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Su T, Peng X, Gan Y, Wu H, Ma S, Zhi M, Lu Y, Dai S, Yao J. Associations of genetically predicted iron status with 24 gastrointestinal diseases and gut microbiota: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Genet 2024; 15:1406230. [PMID: 39170693 PMCID: PMC11335489 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1406230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Iron status has been implicated in gastrointestinal diseases and gut microbiota, however, confounding factors may influence these associations. Objective We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the associations of iron status, including blood iron content, visceral iron content, and iron deficiency anemia with the incidence of 24 gastrointestinal diseases and alterations in gut microbiota. Methods Independent genetic instruments linked with iron status were selected using a genome-wide threshold of p = 5 × 10-6 from corresponding genome-wide association studies. Genetic associations related to gastrointestinal diseases and gut microbiota were derived from the UK Biobank, the FinnGen study, and other consortia. Results Genetically predicted higher levels of iron and ferritin were associated with a higher risk of liver cancer. Higher levels of transferrin saturation were linked to a decreased risk of celiac disease, but a higher risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver cancer. Higher spleen iron content was linked to a lower risk of pancreatic cancer. Additionally, higher levels of liver iron content were linked to a higher risk of NAFLD and liver cancer. However, certain associations lost their statistical significance upon accounting for the genetically predicted usage of cigarettes and alcohol. Then, higher levels of iron and ferritin were associated with 11 gut microbiota abundance, respectively. In a secondary analysis, higher iron levels were associated with lower diverticular disease risk and higher ferritin levels with increased liver cancer risk. Higher levels of transferrin saturation were proven to increase the risk of NAFLD, alcoholic liver disease, and liver cancer, but decrease the risk of esophageal cancer. MR analysis showed no mediating relationship among iron status, gut microbiota, and gastrointestinal diseases. Conclusion This study provides evidence suggesting potential causal associations of iron status with gastrointestinal diseases and gut microbiota, especially liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhen Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shulin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixue Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayin Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Li Y, Yu Z, Fan X, Xu D, Liu H, Zhao X, Wang R. A novel pathogenic species of genus Stenotrophomonas: Stenotrophomonas pigmentata sp. nov. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1410385. [PMID: 38903940 PMCID: PMC11188353 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1410385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stenotrophomonas is a prominent genus owing to its dual nature. Species of this genus have many applications in industry and agriculture as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and microbial biological control agents, whereas species such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are considered one of the leading gram-negative multi-drug-resistant bacterial pathogens because of their high contribution to the increase in crude mortality and significant clinical challenge. Pathogenic Stenotrophomonas species and most clinical isolates belong to the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia complex (SMc). However, a strain highly homologous to S. terrae was isolated from a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), which aroused our interest, as S. terrae belongs to a relatively distant clade from SMc and there have been no human association reports. Methods The pathogenicity, immunological and biochemical characteristics of 610A2T were systematically evaluated. Results 610A2T is a new species of genus Stenotrophomonas, which is named as Stenotrophomonas pigmentata sp. nov. for its obvious brown water-soluble pigment. 610A2T is pathogenic and caused significant weight loss, pulmonary congestion, and blood transmission in mice because it has multiple virulence factors, haemolysis, and strong biofilm formation abilities. In addition, the cytokine response induced by this strain was similar to that observed in patients with TB, and the strain was resistant to half of the anti-TB drugs. Conclusions The pathogenicity of 610A2T may not be weaker than that of S. maltophilia. Its isolation extended the opportunistic pathogenic species to all 3 major clades of the genus Stenotrophomonas, indicating that the clinical importance of species of Stenotrophomonas other than S. maltophilia and potential risks to biological safety associated with the use of Stenotrophomonas require more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruibai Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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3
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Jiang P, Yu F, Zhou X, Shi H, He Q, Song X. Dissecting causal links between gut microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, and DLBCL: a Mendelian randomization study. Blood Adv 2024; 8:2268-2278. [PMID: 38507680 PMCID: PMC11117010 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023012246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Causal relationships between gut microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remain elusive. In addressing this gap, our Mendelian randomization (MR) study used data from the MiBioGen consortium encompassing 211 microbiota taxa (n = 18 340), genome-wide association study meta-analyses of 47 inflammatory cytokines, and DLBCL cases and controls from the FinnGen consortium (cases, n = 1010; controls, n = 287 137). Through bidirectional MR analyses, we examined the causal links between gut microbiota and DLBCL and used mediation analyses, including 2-step MR and multivariable MR (MVMR), to identify potential mediating inflammatory cytokines. Our findings revealed that 4 microbiota taxa were causally associated with DLBCL, and conversely, DLBCL influenced the abundance of 20 taxa. Specifically, in the 2-step MR analysis, both the genus Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 (odds ratio [OR], 1.427; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.011-2.015; P = .043) and the inflammatory cytokine monokine induced by gamma (MIG) (OR, 1.244; 95% CI, 1.034-1.487; P = .020) were found to be causally associated with an increased risk of DLBCL. Additionally, a positive association was observed between genus Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 and MIG (OR, 1.275; 95% CI, 1.069-1.520; P = .007). Furthermore, MVMR analysis indicated that the association between genus Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 and DLBCL was mediated by MIG, contributing to 14.9% of the effect (P = .005). In conclusion, our MR study provides evidence that supports the causal relationship between genus Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 and DLBCL, with a potential mediating role played by the inflammatory cytokine MIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangfang Yu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huizhong Shi
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaomei He
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianmin Song
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wu P, Lee PC, Chang TE, Hsieh YC, Chiou JJ, Lin CH, Huang YL, Lin YT, Huo TI, Schnabl B, Lee KC, Hou MC. Fecal Carriage of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms Increases the Risk of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic Patients: Insights from Gut Microbiota and Metabolite Features. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4328129. [PMID: 38766152 PMCID: PMC11100873 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4328129/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Impact of fecal colonization by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) on changes in gut microbiota and associated metabolites, as well as its role in cirrhosis-associated outcomes, has not been thoroughly investigated. Methods Eighty-eight cirrhotic patients and 22 healthy volunteers were prospectively enrolled with analysis conducted on plasma metabolites, fecal MDROs, and microbiota. Patients were followed for a minimum of one year. Predictive factors for cirrhosis-associated outcomes were identified using Cox proportional hazards regression models, and risk factors for fecal MDRO carriage were assessed using logistic regression model. Correlations between microbiota and metabolic profiles were evaluated through Spearman's rank test. Results Twenty-nine (33%) cirrhotic patients exhibited MDRO carriage, with a notably higher rate of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in MDRO carriers (20.7% vs. 3.2%, p = 0.008). Cox regression analysis identified higher serum lipopolysaccharide levels and fecal MDRO carriage as predictors for HE development. Logistic regression analysis showed that MDRO carriage is an independent risk factor for developing HE. Microbiota analysis showed a significant dissimilarity of fecal microbiota between cirrhotic patients with and without MDRO carriage (p = 0.033). Thirty-two metabolites exhibiting significantly different expression levels among healthy controls, cirrhotic patients with and without MDRO carriage were identified. Six of the metabolites showed correlation with specific bacterial taxa expression in MDRO carriers, with isoaustin showing significantly higher levels in MDRO carriers experiencing HE compared to those who did not. Conclusion Fecal MDRO carriage is associated with altered gut microbiota, metabolite modulation, and an elevated risk of HE occurrence within a year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi-Long Huang
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University - Yangming Campus
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Matchett KP, Paris J, Teichmann SA, Henderson NC. Spatial genomics: mapping human steatotic liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:10.1038/s41575-024-00915-2. [PMID: 38654090 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. MASLD can progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) with subsequent liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma formation. The advent of current technologies such as single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing have transformed our understanding of the liver in homeostasis and disease. The next frontier is contextualizing this single-cell information in its native spatial orientation. This understanding will markedly accelerate discovery science in hepatology, resulting in a further step-change in our knowledge of liver biology and pathobiology. In this Review, we discuss up-to-date knowledge of MASLD development and progression and how the burgeoning field of spatial genomics is driving exciting new developments in our understanding of human liver disease pathogenesis and therapeutic target identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie P Matchett
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jasmin Paris
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Liu LW, Chen Y, Zhu LJ, Xu QX, Xu S, Ding Y, Yin B. A study on the relationship between gut microbiota and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25861. [PMID: 38384504 PMCID: PMC10878930 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a pregnancy-specific liver disease associated with a high incidence of complications in the mid and late stages of gestation. This study investigates differences in the composition of intestinal flora among pregnant women diagnosed with ICP, employing Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. Methods This case-control study obtained patient data from the hospital information system (HIS) and the laboratory information system (LIS). Fecal samples were collected from 25 pregnant women who did not undergo intestinal preparation before delivery between December 2020 and March 2021. Whole-genome analysis was performed. PCR was used to amplify the 16S rRNA V3-V4 variable region, which was then sequenced. Alpha and beta diversity were computed, and the maternal intestinal flora's abundance and composition characteristics were analyzed. Differences in intestinal flora between the two sample groups were examined. Results Bacteroides and Proteobacteria exhibited positive correlations with TBIL and IBIL. Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Erysipeiotrichi showed positive correlations with TBIL, IBIL, and DBIL, while Lactobacillus, Delftia, and Odoribacter demonstrated positive correlations with ALT. Conclusion The ICP group displayed significantly higher levels of total bile acid and ALT compared to the control group. The intestinal flora composition comprised four primary phyla: Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. ICP patients exhibited a lower relative abundance of intestinal flora across different levels of community composition when compared to the control group. Specific correlations between certain intestinal flora and clinical liver parameters were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-wen Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, The Reproductive Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning City, 530000, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Obstetrical, Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital Liuzhou Hospital, Liuzhou City, 545000, China
| | - Liu-jing Zhu
- Department of Obstetrical, Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital Liuzhou Hospital, Liuzhou City, 545000, China
| | - Qun-xiang Xu
- Department of Breast, Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital Liuzhou Hospital, Liuzhou City, 545000, China
| | - Shaolin Xu
- Department of Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital Liuzhou Hospital, Liuzhou City, 545000, China
| | - Yanling Ding
- Department of Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital Liuzhou Hospital, Liuzhou City, 545000, China
| | - Biao Yin
- Department of Eugenic Genetics, The Reproductive Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning City, 530000, China
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Rodrigues SG, van der Merwe S, Krag A, Wiest R. Gut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and medical perspective in chronic liver diseases. Semin Immunol 2024; 71:101859. [PMID: 38219459 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana G Rodrigues
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Schalk van der Merwe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Centre for Liver Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Xu ZF, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Wei C, Wang W, Zhao D, Zhou D, Li J. The Gut Microbiome Correlated to Chemotherapy Efficacy in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Patients. Hematol Rep 2024; 16:63-75. [PMID: 38390939 PMCID: PMC10885071 DOI: 10.3390/hematolrep16010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome (GMB) has been extensively reported to be associated with the development and prognosis of human diseases. This study aims to investigate the relationship between GMB composition and chemotherapy efficacy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We demonstrated that DLBCL patients at diagnosis have altered GMB compositions. Significant enrichment of the Proteobacteria phylum in DLBCL patients was observed. Gene analysis showed a high abundance of virulence factors genes. We found baseline GMB to be associated with clinical outcomes. The emergence of Lactobacillus fermentum was correlated with better treatment outcome. Our pilot results suggested a correlation between GMB composition and DLBCL development and prognosis. Clues from our study, together with previous research, provided a rational foundation for further investigation on the pathogenesis, prognosis value, and targeted therapy of GMB in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Fan Xu
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100005, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chong Wei
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Danqing Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Daobin Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jingnan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100005, China
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Nie G, Zhang H, Xie D, Yan J, Li X. Liver cirrhosis and complications from the perspective of dysbiosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1320015. [PMID: 38293307 PMCID: PMC10824916 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1320015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut-liver axis refers to the intimate relationship and rigorous interaction between the gut and the liver. The intestinal barrier's integrity is critical for maintaining liver homeostasis. The liver operates as a second firewall in this interaction, limiting the movement of potentially dangerous compounds from the gut and, as a result, contributing in barrier management. An increasing amount of evidence shows that increased intestinal permeability and subsequent bacterial translocation play a role in liver damage development. The major pathogenic causes in cirrhotic individuals include poor intestinal permeability, nutrition, and intestinal flora dysbiosis. Portal hypertension promotes intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in advanced liver disease, increasing liver damage. Bacterial dysbiosis is closely related to the development of cirrhosis and its related complications. This article describes the potential mechanisms of dysbiosis in liver cirrhosis and related complications, such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, portal vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatocellular carcinoma, using dysbiosis of the intestinal flora as an entry point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guole Nie
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Honglong Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Danna Xie
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Yan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Cancer Prevention and Control Center of Lanzhou University Medical School, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Clinical Medical Research Center of General Surgery, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xun Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Cancer Prevention and Control Center of Lanzhou University Medical School, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Clinical Medical Research Center of General Surgery, Lanzhou, China
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Vasudevan D, Ramakrishnan A, Velmurugan G. Exploring the diversity of blood microbiome during liver diseases: Unveiling Novel diagnostic and therapeutic Avenues. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21662. [PMID: 37954280 PMCID: PMC10638009 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are a group of major metabolic and immune or inflammation related diseases caused due to various reasons including infection, abnormalities in immune system, genetic defects, and lifestyle habits. However, the cause-effect relationship is not completely understood in liver disease. The role of microbiome, particularly, the role of gut and oral microbiome in liver diseases has been extensively studied in recent years. More interestingly, the presence of blood microbiome and tissue microbiome has been identified in many liver diseases. The translocation of microbes from the gut into the portal circulation has been attributed to be the major reason for the presence of blood microbial components and its clinical implications in liver disorders. Besides microbial translocation, Pathogen associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) derived from gut microbiota might also translocate. The presence of blood microbiome in liver disease has been reviewed earlier. However, the role of blood microbiome as a biomarker and therapeutic target in liver diseases has not been analysed earlier. In this review, we confabulate the origin and physiology of blood microbiome and blood microbial components in relation to the progression and pathogenesis of liver disease. In conclusion, we discuss the translational perspectives targeting the blood microbial components in the diagnosis and therapy of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinakaran Vasudevan
- Chemomicrobiomics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, KMCH Research Foundation, Coimbatore, 641014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Gut Microbiome Division, SKAN Research Trust, Bengaluru, 560034, Karnataka, India
| | - Arulraj Ramakrishnan
- Chemomicrobiomics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, KMCH Research Foundation, Coimbatore, 641014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Liver Unit, Kovai Medical Center and Hospital, Coimbatore, 641014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesan Velmurugan
- Chemomicrobiomics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, KMCH Research Foundation, Coimbatore, 641014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Hu B, Zhu X, Zheng J, Guo Y, Hu H, Zou X, Yao X, Liu Z, Liu H. Changes of serum metabolomics and gut microbiota reveal specific characteristics of children with febrile seizures. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3516-3528. [PMID: 35129268 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Febrile seizures (FS) pose a severe threat to the neurological development of children. Probing the abnormality of host metabolism is essential for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of FS. METHODS Based on clinically collected serum and fecal samples, we used nontargeted metabolomics and 16S rDNA sequencing to explore the relationship of serum metabolite levels and gut microbiota community with the occurrence of FS. RESULTS Metabolomic analysis revealed abnormalities in multiple metabolic pathways in serum of FS patients, such as tryptophan metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Intestinal flora analysis indicated that the α-diversity of gut microbiota in FS patients was significantly reduced. In addition, the relative abundance of a variety of bacteria at the phylum level was remarkably changed in patients with FS, including decreased Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia. Eleven serum metabolites were identified to be biomarker candidates for FS diagnosis. With the help of a panel biomarker strategy combining four biomarkers as a cluster, four bacteria (i.e., Rothia, Coprococcus, Lactobacillus, and Oscillospira) in a defined panel displayed perfect differentiation of subtypes of FS. CONCLUSIONS Combining metabolomic and intestinal flora analysis revealed specific characteristics of children with FS, and provided new clues for the diagnosis of FS and the classification of seizure types. In summary, these findings may provide new insights into revealing the significance of serum metabolites and gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baifei Hu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Hangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated With Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junping Zheng
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanlei Guo
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiming Hu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zou
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaowei Yao
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhanli Liu
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Hangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated With Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Widjaja F, Rietjens IMCM. From-Toilet-to-Freezer: A Review on Requirements for an Automatic Protocol to Collect and Store Human Fecal Samples for Research Purposes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2658. [PMID: 37893032 PMCID: PMC10603957 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition, viability and metabolic functionality of intestinal microbiota play an important role in human health and disease. Studies on intestinal microbiota are often based on fecal samples, because these can be sampled in a non-invasive way, although procedures for sampling, processing and storage vary. This review presents factors to consider when developing an automated protocol for sampling, processing and storing fecal samples: donor inclusion criteria, urine-feces separation in smart toilets, homogenization, aliquoting, usage or type of buffer to dissolve and store fecal material, temperature and time for processing and storage and quality control. The lack of standardization and low-throughput of state-of-the-art fecal collection procedures promote a more automated protocol. Based on this review, an automated protocol is proposed. Fecal samples should be collected and immediately processed under anaerobic conditions at either room temperature (RT) for a maximum of 4 h or at 4 °C for no more than 24 h. Upon homogenization, preferably in the absence of added solvent to allow addition of a buffer of choice at a later stage, aliquots obtained should be stored at either -20 °C for up to a few months or -80 °C for a longer period-up to 2 years. Protocols for quality control should characterize microbial composition and viability as well as metabolic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Widjaja
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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13
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Swansson WD, Anderson BM, Yeoh SW, Lewis DJ. Management of minimal and overt hepatic encephalopathy with branched-chain amino acids: a review of the evidence. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 35:812-821. [PMID: 37395232 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a challenging complication of liver disease that is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation in the management of HE is a debated topic. This narrative review aims to provide an up-to-date review of the topic and includes studies featuring patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. A review of the literature was performed using the online databases MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies between 2002 and December 2022. Keywords 'branched-chain amino acids', 'liver cirrhosis' and 'hepatic encephalopathy' were used. Studies were assessed for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of 1045 citations, 8 studies met the inclusion criteria. The main outcomes reported for HE was changed in minimal HE (MHE) (n = 4) and/or incidence of overt HE (OHE) (n = 7). Two of the 4 studies reporting on MHE had improvement in psychometric testing in the BCAA group, but there was no change in the incidence of OHE in any of the 7 papers in the BCAA group. There were few adverse effects of BCAA supplementation. This review found weak evidence for BCAA supplementation for MHE, and no evidence for BCAAs for OHE. However, given the relative paucity and methodological heterogeneity of the current research, there is scope for future studies to examine the effects of varying timing, dosage, and frequency of BCAAs on outcomes such as HE. Importantly, research is also needed to examine BCAAs in conjunction with standard therapies for HE such as rifaximin and/or lactulose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sern Wei Yeoh
- Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne
- Department of Gastroenterology, Northern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Diana J Lewis
- Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne
- Department of Gastroenterology, Northern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Zacharias HD, Kamel F, Tan J, Kimer N, Gluud LL, Morgan MY. Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 7:CD011585. [PMID: 37467180 PMCID: PMC10360160 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011585.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic encephalopathy describes the spectrum of neuropsychiatric changes that may complicate the course of cirrhosis and detrimentally affect outcomes. Ammonia plays a key role in its development. Rifaximin is a non-absorbable antibiotic that inhibits urease-producing bacteria and reduces absorption of dietary and bacterial ammonia. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the beneficial and harmful effects of rifaximin versus placebo, no intervention, or non-absorbable disaccharides for: (i) the prevention of hepatic encephalopathy, and (ii) the treatment of minimal and overt hepatic encephalopathy, in people with cirrhosis, both when used alone and when combined with a non-absorbable disaccharide. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Clinical Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, three other databases, the reference lists of identified papers, and relevant conference proceedings. We wrote to authors and pharmaceutical companies for information on other published, unpublished, or ongoing trials. Searches were performed to January 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised clinical trials assessing prevention or treatment of hepatic encephalopathy with rifaximin alone, or with a non-absorbable disaccharide, versus placebo/no intervention, or a non-absorbable disaccharide alone. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Six authors independently searched for studies, extracted data, and validated findings. We assessed the design, bias risk, and participant/intervention characteristics of the included studies. We assessed mortality, serious adverse events, health-related quality of life, hepatic encephalopathy, non-serious adverse events, blood ammonia, Number Connection Test-A, and length of hospital stay. MAIN RESULTS We included 41 trials involving 4545 people with, or at risk for, developing hepatic encephalopathy. We excluded 89 trials and identified 13 ongoing studies. Some trials involved participants with more than one type of hepatic encephalopathy or more than one treatment comparison. Hepatic encephalopathy was classed as acute (13 trials), chronic (7 trials), or minimal (8 trials), or else participants were considered at risk for its development (13 trials). The control groups received placebo (12 trials), no/standard treatment (1 trial), or a non-absorbable disaccharide (14 trials). Eighteen trials assessed rifaximin plus a non-absorbable disaccharide versus a non-absorbable disaccharide alone. We classified 11 trials as at high risk of overall bias for mortality and 28 for non-mortality outcomes, mainly due to lack of blinding, incomplete outcome data, and selective reporting. Compared to placebo/no intervention, rifaximin likely has no overall effect on mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50 to 1.38; P = 48, I2 = 0%; 13 trials, 1007 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), and there may be no overall effect when compared to non-absorbable disaccharides (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.97; P = 0.97, I2 = 0%; 10 trials, 786 participants; low-certainty evidence). However, there is likely a reduction in the overall risk of mortality when comparing rifaximin plus a non-absorbable disaccharide to a non-absorbable disaccharide alone (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.86; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) = 22; P = 0.001, I2 = 0%; 14 trials, 1946 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). There is likely no effect on the overall risk of serious adverse events when comparing rifaximin to placebo/no intervention (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.32; P = 68, I2 = 0%; 9 trials, 801 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) and there may be no overall effect when compared to non-absorbable disaccharides (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.40; P = 85, I2 = 0%; 8 trials, 681 participants; low-certainty evidence). However, there was very low-certainty evidence that use of rifaximin plus a non-absorbable disaccharide may be associated with a lower risk of serious adverse events than use of a non-absorbable disaccharide alone (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.98; P = 0.04, I2 = 60%; 7 trials, 1076 participants). Rifaximin likely results in an overall effect on health-related quality of life when compared to placebo/no intervention (mean difference (MD) -1.43, 95% CI -2.87 to 0.02; P = 0.05, I2 = 81%; 4 trials, 214 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), and may benefit health-related quality of life in people with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MD -2.07, 95% CI -2.79 to -1.35; P < 0.001, I2 = 0%; 3 trials, 176 participants). The overall effect on health-related quality of life when comparing rifaximin to non-absorbable disaccharides is very uncertain (MD -0.33, 95% CI -1.65 to 0.98; P = 0.62, I2 = 0%; 2 trials, 249 participants; very low-certainty evidence). None of the combined rifaximin/non-absorbable disaccharide trials reported on this outcome. There is likely an overall beneficial effect on hepatic encephalopathy when comparing rifaximin to placebo/no intervention (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.77; NNTB = 5; P < 0.001, I2 = 68%; 13 trials, 1009 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). This effect may be more marked in people with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.52; NNTB = 3; P < 0.001, I2 = 10%; 6 trials, 364 participants) and in prevention trials (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.91; NNTB = 10; P = 0.007, I2 = 36%; 4 trials, 474 participants). There may be little overall effect on hepatic encephalopathy when comparing rifaximin to non-absorbable disaccharides (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.05; P = 0.13, I2 = 0%; 13 trials, 921 participants; low-certainty evidence). However, there may be an overall beneficial effect on hepatic encephalopathy when comparing rifaximin plus a non-absorbable disaccharide to a non-absorbable disaccharide alone (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.71; NNTB = 5; P < 0.001, I2 = 62%; 17 trials, 2332 participants; low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Compared to placebo/no intervention, rifaximin likely improves health-related quality of life in people with minimal hepatic encephalopathy, and may improve hepatic encephalopathy, particularly in populations with minimal hepatic encephalopathy and when it is used for prevention. Rifaximin likely has no overall effect on mortality, serious adverse events, health-related quality of life, or hepatic encephalopathy compared to non-absorbable disaccharides. However, when used in combination with a non-absorbable disaccharide, it likely reduces overall mortality risk, the risk of serious adverse events, improves hepatic encephalopathy, reduces the length of hospital stay, and prevents the occurrence/recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy. The certainty of evidence for these outcomes is very low to moderate; further high-quality trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Zacharias
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fady Kamel
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jaclyn Tan
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nina Kimer
- Gastrounit, Medical Division, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Lise Lotte Gluud
- Gastrounit, Medical Division, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Marsha Y Morgan
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
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15
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Muhamadali H, Winder CL, Dunn WB, Goodacre R. Unlocking the secrets of the microbiome: exploring the dynamic microbial interplay with humans through metabolomics and their manipulation for synthetic biology applications. Biochem J 2023; 480:891-908. [PMID: 37378961 PMCID: PMC10317162 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a powerful research discovery tool with the potential to measure hundreds to low thousands of metabolites. In this review, we discuss the application of GC-MS and LC-MS in discovery-based metabolomics research, we define metabolomics workflows and we highlight considerations that need to be addressed in order to generate robust and reproducible data. We stress that metabolomics is now routinely applied across the biological sciences to study microbiomes from relatively simple microbial systems to their complex interactions within consortia in the host and the environment and highlight this in a range of biological species and mammalian systems including humans. However, challenges do still exist that need to be overcome to maximise the potential for metabolomics to help us understanding biological systems. To demonstrate the potential of the approach we discuss the application of metabolomics in two broad research areas: (1) synthetic biology to increase the production of high-value fine chemicals and reduction in secondary by-products and (2) gut microbial interaction with the human host. While burgeoning in importance, the latter is still in its infancy and will benefit from the development of tools to detangle host-gut-microbial interactions and their impact on human health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howbeer Muhamadali
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Catherine L. Winder
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Warwick B. Dunn
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
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16
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Yu H, Wang Q, Tang J, Dong L, Dai G, Zhang T, Zhang G, Xie K, Wang H, Zhao Z. Comprehensive analysis of gut microbiome and host transcriptome in chickens after Eimeria tenella infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1191939. [PMID: 37346030 PMCID: PMC10279956 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1191939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coccidiosis is an intestinal parasitic disease caused by Eimeria protozoa, which endangers the health and growth of animals, and causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide every year. Studies have shown that poultry gut microbiota plays an important role in preventing the colonization of pathogens and maintaining the health of the host. Coccidia infection also affects host gene expression. However, the underlying potential relationship between gut microbiome and host transcriptome during E. tenella infection in chickens remain unclear. Methods In this study, metagenomic and transcriptome sequencing were applied to identify microbiota and genes in cecal contents and cecal tissues of infected (JS) and control (JC) chickens on day 4.5 postinfection (pi), respectively. Results First, microbial sequencing results of cecal contents showed that the abundance of Lactobacillus, Roseburia sp. and Faecalibacterium sp decreased significantly after E. tenella infection (P < 0.05), while the abundance of Alistipes and Prevotella pectinovora increased significantly (P < 0.05). Second, transcriptome sequencing results showed that a total of 434 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified, including 196 up-regulated and 238 down-regulated genes. These differentially expressed genes related to inflammation and immunity, such as GAMA, FABP1, F2RL1 and RSAD2, may play an important role in the process of host resistance to coccidia infection. Functional studies showed that the enriched pathways of differentially expressed genes included the TGF-beta signaling pathway and the ErbB signaling pathways. Finally, the integrated analysis of gut microbiome and host transcriptome suggested that Prevotella pectinovora associated with FABP1, Butyricicoccus porcorum and Colidextribacter sp. associated with RSAD2 were involved in the immune response upon E. tenella infection. Conclusion In conclusion, this study provides valuable information on the microbiota and key immune genes after chicken E. tenella infection, with the aim of providing reference for the impact of coccidia infection on cecal microbiome and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liyue Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guojun Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Genxi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kaizhou Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Technical Research Department, Jiangsu Jinghai Poultry Group Co., Ltd., Haimen, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhao
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
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17
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Gamal-AbdelNaser A, Mohammed WS, ElHefnawi M, AbdAllah M, Elsharkawy A, Zahran FM. The oral microbiome of treated and untreated chronic HCV infection: A preliminary study. Oral Dis 2023; 29:843-852. [PMID: 34396636 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a debilitating disease that is lately treated using direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Changes in the oral microbiome were detected in other liver diseases; however, oral microbiome was never investigated in patients having chronic HCV infection, whether pre- or post-treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This case-control preliminary study enrolled three equal groups: Group (I): untreated HCV patients; group (II): HCV patients who achieved viral clearance after DAA administration; and group (III): healthy controls. For each participant, a buccal swab was harvested and its 16S rRNA was sequenced. RESULTS The oral microbiome of chronic HCV patients had a significantly distinct bacterial community compared to healthy controls, characterized by high diversity and abundance of certain pathogenic species. These changes resemble that of oral lichen planus patients. After treatment by DAAs, the oral microbiome shifted to a community with partial similarity to both the diseased and the healthy ones. CONCLUSIONS Chronic HCV is associated with dysbiotic oral microbiome having abundant pathogenic bacteria. With HCV clearance by DAAs, the oral microbiome shifts to approach the healthy composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Gamal-AbdelNaser
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Waleed S Mohammed
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud ElHefnawi
- Biomedical Informatics and Chemoinformatics Group, Informatics & Systems Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed AbdAllah
- Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Aisha Elsharkawy
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fat'heya M Zahran
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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Carbia C, Bastiaanssen TFS, Iannone LF, García-Cabrerizo R, Boscaini S, Berding K, Strain CR, Clarke G, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The Microbiome-Gut-Brain axis regulates social cognition & craving in young binge drinkers. EBioMedicine 2023; 89:104442. [PMID: 36739238 PMCID: PMC10025767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking is the consumption of an excessive amount of alcohol in a short period of time. This pattern of consumption is highly prevalent during the crucial developmental period of adolescence. Recently, the severity of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) has been linked with microbiome alterations suggesting a role for the gut microbiome in its development. Furthermore, a strong link has emerged too between microbiome composition and socio-emotional functioning across different disorders including AUD. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential link (and its predictive value) between alcohol-related altered microbial profile, social cognition, impulsivity and craving. METHODS Young people (N = 71) aged 18-25 reported their alcohol use and underwent a neuropsychological evaluation. Craving was measured at baseline and three months later. Diet was controlled for. Blood, saliva and hair samples were taken for inflammatory, kynurenine and cortisol analysis. Stool samples were provided for shotgun metagenomic sequencing and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured. FINDINGS Binge drinking was associated with distinct microbiome alterations and emotional recognition difficulties. Associations were found for several microbiome species with emotional processing and impulsivity. Craving showed a strong link with alterations in microbiome composition and neuroactive potential over time. INTERPRETATION In conclusion, this research demonstrates alterations in the gut microbiome of young binge drinkers (BDs) and identifies early biomarkers of craving. Associations between emotional processing and microbiome composition further support the growing literature on the gut microbiome as a regulator of social cognition. These findings are of relevance for new gut-derived interventions directed at improving early alcohol-related alterations during the vulnerability period of adolescence. FUNDING C.C. and R.G-C. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 754535. APC Microbiome Ireland is a research centre funded by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), through the Irish Government's National Development Plan [grant no. SFI/12/RC/2273_P2]. J.F.C has research support from Cremo, Pharmavite, DuPont and Nutricia. He has spoken at meetings sponsored by food and pharmaceutical companies. G.C. has received honoraria from Janssen, Probi, and Apsen as an invited speaker; is in receipt of research funding from Pharmavite, Fonterra, Nestle and Reckitt; and is a paid consultant for Yakult, Zentiva and Heel pharmaceuticals. All the authors declare no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Carbia
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | - Serena Boscaini
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kirsten Berding
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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19
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Ali RO, Quinn GM, Umarova R, Haddad JA, Zhang GY, Townsend EC, Scheuing L, Hill KL, Gewirtz M, Rampertaap S, Rosenzweig SD, Remaley AT, Han JM, Periwal V, Cai H, Walter PJ, Koh C, Levy EB, Kleiner DE, Etzion O, Heller T. Longitudinal multi-omics analyses of the gut-liver axis reveals metabolic dysregulation in hepatitis C infection and cirrhosis. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:12-27. [PMID: 36522461 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The gut and liver are connected via the portal vein, and this relationship, which includes the gut microbiome, is described as the gut-liver axis. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can infect the liver and cause fibrosis with chronic infection. HCV has been associated with an altered gut microbiome; however, how these changes impact metabolism across the gut-liver axis and how this varies with disease severity and time is unclear. Here we used multi-omics analysis of portal and peripheral blood, faeces and liver tissue to characterize the gut-liver axis of patients with HCV across a fibrosis severity gradient before (n = 29) and 6 months after (n = 23) sustained virologic response, that is, no detection of the virus. Fatty acids were the major metabolites perturbed across the liver, portal vein and gut microbiome in HCV, especially in patients with cirrhosis. Decreased fatty acid degradation by hepatic peroxisomes and mitochondria was coupled with increased free fatty acid (FFA) influx to the liver via the portal vein. Metatranscriptomics indicated that Anaerostipes hadrus-mediated fatty acid synthesis influences portal FFAs. Both microbial fatty acid synthesis and portal FFAs were associated with enhanced hepatic fibrosis. Bacteroides vulgatus-mediated intestinal glycan breakdown was linked to portal glycan products, which in turn correlated with enhanced portal inflammation in HCV. Paired comparison of patient samples at both timepoints showed that hepatic metabolism, especially in peroxisomes, is persistently dysregulated in cirrhosis independently of the virus. Sustained virologic response was associated with a potential beneficial role for Methanobrevibacter smithii, which correlated with liver disease severity markers. These results develop our understanding of the gut-liver axis in HCV and non-HCV liver disease aetiologies and provide a foundation for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab O Ali
- Translational Hepatology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Gabriella M Quinn
- Translational Hepatology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Regina Umarova
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James A Haddad
- Translational Hepatology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Grace Y Zhang
- Translational Hepatology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Townsend
- Translational Hepatology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Scheuing
- Translational Hepatology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kareen L Hill
- Translational Hepatology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meital Gewirtz
- Translational Hepatology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shakuntala Rampertaap
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jung Min Han
- Computational Medicine Section, Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vipul Periwal
- Computational Medicine Section, Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Walter
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Koh
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elliot B Levy
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ohad Etzion
- Translational Hepatology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theo Heller
- Translational Hepatology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Sun T, Du H, Li Z, Xiong J, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang W, Liang F, He J, Liu X, Xiang H. Decoding the contributions of gut microbiota and cerebral metabolism in acute liver injury mice with and without cognitive dysfunction. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022. [PMID: 36585803 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Patients with acute liver injury (ALI) can develop cognitive dysfunction (CD). The study investigated the role of gut microbiota and cerebral metabolism in ALI mice with and without CD. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice that received thioacetamide were classified into ALI mice with (susceptible) or without (unsusceptible) CD-like phenotypes by hierarchical cluster analysis of behavior. The role of gut microbiota was investigated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and feces microbiota transplantation (FMT). 1 H-[13 C] NMR and electrophysiology were used to detect the changes in cerebral neurotransmitter metabolic and synaptic transition in neurons or astrocytes. RESULTS Apromixlay 55% (11/20) of mice developed CD and FMT from the susceptible group transmitted CD to gut microbiota-depleted mice. Alloprevotella was enriched in the susceptible group. GABA production was decreased in the frontal cortex, while hippocampal glutamine was increased in the susceptible group. Altered Escherichia. Shigella and Alloprevotella were correlated with behaviors and cerebral metabolic kinetics and identified as good predictors of ALI-induced CD. The frequencies of both miniature inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents in hippocampal CA1 and prefrontal cortex were decreased in the susceptible group. CONCLUSION Altered transmitter metabolism and synaptic transmission in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and gut microbiota disturbance may lead to ALI-induced CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianning Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongying Du
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanbo Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wencui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangyuan Liang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingang He
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongbing Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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21
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Qi W, Ge Y, Wang X, Li Z, Li X, Wang N, He H, Luo X, Ma W, Chen L, Liu Y, Zhang T. Ameliorative Effect of Chitosan Oligosaccharides on Hepatic Encephalopathy by Reshaping Gut Microbiota and Gut-Liver Axis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13186-13199. [PMID: 36194761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) on a thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy (HE) Wistar rat model. COS treatment statistically reduced the false neurotransmitters and blood ammonia in HE rats, along with the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation. The disbalanced gut microbiota was detected in HE rats by 16S rDNA sequencing, but the abundance alterations of some intestinal bacteria at either the phylum or genus level were at least partly restored by COS treatment. According to metabolomics analysis of rat feces, six metabolism pathways with the greatest response to HE were screened, several of which were remarkably reversed by COS. The altered metabolites might serve as a bridge for the alleviated HE rats treated with COS and the enhanced intestinal bacterial structure. This study provides novel guidance to develop novel food or dietary supplements to improve HE diseases due to the potential beneficial effect of COS on gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Hongpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Wenjian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Liehuan Chen
- New Youlan Healthy Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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22
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Zheng Y, Wang J, Wang J, Jiang R, Zhao T. Gut microbiota combined with metabolomics reveal the mechanism of curcumol on liver fibrosis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113204. [PMID: 35653891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liver fibrosis is a reversible pathological process, and its prevention and treatment hold great significance for patients with chronic liver disease. This study combined 16S rRNA analysis of gut microbiota and serum metabolomics to explore the mechanism of curcumol's effect on liver fibrosis in mice. The results clarified the relationship between the gut microbiota and metabolites in the process of liver fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we randomly divided mice into a control group, a model group, and a curcumol treatment group to analyze the pathological changes in the liver tissue as well as the activities of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factory kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-8. The gut microbiota were analyzed by 16 S rRNA sequencing, and serum metabolites were examined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomic analysis. RESULTS Molecular biological testing found that curcumol could significantly improve the pathological changes of the liver tissue and inhibit the occurrence of liver inflammation. Intestinal flora testing found that curcumol could significantly change the abundances of Veillonellaceae, Prerotella_oulorum, and Alistipes_finegoldii. Metabolomics analysis found that curcumol's antihepatic fibrosis effect may be related to its regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism. Correlation analysis suggested that curcumol regulated the abundances of Bacteroidota and Bacteroides and participated in the metabolism of Prostaglandin B2. CONCLUSIONS When liver fibrosis occurs, the intestinal flora and metabolic network are altered. The effect of curcumol on liver fibrosis may be related to its regulation of intestinal flora and the resulting interference with metabolic pathways, thereby reducing liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530222, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530222, China
| | - Jiaru Wang
- College of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530222, China
| | - Ruizhu Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530222, China
| | - Tiejian Zhao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530222, China.
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23
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Li Z, Zhou J, Liang H, Ye L, Lan L, Lu F, Wang Q, Lei T, Yang X, Cui P, Huang J. Differences in Alpha Diversity of Gut Microbiota in Neurological Diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:879318. [PMID: 35837118 PMCID: PMC9274120 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.879318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurological diseases are difficult to diagnose in time, and there is currently a lack of effective predictive methods. Previous studies have indicated that a variety of neurological diseases cause changes in the gut microbiota. Alpha diversity is a major indicator to describe the diversity of the gut microbiota. At present, the relationship between neurological diseases and the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota remains unclear. Methods We performed a systematic literature search of Pubmed and Bioproject databases up to January 2021. Six indices were used to measure alpha diversity, including community richness (observed species, Chao1 and ACE), community diversity (Shannon, Simpson), and phylogenetic diversity (PD). Random-effects meta-analyses on the standardized mean difference (SMD) were carried out on the alpha diversity indices. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the sources of interstudy heterogeneity. Meta-analysis was performed on articles by matching the age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) of the disease group with the control group. Meanwhile, subgroup analysis was performed to control the variability of the sequencing region, platform, geographical region, instrument, and diseases. The area under the curve (AUC) value of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated to assess the prediction effectiveness of the microbial alpha diversity indices. Results We conducted a meta-analysis of 24 published studies on 16S rRNA gene amplified sequencing of the gut microbiota and neurological diseases from the Pubmed and Bioproject database (patients, n = 1,469; controls, n = 1,289). The pooled estimate demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the alpha diversity between patients and controls (P < 0.05). Alpha diversity decreased only in Parkinson's disease patients, while it increased in anorexia nervosa patients compared to controls. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and geographical region, none of the alpha diversity was associated with neurological diseases. In terms of Illumina HiSeq 2000 and the V3-V5 sequencing region, the results showed that alpha diversity increased significantly in comparison with the controls, while decreased in Illumina HiSeq 2500. ROC curves suggested that alpha diversity could be used as a biomarker to predict the AD (Simpson, AUC= 0.769, P = 0.0001), MS (observed species, AUC= 0.737, P = 0.001), schizophrenia (Chao1, AUC = 0.739, P = 0.002). Conclusions Our review summarized the relationship between alpha diversity of the gut microbiota and neurological diseases. The alpha diversity of gut microbiota could be a promising predictor for AD, schizophrenia, and MS, but not for all neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Nanning, China
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liuyan Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Nanning, China
- Geriatrics Digestion Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiping Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ping Cui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Nanning, China
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Ping Cui
| | - Jiegang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Jiegang Huang
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24
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Häussinger D, Dhiman RK, Felipo V, Görg B, Jalan R, Kircheis G, Merli M, Montagnese S, Romero-Gomez M, Schnitzler A, Taylor-Robinson SD, Vilstrup H. Hepatic encephalopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:43. [PMID: 35739133 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a prognostically relevant neuropsychiatric syndrome that occurs in the course of acute or chronic liver disease. Besides ascites and variceal bleeding, it is the most serious complication of decompensated liver cirrhosis. Ammonia and inflammation are major triggers for the appearance of HE, which in patients with liver cirrhosis involves pathophysiologically low-grade cerebral oedema with oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation and disturbances of oscillatory networks in the brain. Severity classification and diagnostic approaches regarding mild forms of HE are still a matter of debate. Current medical treatment predominantly involves lactulose and rifaximin following rigorous treatment of so-called known HE precipitating factors. New treatments based on an improved pathophysiological understanding are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Radha K Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, (Uttar Pradesh), India
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Boris Görg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group ILDH, Division of Medicine, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerald Kircheis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Diabetology and Hepatology, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg Medical School, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Manuela Merli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Universita' degli Studi di Roma - Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (HUVR/CSIC/US), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon D Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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25
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Short-chain fatty acids promote the effect of environmental signals on the gut microbiome and metabolome in mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:517. [PMID: 35641653 PMCID: PMC9156677 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microorganisms and the products of their metabolism thoroughly affect host brain development, function and behavior. Since alterations of brain plasticity and cognition have been demonstrated upon motor, sensorial and social enrichment of the housing conditions, we hypothesized that gut microbiota and metabolome could be altered by environmental stimuli, providing part of the missing link among environmental signals and brain effects. In this preliminary study, metagenomic and metabolomic analyses of mice housed in different environmental conditions, standard and enriched, identify environment-specific microbial communities and metabolic profiles. We show that mice housed in an enriched environment have distinctive microbiota composition with a reduction in gut bacterial richness and biodiversity and are characterized by a metabolomic fingerprint with the increase of formate and acetate and the decrease of bile salts. We demonstrate that mice treated with a mixture of formate and acetate recapitulate some of the brain plasticity effects modulated by environmental enrichment, such as hippocampal neurogenesis, neurotrophin production, short-term plasticity and cognitive behaviors, that can be further exploited to decipher the mechanisms involved in experience-dependent brain plasticity. Mice exposed to environmental enrichment for 5 weeks display distinct microbiota composition and behavioral and metabolic profiles compared to mice exposed to a standard environment. Mice treated with a mixture of short-chain fatty acids that are produced by gut bacteria recapitulate some of the effects of this environmental enrichment.
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26
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Duan Z, Cheng H, Duan X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Gong Z, Zhang H, Sun H, Wang L. Diet preference of zebrafish (Danio rerio) for bio-based polylactic acid microplastics and induced intestinal damage and microbiota dysbiosis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128332. [PMID: 35114456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of petroleum-based microplastics (MPs) by aquatic animals and their toxicological effects are of wide concern. However, the ecological risks of bio-based MPs to aquatic animals remain largely unknown. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to MPs of polylactic acid (PLA), the most widely used bio-based plastic, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a high-production volume petroleum-based plastic. PLA MPs were more actively ingested by fish than PET MPs. The abundance of PLA MPs in fish intestines was approximately 170 times greater than that of PET MPs after one day of exposure. The ingestion of PLA MPs caused gastrointestinal damage in zebrafish. In addition, the ingestion of PLA MPs induced specific changes in the diversity of intestinal microbiota and promoted species closely linked with energy metabolism, cellular processes, and fish diseases. This might have been related to the depolymerization of PLA in the digestive tract, which decreased the intestinal pH and changed the carbon source structure. Overall, bio-based MPs may have different ecological effects on aquatic animals than traditional petroleum-based MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology/School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Haodong Cheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology/School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xinyue Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology/School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology/School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yudi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology/School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Huajing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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27
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Wang J, Zhou X, Li X, Guo W, Zhu Q, Zhu B, Lu Y, Zheng X, Yang D, Wang B. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Alters the Outcome of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:844132. [PMID: 35601099 PMCID: PMC9114794 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.844132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of mice to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection depends on their genetic background. The gut microbiota modulates the antiviral immune response in the liver and plays a protective role against HBV infection. However, whether HBV infection outcomes depend on the gut microbiota remains unclear. In this study, we assessed the gut microbiota composition in naïve BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The gut microbiota in BALB/c mice was depleted using broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX) and then reconstituted with fecal microbiota from naïve BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice to evaluate the effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on the outcomes of and immune response to HBV infection. We found that HBV infection outcomes and the gut microbiota composition differed between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Commensal bacteria from the fecal microbiota selectively colonized the guts of ABX-treated BALB/c mice. Mice receiving fecal microbiota from BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice displayed different HBV infection outcomes. The fecal microbiota from C57BL/6 mice induced immune tolerance in the liver and prolonged HBV infection. In conclusion, HBV infection outcomes in mice are determined by the host genetic background and gut microbiota composition. Reconstitution of the gut microbiota by FMT can alter the susceptibility to HBV infection in mice.
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28
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Vijay A, Valdes AM. Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: a narrative review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:489-501. [PMID: 34584224 PMCID: PMC8477631 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Vijay
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Ana M Valdes
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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29
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Galaris A, Fanidis D, Stylianaki EA, Harokopos V, Kalantzi AS, Moulos P, Dimas AS, Hatzis P, Aidinis V. Obesity Reshapes the Microbial Population Structure along the Gut-Liver-Lung Axis in Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020494. [PMID: 35203702 PMCID: PMC8962327 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome is emerging as a major player in tissue homeostasis in health and disease. Gut microbiome dysbiosis correlates with several autoimmune and metabolic diseases, while high-fat diets and ensuing obesity are known to affect the complexity and diversity of the microbiome, thus modulating pathophysiology. Moreover, the existence of a gut-liver microbial axis has been proposed, which may extend to the lung. In this context, we systematically compared the microbiomes of the gut, liver, and lung of mice fed a high-fat diet to those of littermates fed a matched control diet. We carried out deep sequencing of seven hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA microbial gene to examine microbial diversity in the tissues of interest. Comparison of the local microbiomes indicated that lung tissue has the least diverse microbiome under healthy conditions, while microbial diversity in the healthy liver clustered closer to the gut. Obesity increased microbial complexity in all three tissues, with lung microbial diversity being the most modified. Obesity promoted the expansion of Firmicutes along the gut-liver-lung axis, highlighting staphylococcus as a possible pathologic link between obesity and systemic pathophysiology, especially in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Galaris
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece; (A.G.); (D.F.); (E.-A.S.); (A.-S.K.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Dionysios Fanidis
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece; (A.G.); (D.F.); (E.-A.S.); (A.-S.K.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Elli-Anna Stylianaki
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece; (A.G.); (D.F.); (E.-A.S.); (A.-S.K.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Vaggelis Harokopos
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece; (V.H.); (P.M.); (P.H.)
| | - Alexandra-Styliani Kalantzi
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece; (A.G.); (D.F.); (E.-A.S.); (A.-S.K.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Panagiotis Moulos
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece; (V.H.); (P.M.); (P.H.)
| | - Antigone S. Dimas
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece; (A.G.); (D.F.); (E.-A.S.); (A.-S.K.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Pantelis Hatzis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece; (V.H.); (P.M.); (P.H.)
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece; (A.G.); (D.F.); (E.-A.S.); (A.-S.K.); (A.S.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Hu J, Guo P, Mao R, Ren Z, Wen J, Yang Q, Yan T, Yu J, Zhang T, Liu Y. Gut Microbiota Signature of Obese Adults Across Different Classifications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:3933-3947. [PMID: 36601354 PMCID: PMC9807070 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s387523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is currently a major global public health issue. It has been shown by many that gut microbiota and microbial factors regulate the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic abnormalities, but little is known about their roles in the different degrees of obesity. Here, we sought to investigate the microbial signatures of obesity of various severities. PATIENTS AND METHODS We did this by characterizing the intestinal microbiome signature in a Chinese cohort of obese patients and healthy controls using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. To this end, obesity was sub-divided into four subgroups, including "Overweight", Class I, Class II, and Class III obesity, based on body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Microbial diversity decreased in obese subjects, and the reduction trend was correlated with the severity of obesity. We detected an expansion of Escherichia shigella in obese patients compared to healthy controls. The family Eubacterium coprostanoligenes and Tannerellaceae, the genera Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, Parabacteroides, and Akkermansia, and the species Prevotella copri were microbial biomarkers of healthy people. Gammaproteobacteria and Enterobacterales were biomarkers of being "Overweight". Erysipelatoclostridiaceae was a biomarker of Class I obesity. The class Bacilli and the order Lactobacillales were both biomarkers of Class II obesity. Negativicutes was a biomarker of Class III obesity. We further established relationships between this microbiome data and other biochemical data, including albumin, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), vitamin folic acid (FA) and vitamin B12 (VB12), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Function prediction results showed a marked energy metabolism dysbiosis in obesity, especially in patients with Class III obesity. CONCLUSION These results suggested that people with different levels of obesity had distinct gut microbial signatures. Decreased microbial diversity, depletion of some specific taxa, and deviation in potential functions mirrored the severity of obesity in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Hu
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Research Center, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengsen Guo
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Mao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengyun Ren
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wen
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Yang
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Yan
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Research Center, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Tongtong Zhang, Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, & Medical Research Center, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China, Email ; Yanjun Liu, Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, No. 82, Qinglong Street, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610031, People’s Republic of China, Emai
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Pelle J, Castelli FA, Rudler M, Alioua I, Colsch B, Fenaille F, Junot C, Thabut D, Weiss N. Metabolomics in the understanding and management of hepatic encephalopathy. Anal Biochem 2022; 636:114477. [PMID: 34808106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics refers to the study of biological components below 1000 Daltons (Da) involved in metabolic pathways as substrates, products or effectors. According to the interconnected metabolic disturbances that have been described in the pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), this technique appears to be well adapted to study and better delineate the disease. This review will focus on recent advances in metabolomics in the field of HE. Thus, after a brief overview of the general principles of metabolomics, we will discuss metabolomics as a potentially efficient tool for unraveling new HE pathophysiological insights, biomarkers identification, or as a predicting tool for treatment response or outcome prognosis. Finally, we will give our vision on the prospects offered by metabolomics for improving care of HE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Pelle
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, département de neurologie, unité de Médecine Intensive Réanimation à orientation neurologique, Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) Study Group, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, Maladies métaboliques, biliaires et fibro-inflammatoire du foie, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Groupe de Recherche Clinique en REanimation et Soins intensifs du Patient en Insuffisance Respiratoire aiguE (GRC-RESPIRE) Sorbonne Université, France
| | - Florence A Castelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (MTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marika Rudler
- Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) Study Group, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, Maladies métaboliques, biliaires et fibro-inflammatoire du foie, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, servive d'hépato-gastoentérologie, unité de soins intensifs d'hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Imen Alioua
- Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) Study Group, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, Maladies métaboliques, biliaires et fibro-inflammatoire du foie, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, servive d'hépato-gastoentérologie, unité de soins intensifs d'hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Colsch
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (MTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (MTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) Study Group, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, Maladies métaboliques, biliaires et fibro-inflammatoire du foie, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Dominique Thabut
- Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) Study Group, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, Maladies métaboliques, biliaires et fibro-inflammatoire du foie, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, servive d'hépato-gastoentérologie, unité de soins intensifs d'hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Weiss
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, département de neurologie, unité de Médecine Intensive Réanimation à orientation neurologique, Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) Study Group, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, Maladies métaboliques, biliaires et fibro-inflammatoire du foie, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Groupe de Recherche Clinique en REanimation et Soins intensifs du Patient en Insuffisance Respiratoire aiguE (GRC-RESPIRE) Sorbonne Université, France.
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Rocco A, Sgamato C, Compare D, Coccoli P, Nardone OM, Nardone G. Gut Microbes and Hepatic Encephalopathy: From the Old Concepts to New Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:748253. [PMID: 34900994 PMCID: PMC8662376 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.748253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe complication of advanced liver disease and acute liver failure. The clinical spectrum ranges from minor cognitive dysfunctions to lethargy, depressed consciousness, and coma and significantly impact the quality of life, morbidity, and mortality of the patients. It is commonly accepted that the gut milieu is essential for the development of HE; however, despite intensive research efforts, the pathogenesis of HE is still not fully elucidated. As our knowledge of gut microbiota moves from the pioneering era of culture-dependent studies, the connection between microbes, inflammation, and metabolic pathways in the pathogenesis of HE is becoming increasingly clear, providing exciting therapeutic perspectives. This review will critically examine the latest research findings on the role of gut microbes in the pathophysiological pathways underlying HE. Moreover, currently available therapeutic options and novel treatment strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Rocco
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Costantino Sgamato
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Debora Compare
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Coccoli
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Maria Nardone
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Nardone
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Urolithins on the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Normal-Diet Fed Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113885. [PMID: 34836145 PMCID: PMC8618180 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota consists of a community of microorganisms that inhabit the large intestine. These microbes play important roles in maintaining gut barrier integrity, inflammation, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, immunity, and protection against pathogens. However, recent studies have shown that dysfunction in the gut microbiota composition can lead to the development of several diseases. Urolithin A has recently been approved as a functional food ingredient. In this study, we examined the potentials of urolithin A (Uro-A) and B (Uro-B) in improving metabolic functions and their impact on gut microbiota composition under a metabolically unchallenged state in normal rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 18) were randomly segregated into three groups, with Group 1 serving as the control group. Groups 2 and 3 were administered with 2.5 mg/kg Uro-A and Uro-B, respectively, for four weeks. Our results showed that both Uro-A and B improved liver and kidney functions without affecting body weight. Metagenomic analysis revealed that both Uro-A and B induced the growth of Akkermansia. However, Uro-A decreased species diversity and microbial richness and negatively impacted the composition of pathogenic microbes in normal rats. Taken together, this study showed the differential impacts of Uro-A and B on the gut microbiota composition in normal rats and would thus serve as a guide in the choice of these metabolites as a functional food ingredient or prebiotic.
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Toll-like receptor 1 as a possible target in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17815. [PMID: 34497333 PMCID: PMC8426394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the liver compartment have repeatedly been attributed to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Knowledge on TLR expression in blood cells and their relation to intestinal microbiota and NAFLD development is limited. Here, we determined TLR expression patterns in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of NAFLD patients and controls, their relation to intestinal microbiota and the impact of TLRs found altered in NAFLD development. Markers of intestinal permeability in blood and TLR mRNA expression in PBMCs were determined in 37 NAFLD patients and 15 age-matched healthy controls. Fecal microbiota composition was evaluated in 21 NAFLD patients and 9 controls using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Furthermore, TLR1-/- and C57BL/6 mice (n = 5-6/group) were pair-fed a liquid control or a fat-, fructose- and cholesterol-rich diet. Intestinal microbiota composition and markers of intestinal permeability like zonulin and bacterial endotoxin differed significantly between groups with the latter markers being significantly higher in NAFLD patients. Expression of TLR1-8 and 10 mRNA was detectable in PBMCs; however, only TLR1 expression, being higher in NAFLD patients, were significantly positively correlated with the prevalence of Holdemanella genus while negative correlations were found with Gemmiger and Ruminococcus genera. TLR1-/- mice were significantly protected from the development of diet-induced NAFLD when compared to wild-type mice. While intestinal microbiota composition and permeability differed significantly between NAFLD patients and healthy subjects, in PBMCs, only TLR1 expression differed between groups. Still, targeting these alterations might be a beneficial approach in the treatment of NAFLD in some patients.
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Iebba V, Zanotta N, Campisciano G, Zerbato V, Di Bella S, Cason C, Luzzati R, Confalonieri M, Palamara AT, Comar M. Profiling of Oral Microbiota and Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:671813. [PMID: 34394024 PMCID: PMC8361794 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.671813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recently demonstrated in the sputum or saliva, suggesting how the shedding of viral RNA outlasts the end of symptoms. Recent data from transcriptome analysis show that the oral cavity mucosa harbors high levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2), highlighting its role as a double-edged sword for SARS-CoV-2 body entrance or interpersonal transmission. Here, we studied the oral microbiota structure and inflammatory profile of 26 naive severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and 15 controls by 16S rRNA V2 automated targeted sequencing and magnetic bead-based multiplex immunoassays, respectively. A significant diminution in species richness was observed in COVID-19 patients, along with a marked difference in beta-diversity. Species such as Prevotella salivae and Veillonella infantium were distinctive for COVID-19 patients, while Neisseria perflava and Rothia mucilaginosa were predominant in controls. Interestingly, these two groups of oral species oppositely clustered within the bacterial network, defining two distinct Species Interacting Groups (SIGs). COVID-19-related pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in both oral and serum samples, along with a specific bacterial consortium able to counteract them. We introduced a new parameter, named CytoCOV, able to predict COVID-19 susceptibility for an unknown subject at 71% of power with an Area Under Curve (AUC) equal to 0.995. This pilot study evidenced a distinctive oral microbiota composition in COVID-19 subjects, with a definite structural network in relation to secreted cytokines. Our results would be usable in clinics against COVID-19, using bacterial consortia as biomarkers or to reduce local inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Iebba
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nunzia Zanotta
- Laboratory of Advanced Microbiology Diagnosis and Translational Research, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Campisciano
- Laboratory of Advanced Microbiology Diagnosis and Translational Research, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Verena Zerbato
- Infectious Diseases Department, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Bella
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carolina Cason
- Laboratory of Advanced Microbiology Diagnosis and Translational Research, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Luzzati
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Confalonieri
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Pulmonology Department, University Hospital of Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia- Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory of Advanced Microbiology Diagnosis and Translational Research, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
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de Cena JA, Zhang J, Deng D, Damé-Teixeira N, Do T. Low-Abundant Microorganisms: The Human Microbiome's Dark Matter, a Scoping Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:689197. [PMID: 34136418 PMCID: PMC8201079 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.689197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the human microbiome has mainly been restricted to the identification of most abundant microbiota associated with health or disease. Their abundance may reflect their capacity to exploit their niche, however, metabolic functions exerted by low-abundant microrganisms can impact the dysbiotic signature of local microbial habitats. This scoping review aims to map the literature regarding the management of low-abundant microorganisms in studies investigating human microbiome samples. A systematic literature search was performed in 5 electronic databases, as well as grey literature. We selected clinical microbiome studies targeting human participants of any age, from any body site. We also included studies with secondary data which originated from human biofilm samples. All of the papers used next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques in their methodology. A total of 826 manuscripts were retrieved, of which 42 were included in this review and 22 reported low-abundant bacteria (LB) in samples taken from 7 body sites (breast, gut, oral cavity, skin, stomach, upper respiratory tract (URT), and vagina). Four studies reported microbes at abundance levels between 5 and 20%, 8 studies reported between 1 and 5%, and 18 studies reported below 1%. Fifteen papers mentioned fungi and/or archaea, and from those only 4 (fungi) and 2 (archaea) produced data regarding the abundance of these domains. While most studies were directed towards describing the taxonomy, diversity and abundance of the highly abundant species, low-abundant species have largely been overlooked. Indeed, most studies select a cut-off value at <1% for low-abundant organisms to be excluded in their analyses. This practice may compromise the true diversity and influence of all members of the human microbiota. Despite their low abundance and signature in biofilms, they may generate important markers contributing to dysbiosis, in a sort of ‘butterfly effect’. A detailed snapshot of the physiological, biological mechanisms at play, including virulence determinants in the context of a dysbiotic community, may help better understand the health-disease transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Alves de Cena
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Xiangya School of Stomatology, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nailê Damé-Teixeira
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil.,Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Thuy Do
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Tranah TH, Edwards LA, Schnabl B, Shawcross DL. Targeting the gut-liver-immune axis to treat cirrhosis. Gut 2021; 70:982-994. [PMID: 33060124 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cirrhotic portal hypertension is characterised by development of the decompensating events of ascites, encephalopathy, portal hypertensive bleeding and hepatorenal syndrome, which arise in a setting of cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction (CAID) and define morbidity and prognosis. CAID describes the dichotomous observations that systemic immune cells are primed and display an inflammatory phenotype, while failing to mount robust responses to pathogen challenge. Bacterial infections including spontaneous bacterial peritonitis are common complications of advanced chronic liver disease and can precipitate variceal haemorrhage, hepatorenal syndrome and acute-on-chronic liver failure; they frequently arise from gut-derived organisms and are closely linked with dysbiosis of the commensal intestinal microbiota in advanced chronic liver disease.Here, we review the links between cirrhotic dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction and deficits of host-microbiome compartmentalisation and mucosal immune homoeostasis that occur in settings of advanced chronic liver disease. We discuss established and emerging therapeutic strategies targeted at restoring intestinal eubiosis, augmenting gut barrier function and ameliorating the mucosal and systemic immune deficits that characterise and define the course of decompensated cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Henry Tranah
- Institute of Liver Studies, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lindsey A Edwards
- Institute of Liver Studies, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Debbie Lindsay Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, London, UK
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Wu S, Jiang P, Zhao XM, Chen WH. Treatment regimens may compromise gut-microbiome-derived signatures for liver cirrhosis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:455-456. [PMID: 33657385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many of the gut-microbiome-derived signatures for liver cirrhosis, especially the important ones, were likely under the influence of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Wu et al. suggest that drug usage is a confounding factor in metagenomics analysis that should be controlled for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Puzi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xing-Ming Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China; Research Institute of Intelligent Complex System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China; College of Life Science, HeNan Normal University, 453007 Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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Chen Z, Ruan J, Li D, Wang M, Han Z, Qiu W, Wu G. The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut-Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:595759. [PMID: 33553004 PMCID: PMC7859631 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disorder that occurs in patients with liver insufficiency. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Pharmacotherapy is the main therapeutic option for HE. It targets the pathogenesis of HE by reducing ammonia levels, improving neurotransmitter signal transduction, and modulating intestinal microbiota. Compared to healthy individuals, the intestinal microbiota of patients with liver disease is significantly different and is associated with the occurrence of HE. Moreover, intestinal microbiota is closely associated with multiple links in the pathogenesis of HE, including the theory of ammonia intoxication, bile acid circulation, GABA-ergic tone hypothesis, and neuroinflammation, which contribute to cognitive and motor disorders in patients. Restoring the homeostasis of intestinal bacteria or providing specific probiotics has significant effects on neurological disorders in HE. Therefore, this review aims at elucidating the potential microbial mechanisms and metabolic effects in the progression of HE through the gut-brain axis and its potential role as a therapeutic target in HE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guobin Wu
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
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40
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Saboo K, Shamsaddini A, Iyer MV, Hu C, Fagan A, Gavis EA, White MB, Fuchs M, Heuman DM, Sikaroodi M, Iyer RK, Gillevet PM, Bajaj JS. Sex is associated with differences in gut microbial composition and function in hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2021; 74:80-88. [PMID: 32679299 PMCID: PMC7749850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Altered microbiota can affect the gut-liver-brain axis in cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE), but the impact of sex on these changes is unclear. We aimed to determine differences in fecal microbiota composition/functionality between men and women with cirrhosis and HE on differing treatments. METHODS Cross-sectional stool microbiome composition (16s rRNA sequencing) and microbial functional analyses were performed in men and women with cirrhosis, and controls. Patients with HE on rifaximin+lactulose (HE-Rif), patients with HE on lactulose only (HE-Lac) and those with cirrhosis without HE (No-HE) were compared to controls using random forest classifier. Men and women were also compared. RESULTS A total of 761 individuals were included, 619 with cirrhosis (466 men, 153 women) and 142 controls (92 men, 50 women). Men were older and more frequently used proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), but model for end-stage liver disease score, No-HE (n = 319), HE-lac (n = 130) and HE-Rif (n = 170) proportions were similar. PPI/age-adjusted AUC of differentiation between controls vs. all cirrhosis, and controls vs. No-HE were higher within women than men, but the adjusted AUC for No-HE vs. HE-Rif was higher in men. Control vs. HE-Rif differentiation was similar across sexes. Men vs. women were different in all cirrhosis, No-HE and HE-Lac but not HE-Rif on PERMANOVA and AUC analyses. Autochthonous taxa decreased and pathobionts increased with disease progression regardless of sex. In men, Lactobacillaceae were higher in HE-Lac but decreased in HE-Rif, along with Veillonellaceae. Pathways related to glutamate and aromatic compound degradation were higher in men at all stages. Degradation of androstenedione, an estrogenic precursor, was lower in men vs. women in HE-Rif, likely enhancing feminization. CONCLUSIONS There are differences in gut microbial function and composition between men and women with cirrhosis, which could be implicated in differential responses to HE therapies. Further studies linking these differences to sex-specific outcomes are needed. LAY SUMMARY Patients with cirrhosis develop changes in their brain function, and men often develop feminization with disease progression. However, the interaction between sex, microbiota and disease severity is unclear. We found that as disease progressed in men, their microbial composition began to approach that observed in women, with changes in specific microbes that are associated with male hormone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakant Saboo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Mihir V Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chang Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Fagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Edith A Gavis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Melanie B White
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Douglas M Heuman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Ravishankar K Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Aging, Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Diseases: Management through Physical Exercise and Nutritional Interventions. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010016. [PMID: 33374578 PMCID: PMC7822442 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) is involved in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis, thus the alteration of its composition and functionality has been associated with many pathologies such as metabolic diseases, and could also be linked with the progressive degenerative process in aging. Nowadays, life expectancy is continuously rising, so the number of elder people and the consequent related pathologies demand new strategies to achieve healthy aging. Besides, actual lifestyle patterns make metabolic diseases a global epidemic with increasing trends, responsible for a large mortality and morbidity in adulthood and also compromising the health status of later stages of life. Metabolic diseases and aging share a profile of low-grade inflammation and innate immunity activation, which may have disturbances of GM composition as the leading mechanism. Thus, GM emerges as a therapeutic target with a double impact in the elderly, counteracting both aging itself and the frequent metabolic diseases in this population. This review summarizes the role and compositional changes of the GM in aging and its modulation through nutritional interventions and physical exercise as a strategy to counteract the aging process and the related metabolic diseases.
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Riva A, Gray EH, Azarian S, Zamalloa A, McPhail MJ, Vincent RP, Williams R, Chokshi S, Patel VC, Edwards LA. Faecal cytokine profiling as a marker of intestinal inflammation in acutely decompensated cirrhosis. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100151. [PMID: 32838247 PMCID: PMC7391986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gut dysbiosis and inflammation perpetuate loss of gut barrier integrity (GBI) and pathological bacterial translocation (BT) in cirrhosis, contributing to infection risk. Little is known about gut inflammation in cirrhosis and how this differs in acute decompensation (AD). We developed a novel approach to characterise intestinal immunopathology by quantifying faecal cytokines (FCs) and GBI markers. METHODS Faeces and plasma were obtained from patients with stable cirrhosis (SC; n = 16), AD (n = 47), and healthy controls (HCs; n = 31). A panel of 15 cytokines and GBI markers, including intestinal fatty-acid-binding protein-2 (FABP2), d-lactate, and faecal calprotectin (FCAL), were quantified by electrochemiluminescence/ELISA. Correlations between analytes and clinical metadata with univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS Faecal (F) IL-1β, interferon gamma, tumour necrosis factor alpha, IL-21, IL-17A/F, and IL-22 were significantly elevated in AD vs. SC (q <0.01). F-IL-23 was significantly elevated in AD vs. HC (p = 0.0007). FABP2/d-lactate were significantly increased in faeces in AD vs. SC and AD vs. HC (p <0.0001) and in plasma (p = 0.0004; p = 0.011). F-FABP2 correlated most strongly with disease severity (Spearman's rho: Child-Pugh 0.466; p <0.0001; model for end-stage liver disease 0.488; p <0.0001). FCAL correlated with plasma IL-21, IL-1β, and IL-17F only and none of the faecal analytes. F-cytokines and F-GBI markers were more accurate than plasma in discriminating AD from SC. CONCLUSIONS FC profiling represents an innovative approach to investigating the localised intestinal cytokine micro-environment in cirrhosis. These data reveal that AD is associated with a highly inflamed and permeable gut barrier. FC profiles are very different from the classical innate-like features of systemic inflammation. There is non-specific upregulation of TH1/TH17 effector cytokines and those known to mediate intestinal barrier damage. This prevents mucosal healing in AD and further propagates BT and systemic inflammation. LAY SUMMARY The gut barrier is crucial in cirrhosis in preventing infection-causing bacteria that normally live in the gut from accessing the liver and other organs via the bloodstream. Herein, we characterised gut inflammation by measuring different markers in stool samples from patients at different stages of cirrhosis and comparing this to healthy people. These markers, when compared with equivalent markers usually measured in blood, were found to be very different in pattern and absolute levels, suggesting that there is significant gut inflammation in cirrhosis related to different immune system pathways to that seen outside of the gut. This provides new insights into gut-specific immune disturbances that predispose to complications of cirrhosis, and emphasises that a better understanding of the gut-liver axis is necessary to develop better targeted therapies.
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Key Words
- ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- AD, acute decompensation
- AUROC, area under the receiver operating characteristic
- BT, bacterial translocation
- Bacterial translocation
- CLIF-C AD, Chronic Liver Failure Consortium-acute decompensation
- Chronic liver disease
- Cytokines
- DS, discriminant score
- FABP2, fatty-acid-binding protein-2
- FCAL, faecal calprotectin
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FL, faecal lysate
- FWER, family-wise error rate
- GVB, gut vascular barrier
- Gut inflammation
- HC, healthy control
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cell
- Intestinal barrier function
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- OPLS-DA, orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis
- PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PCA, principal component analysis
- ROC, receiver operating characteristic
- SC, stable cirrhosis
- UKELD, United Kingdom model for end-stage liver disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Riva
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth H. Gray
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Azarian
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ane Zamalloa
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark J.W. McPhail
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Royce P. Vincent
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Roger Williams
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vishal C. Patel
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lindsey A. Edwards
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Li R, Chen X, Liu Z, Chen Y, Liu C, Ye L, Xiao L, Yang Z, He J, Wang WJ, Qi H. Characterization of gut microbiota associated with clinical parameters in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:395. [PMID: 33225888 PMCID: PMC7682054 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01510-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a liver disorder that specifically occurs in pregnancy. Elevated levels of liver transaminases aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and serum bilirubin levels are common biochemical characteristics in ICP. The disorder is associated with an increased risk of premature delivery and stillbirth. The characterization of the potential microbiota in ICP could go a long way in the prevention and treatment of this pregnancy disease. Methods A total of 58 patients were recruited for our study: 27 ICP patients and 31 healthy pregnant subjects with no ICP. The V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rDNA collected from fecal samples of both diseased and control groups were amplified. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was then performed on gut microbiota. Sequencing data were analyzed and the correlation between components of microbiota and patient ICP status was found. Related metabolic pathways, relative abundance and significantly different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) between ICP and controls were also identified. Results Elevated levels of total bile acid, ALT, AST, Dbil and Tbil were recorded or observed in ICP subjects as compared to the control. Gut microbiota in pregnant women was dominated by four major phyla and 27 core genera. PCoA analysis results indicated that there was no significant clustering in Bray–Curtis distance matrices. Our results showed that there was a correlation between specific OTUs and measured clinical parameters of pregnant women. Comparison at the different taxonomy levels revealed high levels of abundance of Blautia and Citrobacter in ICP patients. At the family level, Enterobacteriaceae and Leuconostocaceae were higher in ICP patients. 638 KEGG Orthologs and 138 pathways significantly differed in the two groups. PLS-DA model with VIP plots indicated a total of eight genera and seven species were key taxa in ICP and control groups. Conclusions Our research indicated that although there was no significant clustering by PCoA analysis, patients with ICP have increased rare bacteria at different phylogenetic levels. Our results also illustrated that all 638 KEGG Orthologs and 136 in 138 KEGG pathways were less abundant in ICP patients compared to the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehai Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongzhen Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Build 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Build 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Build 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfei Ye
- BGI-Shenzhen, Build 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xiao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Build 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Build 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian He
- BGI-Chongqing Clinical Laboratory, BGI-Shenzhen, Chongqing, 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Build 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China. .,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. .,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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A Universal Gut-Microbiome-Derived Signature Predicts Cirrhosis. Cell Metab 2020; 32:878-888.e6. [PMID: 32610095 PMCID: PMC7822714 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the gut microbiome has been implicated in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. To determine the diagnostic capacity of this association, we compared stool microbiomes across 163 well-characterized participants encompassing non-NAFLD controls, NAFLD-cirrhosis patients, and their first-degree relatives. Interrogation of shotgun metagenomic and untargeted metabolomic profiles by using the random forest machine learning algorithm and differential abundance analysis identified discrete metagenomic and metabolomic signatures that were similarly effective in detecting cirrhosis (diagnostic accuracy 0.91, area under curve [AUC]). Combining the metagenomic signature with age and serum albumin levels accurately distinguished cirrhosis in etiologically and genetically distinct cohorts from geographically separated regions. Additional inclusion of serum aspartate aminotransferase levels, which are increased in cirrhosis patients, enabled discrimination of cirrhosis from earlier stages of fibrosis. These findings demonstrate that a core set of gut microbiome species might offer universal utility as a non-invasive diagnostic test for cirrhosis.
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Porphyromonas spp. have an extensive host range in ill and healthy individuals and an unexpected environmental distribution: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaerobe 2020; 66:102280. [PMID: 33011277 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the anaerobic bacteria Porphyromonas, mainly focused on P. gingivalis, have revealed new bacterial structures, metabolic pathways, and physiologic functionalities. Porphyromonas are mainly described as being associated with mammals and involved in chronic oral infections and secondary pathologies such as cancers or neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we collected and analyzed information regarding Porphyromonas isolation sites and associated conditions and showed that Porphyromonas are detected in numerous pristine and anthropic environments and that their host range appears wider than previously believed, including aquatic animals, arthropods, and birds, even if their predominant hosts remain humans, pets, and farm animals. Our analyses also revealed their presence in multiple organs and in a substantial proportion of healthy contexts. Overall, the growing numbers of microbiota studies have allowed unprecedented advances in the understanding of Porphyromonas ecology but raise questions regarding their phylogenic assignment. In conclusion, this systematic and meta-analysis provides an overview of current knowledge regarding Porphyromonas ecological distribution and encourages additional research to fill the knowledge gaps to better understand their environmental distribution and inter- and intra-species transmission.
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High abundance of genus Prevotella is associated with dysregulation of IFN-I and T cell response in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2020; 34:1467-1473. [PMID: 32675560 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-1-associated dysbiosis is most commonly characterized by overall decreased diversity, with abundance of the genus Prevotella, recently related to inflammatory responses. DESIGN A pilot study including 10 antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-1-infected men and 50 uninfected controls was performed to identify the main gut dysbiosis determinants (e.g. Prevotella enrichment), that may affect mucosal antiviral defenses and T cell immunity in HIV-1-infected individuals. METHODS 16rRNA gene sequencing was applied to the HIV-1-infected individuals' fecal microbiota and compared with controls. Measurements of CD4 and CD8 T cell activation [CD38, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, CD38 HLA-DR] and frequencies of Th17, obtained from lamina propria lymphocytes isolated from five different intestinal sites, were performed by flow cytometry. IFNβ, IFNAR1 and MxA gene expression level was evaluated by real-time PCR in lamina propria lymphocytes. Nonparametric t tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS HIV-1-infected men had a significant fecal microbial communities' imbalance, including different levels of genera Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, Alistipes and Bacteroides, compared with controls. Notably, Prevotella abundance positively correlated with frequencies of CD4 T cells expressing CD38 or HLA-DR and coexpressing CD38 and HLA-DR (P < 0.05 for all these measures). The same trend was observed for the activated CD8 T cells. Moreover, Prevotella levels were inversely correlated with IFN-I genes (P < 0.05 for IFNβ, IFNAR1 and MxA genes) and the frequencies of Th17 cells (P < 0.05). By contrast, no statistically significant correlations were observed for the remaining bacterial genera. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that Prevotella enrichment might affect gut mucosal IFN-I pathways and T cell response in HIV-1-infected patients, thus contributing to immune dysfunction.
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Himoto T, Masaki T. Current Trends of Essential Trace Elements in Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072084. [PMID: 32674425 PMCID: PMC7400835 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential trace elements play crucial roles in the maintenance of health, since they are involved in many metabolic pathways. A deficiency or an excess of some trace elements, including zinc, selenium, iron, and copper, frequently causes these metabolic disorders such as impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia. The liver largely regulates most of the metabolism of trace elements, and accordingly, an impairment of liver functions can result in numerous metabolic disorders. The administration or depletion of these trace elements can improve such metabolic disorders and liver dysfunction. Recent advances in molecular biological techniques have helped to elucidate the putative mechanisms by which liver disorders evoke metabolic abnormalities that are due to deficiencies or excesses of these trace elements. A genome-wide association study revealed that a genetic polymorphism affected the metabolism of a specific trace element. Gut dysbiosis was also responsible for impairment of the metabolism of a trace element. This review focuses on the current trends of four trace elements in chronic liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and autoimmune liver diseases. The novel mechanisms by which the trace elements participated in the pathogenesis of the chronic liver diseases are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Himoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 281-1, Hara, Mure-Cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-87-870-1240; Fax: +81-87-870-1202
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan;
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Parker BJ, Wearsch PA, Veloo ACM, Rodriguez-Palacios A. The Genus Alistipes: Gut Bacteria With Emerging Implications to Inflammation, Cancer, and Mental Health. Front Immunol 2020; 11:906. [PMID: 32582143 PMCID: PMC7296073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 772] [Impact Index Per Article: 193.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alistipes is a relatively new genus of bacteria isolated primarily from medical clinical samples, although at a low rate compared to other genus members of the Bacteroidetes phylum, which are highly relevant in dysbiosis and disease. According to the taxonomy database at The National Center for Biotechnology Information, the genus consists of 13 species: Alistipes finegoldii, Alistipes putredinis, Alistipes onderdonkii, Alistipes shahii, Alistipes indistinctus, Alistipes senegalensis, Alistipes timonensis, Alistipes obesi, Alistipes ihumii, Alistipes inops, Alistipes megaguti, Alistipes provencensis, and Alistipes massiliensis. Alistipes communis and A. dispar, and the subspecies A. Onderdonkii subspecies vulgaris (vs. onderdonkii subsp.) are the newest strains featured outside that list. Although typically isolated from the human gut microbiome various species of this genus have been isolated from patients suffering from appendicitis, and abdominal and rectal abscess. It is possible that as Alistipes spp. emerge, their identification in clinical samples may be underrepresented as novel MS-TOF methods may not be fully capable to discriminate distinct species as separate since it will require the upgrading of MS-TOF identification databases. In terms of pathogenicity, there is contrasting evidence indicating that Alistipes may have protective effects against some diseases, including liver fibrosis, colitis, cancer immunotherapy, and cardiovascular disease. In contrast, other studies indicate Alistipes is pathogenic in colorectal cancer and is associated with mental signs of depression. Gut dysbiosis seems to play a role in determining the compositional abundance of Alistipes in the feces (e.g., in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver fibrosis). Since Alistipes is a relatively recent sub-branch genus of the Bacteroidetes phylum, and since Bacteroidetes are commonly associated with chronic intestinal inflammation, this narrative review illustrates emerging immunological and mechanistic implications by which Alistipes spp. correlate with human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca J Parker
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Pamela A Wearsch
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alida C M Veloo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Germ-Free and Gut Microbiome, Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Gut microbiota and human NAFLD: disentangling microbial signatures from metabolic disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:279-297. [PMID: 32152478 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been repeatedly observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, two metabolic diseases strongly intertwined with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Animal studies have demonstrated a potential causal role of gut microbiota in NAFLD. Human studies have started to describe microbiota alterations in NAFLD and have found a few consistent microbiome signatures discriminating healthy individuals from those with NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or cirrhosis. However, patients with NAFLD often present with obesity and/or insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and these metabolic confounding factors for dysbiosis have not always been considered. Patients with different NAFLD severity stages often present with heterogeneous lesions and variable demographic characteristics (including age, sex and ethnicity), which are known to affect the gut microbiome and have been overlooked in most studies. Finally, multiple gut microbiome sequencing tools and NAFLD diagnostic methods have been used across studies that could account for discrepant microbiome signatures. This Review provides a broad insight into microbiome signatures for human NAFLD and explores issues with disentangling these signatures from underlying metabolic disorders. More advanced metagenomics and multi-omics studies using system biology approaches are needed to improve microbiome biomarkers.
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Bajaj JS, Khoruts A. Microbiota changes and intestinal microbiota transplantation in liver diseases and cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2020; 72:1003-1027. [PMID: 32004593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis demonstrate a global mucosal immune impairment, which is associated with altered gut microbiota composition and functionality. These changes progress along with the advancing degree of cirrhosis and can be linked with hepatic encephalopathy, infections and even prognostication independent of clinical biomarkers. Along with compositional changes, functional alterations to the microbiota, related to short-chain fatty acids, bioenergetics and bile acid metabolism, are also associated with cirrhosis progression and outcomes. Altering the functional and structural profile of the microbiota is partly achieved by medications used in patients with cirrhosis such as rifaximin, lactulose, proton pump inhibitors and other antibiotics. However, the role of faecal or intestinal microbiota transplantation is increasingly being recognised. Herein, we review the challenges, opportunities and road ahead for the appropriate and safe use of intestinal microbiota transplantation in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| | - Alexander Khoruts
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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