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Brüggemann Y, Klöhn M, Wedemeyer H, Steinmann E. Hepatitis E virus: from innate sensing to adaptive immune responses. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:10.1038/s41575-024-00950-z. [PMID: 39039260 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are a major cause of acute viral hepatitis in humans worldwide. In immunocompetent individuals, the majority of HEV infections remain asymptomatic and lead to spontaneous clearance of the virus, and only a minority of individuals with infection (5-16%) experience symptoms of acute viral hepatitis. However, HEV infections can cause up to 30% mortality in pregnant women, become chronic in immunocompromised patients and cause extrahepatic manifestations. A growing body of evidence suggests that the host immune response to infection with different HEV genotypes is a critical determinant of distinct HEV infection outcomes. In this Review, we summarize key components of the innate and adaptive immune responses to HEV, including the underlying immunological mechanisms of HEV associated with acute and chronic liver failure and interactions between T cell and B cell responses. In addition, we discuss the current status of vaccines against HEV and raise outstanding questions regarding the immune responses induced by HEV and treatment of the disease, highlighting areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Brüggemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mara Klöhn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Bochum, Germany.
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Jiao F, Zhao Y, Zhou G, Meng C, Wang L, Wu S, Li J, Cao L, Zhou B, Luo Y, Jiao H. Multiple Functions of Hepatitis E Virus ORF3. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1405. [PMID: 39065173 PMCID: PMC11278674 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E (Hepatitis E, HE) is an acute and chronic infectious hepatitis caused by hepatitis E virus (Hepatitis E Virus, HEV) infection, which is responsible for most acute hepatitis in the world and is a significant public health problem. The pathogen, HEV, has three Open Reading Frames (ORFs) ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3, each of which has a different function. Most of the current research is focused on ORF1 and ORF2, while the research on ORF3 is still relatively small. To provide more ideas for the study of HEV pathogenesis and the prevention and treatment of HE, this paper reviews the effects of ORF3 on the ERK pathway, growth factors, immune response, and virus release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Jiao
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (F.J.); (G.Z.); (C.M.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Yu Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Crop Genitic Resources and Germplasm Innovation in Karst Region, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang 550005, China;
| | - Gengxu Zhou
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (F.J.); (G.Z.); (C.M.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Chi Meng
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (F.J.); (G.Z.); (C.M.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Lingjie Wang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (F.J.); (G.Z.); (C.M.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Shengping Wu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (F.J.); (G.Z.); (C.M.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Jixiang Li
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (F.J.); (G.Z.); (C.M.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Liting Cao
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (F.J.); (G.Z.); (C.M.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Bo Zhou
- Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yujinxiang Street 573, Changchun 130102, China;
| | - Yichen Luo
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (F.J.); (G.Z.); (C.M.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Hanwei Jiao
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (F.J.); (G.Z.); (C.M.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
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Orosz L, Sárvári KP, Dernovics Á, Rosztóczy A, Megyeri K. Pathogenesis and clinical features of severe hepatitis E virus infection. World J Virol 2024; 13:91580. [PMID: 38984076 PMCID: PMC11229844 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v13.i2.91580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV), a member of the Hepeviridae family, is a small, non-enveloped icosahedral virus divided into eight distinct genotypes (HEV-1 to HEV-8). Only genotypes 1 to 4 are known to cause diseases in humans. Genotypes 1 and 2 commonly spread via fecal-oral transmission, often through the consumption of contaminated water. Genotypes 3 and 4 are known to infect pigs, deer, and wild boars, often transferring to humans through inadequately cooked meat. Acute hepatitis caused by HEV in healthy individuals is mostly asymptomatic or associated with minor symptoms, such as jaundice. However, in immunosuppressed individuals, the disease can progress to chronic hepatitis and even escalate to cirrhosis. For pregnant women, an HEV infection can cause fulminant liver failure, with a potential mortality rate of 25%. Mortality rates also rise amongst cirrhotic patients when they contract an acute HEV infection, which can even trigger acute-on-chronic liver failure if layered onto pre-existing chronic liver disease. As the prevalence of HEV infection continues to rise worldwide, highlighting the particular risks associated with severe HEV infection is of major medical interest. This text offers a brief summary of the characteristics of hepatitis developed by patient groups at an elevated risk of severe HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Orosz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Csongrád-Csanád, Hungary
| | - Károly Péter Sárvári
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Csongrád-Csanád, Hungary
| | - Áron Dernovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Csongrád-Csanád, Hungary
| | - András Rosztóczy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6725, Csongrád-Csanád, Hungary
| | - Klára Megyeri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Csongrád-Csanád, Hungary
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Li X, Sun X, Pinpin J, Zhao Q, Sun Y. Multifunctional ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29691. [PMID: 38783788 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route and can cause acute hepatitis in humans. Since HEV was identified as a zoonotic pathogen, different species of HEV strains have been globally identified from various hosts, leading to an expanding range of hosts. The HEV genome consists of a 5' noncoding region, three open reading frames (ORFs), and a 3' noncoding region. The ORF3 protein is the smallest but has many functions in HEV release and pathogenesis. In this review, we systematically summarize recent progress in understanding the functions of the HEV ORF3 protein in virion release, biogenesis of quasi-enveloped viruses, antigenicity, and host environmental regulation. This review will help us to understand HEV replication and pathogenesis mechanisms better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuwen Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ji Pinpin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Lu Q, Wu H, Meng J, Wang J, Wu J, Liu S, Tong J, Nie J, Huang W. Multi-epitope vaccine design for hepatitis E virus based on protein ORF2 and ORF3. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1372069. [PMID: 38577684 PMCID: PMC10991829 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1372069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis E virus (HEV), with heightened virulence in immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women, is a pervasive threat in developing countries. A globaly available vaccine against HEV is currently lacking. Methods We designed a multi-epitope vaccine based on protein ORF2 and ORF3 of HEV using immunoinformatics. Results The vaccine comprised 23 nontoxic, nonallergenic, soluble peptides. The stability of the docked peptide vaccine-TLR3 complex was validated by molecular dynamic simulations. The induction of effective cellular and humoral immune responses by the multi-peptide vaccine was verified by simulated immunization. Discussion These findings provide a foundation for future HEV vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Lu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Jiajing Wu
- Research and Development Department, Beijing Yunling Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jincheng Tong
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
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Shafat Z, Islam A, Parveen S. Amino acid pattern reveals multi-functionality of ORF3 protein from HEV. Bioinformation 2024; 20:121-135. [PMID: 38497081 PMCID: PMC10941781 DOI: 10.6026/973206300200121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The smallest open reading frame (ORF) encoded protein ORF3 of hepatitis E virus (HEV), recently, has been demonstrated to perform multiple functions besides accessory roles. ORF3 could act as a target for vaccine against HEV infections. The IDR (intrinsically disordered region); IDP (ID protein)/IDPR (ID protein region), plays critical role in various regulatory functions of viruses. The dark proteome of HEV-ORF3 protein including its structure and function was systematically examined by computer predictors to explicate its role in viral pathogenesis and drug resistance beyond its functions as accessory viral protein. Amino acid distribution showed ORF3 enrichment with disorder-promoting residues (Ala, Pro, Ser, Gly) while deficiency in order-promoting residues (Asn, Ile, Phe, Tyr and Trp). Initial investigation revealed ORF3 as IDP (entirely disordered protein) or IDPR (proteins consisting of IDRs with structured globular domains). Structural examination revealed preponderance of disordered regions interpreting ORF3 as moderately/highly disordered protein. Further disorder predictors categorized ORF3 as highly disordered protein/IDP. Identified sites and associated-crucial molecular functions revealed ORF3 involvement in diverse biological processes, substantiating them as targets of regulation. As ORF3 functions are yet to completely explored, thus, data on its disorderness could help in elucidating its disorder related functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Shafat
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Shama Parveen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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León-Janampa N, Caballero-Posadas I, Barc C, Darrouzain F, Moreau A, Guinoiseau T, Gatault P, Fleurot I, Riou M, Pinard A, Pezant J, Rossignol C, Gaudy-Graffin C, Brand D, Marlet J. A pig model of chronic hepatitis E displaying persistent viremia and a downregulation of innate immune responses in the liver. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0274. [PMID: 37938097 PMCID: PMC10635601 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic virus transmitted by pig meat and responsible for chronic hepatitis E in immunocompromised patients. It has proved challenging to reproduce this disease in its natural reservoir. We therefore aimed to develop a pig model of chronic hepatitis E to improve the characterization of this disease. METHODS Ten pigs were treated with a tacrolimus-based regimen and intravenously inoculated with HEV. Tacrolimus trough concentration, HEV viremia, viral diversity, innate immune responses, liver histology, clinical disease and biochemical markers were monitored for 11 weeks post-infection (p.i.). RESULTS HEV viremia persisted for 11 weeks p.i. HEV RNA was detected in the liver, small intestine, and colon at necropsy. Histological analysis revealed liver inflammation and fibrosis. Several mutations selected in the HEV genome were associated with compartmentalization in the feces and intestinal tissues, consistent with the hypothesis of extrahepatic replication in the digestive tract. Antiviral responses were characterized by a downregulation of IFN pathways in the liver, despite an upregulation of RIG-I and ISGs in the blood and liver. CONCLUSIONS We developed a pig model of chronic hepatitis E that reproduced the major hallmarks of this disease. This model revealed a compartmentalization of HEV genomes in the digestive tract and a downregulation of innate immune responses in the liver. These original features highlight the relevance of our model for studies of the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis E and for validating future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy León-Janampa
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Tours University and Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | | | - Céline Barc
- UE-1277 Platform for Experimentation on Infectious Diseases, INRAe, Nouzilly, France
| | - François Darrouzain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Alain Moreau
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Tours University and Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Thibault Guinoiseau
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gatault
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
- EA4245, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Mickaël Riou
- UE-1277 Platform for Experimentation on Infectious Diseases, INRAe, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Pinard
- UE-1277 Platform for Experimentation on Infectious Diseases, INRAe, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jérémy Pezant
- UE-1277 Platform for Experimentation on Infectious Diseases, INRAe, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Catherine Gaudy-Graffin
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Tours University and Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Denys Brand
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Tours University and Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Julien Marlet
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Tours University and Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
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Srivastava M, Bhukya PL, Barman MK, Bhise N, Lole KS. Modulation of cellular autophagy by genotype 1 hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 36809248 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) egresses from infected hepatocytes as quasienveloped particles containing open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein. HEV ORF3 (small phosphoprotein) interacts with host proteins to establish a favourable environment for virus replication. It is a functional viroporin that plays an important role during virus release. Our study provides evidence that pORF3 plays a pivotal role in inducing Beclin1-mediated autophagy that helps HEV-1 replication as well as its exit from cells. The ORF3 interacts with host proteins involved in regulation of transcriptional activity, immune response, cellular and molecular processes, and modulation of autophagy, by interacting with proteins, DAPK1, ATG2B, ATG16L2 and also several histone deacetylases (HDACs). For autophagy induction, the ORF3 utilizes non-canonical NF-κB2 pathway and sequesters p52NF-κB and HDAC2 to upregulate DAPK1 expression, leading to enhanced Beclin1 phosphorylation. By sequestering several HDACs, HEV may prevent histone deacetylation to maintain overall cellular transcription intact to promote cell survival. Our findings highlight a novel crosstalk between cell survival pathways participating in ORF3-mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prudhvi Lal Bhukya
- Division of Hepatitis, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Neha Bhise
- Division of Hepatitis, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kavita S Lole
- Division of Hepatitis, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Gordeychuk I, Kyuregyan K, Kondrashova A, Bayurova E, Gulyaev S, Gulyaeva T, Potemkin I, Karlsen A, Isaeva O, Belyakova A, Lyashenko A, Sorokin A, Chumakov A, Morozov I, Isaguliants M, Ishmukhametov A, Mikhailov M. Immunization with recombinant ORF2 p551 protein protects common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) against homologous and heterologous hepatitis E virus challenge. Vaccine 2022; 40:89-99. [PMID: 34836660 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major causative agent of acute hepatitis worldwide, prompting continuous HEV vaccine efforts. Vaccine development is hampered by the lack of convenient animal models susceptible to infection with different HEV genotypes. We produced recombinant open reading frame 2 protein (pORF2; p551) of HEV genotype (GT) 3 and assessed its immunogenicity and protectivity against HEV challenge in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, CM). METHODS p551 with consensus sequence corresponding to amino acid residues 110-660 of HEV GT3 pORF2 was expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. CMs were immunized intramuscularly with 20 μg of p551 VLPs with alum adjuvant (n = 4) or adjuvant alone (n = 2) at weeks 0, 3, 7 and 19. At week 27, p551-immunized and control animals were challenged with HEV GT1 or GT3 and thereafter longitudinally screened for markers of liver function, anti-HEV IgG and HEV RNA in feces and sera. RESULTS Purified p551 formed VLPs with particle size of 27.71 ± 2.42 nm. Two immunizations with p551 induced anti-HEV IgG mean titer of 1:1810. Immunized CMs challenged with homologous and heterologous HEV genotype did not develop HEV infection during the follow-up. Control CMs infected with both HEV GT1 and GT3 demonstrated signs of HEV infection with virus shedding and elevation of the levels of liver enzymes. High levels of anti-HEV IgG persisted in vaccinated CMs and control CMs that resolved HEV infection, for up to two years post challenge. CONCLUSIONS CMs are shown to be a convenient laboratory animal model susceptible to infection with HEV GT1 and GT3. Immunization with HEV GT3 ORF2/p551 triggers potent anti-HEV antibody response protecting CMs from homologous and heterologous HEV challenge. This advances p551 in VLPs as a prototype vaccine against HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia.
| | - Karen Kyuregyan
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow 125993, Russia.
| | - Alla Kondrashova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Stanislav Gulyaev
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Gulyaeva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Ilya Potemkin
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow 125993, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Karlsen
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow 125993, Russia; N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Olga Isaeva
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow 125993, Russia.
| | - Alla Belyakova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Anna Lyashenko
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Alexey Sorokin
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia
| | - Alexey Chumakov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia
| | - Igor Morozov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Maria Isaguliants
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Aydar Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia.
| | - Mikhail Mikhailov
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow 125993, Russia.
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Rivero-Juárez A, Dashti A, Santín M, Köster PC, López-López P, Risalde MA, García-Bocanegra I, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Caballero-Gómez J, Frías M, Bailo B, Ortega S, Muadica AS, Calero-Bernal R, González-Barrio D, Rivero A, Briz V, Carmena D. Diarrhoea-causing enteric protist species in intensively and extensively raised pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) in Southern Spain. Part II: Association with Hepatitis E virus susceptibility. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e1172-e1178. [PMID: 34850588 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic parasites can infect a wide range of mammals, including humans, supposing an important zoonotic risk. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging foodborne pathogen of increasing public health relevance, affecting both humans and animal populations. Because both microorganisms share faecal-oral transmission route they may constitute an excellent model to evaluate the interplay between them. Thus, we aim to evaluate the viral-parasite interactions at the enteric interface in swine. We included pigs of two different breeds farming in South Spain under different production systems. We compared the HEV prevalence by the presence of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Balantioides coli, Blastocystis sp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in faecal samples. The HEV prevalence was 13.1 (62 out 475, 95% CI: 10.2-16.4). Those pigs infected with Cryptosporidium spp. showed a higher prevalence of HEV (30.8 vs. 12%; p = .012). In the same way, animals bearing E. bieneusi seem to have a higher rate of HEV infection (24.2 vs. 12.2%; p = .06). According to their location in the gut, animals bearing intracellular enteroparasites showed a higher HEV prevalence than those uninfected (29.6 vs. 12.7%; p = .038), meanwhile those carrying extracellular enteroparasites had a lower likelihood to be infected by HEV than those uninfected (12.1 vs. 23.1%; p = .071). Those animals bearing both types of enteroparasites showed a similar prevalence of HEV infection than those exhibiting negative for both (20.8 vs. 26.1%; p = .763). Our study provides evidence that intracellular and extracellular enteroparasites modulate the susceptibility to HEV infection in pigs. Meanwhile, the presence of extracellular enteroparasites shows a protective effect on the risk of HEV acquisition in swine, whereas intracellular enteroparasites seems to have the opposite effect, favouring the HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rivero-Juárez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro López-López
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María A Risalde
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Animal Health and Zoonoses Research Group (GISAZ), Animal Pathology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Univeristy of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Animal Health and Zoonoses Research Group (GISAZ), Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Carlos Gómez-Villamandos
- Animal Health and Zoonoses Research Group (GISAZ), Animal Pathology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Univeristy of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Animal Health and Zoonoses Research Group (GISAZ), Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mario Frías
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sheila Ortega
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aly Salimo Muadica
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Licungo, Quelimane, Zambézia, Mozambique
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Viral Hepatitis Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Verónica Briz
- Viral Hepatitis Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Xu C, Chen J, Chen X. Host Innate Immunity Against Hepatitis Viruses and Viral Immune Evasion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:740464. [PMID: 34803956 PMCID: PMC8598044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.740464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses are primary causative agents of hepatitis and represent a major source of public health problems in the world. The host innate immune system forms the first line of defense against hepatitis viruses. Hepatitis viruses are sensed by specific pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that subsequently trigger the innate immune response and interferon (IFN) production. However, hepatitis viruses evade host immune surveillance via multiple strategies, which help compromise the innate immune response and create a favorable environment for viral replication. Therefore, this article reviews published findings regarding host innate immune sensing and response against hepatitis viruses. Furthermore, we also focus on how hepatitis viruses abrogate the antiviral effects of the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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12
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The Viral ORF3 Protein Is Required for Hepatitis E Virus Apical Release and Efficient Growth in Polarized Hepatocytes and Humanized Mice. J Virol 2021; 95:e0058521. [PMID: 34523963 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00585-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an enterically transmitted RNA virus, is a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. Additionally, HEV genotype 3 (gt3) can frequently persist in immunocompromised individuals with an increased risk for developing severe liver disease. Currently, no HEV-specific treatment is available. The viral open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein facilitates HEV egress in vitro and is essential for establishing productive infection in macaques. Thus, ORF3, which is unique to HEV, has the potential to be explored as a target for antiviral therapy. However, significant gaps exist in our understanding of the critical functions of ORF3 in HEV infection in vivo. Here, we utilized a polarized hepatocyte culture model and a human liver chimeric mouse model to dissect the roles of ORF3 in gt3 HEV release and persistent infection. We show that ORF3's absence substantially decreased HEV replication and virion release from the apical surface but not the basolateral surface of polarized hepatocytes. While wild-type HEV established a persistent infection in humanized mice, mutant HEV lacking ORF3 (ORF3null) failed to sustain the infection despite transient replication in the liver and was ultimately cleared. Strikingly, mice inoculated with the ORF3null virus displayed no fecal shedding throughout the 6-week experiment. Overall, our results demonstrate that ORF3 is required for HEV fecal shedding and persistent infection, providing a rationale for targeting ORF3 as a treatment strategy for HEV infection. IMPORTANCE HEV infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. HEV gt3 additionally can cause persistent infection, which can rapidly progress to liver cirrhosis. Currently, no HEV-specific treatments are available. The poorly understood HEV life cycle hampers the development of antivirals for HEV. Here, we investigated the role of the viral ORF3 protein in HEV infection in polarized hepatocyte cultures and human liver chimeric mice. We found that two major aspects of the HEV life cycle require ORF3: fecal virus shedding and persistent infection. These results provide a rationale for targeting ORF3 to treat HEV infection.
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13
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Yadav KK, Kenney SP. Hepatitis E Virus Immunopathogenesis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091180. [PMID: 34578211 PMCID: PMC8465319 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus is an important emerging pathogen producing a lethal impact on the pregnant population and immunocompromised patients. Starting in 1983, it has been described as the cause for acute hepatitis transmitted via the fecal–oral route. However, zoonotic and blood transfusion transmission of HEV have been reported in the past few decades, leading to the detailed research of HEV pathogenesis. The reason behind HEV being highly virulent to the pregnant population particularly during the third trimester, leading to maternal and fetal death, remains unknown. Various host factors (immunological, nutritional, hormonal) and viral factors have been studied to define the key determinants assisting HEV to be virulent in pregnant and immunocompromised patients. Similarly, chronic hepatitis is seen particularly in solid organ transplant patients, resulting in fatal conditions. This review describes recent advances in the immunopathophysiology of HEV infections in general, pregnant, and immunocompromised populations, and further elucidates the in vitro and in vivo models utilized to understand HEV pathogenesis.
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14
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Interplay between Hepatitis E Virus and Host Cell Pattern Recognition Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179259. [PMID: 34502167 PMCID: PMC8431321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) usually causes self-limiting acute hepatitis, but the disease can become chronic in immunocompromised individuals. HEV infection in pregnant women is reported to cause up to 30% mortality, especially in the third trimester. Additionally, extrahepatic manifestations like neuronal and renal diseases and pancreatitis are also reported during the course of HEV infection. The mechanism of HEV pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Innate immunity is the first line of defense triggered within minutes to hours after the first pathogenic insult. Growing evidence based on reverse genetics systems, in vitro cell culture models, and representative studies in animal models including non-human primates, has implicated the role of the host’s innate immune response during HEV infection. HEV persists in presence of interferons (IFNs) plausibly by evading cellular antiviral defense. This review summarizes our current understanding of recognizing HEV-associated molecular patterns by host cell Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) in eliciting innate immune response during HEV infection as well as mechanisms of virus-mediated immune evasion.
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15
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Glitscher M, Hildt E. Hepatitis E virus egress and beyond - the manifold roles of the viral ORF3 protein. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13379. [PMID: 34272798 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the hepatitis E virus represents an uprising threat to the global community by representing the commonest cause of an acute viral hepatitis worldwide, its life cycle is grossly understudied. Albeit HEV is a non-enveloped virus, its progeny is released as quasi-enveloped virions. Thus, the responsible accessory protein pORF3 gained rising attention in the past years. It mediates viral release via the exosomal route by targeting the viral capsid to the endosomal system, more precisely to multivesicular bodies. As this is followed by quasi-envelopment, pORF3 may in terms represent a substitute to a conventional envelope protein. This feature proofs to be rather unique with respect to other enteric viruses, although the protein's role in the viral life cycle seems to reach far beyond simply maintaining release of progeny viruses. How pORF3 affects viral morphogenesis, how it mediates efficient viral release and how it supports viral spread is summarised in this microreview. With this, we aim to shed light on functions of pORF3 to gain further insights in still enigmatic aspects of the HEV life cycle. TAKE AWAYS: HEV is released as exosome via multivesicular bodies Viral pORF3 mediates release via endosomal complexes required for transport pORF3 modulates various cellular processes in infected cells Elucidation of pORF3-related processes imply novel clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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16
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Yang YL, Nan YC. Open reading frame 3 protein of hepatitis E virus: Multi-function protein with endless potential. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2458-2473. [PMID: 34092969 PMCID: PMC8160619 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i20.2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a fecal-orally transmitted foodborne viral pathogen, causes acute hepatitis in humans and is responsible for hepatitis E outbreaks worldwide. Since the identification of HEV as a zoonotic agent, this virus has been isolated from a variety of hosts with an ever-expanding host range. HEV-open reading frame (ORF) 3, the smallest ORF in HEV genomes, initially had been perceived as an unremarkable HEV accessory protein. However, as novel HEV-ORF3 function has been discovered that is related to the existence of a putative third virion structural form, referred to as “quasi-enveloped” HEV particles, HEV is challenging the conventional virion structure-based classification scheme, which assigns all viruses to two groups, “enveloped” or “non-enveloped”. In this review, we systematically describe recent progress that has identified multiple pathogenic roles of HEV-ORF3, including roles in HEV virion release, biogenesis of quasi-enveloped virus, regulation of the host innate immune response, and interference with host signaling pathways. In addition, implications of HEV-ORF3-associated quasi-enveloped virions are discussed to guide future development of improved vaccines against zoonotic HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lin Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou People's Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of General Practice, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Chen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
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17
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Jiao H, Shuai X, Luo Y, Zhou Z, Zhao Y, Li B, Gu G, Li W, Li M, Zeng H, Guo X, Xiao Y, Song Z, Gan L, Huang Q. Deep Insight Into Long Non-coding RNA and mRNA Transcriptome Profiling in HepG2 Cells Expressing Genotype IV Swine Hepatitis E Virus ORF3. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:625609. [PMID: 33996960 PMCID: PMC8116512 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.625609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine hepatitis E (swine HE) is a new type of zoonotic infectious disease caused by the swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV). Open reading frame 3 (ORF3) is an important virulent protein of swine HEV, but its function still is mainly unclear. In this study, we generated adenoviruses ADV4-ORF3 and ADV4 negative control (ADV4-NC), which successfully mediated overexpression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-ORF3 and EGFP, respectively, in HepG2 cells. High-throughput sequencing was used to screen for differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The cis-target genes of lncRNAs were predicted, functional enrichment (Gene Ontology [GO] and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes [KEGG]) was performed, and 12 lncRNAs with statistically significant different expressions (p ≤ 0.05 and q ≤ 1) were selected for further quantitative real-time reverse transcription (qRT-PCR) validation. In HepG2 cells, we identified 62 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (6,564 transcripts) and 319 lncRNAs (124 known lncRNAs and 195 novel lncRNAs) that were affected by ORF3, which were involved in systemic lupus erythematosus, Staphylococcus aureus infection, signaling pathways pluripotency regulation of stem cells, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, and platinum drug resistance pathways. Cis-target gene prediction identified 45 lncRNAs corresponding to candidate mRNAs, among which eight were validated by qRT-PCR: LINC02476 (two transcripts), RAP2C-AS1, AC016526, AL139099, and ZNF337-AS1 (3 transcripts). Our results revealed that the lncRNA profile in host cells affected by ORF3, swine HEV ORF3, might affect the pentose and glucuronate interconversions and mediate the formation of obstructive jaundice by influencing bile secretion, which will help to determine the function of ORF3 and the infection mechanism and treatment of swine HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwei Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Veterinary Scientific Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuehong Shuai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Veterinary Scientific Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yichen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Veterinary Scientific Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Bowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guojing Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenhui Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Veterinary Scientific Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Veterinary Scientific Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingzhou Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Veterinary Scientific Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Identification of the interferon-inducible GTPase GBP1 as major restriction factor for the Hepatitis E virus. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01564-20. [PMID: 33472929 PMCID: PMC8092694 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01564-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to gain deeper insight into HEV-induced innate immunity by characterizing the crosstalk between the virus and the host factor guanylate-binding protein 1 (GBP1). We observe that the amount of GBP1 is elevated upon infection, although number of transcripts is decreased, which is explained by a prolonged protein half-life. Modulation of GBP1 levels via overexpression significantly inhibits the viral life cycle. Use of various GBP-1 mutants revealed that the antiviral effect of GBP-1 on HEV is independent from the GTPase-activity, but depends on the capacity of GBP-1 to form GBP1 homodimers. This connects GBP-1 to the autophagosomal pathway. Indeed, dimerization competent GBP1 targets the viral capsid protein to the lysosomal compartment leading to inactivation of the viral particle. Most importantly, silencing of GBP1 abolishes the antiviral effect of IFNγ on HEV. In IFNγ treated cells the virus is targeted to lysosomal structures and destroyed therein. This process depends in part on GBP1. These observations about the relevance of GBP1 for type II interferon-mediated innate immunity against HEV could be a base for tailoring novel antivirals and improvement of disease management.IMPORTANCE Although HEV represents a worldwide public health problem with 20 million infections and 44.000 death cases per year, there are still no specific antivirals available and many aspects of the viral life cycle are not well understood. Here we identify the guanylate binding protein 1 (GBP1) as a restriction factor affecting life cycle of HEV. Surprisingly, the antiviral effect of GBP1 does not depend on its GTPase function, but on its capacity to homodimerize. We revealed that GBP1 exerts its antiviral activity by targeting HEV to the lysosomal compartment where the virus is inactivated. Most importantly, we observed that the antiviral effect of interferon-γ on HEV strongly depends on GBP1. Our observation that GBP1 impairs HEV and is crucial for the antiviral effect of interferons on HEV extends understanding of host defense-mechanisms. As the interferon-system represents a universal defense-mechanism, our study could help to design novel antivirals targeting.
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19
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Yu B, Mamedov R, Fuhler GM, Peppelenbosch MP. Drug Discovery in Liver Disease Using Kinome Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2623. [PMID: 33807722 PMCID: PMC7961955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is one of the most important organs, playing critical roles in maintaining biochemical homeostasis. Accordingly, disease of the liver is often debilitating and responsible for untold human misery. As biochemical nexus, with kinases being master regulators of cellular biochemistry, targeting kinase enzymes is an obvious avenue for treating liver disease. Development of such therapy, however, is hampered by the technical difficulty of obtaining comprehensive insight into hepatic kinase activity, a problem further compounded by the often unique aspects of hepatic kinase activities, which makes extrapolations from other systems difficult. This consideration prompted us to review the current state of the art with respect to kinome profiling approaches towards the hepatic kinome. We observe that currently four different approaches are available, all showing significant promise. Hence we postulate that insight into the hepatic kinome will quickly increase, leading to rational kinase-targeted therapy for different liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maikel P. Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC—University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.Y.); (R.M.); (G.M.F.)
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20
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Advances in Hepatitis E Virus Biology and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020267. [PMID: 33572257 PMCID: PMC7915517 DOI: 10.3390/v13020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the causative agents for liver inflammation across the world. HEV is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. Human HEV strains mainly belong to four major genotypes in the genus Orthohepevirus A, family Hepeviridae. Among the four genotypes, genotype 1 and 2 are obligate human pathogens, and genotype 3 and 4 cause zoonotic infections. HEV infection with genotype 1 and 2 mainly presents as acute and self-limiting hepatitis in young adults. However, HEV infection of pregnant women with genotype 1 strains can be exacerbated to fulminant hepatitis, resulting in a high rate of case fatality. As pregnant women maintain the balance of maternal-fetal tolerance and effective immunity against invading pathogens, HEV infection with genotype 1 might dysregulate the balance and cause the adverse outcome. Furthermore, HEV infection with genotype 3 can be chronic in immunocompromised patients, with rapid progression, which has been a challenge since it was reported years ago. The virus has a complex interaction with the host cells in downregulating antiviral factors and recruiting elements to generate a conducive environment of replication. The virus-cell interactions at an early stage might determine the consequence of the infection. In this review, advances in HEV virology, viral life cycle, viral interference with the immune response, and the pathogenesis in pregnant women are discussed, and perspectives on these aspects are presented.
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21
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Lhomme S, Migueres M, Abravanel F, Marion O, Kamar N, Izopet J. Hepatitis E Virus: How It Escapes Host Innate Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E422. [PMID: 32731452 PMCID: PMC7564545 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of viral hepatitis in the world. It is usually responsible for acute hepatitis, but can lead to a chronic infection in immunocompromised patients. The host's innate immune response is the first line of defense against a virus infection; there is growing evidence that HEV RNA is recognized by toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), leading to interferon (IFN) production. The IFNs activate interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) to limit HEV replication and spread. HEV has developed strategies to counteract this antiviral response, by limiting IFN induction and signaling. This review summarizes the advances in our knowledge of intracellular pathogen recognition, interferon and inflammatory response, and the role of virus protein in immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lhomme
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis E Virus, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.M.); (F.A.); (J.I.)
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (O.M.); (N.K.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Migueres
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis E Virus, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.M.); (F.A.); (J.I.)
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (O.M.); (N.K.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis E Virus, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.M.); (F.A.); (J.I.)
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (O.M.); (N.K.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Marion
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (O.M.); (N.K.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
- Department of Nephrology and Organs Transplantation, Toulouse Rangueil University Hospital, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (O.M.); (N.K.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
- Department of Nephrology and Organs Transplantation, Toulouse Rangueil University Hospital, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis E Virus, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.M.); (F.A.); (J.I.)
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (O.M.); (N.K.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
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The Interplay between Host Innate Immunity and Hepatitis E Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060541. [PMID: 31212582 PMCID: PMC6630959 DOI: 10.3390/v11060541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection represents an emerging global health issue, whereas the clinical outcomes vary dramatically among different populations. The host innate immune system provides a first-line defense against the infection, but dysregulation may partially contribute to severe pathogenesis. A growing body of evidence has indicated the active response of the host innate immunity to HEV infection both in experimental models and in patients. In turn, HEV has developed sophisticated strategies to counteract the host immune system. In this review, we aim to comprehensively decipher the processes of pathogen recognition, interferon, and inflammatory responses, and the involvement of innate immune cells in HEV infection. We further discuss their implications in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and developing antiviral therapies.
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