1
|
Gan H, Ma Q, Hao W, Yang N, Chen ZS, Deng L, Chen J. Targeting autophagy to counteract neuroinflammation: A novel antidepressant strategy. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107112. [PMID: 38403256 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a common disease that affects physical and mental health and imposes a considerable burden on afflicted individuals and their families worldwide. Depression is associated with a high rate of disability and suicide. It causes a severe decline in productivity and quality of life. Unfortunately, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression have not been fully elucidated, and the risk of its treatment is still presented. Studies have shown that the expression of autophagic markers in the brain and peripheral inflammatory mediators are dysregulated in depression. Autophagy-related genes regulate the level of autophagy and change the inflammatory response in depression. Depression is related to several aspects of immunity. The regulation of the immune system and inflammation by autophagy may lead to the development or deterioration of mental disorders. This review highlights the role of autophagy and neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of depression, sumaries the autophagy-targeting small moleculars, and discusses a novel therapeutic strategy based on anti-inflammatory mechanisms that target autophagy to treat the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Gan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenzhi Hao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nating Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hwang SJ, Bang HJ, Lee HJ. Ginsenoside Re inhibits melanogenesis and melanoma growth by downregulating microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115037. [PMID: 37393867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng, is a traditional remedy widely used in Asian countries. Its major active compounds are ginsenosides, specifically triterpenoid saponins. Among them, one notable ginsenoside called Re has shown various biological effects, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the potential beneficial effects of Re on melanogenesis and skin cancer remain poorly understood. To investigate this, we conducted a comprehensive study using biochemical assays, cell-based models, a zebrafish pigment formation model, and a tumor xenograft model. Our results revealed that Re effectively inhibited melanin biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner by competitively inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin production. Moreover, Re significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a key regulator of melanin biosynthesis and melanoma growth. Furthermore, Re decreased the protein expression of MITF and its target genes, including tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2, through a partially ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation mechanism, mediated by the AKT and ERK signaling pathways. These findings indicate that Re exerts its hypopigmentary effects by directly inhibiting tyrosinase activity and suppressing its expression via MITF. Additionally, Re demonstrated inhibitory effects on skin melanoma growth and induced tumor vascular normalization in our in vivo experiments. This study represents the first evidence of Re-mediated inhibition of melanogenesis and skin melanoma, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms. These promising preclinical findings warrant further investigation to determine the suitability of Re as a natural agent for treating hyperpigmentation disorders and skin cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Hye Jung Bang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tong T, Chen Y, Hao C, Shen J, Chen W, Cheng W, Yan S, Li J, Li Y, Gulizhaerkezi T, Zeng J, Meng X. The effects of acupuncture on depression by regulating BDNF-related balance via lateral habenular nucleus BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway in rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 451:114509. [PMID: 37244435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a major mental disease worldwide, causing dysfunction of Lateral Habenular (LHb). As a non-invasive alternative, acupuncture (AP) has been widely used to treat depression in clinic, yet few basic studies have been focused on the effects and mechanism of acupuncture on synaptic plasticity in LHb. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of the antidepressant effect of acupuncture. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), AP, fluoxetine (FLX), acupoint catgut embedding (ACE), sham-ACE groups (n = 9/group). Rats were given a 28-day treatment at the Shangxing (GV23) and Fengfu (GV16) acupoints with acupuncture, ACE, sham-ACE or fluoxetine (2.1 mg/kg). The results showed that AP, FLX and ACE suppressed the behavioral deficits, increased the level of the 5-hydroxytryptamine and FNDC5/IRISIN in serum, also reduced the expression of pro-BDNF impacted by CUMS. Both AP and FLX ameliorated the %area of IBA-1, GFAP, BrdU and DCX in the LHb and increased the expression of BDNF/TrkB/CREB, with non-significant difference between the two groups These findings suggest that AP therapy relieves depression-related manifestations in depressed rats, suggesting a potential mechanism via the BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway in LHb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China; Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China; Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Chonyao Hao
- Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Shen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ezhou Central Hospital, Ezhou, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Simin Yan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Tuergong Gulizhaerkezi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Zeng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xianjun Meng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kang D, Dong H, Shen Y, Ou J, Zhao J. The clinical application of Chinese herbal medication to depression: A narrative review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1120683. [PMID: 36969689 PMCID: PMC10034025 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1120683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression severely impairs psychosocial functioning and quality of life, which places a huge burden on patients and their families. However, the physiological mechanism of depression remains unknown. Treatment with existing antidepressant medications is effective in around 50% of patients according to various studies, but is associated with severe side effects including nausea and headaches. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been approved and widely used for depression as an alternative medicine in Chinese culture for decades. It has certain advantages and potential in the prevention and treatment of depression. In this review, we summarize the currently available evidence for the efficacy of CHM for the treatment of depression and physiological diseases comorbid with depression. We further discuss the possible mechanisms of action of CHM and the relationships to our current understanding of depression. The majority of current evidence has suggested that the combined treatment with CHM and mainstream antidepressants improves the response rate and reduces the side effects, while CHM alone could be more effective than placebo. However, the results should be carefully interpreted due to the shortcomings of existing clinical trials and a high risk of bias in meta-analyses. Our review provides a summary of the current applications and understanding of widely used CHMs for depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Kang
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huixi Dong
- Mental Health Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yidong Shen
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Yidong Shen
| | - Jianjun Ou
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Jianjun Ou
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sur B, Lee B. Ginsenoside Rg3 modulates spatial memory and fear memory extinction by the HPA axis and BDNF-TrkB pathway in a rat post-traumatic stress disorder. J Nat Med 2022; 76:821-831. [PMID: 35982366 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental disorder that can develop after exposure to extreme stress. Korean red ginseng, whose major active component is ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), is a widely used traditional antioxidant that has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anxiolytics effects. This study investigated whether the administration of Rg3 ameliorated the memory deficit induced by a single prolonged stress (SPS) in rats. Male rats were dosed with Rg3 (25 or 50 mg/kg) once daily for 14 days after exposure to SPS. Rg3 administration improved fear memory and spatial memory might be involved in modulating the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and monoamine imbalance in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. It also increased the reduction in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) mRNAs expression, and the ratio of p-Akt/Akt in the hippocampus. Thus, Rg3 exerted memory-improving actions might be involved in regulating HPA axis and activating BDNF-TrkB pathway. Our findings suggest that Rg3 could be useful for preventing traumatic stress, such as PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bongjun Sur
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feng L, Xing H, Zhang K. The therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine in depression: Targeting adult hippocampal neurogenesis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153980. [PMID: 35152089 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by persistent sadness and lack of interest or pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities. Understandably, the causes of depression are complex. Nevertheless, the understanding of depression pathophysiology has progressed considerably and numerous studies indicate that hippocampal neurogenesis plays a pivotal role. However, no drugs specifically targeting hippocampal neurogenesis yet exist. Meanwhile, the effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on hippocampal neurogenesis have received increasing attention in the field of antidepressant treatment because of its multi-ingredient, multi-target, and holistic view. However, the effects and mechanisms of TCM on hippocampal neurogenesis in clinical trials and pharmaceutical studies remain to be comprehensively delineated. PURPOSE To summarize the importance of hippocampal neurogenesis in depression and illustrate the targets and mechanisms of hippocampal neurogenesis regulation that underlie the antidepressant effects of TCM. METHOD A systematic review of clinical trials and studies ending by January 2022 was performed across eight electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, Research Gate, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scopus and China Knowledge Infrastructure) according to the PRISMA criteria, using the search terms 'traditional Chinese medicine' "AND" 'depression' "OR" 'hippocampal neurogenesis' "OR" 'multi-ingredient' "OR" 'multi-target'. RESULTS Numerous studies show that hippocampal neurogenesis is attenuated in depression, and that antidepressants act by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis. Moreover, compound Chinese medicine (CCM), Chinese meteria medica (CMM), and major bioactive components (MBCs) can promote hippocampal neurogenesis exerting antidepressant effects through modulation of neurotransmitters and receptors, neurotrophins, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, inflammatory factors, autophagy, and gut microbiota. CONCLUSION We have comprehensively summarized the effect and mechanism of TCM on hippocampal neurogenesis in depression providing a unique perspective on the use of TCM in the antidepressant field. TCM has the characteristics and advantages of multiple targets and high efficacy, showing great potential in the field of depression treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hang Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Tianjin UBasio Biotechnology Group, Tianjin 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu Q, Duan WZ, Chen JB, Zhao XP, Li XJ, Liu YY, Ma QY, Xue Z, Chen JX. Extracellular Vesicles: Emerging Roles in Developing Therapeutic Approach and Delivery Tool of Chinese Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of Depressive Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:843412. [PMID: 35401216 PMCID: PMC8988068 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.843412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles released by cells, which play an essential role in intercellular communication by delivering cellular components including DNA, RNA, lipids, metabolites, cytoplasm, and cell surface proteins into recipient cells. EVs play a vital role in the pathogenesis of depression by transporting miRNA and effector molecules such as BDNF, IL34. Considering that some herbal therapies exhibit antidepressant effects, EVs might be a practical delivery approach for herbal medicine. Since EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), one of the advantages of EV-mediated herbal drug delivery for treating depression with Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is that EVs can transfer herbal medicine into the brain cells. This review focuses on discussing the roles of EVs in the pathophysiology of depression and outlines the emerging application of EVs in delivering CHM for the treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wen-Zhen Duan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jian-Bei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Yun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Yu Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Xue
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ham HJ, Lee YS, Lee HP, Ham YW, Yun J, Han SB, Hong JT. G721-0282 Exerts Anxiolytic-Like Effects on Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Mice Through Inhibition of Chitinase-3-Like 1-Mediated Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:793835. [PMID: 35345530 PMCID: PMC8957088 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.793835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is thought to be a major contributor to the onset of mental disorders such as anxiety disorders. Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between anxiety state and neuroinflammation, but the detailed mechanism is unclear. Chitinase-3-like 1 (CHI3L1) is expressed in several chronic inflammatorily damaged tissues and is well known to play a major role in mediating inflammatory responses. In the present study, we investigated the anxiolytic-like effect of N-Allyl-2-[(6-butyl-1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)sulfanyl]acetamide (G721-0282), an inhibitor of CHI3L1, on mice treated with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), as well as the mechanism of its action. We examined the anxiolytic-like effect of G721-0282 by conducting several behavioral tests with oral administration of G721-0282 to CUMS-treated BALB/c male mice. We found that administration of G721-0282 relieves CUMS-induced anxiety. Anxiolytic-like effects of G721-0282 have been shown to be associated with decreased expressions of CUMS-induced inflammatory proteins and cytokines in the hippocampus. The CUMS-elevated levels of CHI3L1 and IGFBP3 were inhibited by treatment with G721-0282 in vivo and in vitro. However, CHI3L1 deficiency abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of G721-0282 in microglial BV-2 cells. These results suggest that G721-0282 could lower CUMS-induced anxiety like behaviors by regulating IGFBP3-mediated neuroinflammation via inhibition of CHI3L1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Joo Ham
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yong Sun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hee Pom Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young Wan Ham
- Department of Chemistry, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT, United States
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sang Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jin Tae Hong,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dai W, Feng K, Sun X, Xu L, Wu S, Rahmand K, Jia D, Han T. Natural products for the treatment of stress-induced depression: Pharmacology, mechanism and traditional use. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114692. [PMID: 34742864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Depression, one of the most common psychiatric disorders, is the fourth leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. A series of causes triggered depression, including psychological stress and conflict, as well as biological derangement, among which stress has a pivotal role in the development of depression. Traditional herbal medicine has been used for the treatment of various disorders including depression for a long history with multi-targets, multi-levels and multi-ways, attracting great attention from scholars. Recently, natural products have been commercialized as antidepressants which have become increasingly popular in the world health drug markets. Major research contributions in ethnopharmacology have generated and updated vast amount of data associated with natural products in antidepressant-like activity. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review aims to briefly discuss the pathological mechanism, animal models of stress-induced depression, traditional use of herbal medicines and especially recapitulate the natural products with antidepressant activity and their pharmacological functions and mechanism of action, which may contribute to a better understanding of potential therapeutic effects of natural products and the development of promising drugs with high efficacy and low toxicity for the treatment of stress-induced depression. MATERIALS AND METHODS The contents of this review were sourced from electronic databases including PubMed, Sci Finder, Web of Science, Science Direct, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Chinese Knowledge On frastructure (CNKI), Wan Fang, Chinese Scientific and Technological Periodical Database (VIP) and Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM). Additional information was collected from Yao Zhi website (https://db.yaozh.com/). Data were obtained from April 1992 to June 2021. Only English language was applied to the search. The search terms were 'stress-induced depression', 'pathological mechanism' in the title and 'stress', 'depression', 'animal model' and 'natural products' in the whole text. RESULTS Stress-induced depression is related to the monoaminergic system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, neuronal plasticity and a series of inflammatory factors. Four main types of animal models of stress-induced depression were represented. Fifty-eight bioactive phytochemical compounds, fifty-six herb medicines and five formulas from traditional Chinese medicine were highlighted, which exert antidepressant effects by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO) reaction, alleviating dysfunction of the HPA axis and nerve injury, and possessing anti-inflammatory activities. CONCLUSIONS Natural products provide a large number of compounds with antidepressant-like effects, and their therapeutic impacts has been highlighted for a long time. This review summarized the pathological mechanism and animal models of stress-induced depression, and the natural products with antidepressant activity in particular, which will shed light on the action mechanism and clinical potential of these compounds. Natural products also have been a vital and promising source for future antidepressant drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kunmiao Feng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingchuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Sijia Wu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Khalid Rahmand
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Dan Jia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen S, Gao L, Li X, Ye Y. Allopregnanolone in mood disorders: Mechanism and therapeutic development. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105682. [PMID: 34019980 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) is an endogenous positive allosteric modulator of GABA type A receptor (GABAAR), and the down-regulation of its biosynthesis have been attributed to the development of mood disorders, such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). ALLO mediated depression/anxiety involves GABAergic mechanisms and appears to be related to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), dopamine receptor, glutamate neurotransmission, and Ca2+ channel. In the clinical, brexanolone, as a newly developed intravenous ALLO preparation, has been approved for the treatment of postpartum depression (PPD). In addition, traditional antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) could reverse ALLO decline. Recently, the translocation protein (TSPO, 18 kDa), which involves in the speed-limiting step of ALLO synthesis, and ALLO derivatization have been identified as new directions for antidepressant therapy. This review provides an overview of ALLO researches in animal model and patients, discusses its role in the development and treatment of depression/anxiety, and directs its therapeutic potential in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lijuan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiping Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu Z, Bai R, Zhou J, Huang H, Zhao W, Huo X, Yang Y, Luan Z, Zhang B, Sun C, Ma X. Uncarialins J—M from
Uncaria rhynchophylla
and Their Anti‐depression Mechanism in Unpredictable Chronic Mild
Stress‐Induced
Mice
via
Activating
5‐HT
1A
Receptor. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen‐Long Yu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| | - Rong Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University Shanghai 200120 China
| | - Jun‐Jun Zhou
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| | - Hui‐Lian Huang
- Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang Jiangxi 330103 China
| | - Wen‐Yu Zhao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| | - Xiao‐Kui Huo
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| | - Ya‐Hui Yang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| | - Zhi‐Lin Luan
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| | - Bao‐Jing Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| | - Cheng‐Peng Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| | - Xiao‐Chi Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Qu S, Liu M, Cao C, Wei C, Meng XE, Lou Q, Wang B, Li X, She Y, Wang Q, Song Z, Han Z, Zhu Y, Huang F, Duan JA. Chinese Medicine Formula Kai-Xin-San Ameliorates Neuronal Inflammation of CUMS-Induced Depression-like Mice and Reduces the Expressions of Inflammatory Factors via Inhibiting TLR4/IKK/NF-κB Pathways on BV2 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:626949. [PMID: 33790789 PMCID: PMC8006317 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.626949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kai-Xin-San (KXS) is a traditional Chinese medicinal formula composed of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Polygalae Radix, Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma, and Poria for relieving major depressive disorder and Alzheimer's disease in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinics. Previous studies on the antidepressant mechanism of KXS mainly focused on neurotransmitter and neurotrophic factor regulation, but few reports exist on neuronal inflammation regulation. In the current study, we found that KXS exerted antidepressant effects in chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like mice according to the results of behavioral tests. Meanwhile, KXS also inhibited the activation of microglia and significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-2, and TNF-α in the hippocampus of mice. In mice BV2 microglia cell lines, KXS extract reduced the expression of inflammatory factors in BV2 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide via inhibiting TLR4/IKK/NF-κB pathways, which was also validated by the treatment of signaling pathway inhibitors such as TAK-242 and JSH-23. T0hese data implied that the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia might account for the antidepressant effect of KXS, thereby providing more scientific information for the development of KXS as an alternative therapy for major depressive disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suchen Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengqiu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chongqi Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-Er Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianyin Lou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuyan She
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhichao Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengxiang Han
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Song Y, Shan B, Zeng S, Zhang J, Jin C, Liao Z, Wang T, Zeng Q, He H, Wei F, Ai Z, Su D. Raw and wine processed Schisandra chinensis attenuate anxiety like behavior via modulating gut microbiota and lipid metabolism pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113426. [PMID: 33007392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional Chinese medicine, the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill (SC) is used to treat various nervous system diseases, such as dysphoria, anxiety, insomnia and many dreams. It is worthy to be noted that wine processed Schisandra chinensis (WSC) has been applied in clinic for thousands of years. AIM OF STUDY This study aimed to investigate the possible mechanism and related metabolism of SC and WSC ameliorating anxiety behavior through modulating gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) was used for the quality control of chemical components in SC and WSC. Chronic unpredictable stress procedure (CUSP)-induced anxiety rats were administrated with SC and WSC via gavage for five weeks. An untargeted UPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap MS metabolomic analysis of plasma was conducted to understand the effects of long-term intake of WSC and SC extracts on anxious rats. 16S rRNA microbial sequencing technology was applied to investigate gut microbiota structure. Expression of GPR81, TNF-α, S1PR2 as well as molecules in cAMP pathway was assayed by immunohistochemistry staining, RT-qPCR, or Western blot, respectively. RESULTS 12 compounds were identified using UPLC-QTOF-MS technology, all of which are lignans. Results demonstrate that the amounts of 6-O-Benzoylgomisin O, Schisandrin, Gomisin D, Schizandrin A, Gomisin T, Schizandrin B, Schisandrin C were higher in wine-processed samples than in raw samples. Furthermore, both SC and WSC significantly ameliorated anxiety- and depression-like behavior and lipid metabolism dysfunction and attenuated hippocampal neuritis in anxiety rats. After WSC treatment, the structure and composition of gut microbiota in anxiety rats changed significantly, and gut microbiota derivatives lactate level was significantly lower in the plasma and feces. WSC treatment help restore gut microbial ecosystem dysbiosis and reverse the changes in Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillus, Alloprevotella, and Bacteroidales in anxiety rat. In addition, the expression of liver GPR81 was decreased, and the molecules in cAMP pathway were increased in SC and WSC-treated anxiety rat. CONCLUSION Raw and wine processed Schisandra chinensis treatment improved anxiety- and depression-like behavior through modulating gut microbiota derivatives in association with GPR81 receptor-mediated lipid metabolism pathway. And WSC has more exhibition than SC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Song
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, PR China
| | - Baixi Shan
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Sufen Zeng
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, PR China
| | - Chen Jin
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, PR China
| | - Zhou Liao
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, PR China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, PR China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, PR China
| | - Hongwei He
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, PR China
| | - Fengqin Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, 1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao, 266011, PR China
| | - Zhifu Ai
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, PR China.
| | - Dan Su
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chinese Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of Depression: Effects on the Neuroendocrine-Immune Network. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010065. [PMID: 33466877 PMCID: PMC7830381 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroimmune and neuroendocrine systems are two critical biological systems in the pathogenesis of depression. Clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that the activation of the neuroinflammatory response of the immune system and hyperactivity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis of the neuroendocrine system commonly coexist in patients with depression and that these two systems bidirectionally regulate one another through neural, immunological, and humoral intersystem interactions. The neuroendocrine-immune network poses difficulties associated with the development of antidepressant agents directed toward these biological systems for the effective treatment of depression. On the other hand, multidrug and multitarget Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM) has great potential to assist in the development of novel medications for the systematic pharmacotherapy of depression. In this narrative essay, we conclusively analyze the mechanisms of action of CHM antidepressant constituents and formulas, specifically through the modulation of the neuroendocrine-immune network, by reviewing recent preclinical studies conducted using depressive animal models. Some CHM herbal constituents and formulas are highlighted as examples, and their mechanisms of action at both the molecular and systems levels are discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the crosstalk of these two biological systems and the systems pharmacology approach for understanding the system-wide mechanism of action of CHM on the neuroendocrine-immune network in depression treatment. The holistic, multidrug, and multitarget nature of CHM represents an excellent example of systems medicine in the effective treatment of depression.
Collapse
|
15
|
Qiao YL, Zhou JJ, Liang JH, Deng XP, Zhang ZJ, Huang HL, Li S, Dai SF, Liu CQ, Luan ZL, Yu ZL, Sun CP, Ma XC. Uncaria rhynchophylla ameliorates unpredictable chronic mild stress-induced depression in mice via activating 5-HT 1A receptor: Insights from transcriptomics. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:153436. [PMID: 33360346 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a pervasive or persistent mental disorder that causes mood, cognitive and memory deficits. Uncaria rhynchophylla has been widely used to treat central nervous system diseases for a long history, although its efficacy and potential mechanism are still uncertain. PURPOSE The present study aimed to investigate anti-depression effect and potential mechanism of U. rhynchophylla extract (URE). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A mouse depression model was established using unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS). Effects of URE on depression-like behaviours, neurotransmitters, and neuroendocrine hormones were investigated in UCMS-induced mice. The potential target of URE was analyzed by transcriptomics and bioinformatics methods and validated by RT-PCR and Western blot. The agonistic effect on 5-HT1A receptor was assayed by dual-luciferase reporter system. RESULTS URE ameliorated depression-like behaviours, and modulated levels of neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones, including 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), corticosterone (CORT), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), in UCMS-induced mice. Transcriptomics and bioinformatics results indicated that URE could regulate glutamatergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic systems, especially neuroactive ligand-receptor and cAMP signaling pathways, revealing that Htr1a encoding 5-HT1A receptor was a potential target of URE. The expression levels of downstream proteins of 5-HT1A signaling pathway 5-HT1A, CREB, BDNF, and PKA were increased in UCMS-induced mice after URE administration, and URE also displayed an agonistic effect against 5-HT1A receptor with an EC50 value of 17.42 μg/ml. CONCLUSION U. rhynchophylla ameliorated depression-like behaviours in UCMS-induced mice through activating 5-HT1A receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Qiao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, The First and Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jun-Jun Zhou
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, The First and Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jia-Hao Liang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, The First and Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Deng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, The First and Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Lian Huang
- Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Song Li
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, The First and Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shu-Fang Dai
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, The First and Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chun-Qing Liu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, The First and Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Luan
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, The First and Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhen-Long Yu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, The First and Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, The First and Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, The First and Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shan B, Ai Z, Zeng S, Song Y, Song J, Zeng Q, Liao Z, Wang T, Huang C, Su D. Gut microbiome-derived lactate promotes to anxiety-like behaviors through GPR81 receptor-mediated lipid metabolism pathway. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 117:104699. [PMID: 32402927 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic stress could perturb the composition of the gut microbiota and induce host anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. In particular, microorganism-derived products that can directly or indirectly signal to the nervous system. This study sought to investigate whether high levels of Lactobacillus and lactate in the gut of rats under chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) were the factors leading to anxiety behavior. We collected faeces and blood samples in a sterile laboratory bench to study the microbiome and plasma metabolome from adult male rats age and environment matched healthy individuals. We sequenced the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene from faeces samples. UPLC-MS metabolomics were used to examine plasma samples. Search for potential biomarkers by combining the different data types. Finally, we found a regulated signaling pathway through the relative expression of protein and mRNA. Both lactate feeding and fecal microbiota transplantation caused behavioral abnormalities such as psychomotor malaise, impaired learning and memory in the recipient animals. These rats also showed inhibition of the adenylate cyclase (AC)-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway of lipolysis after activation of G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) by lactate in the liver, as well as increased tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, we showed that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) protein expression in hippocampus was reduced in chronic unpredictable stress compared to control group and its expression negatively correlates with symptom severity. Our study suggest that the gut microbiome-derived lactate promotes to anxiety-like behaviors through GPR81 receptor-mediated lipid metabolism pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baixi Shan
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Zhifu Ai
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Sufen Zeng
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yonggui Song
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Jiagui Song
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Zhou Liao
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Dan Su
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li C, Huang J, Cheng YC, Zhang YW. Traditional Chinese Medicine in Depression Treatment: From Molecules to Systems. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:586. [PMID: 32457610 PMCID: PMC7221138 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a multigenetic or multifactorial syndrome. The central neuron system (CNS)-orientated, single target, and conventional antidepressants are insufficient and far from ideal. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has historically been used to treat depression up till today, particularly in Asia. Its holistic, multidrug, multitarget nature fits well with the therapeutic idea of systems medicine in depression treatment. Over the past two decades, although efforts have been made to understand TCM herbal antidepressants at the molecular level, many fundamental questions regarding their mechanisms of action remain to be addressed at the systems level in order to better understand the complicated herbal formulations in depression treatment. In this Mini Review, we review and discuss the mechanisms of action of herbal antidepressants and their acting targets in the pathological systems in the brain, such as monoamine neurotransmissions, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, neurotropic factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) cascade, and glutamate transmission. Some herbal molecules, constituents, and formulas are highlighted as examples to discuss their mechanisms of action and future directions for comprehensive researches at the systems level. Furthermore, we discuss pharmacological approaches to integrate the mechanism of action from the molecular level into the systems level for understanding of systems pharmacology of TCM formulations. Integration of the studies at the molecular level into the systems level not only represents a trend in TCM study but also promotes our understanding of the system-wide mechanism of action of herbal antidepressant formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Junying Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yuan-Wei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Almeida FB, Nin MS, Barros HMT. The role of allopregnanolone in depressive-like behaviors: Focus on neurotrophic proteins. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 12:100218. [PMID: 32435667 PMCID: PMC7231971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopregnanolone (3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone; pharmaceutical formulation: brexanolone) is a neurosteroid that has recently been approved for the treatment of postpartum depression, promising to fill part of a long-lasting gap in the effectiveness of pharmacotherapies for depressive disorders. In this review, we explore the experimental research that characterized the antidepressant-like effects of allopregnanolone, with a particular focus on the neurotrophic adaptations induced by this neurosteroid in preclinical studies. We demonstrate that there is a consistent decrease in allopregnanolone levels in limbic brain areas in rodents submitted to stress-induced models of depression, such as social isolation and chronic unpredictable stress. Further, both the drug-induced upregulation of allopregnanolone or its direct administration reduce depressive-like behaviors in models such as the forced swim test. The main drugs of interest that upregulate allopregnanolone levels are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which present the neurosteroidogenic property even in lower, non-SSRI doses. Finally, we explore how these antidepressant-like behaviors are related to neurogenesis, particularly in the hippocampus. The protagonist in this mechanism is likely the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BFNF), which is decreased in animal models of depression and may be restored by the normalization of allopregnanolone levels. The role of an interaction between GABA and the neurotrophic mechanisms needs to be further investigated.
Collapse
Key Words
- 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone
- BDNF
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- Brexanolone
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- CUS, chronic unpredictable stress
- Depression
- EKR, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FST, forced swim test
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GABAAR, GABA type A receptor
- HSD, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- Neurosteroid
- PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder
- PXR, pregnane xenobiotic receptor
- SBSS, selective brain steroidogenic stimulant
- SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
- Selective brain steroidogenic stimulant
- THP, tetrahydroprogesterone
- TSPO, 18 kDa translocator protein
- TrkB, tropomyosin receptor kinase B
- USV, ultrasonic vocalization
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Borges Almeida
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences: Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Schüler Nin
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences: Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Centro Universitário Metodista do IPA, 90420-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helena Maria Tannhauser Barros
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences: Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim K, Nam KH, Yi SA, Park JW, Han JW, Lee J. Ginsenoside Rg3 Induces Browning of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Activating AMPK Signaling. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020427. [PMID: 32046061 PMCID: PMC7071202 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3, one of the major components in Panax ginseng, has been reported to possess several therapeutic effects including anti-obesity properties. However, its effect on the browning of mature white adipocytes as well as the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we suggested a novel role of Rg3 in the browning of mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes by upregulating browning-related gene expression. The browning effects of Rg3 on differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were evaluated by analyzing browning-related markers using quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, and immunostaining. In addition, the size and sum area of lipid droplets in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were measured using Oil-Red-O staining. In mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Rg3 dose-dependently induced the expression of browning-related genes such as Ucp1, Prdm16, Pgc1α, Cidea, and Dio2. Moreover, Rg3 induced the expression of beige fat-specific genes (CD137 and TMEM26) and lipid metabolism-associated genes (FASN, SREBP1, and MCAD), which indicated the activation of lipid metabolism by Rg3. We also demonstrated that activation of 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is required for Rg3-mediated up-regulation of browning gene expression. Moreover, Rg3 inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets and reduced the droplet size in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Taken together, this study identifies a novel role of Rg3 in browning of white adipocytes, as well as suggesting a potential mechanism of an anti-obesity effect of Panax ginseng.
Collapse
|
20
|
Korean Red Ginseng reduces chronic social defeat stress-induced mood disorders via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulation in mice. J Ginseng Res 2019; 45:254-263. [PMID: 33841006 PMCID: PMC8020286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model has been proposed as relevant to stress-induced behavioral change in humans. In this study, we examined the effect of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on CSDS-induced mood disorders and protein expression in an animal model. Methods To evaluate the effect of KRG on social defeat stress, test mice were exposed in the resident aggressor's home cage compartment for 14 days beginning 1 h after KRG treatment (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, per oral (p.o.)). After the exposure, behavioral tests to measure anxiety, social interaction, and depression-like behavior were performed. To investigate the underlying mechanism, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor expression levels in CSDS-induced mice were evaluated using Western blot analysis. Results CSDS induced anxiety-like behaviors by decreasing central activity in the open-field test and open-arm approach in the elevated plus maze test and led to social avoidance behavior in the social interaction test. CSDS mice showed upregulated NR1, NR2A, and NR2B expression in the hippocampus. KRG 20 and 40 mg/kg ameliorated anxiety-like activities and KRG 20 mg/kg alleviated social avoidance by decreasing time in the corner zone. KRG treatment recovered CSDS-induced NR1, NR2A, and NR2B protein levels in the hippocampus. Conclusion These results indicate that KRG has a therapeutic effect on CSDS-induced mood disorder by alleviating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor overexpression in the hippocampus.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates endometriosis by inhibiting the viability of human ectopic endometrial stromal cells through the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2019; 49:101642. [PMID: 31563698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2019.101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on human ectopic endometriotic stromal cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ectopic endometrial tissue specimens were obtained from 6 female patients with ovarian endometriosis who underwent laparoscopic surgical procedures. Endometrial stromal cells derived from isolated ectopic endometriotic lesions were cultured, and the purity and homogeneity of cells were verified by Immunocytochemistry. The effect of Rg3 on cell proliferation was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8). After treatment with Rg3, the protein expression of NF-κB p65 subunit, VEGF, and caspases3 were measured by western blot analysis. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of NF-κB p65 subunit was determined by Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Rg3 inhibited the proliferation of ectopic endometriotic cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The treatment with Rg3 significantly diminished the level of NF-κB p65 subunit as well as TNF-α induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit in ectopic endometriotic cells. Moreover, Rg3 upregulated the expression of caspases3 but suppressed the expression of VEGF. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that Ginsenoside Rg3 suppresses endometriosis by reducing the viability of human ectopic endometrial stromal cells involving the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway in vitro.
Collapse
|
22
|
Social isolation and social support at adulthood affect epigenetic mechanisms, brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and behavior of chronically stressed rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 366:36-44. [PMID: 30880220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) provides one possible explanation for the dysfunctions induced by stress, such as psychiatric disorders and cognitive decline. Interestingly, social support can be protective against some of these effects, but the mechanisms of social buffering are poorly understood. Conversely, early isolation exacerbates the responses to stressors, although its effects in adulthood remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of social isolation and social buffering on hippocampal epigenetic mechanisms, BDNF levels and behavioral responses of chronically stressed young adult rats. Male Wistar rats (3 months) were assigned to accompanied (paired) or isolated housing. After one-month half of each group was submitted to a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) protocol for 18 days. Among accompanied animals, only one was exposed to stress. Behavioral analysis encompassed the Open field, plus maze and inhibitory avoidance tasks. Hippocampal H3K9 and H4K12 acetylation, HDAC5 expression and BDNF levels were evaluated. Isolated housing increased HDAC5 expression, decreased H3K9 and H4K12 acetylation, reduced BDNF levels, and impaired long-term memory. Stress affected weight gain, induced anxiety-like behavior and decreased AcK9H3 levels. Interactions between housing conditions and social stress were seen only for HDAC5 expression, which showed a further increase in the isolated + CUS group but remained constant in accompanied animals. In conclusion, social isolation at adulthood induced epigenetic alterations and exacerbated the effects of chronic stress on HDAC5. Notwithstanding, social support counteracted the adverse effects of stress on HDAC5 expression.
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen J, Liu GZ, Sun Q, Zhang F, Liu CY, Yuan L, Zhao XQ, Wang YJ, Jia YS. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on TNF-α-induced human nucleus pulposus cells through inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway. Life Sci 2018; 216:1-9. [PMID: 30428306 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to evaluate the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on the apoptosis, proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism and oxidative stress-induced damage of human nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) induced by TNF-α. The human NPCs were divided into Control, TNF-α, TNF-α + low Rg3, TNF-α + medium Rg3 and TNF-α + high Rg3 groups. Annexin V-FITC/PI, CCK-8 and flow cytometry were used to detect the apoptosis, proliferation, and cell cycle of NPCs, respectively. The expressions of ECM-related molecules were determined by qRT-PCR, ELISA and Western blotting. NF-κB p65 pathway and apoptosis-related proteins were evaluated by Western blotting, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by DCFH-DA assay. Compared with Control group, NPCs in the TNF-α group had elevated proportion of apoptotic cells with up-regulation of Bax and Caspase-3 and down-regulation of Bcl-2. Besides, TNF-α inhibited proliferation and arrested cell cycle at G1 of NPCs. Moreover, human NPCs induced by TNF-α presented the increase in the expressions of ECM degrading genes (MMP3 and ADAMTS5), the content of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the expression of NF-κB/p65 in nucleus, but showed the decrease in the expression of ECM synthesis genes (Aggrecan and COL2A1) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX). However, NPCs treated by both TNF-α and Rg3 demonstrated a certain degree of reversal in the above indexes, which became increasingly evident with the up-regulation of Rg3 concentration. Ginsenoside Rg3 may exert the effect of attenuating TNF-α-induced NPCs impairment via blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Gen-Zhe Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chu-Yin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xue-Qian Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Institute of Spinal Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yu-Song Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
| |
Collapse
|