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Liu J, Liang Z, Sun W, Hua W, Huang S, Wen F. The H4 subtype of avian influenza virus: a review of its historical evolution, global distribution, adaptive mutations and receptor binding properties. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103913. [PMID: 38914042 PMCID: PMC11254717 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The H4 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) exhibits a wide host range and is commonly found in migratory waterfowl. Recent studies have revealed that the H4N6 AIV can infect guinea pigs via aerosol transmission without prior adaptation. Additionally, the Q226L/G228S substitutions in the receptor-binding site have led to structural changes in globular head of H4 AIV, resulting in a configuration similar to that of pandemic H2N2 and H3N2 human influenza viruses. This article provides an updated review of the historical evolution, global distribution, adaptive mutations, receptor-binding preferences, and host range of H4 AIV. The insights presented herein will help in assessing the potential risk of future H4 AIV epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoping Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Weiping Hua
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.
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Zhang L, Zhou E, Liu C, Tian X, Xue B, Zhang K, Luo B. Avian influenza and gut microbiome in poultry and humans: A "One Health" perspective. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 4:455-462. [PMID: 38933214 PMCID: PMC11197557 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A gradual increase in avian influenza outbreaks has been found in recent years. It is highly possible to trigger the next human pandemic due to the characteristics of antigenic drift and antigenic shift in avian influenza virus (AIV). Although great improvements in understanding influenza viruses and the associated diseases have been unraveled, our knowledge of how these viruses impact the gut microbiome of both poultry and humans, as well as the underlying mechanisms, is still improving. The "One Health" approach shows better vitality in monitoring and mitigating the risk of avian influenza, which requires a multi-sectoral effort and highlights the interconnection of human health with environmental sustainability and animal health. Therefore, monitoring the gut microbiome may serve as a sentinel for protecting the common health of the environment, animals, and humans. This review summarizes the interactions between AIV infection and the gut microbiome of poultry and humans and their potential mechanisms. With the presented suggestions, we hope to address the current major challenges in the surveillance and prevention of microbiome-related avian influenza with the "One Health" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Erkai Zhou
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ce Liu
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Baode Xue
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Bin Luo
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration, Shanghai 200030, China
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Pinotti F, Kohnle L, Lourenço J, Gupta S, Hoque MA, Mahmud R, Biswas P, Pfeiffer D, Fournié G. Modelling the transmission dynamics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in a live bird market. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3494. [PMID: 38693163 PMCID: PMC11063141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are a major concern for the poultry sector and human health in countries where this subtype is endemic. By fitting a model simulating H9N2 AIV transmission to data from a field experiment, we characterise the epidemiology of the virus in a live bird market in Bangladesh. Many supplied birds arrive already exposed to H9N2 AIVs, resulting in many broiler chickens entering the market as infected, and many indigenous backyard chickens entering with pre-existing immunity. Most susceptible chickens become infected within one day spent at the market, owing to high levels of viral transmission within market and short latent periods, as brief as 5.3 hours. Although H9N2 AIV transmission can be substantially reduced under moderate levels of cleaning and disinfection, effective risk mitigation also requires a range of additional interventions targeting markets and other nodes along the poultry production and distribution network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Kohnle
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - José Lourenço
- CBR (Biomedical Research Centre), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Rashed Mahmud
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh Biswas
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Dirk Pfeiffer
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, 69280, France
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint Genès Champanelle, 63122, France
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Pinotti F, Lourenço J, Gupta S, Das Gupta S, Henning J, Blake D, Tomley F, Barnett T, Pfeiffer D, Hoque MA, Fournié G. EPINEST, an agent-based model to simulate epidemic dynamics in large-scale poultry production and distribution networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011375. [PMID: 38381804 PMCID: PMC10911595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid intensification of poultry production raises important concerns about the associated risks of zoonotic infections. Here, we introduce EPINEST (EPIdemic NEtwork Simulation in poultry Transportation systems): an agent-based modelling framework designed to simulate pathogen transmission within realistic poultry production and distribution networks. We provide example applications to broiler production in Bangladesh, but the modular structure of the model allows for easy parameterization to suit specific countries and system configurations. Moreover, the framework enables the replication of a wide range of eco-epidemiological scenarios by incorporating diverse pathogen life-history traits, modes of transmission and interactions between multiple strains and/or pathogens. EPINEST was developed in the context of an interdisciplinary multi-centre study conducted in Bangladesh, India, Vietnam and Sri Lanka, and will facilitate the investigation of the spreading patterns of various health hazards such as avian influenza, Campylobacter, Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in these countries. Furthermore, this modelling framework holds potential for broader application in veterinary epidemiology and One Health research, extending its relevance beyond poultry to encompass other livestock species and disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Lourenço
- Católica Biomedical Research, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Suman Das Gupta
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Damer Blake
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Barnett
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- The Firoz Lalji Centre for Africa, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Pfeiffer
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Md. Ahasanul Hoque
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université de Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, 69280, France
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint Genès Champanelle, 63122, France
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Islam A, Rahman MZ, Hassan MM, Epstein JH, Klaassen M. Determinants for the presence of avian influenza virus in live bird markets in Bangladesh: Towards an easy fix of a looming one health issue. One Health 2023; 17:100643. [PMID: 38024264 PMCID: PMC10665153 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 endangers poultry, wildlife, and human health and is enzootic in large parts of Asia, with live bird markets (LBMs) as putative hotspots for their maintenance, amplification, and spread. To mitigate the extent of these and other avian influenza viruses (AIV) of concern, we aimed to increase our quantitative understanding of the factors determining the presence of avian influenza virus in LBM stalls. Between 2016 and 2017, we collected fecal or offal samples from 1008 stalls in 113 LBMs across the Dhaka and Rajshahi districts in Bangladesh. For each stall, samples were pooled and tested for the AIV matrix gene, followed by H5 and H9 subtyping using rRT-PCR. We detected Influenza A viral RNA in 49% of the stalls. Of the AIV positive samples, 52% and 24% were determined to be H5 and H9 viruses, respectively, which are both subtypes of considerable health concern. We used generalized linear mixed effect modelling to study AIV presence in individual stalls within LBMs as a function of 13 out of the 20 risk factors identified by FAO. We found that small and feasible improvements in cleaning and disinfection frequency, installing running water in stalls, and not mixing different breeds of chicken in the same cages had large impacts on the presence of AIV in stalls (Odds ratios 0.03-0.05). Next, cleaning vehicles used in poultry transport, not selling waterfowl with chickens in the same stall, buying stock directly from commercial farms, separating sick birds from healthy ones, and avoiding access by wild birds like house crows, also had major effects on lowering the risk of stalls having AIV (Odds ratios 0.16-0.33). These findings can be directly used in developing practical and affordable measures to reduce the prevalence of AIV in LBMs. Also, in settings with limited resources like Bangladesh, such mitigation may significantly contribute to reducing AIV circulation amongst poultry and spillover to wildlife and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | | | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Islam A, Amin E, Munro S, Hossain ME, Islam S, Hassan MM, Al Mamun A, Samad MA, Shirin T, Rahman MZ, Epstein JH. Potential risk zones and climatic factors influencing the occurrence and persistence of avian influenza viruses in the environment of live bird markets in Bangladesh. One Health 2023; 17:100644. [PMID: 38024265 PMCID: PMC10665157 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs) are critical for poultry trade in many developing countries that are regarded as hotspots for the prevalence and contamination of avian influenza viruses (AIV). Therefore, we conducted weekly longitudinal environmental surveillance in LBMs to determine annual cyclic patterns of AIV subtypes, environmental risk zones, and the role of climatic factors on the AIV presence and persistence in the environment of LBM in Bangladesh. From January 2018 to March 2020, we collected weekly fecal and offal swab samples from each LBM and tested using rRT-PCR for the M gene and subtyped for H5, H7, and H9. We used Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) approaches to account for repeated observations over time to correlate the AIV prevalence and potential risk factors and the negative binomial and Poisson model to investigate the role of climatic factors on environmental contamination of AIV at the LBM. Over the study period, 37.8% of samples tested AIV positive, 18.8% for A/H5, and A/H9 was, for 15.4%. We found the circulation of H5, H9, and co-circulation of H5 and H9 in the environmental surfaces year-round. The Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model reveals a distinct seasonal pattern in transmitting AIV and H5. Specifically, certain summer months exhibited a substantial reduction of risk up to 70-90% and 93-94% for AIV and H5 contamination, respectively. The slaughtering zone showed a significantly higher risk of contamination with H5, with a three-fold increase in risk compared to bird-holding zones. From the negative binomial model, we found that climatic factors like temperature and relative humidity were also significantly associated with weekly AIV circulation. An increase in temperature and relative humidity decreases the risk of AIV circulation. Our study underscores the significance of longitudinal environmental surveillance for identifying potential risk zones to detect H5 and H9 virus co-circulation and seasonal transmission, as well as the imperative for immediate interventions to reduce AIV at LBMs in Bangladesh. We recommend adopting a One Health approach to integrated AIV surveillance across animal, human, and environmental interfaces in order to prevent the epidemic and pandemic of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emama Amin
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR), Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Abdus Samad
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR), Bangladesh
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Smith WJ, Jezierski MT, Dunn JC, Clegg SM. Parasite exchange and hybridisation at a wild-feral-domestic interface. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:797-808. [PMID: 37474096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between wild, feral, and domestic animals are of economic and conservation significance. The pigeon Columba livia is a synanthropic species in a feral form, but it also includes the rare Rock Dove. Columba livia is an important player at the wild-domestic interface, acting as a carrier of avian diseases, and the feral form threatens Rock Doves with extinction via hybridisation. Despite its abundance, little is known about drivers of disease prevalence in C. livia, or how disease and hybridisation represent synergistic threats to Rock Doves. We focused on infection by the parasite Trichomonas, first collating prevalence estimates in domestic and free-living populations from relevant studies of C. livia. Second, we characterised variation in the diversity and prevalence of Trichomonas among three C. livia populations in the United Kingdom: a feral, a Rock Dove, and a feral-wild hybrid population. Across multiple continents, free-living pigeons had lower Trichomonas infection than captive conspecifics, but the effect was weak. Environmental factors which could impact Trichomonas infection status did not explain variation in infection among populations. Among the British populations, strain diversity varied, and there was lower parasite prevalence in Rock Doves than feral pigeons. Individual infection status was not explained by the available covariates, including hybrid score and site. The drivers of Trichomonas prevalence are unclear, perhaps due to idiosyncratic local-scale drivers. However, given the population-level variation in both infection prevalence and introgressive hybridisation, the potential combined effects could accelerate the extinction of the Rock Dove. Further study of the synergistic effects of multiple types of biotic interactions at the wild-feral-domestic interface is warranted, especially where vagile, globally distributed and superabundant animals are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Smith
- Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Michał T Jezierski
- Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jenny C Dunn
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, UK; School of Biology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Sonya M Clegg
- Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, UK
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Hassan MZ, Sturm-Ramirez K, Islam MS, Afreen S, Rahman MZ, Kafi MAH, Chowdhury S, Khan SU, Rahman M, Nasreen S, Davis CT, Levine MZ, Rahman M, Luby SP, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Iuliano AD, Uyeki TM, Gurley ES. Interpretation of molecular detection of avian influenza A virus in respiratory specimens collected from live bird market workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh: infection or contamination? Int J Infect Dis 2023; 136:22-28. [PMID: 37652093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interpreting real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) results for human avian influenza A virus (AIV) detection in contaminated settings like live bird markets (LBMs) without serology or viral culture poses a challenge. METHODS During February-March 2012 and November 2012-February 2013, we screened workers at nine LBMs in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to confirm molecular detections of AIV RNA in respiratory specimens with serology. We tested nasopharyngeal (NP) and throat swabs from workers with influenza-like illness (ILI) and NP, throat, and arm swabs from asymptomatic workers for influenza virus by rRT-PCR and sera for seroconversion and antibodies against HPAI A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) viruses. RESULTS Among 1273 ILI cases, 34 (2.6%) had A(H5), 56 (4%) had A(H9), and six (0.4%) had both A(H5) and A(H9) detected by rRT-PCR. Of 192 asymptomatic workers, A(H5) was detected in eight (4%) NP and 38 (20%) arm swabs. Of 28 ILI cases with A(H5) or A(H9) detected, none had evidence of seroconversion, but one (3.5%) and 12 (43%) were seropositive for A(H5) and A(H9), respectively. CONCLUSION Detection of AIV RNA in respiratory specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic LBM workers without evidence of seroconversion or virus isolation suggests environmental contamination, emphasizing caution in interpreting rRT-PCR results in high viral load settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zakiul Hassan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | | | | | - Sadia Afreen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Sukanta Chowdhury
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salah Uddin Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharifa Nasreen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - C Todd Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA
| | - Min Z Levine
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - A D Iuliano
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA
| | - Emily S Gurley
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
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Memarzia A, Saadat S, Asgharzadeh F, Behrouz S, Folkerts G, Boskabady MH. Therapeutic effects of medicinal plants and their constituents on lung cancer, in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidence. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2841-2863. [PMID: 37697969 PMCID: PMC10538270 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common type of cancer in the world is lung cancer. Traditional treatments have an important role in cancer therapy. In the present review, the most recent findings on the effects of medicinal plants and their constituents or natural products (NP) in treating lung cancer are discussed. Empirical studies until the end of March 2022 were searched using the appropriate keywords through the databases PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. The extracts and essential oils tested were all shown to effect lung cancer by several mechanisms including decreased tumour weight and volume, cell viability and modulation of cytokine. Some plant constituents increased expression of apoptotic proteins, the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase and subG0/G1 phase, and Cyt c levels. Also, natural products (NP) activate apoptotic pathways in lung cancer cell including p-JNK, Akt/mTOR, PI3/ AKT\ and Bax, Bcl2, but suppressed AXL phosphorylation. Plant-derived substances altered the cell morphology, reduced cell migration and metastasis, oxidative marker production, p-eIF2α and GRP78, IgG, IgM levels and reduced leukocyte counts, LDH, GGT, 5'NT and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Therefore, medicinal plant extracts and their constituents could have promising therapeutic value for lung cancer, especially if used in combination with ordinary anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghavan Memarzia
- Applied Biomedical Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Saeideh Saadat
- Applied Biomedical Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Sepide Behrouz
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of BirjandBirjandIran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Islam A, Hossain ME, Amin E, Islam S, Islam M, Sayeed MA, Hasan MM, Miah M, Hassan MM, Rahman MZ, Shirin T. Epidemiology and phylodynamics of multiple clades of H5N1 circulating in domestic duck farms in different production systems in Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1168613. [PMID: 37483933 PMCID: PMC10358836 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1168613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Waterfowl are considered to be natural reservoirs of the avian influenza virus (AIV). However, the dynamics of transmission and evolutionary patterns of AIV and its subtypes within duck farms in Bangladesh remain poorly documented. Hence, a cross-sectional study was conducted in nine districts of Bangladesh between 2019 and 2021, to determine the prevalence of AIV and its subtypes H5 and H9, as well as to identify risk factors and the phylodynamics of H5N1 clades circulating in domestic duck farms. The oropharyngeal and cloacal swab samples were tested for the AIV Matrix gene (M-gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using rRT-PCR. The exploratory analysis was performed to estimate AIV and its subtype prevalence in different production systems, and multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors that influence AIV infection in ducks. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was conducted to generate a maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree and the maximum likelihood method to determine the phylogenetic relationships of the H5N1 viruses isolated from ducks. AIV was detected in 40% (95% CI: 33.0-48.1) of the duck farms. The prevalence of AIV was highest in nomadic ducks (39.8%; 95% CI: 32.9-47.1), followed by commercial ducks (24.6%; 95% CI: 14.5-37.3) and backyard ducks (14.4%; 95% CI: 10.5-19.2). The H5 prevalence was also highest in nomadic ducks (19.4%; 95% CI: 14.0-25.7). The multivariable logistic regression model revealed that ducks from nomadic farms (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.45-3.93), juvenile (AOR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.37-3.61), and sick ducks (AOR: 11.59; 95% CI: 4.82-32.44) had a higher risk of AIV. Similarly, the likelihood of H5 detection was higher in sick ducks (AOR: 40.8; 95% CI: 16.3-115.3). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis revealed that H5N1 viruses in ducks belong to two distinct clades, 2.3.2.1a, and 2.3.4.4b. The clade 2.3.2.1a (reassorted) has been evolving silently since 2015 and forming at least nine subgroups based on >90% posterior probability. Notably, clade 2.3.4.4b was introduced in ducks in Bangladesh by the end of the year 2020, which was genetically similar to viruses detected in wild birds in Japan, China, and Africa, indicating migration-associated transmission of an emerging panzootic clade. We recommend continuing AIV surveillance in the duck production system and preventing the intermingling of domestic ducks with migratory waterfowl in wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emama Amin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monjurul Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Sayeed
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mojnu Miah
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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11
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Islam A, Amin E, Islam S, Hossain ME, Al Mamun A, Sahabuddin M, Samad MA, Shirin T, Rahman MZ, Hassan MM. Annual trading patterns and risk factors of avian influenza A/H5 and A/H9 virus circulation in turkey birds ( Meleagris gallopavo) at live bird markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1148615. [PMID: 37470075 PMCID: PMC10352991 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1148615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of the avian influenza virus (AIV) on farmed poultry and wild birds affect human health, livelihoods, food security, and international trade. The movement patterns of turkey birds from farms to live bird markets (LBMs) and infection of AIV are poorly understood in Bangladesh. Thus, we conducted weekly longitudinal surveillance in LBMs to understand the trading patterns, temporal trends, and risk factors of AIV circulation in turkey birds. We sampled a total of 423 turkeys from two LBMs in Dhaka between May 2018 and September 2019. We tested the swab samples for the AIV matrix gene (M-gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). We used exploratory analysis to investigate trading patterns, annual cyclic trends of AIV and its subtypes, and a generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic model to determine the factors that influence the infection of H5 and H9 in turkeys. Furthermore, we conducted an observational study and informal interviews with traders and vendors to record turkey trading patterns, demand, and supply and turkey handling practices in LBM. We found that all trade routes of turkey birds to northern Dhaka are unidirectional and originate from the northwestern and southern regions of Bangladesh. The number of trades from the source district to Dhaka depends on the turkey density. The median distance that turkey was traded from its source district to Dhaka was 188 km (Q1 = 165, Q3 = 210, IQR = 45.5). We observed seasonal variation in the median and average distance of turkey. The qualitative findings revealed that turkey farming initially became reasonably profitable in 2018 and at the beginning of 2019. However, the fall in demand and production in the middle of 2019 may be related to unstable market pricing, high feed costs, a shortfall of adequate marketing facilities, poor consumer knowledge, and a lack of advertising. The overall prevalence of AIV, H5, and H9 subtypes in turkeys was 31% (95% CI: 26.6-35.4), 16.3% (95% CI: 12.8-19.8), and 10.2% (95% CI: 7.3-13.1) respectively. None of the samples were positive for H7. The circulation of AIV and H9 across the annual cycle showed no seasonality, whereas the circulation of H5 showed significant seasonality. The GEE revealed that detection of AIV increases in retail vendor business (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.12-2.62) and the bird's health status is sick (OR: 10.77; 95% CI: 4.31-26.94) or dead (OR: 11.33; 95% CI: 4.30-29.89). We also observed that winter season (OR: 5.83; 95% CI: 2.80-12.14) than summer season, dead birds (OR: 61.71; 95% CI: 25.78-147.75) and sick birds (OR 8.33; 95% CI: 3.36-20.64) compared to healthy birds has a higher risk of H5 infection in turkeys. This study revealed that the turkeys movements vary by time and season from the farm to the LBM. This surveillance indicated year-round circulation of AIV with H5 and H9 subtypes in turkey birds in LBMs. The seasonality and health condition of birds influence H5 infection in birds. The trading pattern of turkey may play a role in the transmission of AIV viruses in the birds. The selling of sick turkeys infected with H5 and H9 highlights the possibility of virus transmission to other species of birds sold at LBMs and to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Emama Amin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sahabuddin
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Abdus Samad
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Begum JA, Hossain I, Nooruzzaman M, King J, Chowdhury EH, Harder TC, Parvin R. Experimental Pathogenicity of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Harboring a Tri-Basic Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site in Sonali and Broiler Chickens. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020461. [PMID: 36851676 PMCID: PMC9967266 DOI: 10.3390/v15020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 virus is endemic in Bangladesh, causing huge economic losses in the poultry industry. Although a considerable number of Bangladeshi LPAI H9N2 viruses have been molecularly characterized, there is inadequate information on the pathogenicity of H9N2 viruses in commercial poultry. In this study, circulating LPAI H9N2 viruses from recent field outbreaks were characterized, and their pathogenicity in commercial Sonali (crossbred) and broiler chickens was assessed. Phylogenetic analysis of currently circulating field viruses based on the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene sequences revealed continuous circulation of G1 lineages containing the tri-basic hemagglutinin cleavage site (HACS) motif (PAKSKR*GLF) at the HA protein. Both the LPAI susceptible Sonali and broiler chickens were infected with selected H9N2 isolates A/chicken/Bangladesh/2458-LT2/2020 or A/chicken/Bangladesh/2465-LT56/2021 using intranasal (100 µL) and intraocular (100 µL) routes with a dose of 106 EID50/mL. Infected groups (LT_2-So1 and LT_56-So2; LT_2-Br1 and LT_56-Br2) revealed no mortality or clinical signs. However, at gross and histopathological investigation, the trachea, lungs, and intestine of the LT_2-So1 and LT_56-So2 groups displayed mild to moderate hemorrhages, congestion, and inflammation at different dpi. The LT 2-Br1 and LT 56-Br2 broiler groups showed nearly identical changes in the trachea, lungs, and intestine at various dpi, indicating no influence on pathogenicity in the two commercial bird species under study. Overall, the prominent lesions were observed up to 7 dpi and started to disappear at 10 dpi. The H9N2 viruses predominantly replicated in the respiratory tract, and higher titers of virus were shed through the oropharyngeal route than the cloacal route. Finally, this study demonstrated the continuous evolution of tri-basic HACS containing H9N2 viruses in Bangladesh with a low-pathogenic phenotype causing mild to moderate tracheitis, pneumonia, and enteritis in Sonali and commercial broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan Ara Begum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Ismail Hossain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Correspondence:
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13
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Islam A, Islam S, Islam M, Hossain ME, Munro S, Samad MA, Rahman MK, Shirin T, Flora MS, Hassan MM, Rahman MZ, Epstein JH. Prevalence and risk factors for avian influenza virus (H5 and H9) contamination in peri-urban and rural live bird markets in Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1148994. [PMID: 37151580 PMCID: PMC10158979 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1148994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been frequently detected in live bird markets (LBMs) around the world, primarily in urban areas, and have the ability to spillover to other species, including humans. Despite frequent detection of AIV in urban LBMs, the contamination of AIV on environmental surfaces in rural and peri-urban LBMs in Bangladesh is poorly documented. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the prevalence of AIV subtypes within a subset of peri-urban and rural LBMs in Bangladesh and to further identify associated risk factors. Between 2017 and 2018, we collected faecal and offal samples from 200 stalls in 63 LBMs across four sub-districts. We tested the samples for the AIV matrix gene (M-gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). We performed a descriptive analysis of market cleanliness and sanitation practices in order to further elucidate the relationship between LBM biosecurity and AIV subtypes by species, sample types, and landscape. Subsequently, we conducted a univariate analysis and a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) to determine the risk factors associated with AIV contamination at individual stalls within LBMs. Our findings indicate that practices related to hygiene and the circulation of AIV significantly differed between rural and peri-urban live bird markets. 42.5% (95% CI: 35.56-49.67) of stalls were positive for AIV. A/H5, A/H9, and A HA/Untyped were detected in 10.5% (95% CI: 6.62-15.60), 9% (95% CI: 5.42-13.85), and 24.0% (95% CI: 18.26-30.53) of stalls respectively, with no detection of A/H7. Significantly higher levels of AIV were found in the Sonali chicken strain compared to the exotic broiler, and in offal samples compared to fecal samples. In the GLMM analysis, we identified several significant risk factors associated with AIV contamination in LBMs at the stall level. These include: landscape (AOR: 3.02; 95% CI: 1.18-7.72), the number of chicken breeds present (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.01-5.67), source of birds (AOR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.0-5.53), separation of sick birds (AOR: 3.04; 95% CI: 1.34-6.92), disposal of waste/dead birds (AOR: 3.16; 95% CI: 1.41-7.05), cleaning agent (AOR: 5.99; 95% CI: 2.26-15.82), access of dogs (AOR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.12-5.7), wild birds observed on site (AOR: 2.31; 95% CI: 1.01-5.3). The study further revealed a substantial prevalence of AIV with H5 and H9 subtypes in peri-urban and rural LBMs. The inadequate biosecurity measures at poultry stalls in Bangladesh increase the risk of AIV transmission from poultry to humans. To prevent the spread of AIV to humans and wild birds, we suggest implementing regular surveillance at live bird markets and enhancing biosecurity practices in peri-urban and rural areas in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ariful Islam,
| | - Shariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monjurul Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sarah Munro
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mohammed Abdus Samad
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kaisar Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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14
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Myxovirus resistance ( Mx) Gene Diversity in Avian Influenza Virus Infections. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112717. [PMID: 36359237 PMCID: PMC9687888 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose threats to animal and human health. Outbreaks from the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in indigenous chickens in Bangladesh are infrequent. This could be attributed to the Myxovirus resistance (Mx) gene. To determine the impact of Mx gene diversity on AIV infections in chicken, we assessed the Mx genes, AIVs, and anti-AIV antibodies. DNA from blood cells, serum, and cloacal swab samples was isolated from non-vaccinated indigenous chickens and vaccinated commercial chickens. Possible relationships were assessed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure. Three genotypes of the Mx gene were detected (the resistant AA type, the sensitive GG type, and the heterozygous AG type). The AA genotype (0.48) was more prevalent than the GG (0.19) and the AG (0.33) genotypes. The AA genotype was more prevalent in indigenous than in commercial chickens. A total of 17 hemagglutinating viruses were isolated from the 512 swab samples. AIVs were detected in two samples (2/512; 0.39%) and subtyped as H1N1, whereas Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was detected in the remaining samples. The viral infections did not lead to apparent symptoms. Anti-AIV antibodies were detected in 44.92% of the samples with levels ranging from 27.37% to 67.65% in indigenous chickens and from 26% to 87.5% in commercial chickens. The anti-AIV antibody was detected in 40.16%, 65.98%, and 39.77% of chickens with resistant, sensitive, and heterozygous genotypes, respectively. The genotypes showed significant association (p < 0.001) with the anti-AIV antibodies. The low AIV isolation rates and high antibody prevalence rates could indicate seroconversion resulting from exposure to the virus as it circulates. Results indicate that the resistant genotype of the Mx gene might not offer anti-AIV protection for chickens.
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Awais M, Wajid A, Goraichuk IV, Batool A, Rahim A, Anif A, Ahmed N, Yin R. Surveillance and Assessment of Risk Factors for Newcastle Disease Virus from Live Bird Retail Stalls in Lahore District of Pakistan. Avian Dis 2022; 66:1-8. [PMID: 36017908 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs) in Asian countries are considered hubs for the spread of several poultry viruses. In Pakistan, there is a lack of uniformity in practices used in LBMs, which leads to the spread of poultry diseases. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in June-October 2017 to determine the circulation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens being sold in live bird retail stalls (LBRSs) and to identify potential risk factors associated with estimated prevalence. A total of 189 stalls (n = 1134 birds) distributed in eight administrative towns of Lahore were visited. A pool of six oropharyngeal swabs was collected from each stall and tested by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for the presence of NDV. Forty-two out of 189 swabs were found positive with an overall prevalence of 22.22% (95% confidence interval [Cl]: 16.88%-28.67%). Data for 11 potential risk factors acquired through questionnaires were analyzed by survey-weighted logistic regression and prevalence odds ratios (ORs) for associated risk factors were calculated. A final multivariable model identified three risk factors for NDV prevalence in LBRSs, including trading other poultry breeds alongside broilers (OR = 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5-6.1), purchasing birds from mixed sources (OR = 3.12; 95% CI = 1.4-11.9), and number of birds sold per day (OR = 6.32; 95% CI = 1.9-23.5). Additionally, 24 selected samples were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis of the complete fusion gene (1662 bp) revealed that all isolates belonged to Subgenotype VII.2. This study provides important information on the epidemiology of NDV in Pakistan and highlights the importance of implementing surveillance and biosecurity practices in LBRSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Awais
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan, , .,Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Iryna V Goraichuk
- National Scientific Center, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Andleeb Batool
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asif Rahim
- Department of Microbiology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Atif Anif
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazeer Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Renfu Yin
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Xi'an, Jilin, China
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16
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Saha S, Davis WW. The need for a One Health approach for influenza surveillance. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e1078-e1079. [PMID: 35709797 PMCID: PMC11089652 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Saha
- Influenza Division, CDC India Office, US Embassy, New Delhi-110021, India.
| | - William W Davis
- Influenza Division, CDC India Office, US Embassy, New Delhi-110021, India
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17
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Khazdair MR, Ghorani V, Boskabady MH. Experimental and clinical evidence on the effect of carvacrol on respiratory, allergic, and immunologic disorders: A comprehensive review. Biofactors 2022; 48:779-794. [PMID: 35555834 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carvacrol (CAR) showed various pharmacological and therapeutic effects in different disorders. In the current article, the experimental and clinical effects of CAR on respiratory, allergic, and immunologic disorders are described. Various databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus, were searched regarding the effects of CAR on respiratory and allergic disorders until the end of October 2021. CAR showed the relaxant effect, with various possible mechanisms suggesting the bronchodilatory effect in obstructive pulmonary diseases. The preventive effects of CAR on experimental animal models of respiratory diseases were shown through mechanisms such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory. CAR also showed therapeutic potential on lung cancer, lung infections, and allergic and immunologic disorders. Clinical studies also revealed therapeutic effects of CAR on asthma, sulfur-mustard-induced lug disorders, and some other allergic and immunologic diseases. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of CAR indicate possible remedy effects of this agent in the treatment of respiratory, allergic, and immunologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahammad R Khazdair
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Vahideh Ghorani
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Clinical Research Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Anwar F, Alhayyani S, Al‐Abbasi FA, Nadeem MS, Kumar V. Pharmacological role of Vitamin C in stress‐induced cardiac dysfunction via alteration in Gut microbiota. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e22986. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alhayyani
- Department of Chemistry College of Sciences and Arts, King Abdulaziz University Rabigh Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A. Al‐Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Natural Product Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, SHUATS Allahabad Uttar Pradesh India
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19
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Badruzzaman ATM, Rahman MM, Hasan M, Hossain MK, Husna A, Hossain FMA, Giasuddin M, Uddin MJ, Islam MR, Alam J, Eo SK, Fasina FO, Ashour HM. Semi-Scavenging Poultry as Carriers of Avian Influenza Genes. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020320. [PMID: 35207607 PMCID: PMC8879534 DOI: 10.3390/life12020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ducks are the natural reservoir of influenza A virus and the central host for the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1, which is highly pathogenic. Semi-scavenging domestic ducks allow for the reemergence of new influenza subtypes which could be transmitted to humans. We collected 844 cloacal swabs from semi-scavenging ducks inhabiting seven migratory bird sanctuaries of Bangladesh for the molecular detection of avian influenza genes. We detected the matrix gene (M gene) using real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Subtyping of the AIV-positive samples was performed by RT-qPCR specific for H5, H7, and H9 genes. Out of 844 samples, 21 (2.488%) were positive for AIV. Subtyping of AIV positive samples (n = 21) revealed that nine samples (42.85%) were positive for the H9 subtype, five (23.80%) were positive for H5, and seven (33.33%) were negative for the three genes (H5, H7, and H9). We detected the same genes after propagating the virus in embryonated chicken eggs from positive samples. Semi-scavenging ducks could act as carriers of pathogenic AIV, including the less pathogenic H9 subtype. This can enhance the pathogenicity of the virus in ducks by reassortment. The large dataset presented in our study from seven areas should trigger further studies on AIV prevalence and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T M Badruzzaman
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (A.T.M.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.K.H.); (A.H.); (F.M.A.H.)
| | - Md. Masudur Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (A.T.M.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.K.H.); (A.H.); (F.M.A.H.)
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1340, Bangladesh; (M.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Mohammed Kawser Hossain
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (A.T.M.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.K.H.); (A.H.); (F.M.A.H.)
| | - Asmaul Husna
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (A.T.M.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.K.H.); (A.H.); (F.M.A.H.)
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (A.T.M.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.K.H.); (A.H.); (F.M.A.H.)
| | - Mohammed Giasuddin
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1340, Bangladesh; (M.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Livestock Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh;
| | - Jahangir Alam
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh;
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
| | - Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ECTAD-FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Hossam M. Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Correspondence:
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Khan MIH, Sablani SS, Nayak R, Gu Y. Machine learning-based modeling in food processing applications: State of the art. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1409-1438. [PMID: 35122379 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Food processing is a complex, multifaceted problem that requires substantial human interaction to optimize the various process parameters to minimize energy consumption and ensure better-quality products. The development of a machine learning (ML)-based approach to food processing applications is an exciting and innovative idea for optimizing process parameters and process kinetics to reduce energy consumption, processing time, and ensure better-quality products; however, developing such a novel approach requires significant scientific effort. This paper presents and evaluates ML-based approaches to various food processing operations such as drying, frying, baking, canning, extrusion, encapsulation, and fermentation to predict process kinetics. A step-by-step procedure to develop an ML-based model and its practical implementation is presented. The key challenges of neural network training and testing algorithms and their limitations are discussed to assist readers in selecting algorithms for solving problems specific to food processing. In addition, this paper presents the potential and challenges of applying ML-based techniques to hybrid food processing operations. The potential of physics-informed ML modeling techniques for food processing applications and their strategies is also discussed. It is expected that the potential information of this paper will be valuable in advancing the ML-based technology for food processing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imran H Khan
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane City, Queensland, 4000, Australia.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh
| | - Shyam S Sablani
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Richi Nayak
- School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane City, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Yuantong Gu
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane City, Queensland, 4000, Australia
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21
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Rahman MA, Belgrad JP, Sayeed MA, Abdullah MS, Barua S, Chisty NN, Mohsin MAS, Foysal M, Hossain ME, Islam A, Akwar H, Hoque MA. Prevalence and risk factors of Avian Influenza Viruses among household ducks in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:471-480. [PMID: 35022959 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) increase commercial and backyard poultry mortality and morbidity, reduces egg production, and elevates public health risk. Household ducks propagate and transmit HPAI and LPAI viruses between domesticated and wild birds in Southeast Asian countries, including Bangladesh. This study was conducted to identify epidemiological factors associated with AIV infection among household ducks at Chattogram, Bangladesh. We randomly selected and collected blood and oropharyngeal swab samples from 281 households ducks. We evaluated the serum for AIV antibody using cELISA and tested for H5 and H9 subtypes using the HI test. We tested the swabs with real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) for M gene, and H5, H9 subtypes. In the duck populations, the household level AIV sero-prevalence was 57.7% (95% CI: 51.6-63.3) and RNA prevalence was 2.4% (95% CI: 1.0-5.0). H5 and H9 subtype sero-prevalence was 31.5% (95% CI: 22.2-42.0) and 23.9% (95% CI: 15.6-33.9). H5 and H9 subtype RNA prevalence were 0% (95% CI: 0.0-1.3) and 2.4% (95% CI: 1.0-5.0). We determined household-level OR (Odds Ratios) for the "combined (mixed materials-mud and concrete or metallic)" category was 2.2 (95% CI: 1.1-4.2) compared with "wooden/bamboo" category (p = 0.02); 2.8 (95% CI: 1.2-6.6) in households with duck plague vaccine coverage compared with no coverage (p = 0.01); and 2.4 (95% CI: 0.6-9.7) in households that threw dead birds in bushes and the roadside compared with households that buried or threw dead birds in garbage pits (p = 0.21). M gene phylogenetic analysis compared M gene sequences to previously reported Bangladeshi H9N2 isolates. The evidence presented here shows AIV circulation in the Chattogram, Bangladesh study areas. AIV reduction can be achieved through farmer education of proper farm management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashiqur Rahman
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Joseph P Belgrad
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Rd., North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Md Abu Sayeed
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Md Sadeque Abdullah
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Shanta Barua
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Nurun Nahar Chisty
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Shoieb Mohsin
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Foysal
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Holy Akwar
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh.
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Wazir S, Shad SA. Sulfoxaflor resistance in Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) induces negligible cross-resistance to other tested insecticides: stability, risk assessment, and fitness cost. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5547-5556. [PMID: 34390527 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) is a polyphagous insect pest. In Pakistan, O. hyalinipennis is managed by using different insecticides, a major concern for cotton producers, and has developed resistance to many of these. Sulfoxaflor belongs to a newly released sulfoximine family that has high efficacy for controlling sap-feeding insect pests. RESULTS A sulfoxaflor selected-population (Sulfo-Sel-Pop) of O. hyalinipennis showed a 3064.92-fold level of resistance after continuous selection for 18 generations with sulfoxaflor compared to unselected population (UNSel-Pop). The Sulfo-Sel-Pop showed a reduction in resistance (from 3064.92 to 635-fold) without exposure for five generations, indicating unstable resistance to sulfoxaflor. Cross-resistance studies of the Sulfo-Sel-Pop revealed no or very low cross-resistance to triazophos (0.42 to 0.30-fold), deltamethrin (0.85 to 0.18-fold) and acetamiprid (1.16 to 4.86-fold) from G4 to G19 compared to the field population (Field-Pop). The mean value of realized heritability was 0.15 in the Sulfo-Sel-Pop (G19 ). Significantly reduced relative fitness was determined in the Sulfo-Sel-Pop (Rf = 0.21) followed by Cross1 [(Sulfo-Sel-Pop ♂ × UNSel-Pop ♀) (Rf = 0.58)], and Cross2 [(Sulfo-Sel-Pop ♀ × UNSel-Pop ♂) (Rf = 0.70)] compared with the UNSel-Pop. The values of intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm ), biotic potential (Bp) fecundity, egg hatching, and net reproductive rate (R0) were also significantly less in the Sulfo-Sel-Pop compared to UNSel-Pop. CONCLUSION A very high fitness cost, unstable resistance and no or very low cross-resistance in the Sulfo-Sel-Pop have great implications in designing effective strategies for managing insecticide resistance to O. hyalinipennis. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Wazir
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Entomology, Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz A Shad
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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Avian influenza transmission risk along live poultry trading networks in Bangladesh. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19962. [PMID: 34620890 PMCID: PMC8497497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Live animal markets are known hotspots of zoonotic disease emergence. To mitigate those risks, we need to understand how networks shaped by trading practices influence disease spread. Yet, those practices are rarely recorded in high-risk settings. Through a large cross-sectional study, we assessed the potential impact of live poultry trading networks’ structures on avian influenza transmission dynamics in Bangladesh. Networks promoted mixing between chickens sourced from different farming systems and geographical locations, fostering co-circulation of viral strains of diverse origins in markets. Viral transmission models suggested that the observed rise in viral prevalence from farms to markets was unlikely explained by intra-market transmission alone, but substantially influenced by transmission occurring in upstream network nodes. Disease control interventions should therefore alter the entire network structures. However, as networks differed between chicken types and city supplied, standardised interventions are unlikely to be effective, and should be tailored to local structural characteristics.
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Mateus-Anzola J, Martínez-López B, Espinosa-García AC, Ojeda-Flores R. Global subtype diversity, spatial distribution patterns, and phylogenetic analysis of avian influenza virus in water. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e344-e355. [PMID: 34464033 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for zoonotic infectious disease surveillance. Avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a significant threat to animal and public health due to its pandemic potential. Virus-contaminated water has been suggested as an important AIV spread mechanism among multiple species. Nevertheless, few studies have characterized the global AIV subtype diversity and distribution in environmental water. Therefore, this study aims to provide an updated descriptive and phylogenetic analysis of AIVs isolated in water samples from high risk-sites for influenza outbreaks (i.e. live bird markets, poultry farms, and wild bird habitats) on a global scale. The descriptive analysis evidenced that 21 subtypes were reported from nine countries between 2003 and 2020. Fourteen AIV subtypes were solely reported from Asian countries. Most of the viral sequences were obtained in China and Bangladesh with 47.44% and 23.93%, respectively. Likewise, the greatest global AIV subtype diversity was observed in China with 12 subtypes. Live bird markets represented the main sampling site for AIV detection in water samples (64.1%), mostly from poultry cage water. Nevertheless, the highest subtype diversity was observed in water samples from wild bird habitats, especially from the Izumi plain and the Dongting Lake located in Japan and China, respectively. Water from drinking poultry troughs evidenced the greatest subtype diversity in live bird markets; meanwhile, environmental water used by ducks had the highest number of different subtypes in poultry farms. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes showed that some sequences were closely related among different poultry/wild bird-related environments from different geographic origins. Therefore, the results suggest that even though the availability of gene sequences in public-access databases varies greatly among countries, environmental AIV surveillance represents a useful tool to elucidate potential viral diversity in wild and domestic bird populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mateus-Anzola
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ana Cecilia Espinosa-García
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Ojeda-Flores
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Chakma S, Osmani MG, Akwar H, Hasan Z, Nasrin T, Karim MR, Samad MA, Giasuddin M, Sly P, Islam Z, Debnath NC, Brum E, Magalhães RS. Risk Areas for Influenza A(H5) Environmental Contamination in Live Bird Markets, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2399-2408. [PMID: 34424170 PMCID: PMC8386803 DOI: 10.3201/eid2709.204447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the presence of influenza A(H5) virus environmental contamination in live bird markets (LBMs) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. By using Bernoulli generalized linear models and multinomial logistic regression models, we quantified LBM-level factors associated with market work zone–specific influenza A(H5) virus contamination patterns. Results showed higher environmental contamination in LBMs that have wholesale and retail operations compared with retail-only markets (relative risk 0.69, 95% 0.51–0.93; p = 0.012) and in March compared with January (relative risk 2.07, 95% CI 1.44–2.96; p<0.001). Influenza A(H5) environmental contamination remains a public health problem in most LBMs in Dhaka, which underscores the need to implement enhanced biosecurity interventions in LBMs in Bangladesh.
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Russo M, Yan F, Stier A, Klasen L, Honermeier B. Erucic acid concentration of rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) oils on the German food retail market. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3664-3672. [PMID: 34262725 PMCID: PMC8269665 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed oil is one of the most important vegetable oils in Germany. It has a favorable fatty acid composition but also contains a certain amount of erucic acid (EA). As the result of toxicological considerations regarding this fatty acid, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for EA of 7 mg/kg body weight in 2016. On this basis, the maximum EA levels for vegetable oils allowed in the European Union have been reduced shortly from 50 to 20 g/kg, and for infant formula and follow-on formula from 10 to 4 g/kg. However, rapeseed oil is also recommended for the preparation of homemade food for infants and children. Little is known about the actual EA concentrations of rapeseed oils on the German retail market. Current data are especially important for the necessary reassessment of its recommendation in infant and child nutrition based on the established TDI. Three hundred representative rapeseed oil samples were purchased in retail stores across Germany. EA concentrations, determined by GC-FID, were in a range of 0.17-9.68 g/kg, with 241 samples being even below 4 g/kg. All oils were below the maximum level valid at the time of this investigation, and even below the newly established lower maximum level of 20 g/kg. The major part also met the requirements for infant and follow-on formula. The representative results provide valuable current data for the necessary reassessment of the dietary recommendations for infant and child nutrition based on the established TDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Russo
- Institute of Agronomy & Plant Breeding IJustus Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Feng Yan
- Institute of Agronomy & Plant Breeding IJustus Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Annegret Stier
- Institute of Agronomy & Plant Breeding IJustus Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Linda Klasen
- Nutritional EpidemiologyDepartment of Nutrition and Food SciencesUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Bernd Honermeier
- Institute of Agronomy & Plant Breeding IJustus Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
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Chowdhury S, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Kile JC, Hoque MA, Rahman MZ, Hossain ME, Ghosh PK, Ahmed SSU, Kennedy ED, Sturm-Ramirez K, Gurley ES. Association of Biosecurity and Hygiene Practices with Environmental Contamination with Influenza A Viruses in Live Bird Markets, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:2087-2096. [PMID: 32818393 PMCID: PMC7454050 DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.191029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bangladesh, live bird market environments are frequently contaminated with avian influenza viruses. Shop-level biosecurity practices might increase risk for environmental contamination. We sought to determine which shop-level biosecurity practices were associated with environmental contamination. We surveyed 800 poultry shops to describe biosecurity practices and collect environmental samples. Samples from 205 (26%) shops were positive for influenza A viral RNA, 108 (14%) for H9, and 60 (8%) for H5. Shops that slaughtered poultry, kept poultry overnight, remained open without rest days, had uneven muddy floors, held poultry on the floor, and housed sick and healthy poultry together were more frequently positive for influenza A viruses. Reported monthly cleaning seemed protective, but disinfection practices were not otherwise associated with influenza A virus detection. Slaughtering, keeping poultry overnight, weekly rest days, infrastructure, and disinfection practices could be targets for interventions to reduce environmental contamination.
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28
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A risk marker of tribasic hemagglutinin cleavage site in influenza A (H9N2) virus. Commun Biol 2021; 4:71. [PMID: 33452423 PMCID: PMC7811019 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) virus is endemic worldwide and continually recruit internal genes to generate human-infecting H5N1, H5N6, H7N9, and H10N8 influenza variants. Here we show that hemagglutinin cleavage sites (HACS) of H9N2 viruses tended to mutate towards hydrophilic via evolutionary transition, and the tribasic HACS were found at high prevalence in Asia and the Middle East. Our finding suggested that the tribasic H9N2 viruses increased the viral replication, stability, pathogenicity and transmission in chickens and the virulence of mice compared to the monobasic H9N2 viruses. Notably, the enlarged stem-loop structures of HACS in the RNA region were found in the increasing tribasic H9N2 viruses. The enlarged HACS RNA secondary structures of H9N2 viruses did not influence the viral replication but accelerated the frequency of nucleotide insertion in HACS. With the prevailing tendency of the tribasic H9N2 viruses, the tribasic HACS in H9N2 viruses should be paid more attention.
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Hood G, Roche X, Brioudes A, von Dobschuetz S, Fasina FO, Kalpravidh W, Makonnen Y, Lubroth J, Sims L. A literature review of the use of environmental sampling in the surveillance of avian influenza viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:110-126. [PMID: 32652790 PMCID: PMC8048529 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI) surveillance programs, focussing on effectiveness, advantages and gaps in knowledge. ES have been used effectively for AI surveillance since the 1970s. Results from ES have enhanced understanding of the biology of AI viruses in wild birds and in markets, of links between human and avian influenza, provided early warning of viral incursions, allowed assessment of effectiveness of control and preventive measures, and assisted epidemiological studies in outbreaks, both avian and human. Variation exists in the methods and protocols used, and no internationally recognized guidelines exist on the use of ES and data management. Few studies have performed direct comparisons of ES versus live bird samples (LBS). Results reported so far demonstrate reliance on ES will not be sufficient to detect virus in all cases when it is present, especially when the prevalence of infection/contamination is low. Multiple sample types should be collected. In live bird markets, ES from processing/selling areas are more likely to test positive than samples from bird holding areas. When compared to LBS, ES is considered a cost-effective, simple, rapid, flexible, convenient and acceptable way of achieving surveillance objectives. As a non-invasive technique, it can minimize effects on animal welfare and trade in markets and reduce impacts on wild bird communities. Some limitations of environmental sampling methods have been identified, such as the loss of species-specific or information on the source of virus, and taxonomic-level analyses, unless additional methods are applied. Some studies employing ES have not provided detailed methods. In others, where ES and LBS are collected from the same site, positive results have not been assigned to specific sample types. These gaps should be remedied in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hood
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Xavier Roche
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Aurélie Brioudes
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRegional Office for Asia and the PacificBangkokThailand
| | | | | | | | - Yilma Makonnen
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern AfricaAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Juan Lubroth
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Leslie Sims
- Asia Pacific Veterinary Information ServicesMelbourneAustralia
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Abstract
The risk of emergence and spread of novel human pathogens originating from an animal reservoir has increased in the past decades. However, the unpredictable nature of disease emergence makes surveillance and preparedness challenging. Knowledge of general risk factors for emergence and spread, combined with local level data is needed to develop a risk-based methodology for early detection. This involves the implementation of the One Health approach, integrating human, animal and environmental health sectors, as well as social sciences, bioinformatics and more. Recent technical advances, such as metagenomic sequencing, will aid the rapid detection of novel pathogens on the human-animal interface.
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Ninyio NN, Ho KL, Omar AR, Tan WS, Iqbal M, Mariatulqabtiah AR. Virus-like Particle Vaccines: A Prospective Panacea Against an Avian Influenza Panzootic. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E694. [PMID: 33227887 PMCID: PMC7712863 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have resulted in the deaths of millions of birds leading to huge financial losses to the poultry industry worldwide. The roles of migratory wild birds in the harbouring, mutation, and transmission of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), and the lack of broad-spectrum prophylactic vaccines present imminent threats of a global panzootic. To prevent this, control measures that include effective AIV surveillance programmes, treatment regimens, and universal vaccines are being developed and analysed for their effectiveness. We reviewed the epidemiology of AIVs with regards to past avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in birds. The AIV surveillance programmes in wild and domestic birds, as well as their roles in AI control were also evaluated. We discussed the limitations of the currently used AI vaccines, which necessitated the development of a universal vaccine. We evaluated the current development of AI vaccines based upon virus-like particles (VLPs), particularly those displaying the matrix-2 ectodomain (M2e) peptide. Finally, we highlighted the prospects of these VLP vaccines as universal vaccines with the potential of preventing an AI panzootic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Nyakaat Ninyio
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (W.S.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, Kaduna 800241, Nigeria
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (W.S.T.)
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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Prevalence and Distribution of Avian Influenza Viruses in Domestic Ducks at the Waterfowl-Chicken Interface in Wetlands. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110953. [PMID: 33207803 PMCID: PMC7709030 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ducks are a natural reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs) and can act as a reassortment vessel. Wetlands, such as Hakaluki and Tanguar haor in Bangladesh, have unique ecosystems including domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) rearing, especially household and free-range ducks. A cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to explore avian influenza status and its distribution and risk factors in the wetland areas. During the three consecutive winters of 2015-2017, specifically in December of these years, we collected a total of 947 samples including blood, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from domestic ducks (free-range duck (n = 312 samples) and household ducks (n = 635 samples) in wetlands. We screened serum samples using a nucleoprotein competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) to estimate seroprevalence of IAV antibodies and swab samples by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to detect IA viral M gene. Eleven (11) M gene positive samples were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Serological and viral prevalence rates of IAVs were 63.8% (95% CI: 60.6-66.8) and 10.7% (8.8-12.8), respectively. Serological and viral RNA prevalence rates were 51.8% (95% CI: 47.2-56.4) and 10.2% (7.6-13.3) in Hakaluki haor, 75.6% (71.5-79.4) and 11.1% (8.5-14.3) in Tanguar haor, 66.3% (62.5-69.9) and 11.2% (8.8-13.9) in household ducks and 58.7% (52.9-64.2) and 9.6% (6.5-13.4) in free-range ducks, respectively. The risk factors identified for higher odds of AI seropositive ducks were location (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 2.2-3.8, p < 0.001; Tanguar haor vs. Hakaluki haor), duck-rearing system (OR = 1.4, 1.1-1.8, household vs. free-range), farmer's education status (OR = 1.5, 1.2-2.0, p < 0.05 illiterate vs. literate) and contact type (OR = 3.0, 2.1-4.3, p < 0.001; contact with chicken vs. no contact with chicken). The risk factors identified for higher odds of AI RNA positive ducks were farmer's education status (OR = 1.5, 1.0-2.3, p < 0.05 for illiterate vs literate), contact type (OR = 2.7, 1.7-4.2, p < 0.001; ducks having contact with chicken vs. ducks having contact with waterfowl). The phylogenetic analysis of 11 partial M gene sequences suggested that the M gene sequences detected in free-range duck were very similar to each other and were closely related to the M gene sequences of previously reported highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) subtypes in waterfowl in Bangladesh and Southeast Asian countries. Results of the current study will help provide significant information for future surveillance programs and model IAV infection to predict the spread of the viruses among migratory waterfowl, free-range ducks and domestic poultry in Bangladesh.
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Islam K, Ahsan MM, Chakma S, Penjor K, Barua M, Jalal MS, Sabuj AAM, Ani ZT, Ahad A. An assessment on potential risk pathways for the incursion of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in backyard poultry farm in Bangladesh. Vet World 2020; 13:2104-2111. [PMID: 33281343 PMCID: PMC7704318 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2104-2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a deadly virus of zoonotic potential. The study mainly aims to determine the risk pathways (RPs) for the probable incursion of HPAI virus (HPAIV) in backyard poultry in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: The study involves expert elicitation technique. The concept map determines the possible RPs. The map consists of 16 concepts, each with nodes from which probabilities of an event originates. These probabilities are described by qualitative descriptors ranging from negligible to high. Risk assessment has been performed using the subjective risk assessment tool. Results: The tool demonstrates positive correlation among groups of experts in the level of agreement by scoring RP; however, the level of agreement varies from 71% to 93% among group of experts. The median risk score of viral incursion through the “Exposure of backyard poultry with farm poultry in the trading market” was 11 and ranked as top, followed by “Contaminated live bird market environment” and “Sharing common scavenging space with migratory birds” (median risk score, 10.5; rank, 2), and “Scavenging of infected slaughtered poultry remnants by backyard poultry” (median risk score, 5.3; rank, 3) when no control options were applied along with the RPs. After applying or considering control option along with contaminated live bird market environment, the median risk score was reduced to 5.0. Applying a specific control option along with each RP reduced estimated median risk scores for HPAIV incursions. Conclusion: This study provides an insight into the incursion risks of HPAIV through various RPs in backyard poultry in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrul Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Mohakhali-1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Murshidul Ahsan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Shovon Chakma
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Mohakhali-1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kinley Penjor
- Bhutan Agriculture and Food Regulatory Authority, Bhutan
| | - Mukti Barua
- Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shah Jalal
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Zakia Tabassum Ani
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of social sciences, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Controlling Avian Influenza Virus in Bangladesh: Challenges and Recommendations. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070751. [PMID: 32664683 PMCID: PMC7412482 DOI: 10.3390/v12070751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) remains a huge challenge for poultry production with negative repercussions for micro- and macro-economy and public health in Bangladesh. High (HP) H5N1 and low pathogenicity (LP) H9N2 AIV are currently endemic in poultry, and both have been reported to infect humans sporadically. Multiple virus introductions of different clades of HPAIV H5N1, reassorted genotypes, and on-going diversification of LPAIV H9N2 create a highly volatile virological environment which potentially implicates increased virulence, adaptation to new host species, and subsequent zoonotic transmission. Allotropy of poultry rearing systems and supply chains further increase the risk of virus spreading, which leads to human exposure and fosters the emergence of new potentially pre-pandemic virus strains. Here, we review the epidemiology, focusing on (i) risk factors for virus spreading, (ii) viral genetic evolution, and (iii) options for AIV control in Bangladesh. It is concluded that improved control strategies would profit from the integration of various intervention tools, including effective vaccination, enhanced biosecurity practice, and improved awareness of producers and traders, although widespread household poultry rearing significantly interferes with any such strategies. Nevertheless, continuous surveillance associated with rapid diagnosis and thorough virus characterization is the basis of such strategies.
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Islam SS, Akwar H, Hossain MM, Sufian MA, Hasan MZ, Chakma S, Meeyam T, Chaisowwong W, Punyapornwithaya V, Debnath NC, Brum E, Pichpol D. Qualitative risk assessment of transmission pathways of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus at live poultry markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:658-672. [PMID: 32558220 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of environmental samples obtained from the Live Poultry Markets (LPMs) of Dhaka City, Bangladesh, has revealed that the highest degree of prevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI, H5N1), besides other subtypes of the LPAI virus, poses the plausible risk of transmission of these viruses between human and poultry species. The present study was conducted using the OIE risk analysis framework to assess the risk level of each pathway successively. The estimated risk parameters were integrated towards to obtain the overall risk level for each specific HPAI transmission pathway using the matrix adapted by Cristobel Zepeda accompanying other expert consultations. The relevant data obtained from published and unpublished sources, together with survey data of field observations, were used to formulate and confirm the risk pathways and their associated risks. The results revealed that the risk of the release of the HPAI virus was medium when exposure was high. Additionally, the consequence would be considered very high with a medium degree of uncertainty for all parameters. Ultimately, the overall risk for transmission was estimated as medium with a medium degree of uncertainty. The findings of this study reveal that there is a significant threat that HPAI virus transmission could occur among poultry and humans and effectively sustain within the environment of the LPMs. Our findings are primarily focused on public health considerations, the hygienic slaughter of poultry and the relevant cleaning and sanitation practices conducted in the LPMs to support evidence-based decision-making processes. The findings of the study have the potential to be used to formulate effective risk reduction measures and can be further adapted in low-resource settings without major infrastructural changes required of the LPMs. All of which would reduce the risk of HPAI virus release and further lessen the degree of exposure and transmission in established LPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Master of Science in Veterinary Science (International), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Holy Akwar
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO-UN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mehedi Hossain
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Sufian
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zakiul Hasan
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO-UN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shovon Chakma
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO-UN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tongkorn Meeyam
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warangkhana Chaisowwong
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nitish C Debnath
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO-UN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Eric Brum
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO-UN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Duangporn Pichpol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Kwon JH, Lee DH, Criado MF, Killmaster L, Ali MZ, Giasuddin M, Samad MA, Karim MR, Hasan M, Brum E, Nasrin T, Swayne DE. Genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa046. [PMID: 34127940 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian lineage A/H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been responsible for continuous outbreaks in Bangladesh since 2007. Although clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 HPAIVs have disappeared since poultry vaccination was introduced in 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have continued to be detected in Bangladesh. In this study, we identified A/H9N2 (n = 15), A/H5N1 (n = 19), and A/H5N1-A/H9N2 (n = 18) mixed viruses from live bird markets, chicken farms, and wild house crows (Corvus splendens) in Bangladesh from 2016 to 2018. We analyzed the genetic sequences of the H5 HPAIVs, to better understand the evolutionary history of clade 2.3.2.1a viruses in Bangladesh. Although seven HA genetic subgroups (B1-B7) and six genotypes (G1, G1.1, G1.2, G2, G2.1, and G2.2) have been identified in Bangladesh, only subgroup B7 and genotypes G2, G2.1, and G2.2 were detected after 2016. The replacement of G1 genotype by G2 in Bangladesh was possibly due to vaccination and viral competition in duck populations. Initially, genetic diversity decreased after introduction of vaccination in 2012, but in 2015, genetic diversity increased and was associated with the emergence of genotype G2. Our phylodynamic analysis suggests that domestic Anseriformes, including ducks and geese, may have played a major role in persistence, spread, evolution, and genotype replacement of clade 2.3.2.1a HPAIVs in Bangladesh. Thus, improvements in biosecurity and monitoring of domestic Anseriformes are needed for more effective control of HPAI in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kwon
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Miria Ferreira Criado
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Lindsay Killmaster
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Md Zulfekar Ali
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed A Samad
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Eric Brum
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanzinah Nasrin
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David E Swayne
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Parvin R, Kabiraj CK, Mumu TT, Chowdhury EH, Islam MR, Beer M, Harder T. Active virological surveillance in backyard ducks in Bangladesh: detection of avian influenza and gammacoronaviruses. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:361-368. [PMID: 32271094 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1753654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Domestic waterfowl play an important role in the perpetuation and transmission of avian pathogens including avian influenza viruses (AIV) of low and high pathogenicity, which pose severe economic and public health concerns in Bangladesh. This study focused on active surveillance of several avian viral pathogens with a special reference to AIV in selected backyard duck populations in Bangladesh. A total of 500 pooled oropharyngeal and cloacal samples from individual ducks of four districts were tested by real time PCRs for the presence of AIV, avian avulavirus-1, anatid herpesvirus-1, avian parvovirus, avian bornavirus and avian coronavirus. The investigation identified 27 (5.4%) ducks positive for AIV and 12 (2.4%) positive for avian coronavirus. In 13 samples, RNA specific for AIV H4N6 was detected. Phylogenetic analysis of the AIV haemagglutinin H4 and neuraminidase N6 genes suggested a clustering of Bangladeshi AIV H4N6 in Eurasian lineage group 2. Other AIV positive samples had very low virus loads (Cq > 36) and were not subtyped. Coronaviral sequences of a fragment of the polymerase gene were related to Eurasian-Australian duck gamma-coronaviruses. Our current active surveillance in free-range domestic backyard ducks in Bangladesh failed to detect highly pathogenic (HP) AIV in contrast to our previous passive monitoring study. Nevertheless, active monitoring of domestic duck populations may be important to highlight presence and transmission dynamics of economically less important AIV that still may serve as reassortment partners for the generation of new HP and zoonotic AIV. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Active surveillance for viral pathogens in domestic free-range backyard ducks. Detection of avian influenza virus subtype H4N6. First identification of avian gammacoronavirus in ducks in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.,Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza (NRL-AI), Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Congriev Kumar Kabiraj
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjin Tamanna Mumu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Martin Beer
- Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza (NRL-AI), Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza (NRL-AI), Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Shi N, Huang J, Zhang X, Bao C, Yue N, Wang Q, Cui T, Zheng M, Huo X, Jin H. Interventions in Live Poultry Markets for the Control of Avian Influenza: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:553-560. [PMID: 31323094 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review aimed to provide constructive suggestions for the control and management of avian influenza through quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the impact of different live poultry market (LPM) interventions. METHODS Both English and Chinese language databases were searched for articles that were published on or before 9 November 2018. After extraction and assessment of the included literature, Stata14.0 was applied to perform a meta-analysis to explore the impacts of LPM interventions. RESULTS A total of 19 studies were identified. In total, 224 human, 3550 poultry, and 13 773 environment samples were collected before the intervention; 181 people, 4519 poultry, and 9562 environments were sampled after LPM interventions. Avian influenza virus (AIV) detection rates in the LPM environment (odds ratio [OR], 0.393; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.262-0.589) and the incidence of AIV infection (OR, 0.045; 95% CI, 0.025-0.079) were significantly lower after LPM interventions, while interventions were not significantly effective in reducing AIV detection in poultry samples (OR, 0.803; 95% CI, 0.403-1.597). CONCLUSIONS LPM interventions can reduce AIV human infections and the detection rate of AIV in market environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyang Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinxin Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Jiangsu Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Yue
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyun Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Huo
- Jiangsu Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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The Pattern of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Outbreaks in South Asia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4040138. [PMID: 31783701 PMCID: PMC6958390 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has caused severe illnesses in poultry and in humans. More than 15,000 outbreaks in domestic birds from 2005 to 2018 and 861 human cases from 2003 to 2019 were reported across the world to OIE (Office International des Epizooties) and WHO (World Health Organization), respectively. We reviewed and summarized the spatial and temporal distribution of HPAI outbreaks in South Asia. During January 2006 to June 2019, a total of 1063 H5N1 outbreaks in birds and 12 human cases for H5N1 infection were reported to OIE and WHO, respectively. H5N1 outbreaks were detected more in the winter season than the summer season (RR 5.11, 95% CI: 4.28-6.1). Commercial poultry were three times more likely to be infected with H5N1 than backyard poultry (RR 3.47, 95% CI: 2.99-4.01). The highest number of H5N1 outbreaks was reported in 2008, and the smallest numbers were reported in 2014 and 2015. Multiple subtypes of avian influenza viruses and multiple clades of H5N1 virus were detected. Early detection and reporting of HPAI viruses are needed to control and eliminate HPAI in South Asia.
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A Decade of Avian Influenza in Bangladesh: Where Are We Now? Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4030119. [PMID: 31514405 PMCID: PMC6789720 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a public health threat in Bangladesh since the first reported outbreak in poultry in 2007. The country has undertaken numerous efforts to detect, track, and combat avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The predominant genotype of the H5N1 viruses is clade 2.3.2.1a. The persistent changing of clades of the circulating H5N1 strains suggests probable mutations that might have been occurring over time. Surveillance has provided evidence that the virus has persistently prevailed in all sectors and caused discontinuous infections. The presence of AIV in live bird markets has been detected persistently. Weak biosecurity in the poultry sector is linked with resource limitation, low risk perception, and short-term sporadic interventions. Controlling avian influenza necessitates a concerted multi-sector ‘One Health’ approach that includes the government and key stakeholders.
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Barman S, Turner JCM, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, El-Shesheny R, Franks J, Walker D, Seiler P, Friedman K, Kercher L, Jeevan T, McKenzie P, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Feeroz MM. Continuing evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses in Bangladeshi live poultry markets. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:650-661. [PMID: 31014196 PMCID: PMC6493222 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1605845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since November 2008, we have conducted active avian influenza surveillance in Bangladesh. Clades 2.2.2, 2.3.4.2, and 2.3.2.1a of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses have all been identified in Bangladeshi live poultry markets (LPMs), although, since the end of 2014, H5N1 viruses have been exclusively from clade 2.3.2.1a. In June 2015, a new reassortant H5N1 virus (H5N1-R1) from clade 2.3.2.1a was identified, containing haemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and matrix genes of H5N1 viruses circulating in Bangladesh since 2011, plus five other genes of Eurasian-lineage low pathogenic avian influenza A (LPAI) viruses. Here we report the status of circulating avian influenza A viruses in Bangladeshi LPMs from March 2016 to January 2018. Until April 2017, H5N1 viruses exclusively belonged to H5N1-R1 clade 2.3.2.1a. However, in May 2017, we identified another reassortant H5N1 (H5N1-R2), also of clade 2.3.2.1a, wherein the PA gene segment of H5N1-R1 was replaced by that of another Eurasian-lineage LPAI virus related to A/duck/Bangladesh/30828/2016 (H3N8), detected in Bangladeshi LPM in September 2016. Currently, both reassortant H5N1-R1 and H5N1-R2 co-circulate in Bangladeshi LPMs. Furthermore, some LPAI viruses isolated from LPMs during 2016–2017 were closely related to those from ducks in free-range farms and wild birds in Tanguar haor, a wetland region of Bangladesh where ducks have frequent contact with migratory birds. These data support a hypothesis where Tanguar haor-like ecosystems provide a mechanism for movement of LPAI viruses to LPMs where reassortment with poultry viruses occurs adding to the diversity of viruses at this human-animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Barman
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Jasmine C M Turner
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- b Department of Zoology , Jahangirnagar University , Dhaka , Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- b Department of Zoology , Jahangirnagar University , Dhaka , Bangladesh
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA.,c Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses , National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - John Franks
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - David Walker
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Kimberly Friedman
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- b Department of Zoology , Jahangirnagar University , Dhaka , Bangladesh
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Yang G, Chowdury S, Hodges E, Rahman MZ, Jang Y, Hossain ME, Jones J, Stark TJ, Di H, Cook PW, Ghosh S, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Barnes JR, Wentworth DE, Kennedy E, Davis CT. Detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses in waterfowl in Bangladesh. Virology 2019; 534:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nooruzzaman M, Haque ME, Chowdhury EH, Islam MR. Pathology of clade 2.3.2.1 avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection in quails and ducks in Bangladesh. Avian Pathol 2018; 48:73-79. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1535165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Enamul Haque
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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