mediates a wide range of physiologic actions, which include reproductive behavior, formation of prosocial behaviors and control of body weight. We and others have shown that OT circumvents leptin resistance and elicits weight loss in diet-induced obese rodents and non-human primates by reducing both food intake and increasing energy expenditure (EE). Chronic intranasal OT also elicits promising effects on weight loss in obese humans. This review evaluates the potential use of OT as a therapeutic strategy to treat obesity in rodents, non-human primates, and humans, and identifies potential mechanisms that mediate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingJing Niu
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jenny Tong
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - James E Blevins
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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15
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Zhang L, Ma S, Wei P, Zhao Y, Mu Y, Wu J, Jing W, Zhao B, Deng J, Liu Z. Small Intestinal Submucosa Membrane Modified by Fusion Peptide-Mediated Extracellular Vesicles to Promote Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101298. [PMID: 34569179 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury, which often occurs in daily life, remains challenging in clinical medicine. Developing a novel biomaterial with the capability to provide an ideal microenvironment and homeostasis around the wound is highly desirable for effective tissue regenerative medicine. The small intestinal submucosa (SIS) membrane possesses a precise spatial structure with excellent biocompatibility. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells can achieve rapid cell proliferation and migration with little immune response by creating a satisfactory microenvironment. In this study, fusion peptide-mediated EVs are able to modify the surface of the SIS membrane via specific combination. In vitro studies prove that modified SIS membranes can promote cell migration and spreading. This phenomenon may be because of the activation of TEADs, which regulate cell behavior. By constructing a rat abdominal wall defect model, it is further demonstrated that the modified SIS membrane is more conducive to tissue regeneration. Collectively, these results suggest that SIS membranes modified by fusion peptide-mediated EVs achieve excellent biofunction and provide promising prospects for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University 12 Observatory Road Tianjin 300000 China
| | - Shiqing Ma
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University 12 Observatory Road Tianjin 300000 China
| | - Pengfei Wei
- Beijing Biosis Healing Biological Technology Co., Ltd No. 6 Plant West, Valley No. 1 Bio‐medicine Industry Park Beijing 102600 China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University 12 Observatory Road Tianjin 300000 China
| | - Yuzhu Mu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University 12 Observatory Road Tianjin 300000 China
| | - Jinzhe Wu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University 12 Observatory Road Tianjin 300000 China
| | - Wei Jing
- Beijing Biosis Healing Biological Technology Co., Ltd No. 6 Plant West, Valley No. 1 Bio‐medicine Industry Park Beijing 102600 China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Beijing Biosis Healing Biological Technology Co., Ltd No. 6 Plant West, Valley No. 1 Bio‐medicine Industry Park Beijing 102600 China
| | - Jiayin Deng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University 12 Observatory Road Tianjin 300000 China
| | - Zihao Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University 12 Observatory Road Tianjin 300000 China
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16
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A novel approach to treating opioid use disorders: Dual agonists of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors and neuropeptide Y 2 receptors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1169-1179. [PMID: 34715149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The widespread misuse of opioids and opioid use disorder (OUD) together constitute a major public health crisis in the United States. The greatest challenge for successfully treating OUD is preventing relapse. Unfortunately, there are few FDA-approved medications to treat OUD and, while effective, these pharmacotherapies are limited by high relapse rates. Thus, there is a critical need for conceptually new approaches to developing novel medications to treat OUD. Here, we review an emerging preclinical literature that suggests that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists could be re-purposed for treating OUD. Potential limitations of this approach are also discussed along with an alternative strategy that involves simultaneously targeting and activating GLP-1Rs and neuropeptide Y2 receptors (Y2Rs) in the brain using a novel monomeric dual agonist peptide. Recent studies indicate that this combinatorial pharmacotherapy approach attenuates voluntary fentanyl taking and seeking in rats without producing adverse effects associated with GLP-1R agonist monotherapy alone. While future studies are required to comprehensively determine the behavioral effects of GLP-1R agonists and dual agonists of GLP-1Rs and Y2Rs in rodent models of OUD, these provocative preclinical findings highlight a potential new GLP-1R-based approach to preventing relapse in humans with OUD.
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17
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Edwards MM, Nguyen HK, Dodson AD, Herbertson AJ, Wietecha TA, Wolden-Hanson T, Graham JL, Honeycutt MK, Slattery JD, O’Brien KD, Havel PJ, Blevins JE. Effects of Combined Oxytocin and Beta-3 Receptor Agonist (CL 316243) Treatment on Body Weight and Adiposity in Male Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Front Physiol 2021; 12:725912. [PMID: 34566687 PMCID: PMC8457402 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.725912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that oxytocin (OT) reduces body weight in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents through reductions in energy intake and increases in energy expenditure. We recently demonstrated that hindbrain [fourth ventricular (4V)] administration of OT evokes weight loss and elevates interscapular brown adipose tissue temperature (T IBAT ) in DIO rats. What remains unclear is whether OT can be used as an adjunct with other drugs that directly target beta-3 receptors in IBAT to promote BAT thermogenesis and reduce body weight in DIO rats. We hypothesized that the combined treatment of OT and the beta-3 agonist, CL 316243, would produce an additive effect to decrease body weight and adiposity in DIO rats by reducing energy intake and increasing BAT thermogenesis. We assessed the effects of 4V infusions of OT (16 nmol/day) or vehicle (VEH) in combination with daily intraperitoneal injections of CL 316243 (0.5 mg/kg) or VEH on food intake, T IBAT , body weight and body composition. OT and CL 316243 alone reduced body weight by 7.8 ± 1.3% (P < 0.05) and 9.1 ± 2.1% (P < 0.05), respectively, but the combined treatment produced more pronounced weight loss (15.5 ± 1.2%; P < 0.05) than either treatment alone. These effects were associated with decreased adiposity, adipocyte size, energy intake and increased uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) content in epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) (P < 0.05). In addition, CL 316243 alone (P < 0.05) and in combination with OT (P < 0.05) elevated T IBAT and IBAT UCP-1 content and IBAT thermogenic gene expression. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the combined treatment of OT and the beta-3 agonist, CL 316243, produces an additive effect to decrease body weight. The findings from the current study suggest that the effects of the combined treatment on energy intake, fat mass, adipocyte size and browning of EWAT were not additive and appear to be driven, in part, by transient changes in energy intake in response to OT or CL 316243 alone as well as CL 316243-elicited reduction of fat mass and adipocyte size and induction of browning of EWAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melise M. Edwards
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ha K. Nguyen
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew D. Dodson
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Adam J. Herbertson
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tomasz A. Wietecha
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tami Wolden-Hanson
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - James L. Graham
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mackenzie K. Honeycutt
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jared D. Slattery
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kevin D. O’Brien
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Peter J. Havel
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - James E. Blevins
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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18
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Natural α-Glucosidase and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors: A Source of Scaffold Molecules for Synthesis of New Multitarget Antidiabetic Drugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164818. [PMID: 34443409 PMCID: PMC8400511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents a group of metabolic disorders that leads to acute and long-term serious complications and is considered a worldwide sanitary emergence. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents about 90% of all cases of diabetes, and even if several drugs are actually available for its treatment, in the long term, they show limited effectiveness. Most traditional drugs are designed to act on a specific biological target, but the complexity of the current pathologies has demonstrated that molecules hitting more than one target may be safer and more effective. The purpose of this review is to shed light on the natural compounds known as α-glucosidase and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) dual-inhibitors that could be used as lead compounds to generate new multitarget antidiabetic drugs for treatment of T2D.
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19
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Borner T, Tinsley IC, Doyle RP, Hayes MR, De Jonghe BC. GLP-1 in diabetes care: Can glycemic control be achieved without nausea and vomiting? Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:542-556. [PMID: 34363224 PMCID: PMC8810668 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduced less than two decades ago, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) rapidly re-shaped the field of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) care by providing glycemic control in tandem with weight loss. However, FDA-approved GLP-1RAs are often accompanied by nausea and emesis, and in some lean T2DM patients, by undesired anorexia. Importantly, the hypophagic and emetic effects of GLP-1RAs are caused by central GLP-1R activation. This review summarizes two different approaches to mitigate the incidence/severity of nausea and emesis related to GLP-1RAs: conjugation with vitamin B12, or related corrin-ring containing compounds ("corrination"), and development of dual-agonists of the GLP-1R with glucose dependent-insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Such approaches could lead to the generation of GLP-1RAs with improved therapeutic efficacy thus, decreasing treatment attrition, increasing patient compliance, and extending treatment to a broader population of T2DM patients. The data reviewed show that it is possible to pharmacologically separate emetic effects of GLP-1RAs from glucoregulatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Borner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian C Tinsley
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States.,Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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20
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Borner T, Workinger JL, Tinsley IC, Fortin SM, Stein LM, Chepurny OG, Holz GG, Wierzba AJ, Gryko D, Nexø E, Shaulson ED, Bamezai A, Da Silva VAR, De Jonghe BC, Hayes MR, Doyle RP. Corrination of a GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for Glycemic Control without Emesis. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107768. [PMID: 32553160 PMCID: PMC7376604 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus often produce nausea, vomiting, and in some patients, undesired anorexia. Notably, these behavioral effects are caused by direct central GLP-1R activation. Herein, we describe the creation of a GLP-1R agonist conjugate with modified brain penetrance that enhances GLP-1R-mediated glycemic control without inducing vomiting. Covalent attachment of the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 (Ex4) to dicyanocobinamide (Cbi), a corrin ring containing precursor of vitamin B12, produces a "corrinated" Ex4 construct (Cbi-Ex4). Data collected in the musk shrew (Suncus murinus), an emetic mammal, reveal beneficial effects of Cbi-Ex4 relative to Ex4, as evidenced by improvements in glycemic responses in glucose tolerance tests and a profound reduction of emetic events. Our findings highlight the potential for clinical use of Cbi-Ex4 for millions of patients seeking improved glycemic control without common side effects (e.g., emesis) characteristic of current GLP-1 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Borner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Ian C Tinsley
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Samantha M Fortin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren M Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ebba Nexø
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Evan D Shaulson
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ankur Bamezai
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valentina A Rodriguez Da Silva
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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21
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Lafferty RA, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Established and emerging roles peptide YY (PYY) and exploitation in obesity-diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021; 28:253-261. [PMID: 33395088 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The antiobesity effects of activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y2 receptors (NPYR2) by the gut-derived hormone, peptide YY (PYY), are established. However, more recent insight into the biology of PYY has demonstrated remarkable benefits of sustained activation of pancreatic beta-cell NPYR1, that promises to open a new therapeutic avenue in diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS The therapeutic applicability of NPYR2 agonists for obesity has been considered for many years. An alternative pathway for the clinical realisation of PYY-based drugs could be related to the development of NPYR1 agonists for treatment of diabetes. Thus, although stimulation of NPYR1 on pancreatic beta-cells has immediate insulinostatic effects, prolonged activation of these receptors leads to well defined beta-cell protective effects, with obvious positive implications for the treatment of diabetes. In this regard, NPYR1-specific, long-acting enzyme resistant PYY analogues, have been recently developed with encouraging preclinical effects observed on pancreatic islet architecture in diabetes. In agreement, the benefits of certain types of bariatric surgeries on beta-cell function and responsiveness have also been linked to elevated PYY secretion and NPY1 receptor activation. SUMMARY Enzymatically stable forms of PYY, that selectively activate NPYR1, may have significant potential for preservation of beta-cell mass and the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Lafferty
- Diabetes Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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22
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Østergaard S, Paulsson JF, Kjærgaard Gerstenberg M, Wulff BS. The Design of a GLP‐1/PYY Dual Acting Agonist. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8268-8275. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Østergaard
- Global Research Technologies Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | - Johan F. Paulsson
- Global Drug Discovery Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte S. Wulff
- Global Drug Discovery Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
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23
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Østergaard S, Paulsson JF, Kjærgaard Gerstenberg M, Wulff BS. The Design of a GLP‐1/PYY Dual Acting Agonist. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Østergaard
- Global Research Technologies Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | - Johan F. Paulsson
- Global Drug Discovery Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte S. Wulff
- Global Drug Discovery Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
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24
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Milliken BT, Elfers C, Chepurny OG, Chichura KS, Sweet IR, Borner T, Hayes MR, De Jonghe BC, Holz GG, Roth CL, Doyle RP. Design and Evaluation of Peptide Dual-Agonists of GLP-1 and NPY2 Receptors for Glucoregulation and Weight Loss with Mitigated Nausea and Emesis. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1127-1138. [PMID: 33449689 PMCID: PMC7956155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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There is a critical unmet need for
therapeutics to treat the epidemic
of comorbidities associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, ideally
devoid of nausea/emesis. This study developed monomeric peptide agonists
of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) and neuropeptide Y2 receptor
(Y2-R) based on exendin-4 (Ex-4) and PYY3–36. A
novel peptide, GEP44, was obtained via in vitro receptor
screens, insulin secretion in islets, stability assays, and in vivo rat and shrew studies of glucoregulation, weight
loss, nausea, and emesis. GEP44 in lean and diet-induced obese rats
produced greater reduction in body weight compared to Ex-4 without
triggering nausea associated behavior. Studies in the shrew demonstrated
a near absence of emesis for GEP44 in contrast to Ex-4. Collectively,
these data demonstrate that targeting GLP-1R and Y2-R with chimeric
single peptides offers a route to new glucoregulatory treatments that
are well-tolerated and have improved weight loss when compared directly
to Ex-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Milliken
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Clinton Elfers
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Kylie S Chichura
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Ian R Sweet
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Tito Borner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Christian L Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States.,Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
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25
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Alavi SE, Cabot PJ, Yap GY, Moyle PM. Optimized Methods for the Production and Bioconjugation of Site-Specific, Alkyne-Modified Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogs to Azide-Modified Delivery Platforms Using Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne–Azide Cycloaddition. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1820-1834. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Peter John Cabot
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Gee Yi Yap
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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26
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Artasensi A, Pedretti A, Vistoli G, Fumagalli L. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Multi-Target Drugs. Molecules 2020; 25:E1987. [PMID: 32340373 PMCID: PMC7221535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a multi-factorial chronic health condition that affects a large part of population and according to the World Health Organization (WHO) the number of adults living with diabetes is expected to increase. Since type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is suffered by the majority of diabetic patients (around 90-95%) and often the mono-target therapy fails in managing blood glucose levels and the other comorbidities, this review focuses on the potential drugs acting on multi-targets involved in the treatment of this type of diabetes. In particular, the review considers the main systems directly involved in T2DM or involved in diabetes comorbidities. Agonists acting on incretin, glucagon systems, as well as on peroxisome proliferation activated receptors are considered. Inhibitors which target either aldose reductase and tyrosine phosphatase 1B or sodium glucose transporters 1 and 2 are taken into account. Moreover, with a view at the multi-target approaches for T2DM some phytocomplexes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.A.); (A.P.); (G.V.)
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27
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Gimeno RE, Briere DA, Seeley RJ. Leveraging the Gut to Treat Metabolic Disease. Cell Metab 2020; 31:679-698. [PMID: 32187525 PMCID: PMC7184629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
25 years ago, the future of treating obesity and diabetes focused on end organs known to be involved in energy balance and glucose regulation, including the brain, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas. Today, the most effective therapies are focused around the gut. This includes surgical options, such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, that can produce sustained weight loss and diabetes remission but also extends to pharmacological treatments that simulate or amplify various signals that come from the gut. The purpose of this Review is to discuss the wealth of approaches currently under development that seek to further leverage the gut as a source of novel therapeutic opportunities with the hope that we can achieve the effects of surgical interventions with less invasive and more scalable solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Gimeno
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Daniel A Briere
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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28
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Milliken BT, Doyle RP, Holz GG, Chepurny OG. FRET Reporter Assays for cAMP and Calcium in a 96-well Format Using Genetically Encoded Biosensors Expressed in Living Cells. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3641. [PMID: 32775537 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) by hormones and neurotransmitters elicits cellular responses, many of which result from alterations in the concentrations of cytosolic cAMP and Ca2+. Here, we describe a microplate reader fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay that uses the genetically encoded biosensors H188 and YC3.60 so that it is possible to monitor the kinetics with which alterations of [cAMP] or [Ca2+] occur in monolayers or suspensions of living cells exposed to GPCR agonists. This protocol uses HEK293 cell lines doubly transfected with a FRET biosensor and a recombinant GPCR of interest (e.g., glucagon receptors, CCK2 receptors, or NPY2R receptors). The protocol allows for rapid screening of small molecule GPCR agonists and antagonists, and it is also useful for discovery of synthetic mono-, dual-, and tri- agonist peptides with GPCR activating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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29
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English A, Irwin N. Nonclassical Islet Peptides: Pancreatic and Extrapancreatic Actions. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND DIABETES 2019; 12:1179551419888871. [PMID: 32425629 PMCID: PMC7216561 DOI: 10.1177/1179551419888871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pancreas has physiologically important endocrine and exocrine functions; secreting enzymes into the small intestine to aid digestion and releasing multiple peptide hormones via the islets of Langerhans to regulate glucose metabolism, respectively. Insulin and glucagon, in combination with ghrelin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin, are the main classical islet peptides critical for the maintenance of blood glucose. However, pancreatic islets also synthesis numerous ‘nonclassical’ peptides that have recently been demonstrated to exert fundamental effects on overall islet function and metabolism. As such, insights into the physiological relevance of these nonclassical peptides have shown impact on glucose metabolism, insulin action, cell survival, weight loss, and energy expenditure. This review will focus on the role of individual nonclassical islet peptides to stimulate pancreatic islet secretions as well as regulate metabolism. In addition, the more recognised actions of these peptides on satiety and energy regulation will also be considered. Furthermore, recent advances in the field of peptide therapeutics and obesity-diabetes have focused on the benefits of simultaneously targeting several hormone receptor signalling cascades. The potential for nonclassical islet hormones within such combinational approaches will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew English
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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30
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GPR40 full agonism exerts feeding suppression and weight loss through afferent vagal nerve. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222653. [PMID: 31525244 PMCID: PMC6746387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR40/FFAR1 is a Gq protein-coupled receptor expressed in pancreatic β cells and enteroendocrine cells, and mediates insulin and incretin secretion to regulate feeding behavior. Several GPR40 full agonists have been reported to reduce food intake in rodents by regulating gut hormone secretion in addition to their potent glucose-lowering effects; however, detailed mechanisms of feeding suppression are still unknown. In the present study, we characterized T-3601386, a novel compound with potent full agonistic activity for GPR40, by using in vitro Ca2+ mobilization assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing FFAR1 and in vivo hormone secretion assay. We also evaluated feeding suppression and weight loss after the administration of T-3601386 and investigated the involvement of the vagal nerve in these effects. T-3601386, but not a partial agonist fasiglifam, increased intracellular Ca2+ levels in CHO cells with low FFAR1 expression, and single dosing of T-3601386 in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats elevated plasma incretin levels, suggesting full agonistic properties of T-3601386 against GPR40. Multiple doses of T-3601386, but not fasiglifam, in DIO rats showed dose-dependent weight loss accompanied by feeding suppression and durable glucagon-like peptide-1 elevation, all of which were completely abolished in Ffar1-/- mice. Immunohistochemical analysis in the nuclei of the solitary tract demonstrated that T-3601386 increased the number of c-Fos positive cells, which also disappeared in Ffar1-/- mice. Surgical vagotomy and drug-induced deafferentation counteracted the feeding suppression and weight loss induced by the administration of T-3601386. These results suggest that T-3601386 exerts incretin release and weight loss in a GPR40-dependent manner, and that afferent vagal nerves are important for the feeding suppression induced by GPR40 full agonism. Our novel findings raise the possibility that GPR40 full agonist can induce periphery-derived weight reduction, which may provide benefits such as less adverse effects in central nervous system compared to centrally-acting anti-obesity drugs.
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31
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Chepurny OG, Matsoukas MT, Liapakis G, Leech CA, Milliken BT, Doyle RP, Holz GG. Nonconventional glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonist and antagonist interplay at the GLP-1 receptor revealed in high-throughput FRET assays for cAMP. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3514-3531. [PMID: 30622136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for glucagon (GluR) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1R) are normally considered to be highly selective for glucagon and GLP-1, respectively. However, glucagon secreted from pancreatic α-cells may accumulate at high concentrations to exert promiscuous effects at the β-cell GLP-1R, as may occur in the volume-restricted microenvironment of the islets of Langerhans. Furthermore, systemic administration of GluR or GLP-1R agonists and antagonists at high doses may lead to off-target effects at other receptors. Here, we used molecular modeling to evaluate data derived from FRET assays that detect cAMP as a read-out for GluR and GLP-1R activation. This analysis established that glucagon is a nonconventional GLP-1R agonist, an effect inhibited by the GLP-1R orthosteric antagonist exendin(9-39) (Ex(9-39)). The GluR allosteric inhibitors LY2409021 and MK 0893 antagonized glucagon and GLP-1 action at the GLP-1R, whereas des-His1-[Glu9]glucagon antagonized glucagon action at the GluR, while having minimal inhibitory action versus glucagon or GLP-1 at the GLP-1R. When testing Ex(9-39) in combination with des-His1-[Glu9]glucagon in INS-1 832/13 cells, we validated a dual agonist action of glucagon at the GluR and GLP-1R. Hybrid peptide GGP817 containing glucagon fused to a fragment of peptide YY (PYY) acted as a triagonist at the GluR, GLP-1R, and neuropeptide Y2 receptor (NPY2R). Collectively, these findings provide a new triagonist strategy with which to target the GluR, GLP-1R, and NPY2R. They also provide an impetus to reevaluate prior studies in which GluR and GLP-1R agonists and antagonists were assumed not to exert promiscuous actions at other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George Liapakis
- the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece, and
| | | | - Brandon T Milliken
- the Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Robert P Doyle
- From the Departments of Medicine, .,the Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - George G Holz
- From the Departments of Medicine, .,Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
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