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Lee JY, Bays DJ, Savage HP, Bäumler AJ. The human gut microbiome in health and disease: time for a new chapter? Infect Immun 2024:e0030224. [PMID: 39347570 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00302-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome, composed of the colonic microbiota and their host environment, is important for many aspects of human health. A gut microbiome imbalance (gut dysbiosis) is associated with major causes of human morbidity and mortality. Despite the central part our gut microbiome plays in health and disease, mechanisms that maintain homeostasis and properties that demarcate dysbiosis remain largely undefined. Here we discuss that sorting taxa into meaningful ecological units reveals that the availability of respiratory electron acceptors, such as oxygen, in the host environment has a dominant influence on gut microbiome health. During homeostasis, host functions that limit the diffusion of oxygen into the colonic lumen shelter a microbial community dominated by primary fermenters from atmospheric oxygen. In turn, primary fermenters break down unabsorbed nutrients into fermentation products that support host nutrition. This symbiotic relationship is disrupted when host functions that limit the luminal availability of host-derived electron acceptors become weakened. The resulting changes in the host environment drive alterations in the microbiota composition, which feature an elevated abundance of facultatively anaerobic microbes. Thus, the part of the gut microbiome that becomes imbalanced during dysbiosis is the host environment, whereas changes in the microbiota composition are secondary to this underlying cause. This shift in our understanding of dysbiosis provides a novel starting point for therapeutic strategies to restore microbiome health. Such strategies can either target the microbes through metabolism-based editing or strengthen the host functions that control their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Yon Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Derek J Bays
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Hannah P Savage
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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2
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Van Hul M, Neyrinck AM, Everard A, Abot A, Bindels LB, Delzenne NM, Knauf C, Cani PD. Role of the intestinal microbiota in contributing to weight disorders and associated comorbidities. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0004523. [PMID: 38940505 PMCID: PMC11391702 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00045-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe gut microbiota is a major factor contributing to the regulation of energy homeostasis and has been linked to both excessive body weight and accumulation of fat mass (i.e., overweight, obesity) or body weight loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, and fat depletion (i.e., cachexia). These syndromes are characterized by multiple metabolic dysfunctions including abnormal regulation of food reward and intake, energy storage, and low-grade inflammation. Given the increasing worldwide prevalence of obesity, cachexia, and associated metabolic disorders, novel therapeutic strategies are needed. Among the different mechanisms explaining how the gut microbiota is capable of influencing host metabolism and energy balance, numerous studies have investigated the complex interactions existing between nutrition, gut microbes, and their metabolites. In this review, we discuss how gut microbes and different microbiota-derived metabolites regulate host metabolism. We describe the role of the gut barrier function in the onset of inflammation in this context. We explore the importance of the gut-to-brain axis in the regulation of energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism but also the key role played by the liver. Finally, we present specific key examples of how using targeted approaches such as prebiotics and probiotics might affect specific metabolites, their signaling pathways, and their interactions with the host and reflect on the challenges to move from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Van Hul
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (MNUT), Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
- NeuroMicrobiota, International Research Program (IRP) INSERM/UCLouvain, France/Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (MNUT), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (MNUT), Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | | | - Laure B Bindels
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (MNUT), Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (MNUT), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claude Knauf
- NeuroMicrobiota, International Research Program (IRP) INSERM/UCLouvain, France/Belgium
- INSERM U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice D Cani
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (MNUT), Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
- NeuroMicrobiota, International Research Program (IRP) INSERM/UCLouvain, France/Belgium
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Brussels, Belgium
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3
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VanderVeen BN, Cardaci TD, Bullard BM, Madden M, Li J, Velazquez KT, Kubinak JL, Fan D, Murphy EA. Involvement of the gut microbiota in cancer cachexia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C661-C670. [PMID: 38981609 PMCID: PMC11427007 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00327.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia, or the unintentional loss of body weight in patients with cancer, is a multiorgan and multifactorial syndrome with a complex and largely unknown etiology; however, metabolic dysfunction and inflammation remain hallmarks of cancer-associated wasting. Although cachexia manifests with muscle and adipose tissue loss, perturbations to the gastrointestinal tract may serve as the frontline for both impaired nutrient absorption and immune-activating gut dysbiosis. Investigations into the gut microbiota have exploded within the past two decades, demonstrating multiple gut-tissue axes; however, the link between adipose and skeletal muscle wasting and the gut microbiota with cancer is only beginning to be understood. Furthermore, the most used anticancer drugs (e.g. chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors) negatively impact gut homeostasis, potentially exacerbating wasting and contributing to poor patient outcomes and survival. In this review, we 1) highlight our current understanding of the microbial changes that occur with cachexia, 2) discuss how microbial changes may contribute to adipose and skeletal muscle wasting, and 3) outline study design considerations needed when examining the role of the microbiota in cancer-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N VanderVeen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Columbia, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Thomas D Cardaci
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Columbia, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Brooke M Bullard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Columbia, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Michael Madden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Kandy T Velazquez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Columbia, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Jason L Kubinak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Columbia, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - E Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Columbia, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
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4
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Compton SLE, Heymsfield SB, Brown JC. Nutritional Mechanisms of Cancer Cachexia. Annu Rev Nutr 2024; 44:77-98. [PMID: 39207878 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062122-015646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex systemic wasting syndrome. Nutritional mechanisms that span energy intake, nutrient metabolism, body composition, and energy balance may be impacted by, and may contribute to, the development of cachexia. To date, clinical management of cachexia remains elusive. Leaning on discoveries and novel methodologies from other fields of research may bolster new breakthroughs that improve nutritional management and clinical outcomes. Characteristics that compare and contrast cachexia and obesity may reveal opportunities for cachexia research to adopt methodology from the well-established field of obesity research. This review outlines the known nutritional mechanisms and gaps in the knowledge surrounding cancer cachexia. In parallel, we present how obesity may be a different side of the same coin and how obesity research has tackled similar research questions. We present insights into how cachexia research may utilize nutritional methodology to expand our understanding of cachexia to improve definitions and clinical care in future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L E Compton
- Cancer Energetics Unit, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA;
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Metabolism and Body Composition Unit, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Justin C Brown
- Cancer Energetics Unit, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA;
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5
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Simonson M, Cueff G, Thibaut MM, Giraudet C, Salles J, Chambon C, Boirie Y, Bindels LB, Gueugneau M, Guillet C. Skeletal Muscle Proteome Modifications following Antibiotic-Induced Microbial Disturbances in Cancer Cachexia. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:2452-2473. [PMID: 38965921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is an involuntary loss of body weight, mostly of skeletal muscle. Previous research favors the existence of a microbiota-muscle crosstalk, so the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of microbiota alterations induced by antibiotics on skeletal muscle proteins expression. Skeletal muscle proteome changes were investigated in control (CT) or C26 cachectic mice (C26) with or without antibiotic treatment (CT-ATB or C26-ATB, n = 8 per group). Muscle protein extracts were divided into a sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar fraction and then underwent label-free liquid chromatography separation, mass spectrometry analysis, Mascot protein identification, and METASCAPE platform data analysis. In C26 mice, the atrogen mafbx expression was 353% higher than CT mice and 42.3% higher than C26-ATB mice. No effect on the muscle protein synthesis was observed. Proteomic analyses revealed a strong effect of antibiotics on skeletal muscle proteome outside of cachexia, with adaptative processes involved in protein folding, growth, energy metabolism, and muscle contraction. In C26-ATB mice, proteome adaptations observed in CT-ATB mice were blunted. Differentially expressed proteins were involved in other processes like glucose metabolism, oxidative stress response, and proteolysis. This study confirms the existence of a microbiota-muscle axis, with a muscle response after antibiotics that varies depending on whether cachexia is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Simonson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri-Dunant, BP 38, cedex 1, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France
| | - Gwendal Cueff
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri-Dunant, BP 38, cedex 1, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France
| | - Morgane M Thibaut
- MNUT Research group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, LDRI, Avenue Mounier 73/B1.73.11, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Christophe Giraudet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri-Dunant, BP 38, cedex 1, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France
| | - Jérôme Salles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri-Dunant, BP 38, cedex 1, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France
| | - Christophe Chambon
- Animal Products Quality Unit (QuaPA), INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand 63122, France
- Metabolomic and Proteomic Exploration Facility, Clermont Auvergne University, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand 63122, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri-Dunant, BP 38, cedex 1, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrandservice de Nutrition clinique, Université Clermont Auvergne, Service de nutrition clinique, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand. 58, rue Montalember, Cedex 1, Clermont-Ferrand 63003, France
| | - Laure B Bindels
- MNUT Research group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, LDRI, Avenue Mounier 73/B1.73.11, Brussels 1200, Belgium
- Welbio Department, WEL Research Institute, avenue Pasteur, 6, Wavre 1300, Belgium
| | - Marine Gueugneau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri-Dunant, BP 38, cedex 1, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France
| | - Christelle Guillet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri-Dunant, BP 38, cedex 1, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France
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6
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Shukla R, Tsuchiya Y, Behari A, Ikoma T, Nakamura K, Kapoor VK. Metagenomic Analysis of Biliary Microbial Flora in Patients with Gallbladder Cancer or Gallstones-Associated Chronic Cholecystitis. Cancer Invest 2024; 42:478-490. [PMID: 38845533 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2024.2361305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Biliary dysbiosis is associated with gallbladder cancer (GBC). We aimed to look for biliary bacteria specifically detected in GBC patients. We used 16S rRNA-based metagenomic analysis to elucidate biliary microbiota in 30 GBC and 30 gallstones-associated chronic cholecystitis patients. Relative abundance of five genera, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Halomonas, Escherichia and Caulobacter was significantly associated with GBC. Of 15-species, 7 were detected significantly higher in GBC, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus intermedius, Actinomyces bowdenii, Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces gerencseriae, and Escherichia fergusonii were biosafety level-2 infectious bacteria; other 8 species were biosafety level-1 bacteria. These bacterial species may be involved in pathogenesis of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Shukla
- Department of Clinical Research, Sharda School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yasuo Tsuchiya
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Anu Behari
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Toshikazu Ikoma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Uji-Tokushukai Medical Center, Uji, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Nakamura
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Vinay K Kapoor
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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7
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Byerley LO, Lorenzen B, Chang HM, Hartman WG, Keenan MJ, Page R, Luo M, Dowd SE, Taylor CM. Gut Microbial Dysbiosis Differs in Two Distinct Cachectic Tumor-Bearing Models Consuming the Same Diet. Nutrients 2024; 16:1076. [PMID: 38613109 PMCID: PMC11013133 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of cancer cachexia on the colonic microbiota is poorly characterized. This study assessed the effect of two cachectic-producing tumor types on the gut microbiota to determine if a similar dysbiosis could be found. In addition, it was determined if a diet containing an immunonutrient-rich food (walnuts) known to promote the growth of probiotic bacteria in the colon could alter the dysbiosis and slow cachexia. Male Fisher 344 rats were randomly assigned to a semi-purified diet with or without walnuts. Then, within each diet group, rats were further assigned randomly to a treatment group: tumor-bearing ad libitum fed (TB), non-tumor-bearing ad libitum fed (NTB-AL), and non-tumor-bearing group pair-fed to the TB (NTB-PF). The TB group was implanted either with the Ward colon carcinoma or MCA-induced sarcoma, both transplantable tumor lines. Fecal samples were collected after the development of cachexia, and bacteria species were identified using 16S rRNA gene analysis. Both TB groups developed cachexia but had a differently altered gut microbiome. Beta diversity was unaffected by treatment (NTB-AL, TB, and NTB-PF) regardless of tumor type but was affected by diet. Also, diet consistently changed the relative abundance of several bacteria taxa, while treatment and tumor type did not. The control diet increased the abundance of A. Anaeroplasma, while the walnut diet increased the genus Ruminococcus. There were no common fecal bacterial changes characteristic of cachexia found. Diet consistently changed the gut microbiota, but these changes were insufficient to slow the progression of cachexia, suggesting cancer cachexia is more complex than a few gut microbiota shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri O. Byerley
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA (H.-M.C.)
| | - Brittany Lorenzen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA (H.-M.C.)
| | - Hsiao-Man Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA (H.-M.C.)
| | - William G. Hartman
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA (H.-M.C.)
| | - Michael J. Keenan
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, 297 Knapp Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (M.J.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Ryan Page
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, 297 Knapp Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (M.J.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (M.L.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Scot E. Dowd
- Molecular Research LP, 503 Clovis Rd., Shallowater, TX 79363, USA;
| | - Christopher M. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (M.L.); (C.M.T.)
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Shi A, Ji X, Li W, Dong L, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang S. The Interaction between Human Microbes and Advanced Glycation End Products: The Role of Klebsiella X15 on Advanced Glycation End Products' Degradation. Nutrients 2024; 16:754. [PMID: 38474882 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are implicated in the occurrence and progression of numerous diseases, with dietary AGEs being particularly associated with intestinal disorders. In this study, methylglyoxal-beta-lactoglobulin AGEs (MGO-β-LG AGEs) were utilized as the exclusive nitrogen source to investigate the interaction between protein-bound AGEs and human gut microbiota. The high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of alterations in peptides containing AGEs within metabolites before and after fermentation elucidated the capacity of intestinal microorganisms to enzymatically hydrolyze long-chain AGEs into short-chain counterparts. The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Escherichia-Shigella, and other genera as dominant microbiota at different fermentation times. A total of 187 potential strains of AGE-metabolizing bacteria were isolated from the fermentation broth at various time points. Notably, one strain of Klebsiella exhibited the most robust growth capacity when AGEs served as the sole nitrogen source. Subsequently, proteomics was employed to compare the changes in protein levels of Klebsiella X15 following cultivation in unmodified proteins and proteins modified with AGEs. This analysis unveiled a remodeled amino acid and energy metabolism pathway in Klebsiella in response to AGEs, indicating that Klebsiella may possess a metabolic pathway specifically tailored to AGEs. This study found that fermenting AGEs in healthy human intestinal microbiota altered the bacterial microbiota structure, especially by increasing Klebsiella proliferation, which could be a key factor in AGEs' role in causing diseases, particularly intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiying Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuemeng Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wanhua Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lu Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuekun Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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9
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Wang Y, Dong Z, An Z, Jin W. Cancer cachexia: Focus on cachexia factors and inter-organ communication. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:44-62. [PMID: 37968131 PMCID: PMC10766315 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cancer cachexia is a multi-organ syndrome and closely related to changes in signal communication between organs, which is mediated by cancer cachexia factors. Cancer cachexia factors, being the general name of inflammatory factors, circulating proteins, metabolites, and microRNA secreted by tumor or host cells, play a role in secretory or other organs and mediate complex signal communication between organs during cancer cachexia. Cancer cachexia factors are also a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment. The pathogenesis of cachexia is unclear and no clear effective treatment is available. Thus, the treatment of cancer cachexia from the perspective of the tumor ecosystem rather than from the perspective of a single molecule and a single organ is urgently needed. From the point of signal communication between organs mediated by cancer cachexia factors, finding a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer cachexia is of great significance to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment. This review begins with cancer cachexia factors released during the interaction between tumor and host cells, and provides a comprehensive summary of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment for cancer cachexia, along with a particular sight on multi-organ signal communication mediated by cancer cachexia factors. This summary aims to deepen medical community's understanding of cancer cachexia and may conduce to the discovery of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zikai Dong
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ziyi An
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Weilin Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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10
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Winter SE, Bäumler AJ. Gut dysbiosis: Ecological causes and causative effects on human disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2316579120. [PMID: 38048456 PMCID: PMC10722970 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316579120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a role in many human diseases, but high-throughput sequence analysis does not provide a straightforward path for defining healthy microbial communities. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that drive compositional changes during disease (gut dysbiosis) continues to be a central goal in microbiome research. Insights from the microbial pathogenesis field show that an ecological cause for gut dysbiosis is an increased availability of host-derived respiratory electron acceptors, which are dominant drivers of microbial community composition. Similar changes in the host environment also drive gut dysbiosis in several chronic human illnesses, and a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms informs approaches to causatively link compositional changes in the gut microbiota to an exacerbation of symptoms. The emerging picture suggests that homeostasis is maintained by host functions that control the availability of resources governing microbial growth. Defining dysbiosis as a weakening of these host functions directs attention to the underlying cause and identifies potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian E. Winter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
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Callaway CS, Mouchantat LM, Bitler BG, Bonetto A. Mechanisms of Ovarian Cancer-Associated Cachexia. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad176. [PMID: 37980602 PMCID: PMC10699881 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia occurs in 50% to 80% of cancer patients and is responsible for 20% to 30% of cancer-related deaths. Cachexia limits survival and treatment outcomes, and is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality during cancer. Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in women, and recent studies have begun to highlight the prevalence and clinical impact of cachexia in this population. Here, we review the existing understanding of cachexia pathophysiology and summarize relevant studies assessing ovarian cancer-associated cachexia in clinical and preclinical studies. In clinical studies, there is increased evidence that reduced skeletal muscle mass and quality associate with worse outcomes in subjects with ovarian cancer. Mouse models of ovarian cancer display cachexia, often characterized by muscle and fat wasting alongside inflammation, although they remain underexplored relative to other cachexia-associated cancer types. Certain soluble factors have been identified and successfully targeted in these models, providing novel therapeutic targets for mitigating cachexia during ovarian cancer. However, given the relatively low number of studies, the translational relevance of these findings is yet to be determined and requires more research. Overall, our current understanding of ovarian cancer-associated cachexia is insufficient and this review highlights the need for future research specifically aimed at exploring mechanisms of ovarian cancer-associated cachexia by using unbiased approaches and animal models representative of the clinical landscape of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler S Callaway
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lila M Mouchantat
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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12
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McClement SE. Toward a holistic understanding of cancer cachexia: Application of the human response to illness model. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2023; 10:100306. [PMID: 38197036 PMCID: PMC10772185 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjon.2023.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a commonly presenting multidimensional syndrome in individuals living with advanced cancer. Given its prevalence of between 50% and 80%, nurses are going to encounter individuals manifesting ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass (with or without loss of fat mass) that can be partially but not entirely reversed by conventional nutritional support. Thus nurses require a comprehensive understanding of this complex clinical problem. Research suggests, however, that nurses receive minimal education about cachexia or its management. Limited understanding undermines the ability to confidently care for patients with cachexia and their families, thereby hampering effective practice. The human response to illness model provides nurses with an organizing framework to guide and make sense of their assessments in clinical practice when caring for patients with cancer cachexia and provides direction for appropriate intervention. This article illustrates the integration of the human response to illness model to clinical practice, thereby assisting nurses to develop a comprehensive understanding of the physiological, pathophysiological, behavioral, and experiential facets of cachexia in advanced cancer patients. Contemporary areas of further interest and research will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. McClement
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Helen Glass Centre for Nursing, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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13
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Chen S, Zhang P, Duan H, Wang J, Qiu Y, Cui Z, Yin Y, Wan D, Xie L. Gut microbiota in muscular atrophy development, progression, and treatment: New therapeutic targets and opportunities. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100479. [PMID: 37539440 PMCID: PMC10394038 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition that significantly affects quality of life and often lacks effective treatment options. Muscle atrophy can have various causes, including myogenic, neurogenic, and other factors. Recent investigation has underscored a compelling link between the gut microbiota and skeletal muscle. Discerning the potential differences in the gut microbiota associated with muscle atrophy-related diseases, understanding their influence on disease development, and recognizing their potential as intervention targets are of paramount importance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of the gut microbiota in muscle atrophy-related diseases. We summarize clinical and pre-clinical studies that investigate the potential for gut microbiota modulation to enhance muscle performance and promote disease recovery. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate interplay between the gut microbiota and muscle atrophy-related diseases, drawing from an array of studies. Emerging evidence suggests significant differences in gut microbiota composition in individuals with muscle atrophy-related diseases compared with healthy individuals. It is conceivable that these alterations in the microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders through bacterium-related metabolites or inflammatory signals. Additionally, interventions targeting the gut microbiota have demonstrated promising results for mitigating disease progression in animal models, underscoring the therapeutic potential of modulating the gut microbiota in these conditions. By analyzing the available literature, this review sheds light on the involvement of the gut microbiota in muscle atrophy-related diseases. The findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and open avenues for development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting the gut-muscle axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Puxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Huimin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yuyueyang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Department of Biology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 501122, USA
| | - Zongbin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Dan Wan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Liwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan 528308, China
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14
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Wu SY, Ou CC, Lee ML, Hsin IL, Kang YT, Jan MS, Ko JL. Polysaccharide of Ganoderma lucidum Ameliorates Cachectic Myopathy Induced by the Combination Cisplatin plus Docetaxel in Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0313022. [PMID: 37212664 PMCID: PMC10269453 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03130-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a lethal muscle-wasting syndrome associated with cancer and chemotherapy use. Mounting evidence suggests a correlation between cachexia and intestinal microbiota, but there is presently no effective treatment for cachexia. Whether the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide Liz-H exerts protective effects on cachexia and gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by the combination cisplatin plus docetaxel (cisplatin + docetaxel) was investigated. C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with cisplatin + docetaxel, with or without oral administration of Liz-H. Body weight, food consumption, complete blood count, blood biochemistry, and muscle atrophy were measured. Next-generation sequencing was also performed to investigate changes to gut microbial ecology. Liz-H administration alleviated the cisplatin + docetaxel-induced weight loss, muscle atrophy, and neutropenia. Furthermore, upregulation of muscle protein degradation-related genes (MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1) and decline of myogenic factors (MyoD and myogenin) after treatment of cisplatin and docetaxel were prevented by Liz-H. Cisplatin and docetaxel treatment resulted in reducing comparative abundances of Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroides, but Liz-H treatment restored these to normal levels. This study indicates that Liz-H is a good chemoprotective reagent for cisplatin + docetaxel-induced cachexia. IMPORTANCE Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome driven by metabolic dysregulation, anorexia, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance. Approximately 80% of patients with advanced cancer have cachexia, and cachexia is the cause of death in 30% of cancer patients. Nutritional supplementation has not been shown to reverse cachexia progression. Thus, developing strategies to prevent and/or reverse cachexia is urgent. Polysaccharide is a major biologically active compound in the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. This study is the first to report that G. lucidum polysaccharides could alleviate chemotherapy-induced cachexia via reducing expression of genes that are known to drive muscle wasting, such as MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1. These results suggest that Liz-H is an effective treatment for cisplatin + docetaxel-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yu Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chyn Ou
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Lin Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Lun Hsin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Kang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiou Jan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health Industry Technology Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Argilés JM, López-Soriano FJ, Stemmler B, Busquets S. Cancer-associated cachexia - understanding the tumour macroenvironment and microenvironment to improve management. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:250-264. [PMID: 36806788 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia is a devastating, multifactorial and often irreversible systemic syndrome characterized by substantial weight loss (mainly of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue) that occurs in around 50-80% of patients with cancer. Although this condition mainly affects skeletal muscle (which accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight), cachexia is a multi-organ syndrome that also involves white and brown adipose tissue, and organs including the bones, brain, liver, gut and heart. Notably, cachexia accounts for up to 20% of cancer-related deaths. Cancer-associated cachexia is invariably associated with systemic inflammation, anorexia and increased energy expenditure. Understanding these mechanisms is essential, and the progress achieved in this area over the past decade could help to develop new therapeutic approaches. In this Review, we examine the currently available evidence on the roles of both the tumour macroenvironment and microenvironment in cancer-associated cachexia, and provide an overview of the novel therapeutic strategies developed to manage this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco J López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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A Taxonomy-Agnostic Approach to Targeted Microbiome Therapeutics-Leveraging Principles of Systems Biology. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020238. [PMID: 36839510 PMCID: PMC9959781 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of human microbiomes has yielded insights into basic science, and applied therapeutics are emerging. However, conflicting definitions of what microbiomes are and how they affect the health of the "host" are less understood. A major impediment towards systematic design, discovery, and implementation of targeted microbiome therapeutics is the continued reliance on taxonomic indicators to define microbiomes in health and disease. Such reliance often confounds analyses, potentially suggesting associations where there are none, and conversely failing to identify significant, causal relationships. This review article discusses recent discoveries pointing towards a molecular understanding of microbiome "dysbiosis" and away from a purely taxonomic approach. We highlight the growing role of systems biological principles in the complex interrelationships between the gut microbiome and host cells, and review current approaches commonly used in targeted microbiome therapeutics, including fecal microbial transplant, bacteriophage therapies, and the use of metabolic toxins to selectively eliminate specific taxa from dysbiotic microbiomes. These approaches, however, remain wholly or partially dependent on the bacterial taxa involved in dysbiosis, and therefore may not capitalize fully on many therapeutic opportunities presented at the bioactive molecular level. New technologies capable of addressing microbiome-associated diseases as molecular problems, if solved, will open possibilities of new classes and categories of targeted microbiome therapeutics aimed, in principle, at all dysbiosis-driven disorders.
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17
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do Rosário Palma AL, Santos PBDRED, Pereira TC, Marcucci MC, Sawaya ACHF, de Oliveira LD. Effects of Calendula officinalis and Capsicum annum glycolic extracts on planktonic cells and biofilms of multidrug-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BIOFOULING 2023; 39:145-156. [PMID: 36971265 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2192406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Empirical knowledge of natural plant extracts is increasingly proving to be a promising field. The effect of Calendula officinalis L. (CO) and Capsicum annum (CA) glycolic extracts (GlExt) have potential that should be further developed in microbial tests. The effect of CO-GlExt and CA-GlExt was evaluated on eight multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as collection strains for each bacterial. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were determined in comparison with 0.12% chlorhexidine. The tests were performed on single species biofilms, at 5 min and 24 h, using the MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay. The MIC and MBC of the extract ranged from 1.56 to 50 mg mL-1 for all strains evaluated. Analysis of the MTT assay revealed a strong antimicrobial potential of CA-GlExt, comparable to chlorhexidine. The findings suggest that CA-GlExt is effective against multidrug-resistant strains of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa in planktonic state and biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza do Rosário Palma
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Biological Sciences and Health, Anhembi Morumbi University (UAM), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pamela Beatriz do Rosário Estevam Dos Santos
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Cristine Pereira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Marcucci
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciane Dias de Oliveira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Panebianco C, Villani A, Potenza A, Favaro E, Finocchiaro C, Perri F, Pazienza V. Targeting Gut Microbiota in Cancer Cachexia: Towards New Treatment Options. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031849. [PMID: 36768173 PMCID: PMC9916111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex multifactorial syndrome whose hallmarks are weight loss due to the wasting of muscle tissue with or without the loss of adipose tissue, anorexia, systemic inflammation, and multi-organ metabolic alterations, which negatively impact patients' response to anticancer treatments, quality of life, and overall survival. Despite its clinical relevance, cancer cachexia often remains an underestimated complication due to the lack of rigorous diagnostic and therapeutic pathways. A number of studies have shown alterations in gut microbiota diversity and composition in association with cancer cachexia markers and symptoms, thus supporting a central role for dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Different tools of microbiota manipulation, including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, have been investigated, demonstrating encouraging improvements in cachexia outcomes. Albeit pioneering, these studies pave the way for future research with the aim of exploring the role of gut microbiota in cancer cachexia more deeply and setting up effective microbiota-targeting interventions to be translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Panebianco
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Hospital, Viale dei Cappuccini, 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Annacandida Villani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Hospital, Viale dei Cappuccini, 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Adele Potenza
- Dietetic and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Enrica Favaro
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Concetta Finocchiaro
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Perri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Hospital, Viale dei Cappuccini, 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Hospital, Viale dei Cappuccini, 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Correspondence:
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19
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Chew W, Lim YP, Lim WS, Chambers ES, Frost G, Wong SH, Ali Y. Gut-muscle crosstalk. A perspective on influence of microbes on muscle function. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1065365. [PMID: 36698827 PMCID: PMC9868714 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1065365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Our gastrointestinal system functions to digest and absorb ingested food, but it is also home to trillions of microbes that change across time, nutrition, lifestyle, and disease conditions. Largely commensals, these microbes are gaining prominence with regards to how they collectively affect the function of important metabolic organs, from the adipose tissues to the endocrine pancreas to the skeletal muscle. Muscle, as the biggest utilizer of ingested glucose and an important reservoir of body proteins, is intricately linked with homeostasis, and with important anabolic and catabolic functions, respectively. Herein, we provide a brief overview of how gut microbiota may influence muscle health and how various microbes may in turn be altered during certain muscle disease states. Specifically, we discuss recent experimental and clinical evidence in support for a role of gut-muscle crosstalk and include suggested underpinning molecular mechanisms that facilitate this crosstalk in health and diseased conditions. We end with a brief perspective on how exercise and pharmacological interventions may interface with the gut-muscle axis to improve muscle mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Chew
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Programme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Centre for Microbiome Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yen Peng Lim
- Institute of Geriatrics and Active Aging, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Shiong Lim
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Programme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Centre for Microbiome Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Institute of Geriatrics and Active Aging, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward S. Chambers
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Frost
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Programme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Centre for Microbiome Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yusuf Ali
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Programme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Centre for Microbiome Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Singapore General Hospital, Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore, Singapore,Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore,*Correspondence: Yusuf Ali ✉
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20
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Deng Y, Zhao L, Huang X, Zeng Y, Xiong Z, Zuo M. Contribution of skeletal muscle to cancer immunotherapy: A focus on muscle function, inflammation, and microbiota. Nutrition 2023; 105:111829. [PMID: 36265324 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, characterized by degenerative and systemic loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is a multifactorial syndrome commonly observed in individuals with cancer. Additionally, it represents a poor nutritional status and indicates possible presence of cancer cachexia. Recently, with the extensive application of cancer immunotherapy, the effects of sarcopenia/cachexia on cancer immunotherapy, have gained attention. The aim of this review was to summarize the influence of low muscle mass (sarcopenia/cachexia) on the response and immune-related adverse events to immunotherapy from the latest literature. It was revealed that low muscle mass (sarcopenia/cachexia) has detrimental effects on cancer immunotherapy in most cases, although there were results that were not consistent with this finding. This review also discussed potential causes of the paradox, such as different measure methods, research types, muscle indicators, time point, and cancer type. Mechanically, chronic inflammation, immune cells, and microbiota may be critically involved in regulating the efficacy of immunotherapy under the condition of low muscle mass (sarcopenia/cachexia). Thus, nutritional interventions will likely be promising ways for individuals with cancer to increase the efficacy of immunotherapy in the future, for low muscle mass (sarcopenia/cachexia) is an important prognostic factor for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanle Deng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhujuan Xiong
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ming Zuo
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
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21
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Di Girolamo D, Tajbakhsh S. Pathological features of tissues and cell populations during cancer cachexia. CELL REGENERATION 2022; 11:15. [PMID: 35441960 PMCID: PMC9021355 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-022-00108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cancers remain among the most devastating diseases in the human population in spite of considerable advances in limiting their impact on lifespan and healthspan. The multifactorial nature of cancers, as well as the number of tissues and organs that are affected, have exposed a considerable diversity in mechanistic features that are reflected in the wide array of therapeutic strategies that have been adopted. Cachexia is manifested in a number of diseases ranging from cancers to diabetes and ageing. In the context of cancers, a majority of patients experience cachexia and succumb to death due to the indirect effects of tumorigenesis that drain the energy reserves of different organs. Considerable information is available on the pathophysiological features of cancer cachexia, however limited knowledge has been acquired on the resident stem cell populations, and their function in the context of these diseases. Here we review current knowledge on cancer cachexia and focus on how tissues and their resident stem and progenitor cell populations are individually affected.
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22
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Lefevre C, Bindels LB. Role of the Gut Microbiome in Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:422-432. [PMID: 36121571 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the recent findings about the contribution of the gut microbiome to muscle pathophysiology and discuss molecular pathways that may be involved in such process. Related findings in the context of cancer cachexia are outlined. RECENT FINDINGS Many bacterial metabolites have been reported to exert a beneficial or detrimental impact on muscle physiology. Most of the evidence concentrates on short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), with an emerging role for bile acids, bacterial amino acid metabolites (bAAms), and bacterial polyphenol metabolites. Other molecular players worth considering include cytokines, hormones, lipopolysaccharides, and quorum sensing molecules. The current literature clearly establishes the ability for the gut microbiome to modulate muscle function and mass. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying this gut-muscle axis may lead to the delivery of novel therapeutic tools to tackle muscle wasting in cancer cachexia, chronic kidney disease, liver fibrosis, and age-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lefevre
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.11, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.11, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300, Wavre, Belgium.
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23
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Cancer Cachexia among Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer on Immunotherapy: An Observational Study with Exploratory Gut Microbiota Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215405. [PMID: 36358821 PMCID: PMC9658074 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia exerts a negative clinical influence on patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). The prognostic impact of body weight change during ICI treatment remains unknown. The gut microbiota (GM) is a key contributor to the response to ICI therapy in cancer patients. However, the association between cancer cachexia and GM and their association with the response to ICIs remains unexplored. This study examined the association of cancer cachexia with GM composition and assessed the impact of GM on clinical outcomes in patients with NSCLC treated with ICIs. In this observational, prospective study, which included 113 Japanese patients with advanced NSCLC treated with ICIs, the prevalence of cachexia was 50.4% (57/113). The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly shorter in the cachexia group than in the non-cachexia group (4.3 vs. 11.6 months (p = 0.003) and 12.0 months vs. not reached (p = 0.02), respectively). A multivariable analysis revealed that baseline cachexia was independently associated with a shorter PFS. Moreover, a gain in body weight from the baseline (reversible cachexia) was associated with a significantly longer PFS and OS compared to irreversible cachexia. Microbiome profiling with 16S rRNA analysis revealed that the cachexia group presented an overrepresentation of the commensal bacteria, Escherichia-Shigella and Hungatella, while the non-cachexia group had a preponderance of Anaerostipes, Blautia, and Eubacterium ventriosum. Anaerostipes and E. ventriosum were associated with longer PFS and OS. Moreover, a cachexia status correlated with the systemic inflammatory marker-derived-neutrophil-to-lymphocytes ratio (dNLR) and Lung Immune Prognostic Index (LIPI) indexes. Our study demonstrates that cachexia and longitudinal bodyweight change have a prognostic impact on patients with advanced NSCLC treated with ICI therapy. Moreover, our study demonstrates that bacteria associated with ICI resistance are also linked to cachexia. Targeted microbiota interventions may represent a new type of treatment to overcome cachexia in patients with NSCLC.
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24
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Wu Y, Tang X, Hu F, Zhu T, Liu H, Xiong Y, Zuo X, Xu A, Zhuang X. Long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics affects Ly6C hi monocyte recruitment and IL-17A and IL-22 production through the gut microbiota in tumor-bearing mice treated with chemotherapy. Immunol Res 2022; 70:829-843. [PMID: 36149530 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of antibiotics against infection in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy remains unclear and related studies have been performed in healthy or pathogen-infected animal models. Here, we aimed to study the effects of antibiotic use on intestinal infection in tumor-bearing mice treated with chemotherapy and to determine the underlying mechanisms. Subcutaneous CT26 tumor-bearing mice were assigned to four groups: the control (Ctrl) group without any treatment, the antibiotic (ATB) group treated with a mixture of ampicillin, streptomycin, and colistin, the 5-fluorouracil (FU) group treated with four cycles of intraperitoneal injections of FU, and the ATB + FU group treated with the combination of ATB and FU. Gut microbial composition was determined and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) were isolated for bacterial culturing. Intestinal permeability and integrity were assessed and the expression of cytokines was analyzed by quantitative PCR, ELISA, or flow cytometry (FCM). Monocytes in the colonic lamina propria (LP) were measured by FCM. Compared with the Ctrl and FU groups, the numbers of positive bacterial culturing results for mLNs were higher, and gut bacterial compositions were altered in the ATB and ATB + FU groups, with significantly decreased alpha diversity in the ATB + FU group. Intestinal integrity regarding the expression of tight junction proteins and intestinal permeability were not impaired significantly after treatments, but the colons were shorter in the ATB + FU group. The expression levels of intestinal IL-17A and IL-22, as well as the percentages of IL-17A+ cells in the colonic LP of the ATB + FU group, were lower than those in the FU group. The percentages of Ly6Chi monocytes in the colonic LP were lower, but those in the spleen were higher in the ATB + FU group than in the FU group. The mRNA levels of colonic CCL8 were reduced in the ATB + FU group. Antibiotic use is associated with an increased incidence of intestinal infections in tumor-bearing mice treated with chemotherapy, which might in turn be associated with a dysregulated gut microbiota that inhibits colonic monocyte recruitment and IL-17A and IL-22 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Basic Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yanjing Xiong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zuo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Aiping Xu
- The Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China.
| | - Xiufen Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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25
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Abstract
Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota are associated with many human diseases. So far, however, we have failed to define homeostasis or dysbiosis by the presence or absence of specific microbial species. The composition and function of the adult gut microbiota is governed by diet and host factors that regulate and direct microbial growth. The host delivers oxygen and nitrate to the lumen of the small intestine, which selects for bacteria that use respiration for energy production. In the colon, by contrast, the host limits the availability of oxygen and nitrate, which results in a bacterial community that specializes in fermentation for growth. Although diet influences microbiota composition, a poor diet weakens host control mechanisms that regulate the microbiota. Hence, quantifying host parameters that control microbial growth could help define homeostasis or dysbiosis and could offer alternative strategies to remediate dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Yon Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Renée M Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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26
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Milenkovic D, Capel F, Combaret L, Comte B, Dardevet D, Evrard B, Guillet C, Monfoulet LE, Pinel A, Polakof S, Pujos-Guillot E, Rémond D, Wittrant Y, Savary-Auzeloux I. Targeting the gut to prevent and counteract metabolic disorders and pathologies during aging. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:11185-11210. [PMID: 35730212 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2089870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of gut function is one of the explanatory mechanisms of health status decline in elderly population. These impairments involve a decline in gut digestive physiology, metabolism and immune status, and associated to that, changes in composition and function of the microbiota it harbors. Continuous deteriorations are generally associated with the development of systemic dysregulations and ultimately pathologies that can worsen the initial health status of individuals. All these alterations observed at the gut level can then constitute a wide range of potential targets for development of nutritional strategies that can impact gut tissue or associated microbiota pattern. This can be key, in a preventive manner, to limit gut functionality decline, or in a curative way to help maintaining optimum nutrients bioavailability in a context on increased requirements, as frequently observed in pathological situations. The aim of this review is to give an overview on the alterations that can occur in the gut during aging and lead to the development of altered function in other tissues and organs, ultimately leading to the development of pathologies. Subsequently is discussed how nutritional strategies that target gut tissue and gut microbiota can help to avoid or delay the occurrence of aging-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Milenkovic
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Capel
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lydie Combaret
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Blandine Comte
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dominique Dardevet
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christelle Guillet
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Alexandre Pinel
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sergio Polakof
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Estelle Pujos-Guillot
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Didier Rémond
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yohann Wittrant
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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27
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Liou MJ, Miller BM, Litvak Y, Nguyen H, Natwick DE, Savage HP, Rixon JA, Mahan SP, Hiyoshi H, Rogers AWL, Velazquez EM, Butler BP, Collins SR, McSorley SJ, Harshey RM, Byndloss MX, Simon SI, Bäumler AJ. Host cells subdivide nutrient niches into discrete biogeographical microhabitats for gut microbes. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:836-847.e6. [PMID: 35568027 PMCID: PMC9187619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the microbiota composition are associated with many human diseases, but factors that govern strain abundance remain poorly defined. We show that a commensal Escherichia coli strain and a pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolate both utilize nitrate for intestinal growth, but each accesses this resource in a distinct biogeographical niche. Commensal E. coli utilizes epithelial-derived nitrate, whereas nitrate in the niche occupied by S. Typhimurium is derived from phagocytic infiltrates. Surprisingly, avirulent S. Typhimurium was shown to be unable to utilize epithelial-derived nitrate because its chemotaxis receptors McpB and McpC exclude the pathogen from the niche occupied by E. coli. In contrast, E. coli invades the niche constructed by S. Typhimurium virulence factors and confers colonization resistance by competing for nitrate. Thus, nutrient niches are not defined solely by critical resources, but they can be further subdivided biogeographically within the host into distinct microhabitats, thereby generating new niche opportunities for distinct bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Liou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brittany M Miller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yael Litvak
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Henry Nguyen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dean E Natwick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hannah P Savage
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jordan A Rixon
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Scott P Mahan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hirotaka Hiyoshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Andrew W L Rogers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric M Velazquez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian P Butler
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rasika M Harshey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mariana X Byndloss
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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28
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Kabwe M, Dashper S, Tucci J. The Microbiome in Pancreatic Cancer-Implications for Diagnosis and Precision Bacteriophage Therapy for This Low Survival Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:871293. [PMID: 35663462 PMCID: PMC9160434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.871293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the mortality rates for many cancers have decreased due to improved detection and treatments, that of pancreatic cancer remains stubbornly high. The microbiome is an important factor in the progression of many cancers. Greater understanding of the microbiome in pancreatic cancer patients, as well as its manipulation, may assist in diagnosis and treatment of this disease. In this report we reviewed studies that compared microbiome changes in pancreatic cancer patients and non-cancer patients. We then identified which bacterial genera were most increased in relative abundance across the oral, pancreatic, duodenal, and faecal tissue microbiomes. In light of these findings, we discuss the potential for utilising these bacteria as diagnostic biomarkers, as well as their potential control using precision targeting with bacteriophages, in instances where a causal oncogenic link is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwila Kabwe
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph Tucci
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
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29
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Sarcopenia in Children with Solid Organ Tumors: An Instrumental Era. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081278. [PMID: 35455957 PMCID: PMC9024674 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia has recently been studied in both adults and children and was found to be a prognostic marker for adverse outcome in a variety of patient groups. Our research showed that sarcopenia is a relevant marker in predicting outcome in children with solid organ tumors, such as hepatoblastoma and neuroblastoma. This was especially true in very ill, high-risk groups. Children with cancer have a higher likelihood of ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass due to a mismatch in energy intake and expenditure. Additionally, the effects of cancer therapy, hormonal alterations, chronic inflammation, multi-organ dysfunction, and a hypermetabolic state all contribute to a loss of skeletal muscle mass. Sarcopenia seems to be able to pinpoint this waste to a high degree in a new and objective way, making it an additional tool in predicting and improving outcome in children. This article focuses on the current state of sarcopenia in children with solid organ tumors. It details the pathophysiological mechanisms behind sarcopenia, highlighting the technical features of the available methods for measuring muscle mass, strength, and function, including artificial intelligence (AI)-based techniques. It also reviews the latest research on sarcopenia in children, focusing on children with solid organ tumors.
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30
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Hua M, Duan A, Li Q, Yue J, Liu X, Yuan L, Liu J, Chen C. Alteration of microbiota and immune response of mice gavaged with Klebsiella oxytoca. Microbes Infect 2022; 24:104977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.104977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Halimi A, Gabarrini G, Sobkowiak MJ, Ateeb Z, Davanian H, Gaiser RA, Arnelo U, Valente R, Wong AY, Moro CF, Del Chiaro M, Özenci V, Chen MS. Isolation of pancreatic microbiota from cystic precursors of pancreatic cancer with intracellular growth and DNA damaging properties. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1983101. [PMID: 34816784 PMCID: PMC8632270 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1983101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging research suggests gut microbiome may play a role in pancreatic cancer initiation and progression, but cultivation of the cancer microbiome remains challenging. This pilot study aims to investigate the possibility to cultivate pancreatic microbiome from pancreatic cystic lesions associated with invasive cancer. Intra-operatively acquired pancreatic cyst fluid samples showed culture-positivity mainly in the intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) group of lesions. MALDI-TOF MS profiling analysis shows Gammaproteobacteria and Bacilli dominate among individual bacteria isolates. Among cultivated bacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae, but also Granulicatella adiacens and Enterococcus faecalis, demonstrate consistent pathogenic properties in pancreatic cell lines tested in ex vivo co-culture models. Pathogenic properties include intracellular survival capability, cell death induction, or causing DNA double-strand breaks in the surviving cells resembling genotoxic effects. This study provides new insights into the role of the pancreatic microbiota in the intriguing link between pancreatic cystic lesions and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Halimi
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Giorgio Gabarrini
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Zeeshan Ateeb
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haleh Davanian
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Urban Arnelo
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roberto Valente
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alicia Y.W. Wong
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden,Department of Clinical Microbiology F 72, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Fernández Moro
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden,Department of Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Marco Del Chiaro
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Volkan Özenci
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden,Department of Clinical Microbiology F 72, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margaret Sällberg Chen
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden,CONTACT Margaret Sällberg Chen Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge14141, Sweden
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32
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Boscaini S, Leigh SJ, Lavelle A, García-Cabrerizo R, Lipuma T, Clarke G, Schellekens H, Cryan JF. Microbiota and body weight control: Weight watchers within? Mol Metab 2022; 57:101427. [PMID: 34973469 PMCID: PMC8829807 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite several decades of research, managing body weight remains an unsolved clinical problem. Health problems associated with dysregulated body weight, such as obesity and cachexia, exhibit several gut microbiota alterations. There is an increased interest in utilising the gut microbiota for body weight control, as it responds to intervention and plays an important role in energy extraction from food, as well as biotransformation of nutrients. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW This review provides an overview of the role of the gut microbiota in the physiological and metabolic alterations observed in two body weight dysregulation-related disorders, namely obesity and cachexia. Second, we assess the available evidence for different strategies, including caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, ketogenic diet, bariatric surgery, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, high-fibre diet, and fermented foods - effects on body weight and gut microbiota composition. This approach was used to give insights into the possible link between body weight control and gut microbiota configuration. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Despite extensive associations between body weight and gut microbiota composition, limited success could be achieved in the translation of microbiota-related interventions for body weight control in humans. Manipulation of the gut microbiota alone is insufficient to alter body weight and future research is needed with a combination of strategies to enhance the effects of lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Boscaini
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Aonghus Lavelle
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Timothy Lipuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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33
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Cortiula F, Hendriks LEL, van de Worp WRPH, Schols AMWJ, Vaes RDW, Langen RCJ, De Ruysscher D. Physical exercise at the crossroad between muscle wasting and the immune system: implications for lung cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:55-67. [PMID: 35014216 PMCID: PMC8818640 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a syndrome characterized by involuntary weight loss and wasting of skeletal muscle mass. It is associated with worse overall survival and quality of life. The cancer-induced systemic inflammation and the consequent host derived catabolic stimuli, trigger cachexia by inhibiting muscle protein synthesis and enhancing muscle catabolism. The muscle itself may further promote chronic inflammation, introducing a vicious catabolic circle. Nutritional support alone plays a limited role in the treatment of cancer cachexia and should be combined with other interventions. Physical exercise lowers systemic inflammation and promotes muscle anabolism. It also attenuates the age-related physical decline in elderly and it might counteract the muscle wasting induced by the cancer cachexia syndrome. This review describes how cancer-induced systemic inflammation promotes muscle wasting and whether physical exercise may represent a suitable treatment for cancer-induced cachexia, particularly in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. We summarized pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating whether physical exercise would improve muscle performance and whether this improvement would translate in a clinically meaningful benefit for patients with cancer, in terms of survival and quality of life. Moreover, this review describes the results of studies investigating the interplay between physical exercise and the immune system, including the role of the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cortiula
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Lizza E L Hendriks
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter R P H van de Worp
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie M W J Schols
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne D W Vaes
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon C J Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Gonzalez-Mercado VJ, Lim J, Saligan LN, Perez N, Rodriguez C, Bernabe R, Ozorio S, Pedro E, Sepehri F, Aouizerat B. Gut Microbiota and Depressive Symptoms at the End of CRT for Rectal Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2021; 2021:7967552. [PMID: 35003805 PMCID: PMC8731300 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7967552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of alterations in gut microbiota composition (termed dysbiosis) has been implicated in the pathobiology of depressive symptoms; however, evidence remains limited. This cross-sectional pilot study is aimed at exploring whether depressive symptom scores changed during neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy to treat rectal cancer, and if gut microbial taxa abundances and predicted functional pathways correlate with depressive symptoms at the end of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. METHODS 40 newly diagnosed rectal cancer patients (ages 28-81; 23 males) were assessed for depressive symptoms using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and provided stool samples for 16S rRNA sequencing. Gut microbiome data were analyzed using QIIME2, and correlations and regression analyses were performed in R. RESULTS Participants had significantly higher depressive symptoms at the end as compared to before CRT. The relative abundances of Gemella, Bacillales Family XI, Actinomyces, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Weissella, and Leuconostocaceae were positively correlated (Spearman's rho = 0.42 to 0.32), while Coprobacter, Intestinibacter, Intestimonas, Lachnospiraceae, Phascolarctobacterium, Ruminiclostridium, Ruminococcaceae (UCG-005 and uncultured), Tyzzerella, and Parasutterella (Spearman's rho = -0.43 to - 0.31) were negatively correlated with HAM-D scores. Of the 14 predicted MetaCyc pathways that correlated with depressive symptom scores at the end of CRT, 11 (79%) were associated with biosynthetic pathways. CONCLUSIONS Significant bacterial taxa and predicted functional pathways correlated with depressive symptoms at the end of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for rectal cancer which warrants further examination and replication of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Lim
- University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Leorey N. Saligan
- Intramural Program, National Institute of Nursing Research/National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Perez
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Raul Bernabe
- Department of General Studies, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Samia Ozorio
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Elsa Pedro
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Farrah Sepehri
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Brad Aouizerat
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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35
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Ubachs J, Ziemons J, Soons Z, Aarnoutse R, van Dijk DPJ, Penders J, van Helvoort A, Smidt ML, Kruitwagen RFPM, Baade-Corpelijn L, Olde Damink SWM, Rensen SS. Gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid alterations in cachectic cancer patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:2007-2021. [PMID: 34609073 PMCID: PMC8718054 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is characterized by a negative energy balance, muscle and adipose tissue wasting, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation. Because of its strong negative impact on prognosis and its multifactorial nature that is still not fully understood, cachexia remains an important challenge in the field of cancer treatment. Recent animal studies indicate that the gut microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis and manifestation of cancer cachexia, but human data are lacking. The present study investigates gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and inflammatory parameters in human cancer cachexia. METHODS Faecal samples were prospectively collected in patients (N = 107) with pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, or ovarian cancer. Household partners (N = 76) of the patients were included as healthy controls with similar diet and environmental conditions. Patients were classified as cachectic if they lost >5% body weight in the last 6 months. Gut microbiota composition was analysed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 gene region. Faecal SCFA levels were quantified by gas chromatography. Faecal calprotectin was assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum C-reactive protein and leucocyte counts were retrieved from medical records. RESULTS Cachexia prevalence was highest in pancreatic cancer (66.7%), followed by ovarian cancer (25%), lung cancer (20.8%), and breast cancer (17.3%). Microbial α-diversity was not significantly different between cachectic cancer patients (N = 33), non-cachectic cancer patients (N = 74), or healthy controls (N = 76) (species richness P = 0.31; Shannon effective index P = 0.46). Community structure (β-diversity) tended to differ between these groups (P = 0.053), although overall differences were subtle and no clear clustering of samples was observed. Proteobacteria (P < 0.001), an unknown genus from the Enterobacteriaceae family (P < 0.01), and Veillonella (P < 0.001) were more abundant among cachectic cancer patients. Megamonas (P < 0.05) and Peptococcus (P < 0.001) also showed differential abundance. Faecal levels of all SCFA tended to be lower in cachectic cancer patients, but only acetate concentrations were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Faecal calprotectin levels were positively correlated with the abundance of Peptococcus, unknown Enterobacteriaceae, and Veillonella. We also identified several correlations and interactions between clinical and microbial parameters. CONCLUSIONS This clinical study provided the first insights into the alterations of gut microbiota composition and SCFA levels that occur in cachectic cancer patients and how they are related to inflammatory parameters. These results pave the way for further research examining the role of the gut microbiota in cancer cachexia and its potential use as therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorne Ubachs
- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Ziemons
- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Zita Soons
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Joint Institute of Systems Medicine, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Romy Aarnoutse
- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David P J van Dijk
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - John Penders
- NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ardy van Helvoort
- NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein L Smidt
- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy F P M Kruitwagen
- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Baade-Corpelijn
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W M Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sander S Rensen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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36
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Narayana JK, Mac Aogáin M, Goh WWB, Xia K, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Chotirmall SH. Mathematical-based microbiome analytics for clinical translation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:6272-6281. [PMID: 34900137 PMCID: PMC8637001 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, human microbiology has been strongly built on the laboratory focused culture of microbes isolated from human specimens in patients with acute or chronic infection. These approaches primarily view human disease through the lens of a single species and its relevant clinical setting however such approaches fail to account for the surrounding environment and wide microbial diversity that exists in vivo. Given the emergence of next generation sequencing technologies and advancing bioinformatic pipelines, researchers now have unprecedented capabilities to characterise the human microbiome in terms of its taxonomy, function, antibiotic resistance and even bacteriophages. Despite this, an analysis of microbial communities has largely been restricted to ordination, ecological measures, and discriminant taxa analysis. This is predominantly due to a lack of suitable computational tools to facilitate microbiome analytics. In this review, we first evaluate the key concerns related to the inherent structure of microbiome datasets which include its compositionality and batch effects. We describe the available and emerging analytical techniques including integrative analysis, machine learning, microbial association networks, topological data analysis (TDA) and mathematical modelling. We also present how these methods may translate to clinical settings including tools for implementation. Mathematical based analytics for microbiome analysis represents a promising avenue for clinical translation across a range of acute and chronic disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Kumar Narayana
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Micheál Mac Aogáin
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wilson Wen Bin Goh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelin Xia
- Division of Mathematical Sciences, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics & Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Sanjay H. Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
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37
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Genton L, Lazarevic V, Stojanovic O, Spiljar M, Djaafar S, Koessler T, Dutoit V, Gaïa N, Mareschal J, Macpherson AJ, Herrmann F, Trajkovski M, Schrenzel J. Metataxonomic and Metabolic Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation From Patients With Pancreatic Cancer Into Germ-Free Mice: A Pilot Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:752889. [PMID: 34737977 PMCID: PMC8560705 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.752889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Body weight (BW) loss is prevalent in patients with pancreatic cancer (PC). Gut microbiota affects BW and is known to directly shape the host immune responses and antitumor immunity. This pilot study evaluated the link between gut microbiota, metabolic parameters and inflammatory/immune parameters, through the fecal material transplantation (FMT) of PC patients and healthy volunteers into germ-free (GF) mice. Methods We transplanted the feces from five PC patients and five age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers into two GF mice each. Mouse BW and energy intake were measured every 1-5 days, oral glucose on day 21, insulin tolerance on day 26, fecal bacterial taxonomic profile by 16S rRNA gene sequencing on day 5, 10, 15 and 30, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue T cells, plasma cytokines and weights of fat and muscle mass at sacrifice (day 34). Results are presented as mean ± SD. The continuous parameters of mice groups were compared by linear univariate regressions, and their bacterial communities by Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA), Bray-Curtis similarity and ANCOM test. Results Recipients of feces from PC patients and healthy volunteers had similar BW gain and food intake. Visceral fat was lower in recipients of feces from PC patients than from healthy individuals (0.72 ± 0.17 vs. 0.92 ± 0.14 g; coeff -0.19, 95% CI -0.38, -0.02, p=0.035). The other non-metataxonomic parameters did not differ between groups. In PCoA, microbiota from PC patients clustered apart from those of healthy volunteers and the same pattern was observed in transplanted mice. The proportions of Clostridium bolteae, Clostridium scindens, Clostridium_g24_unclassified and Phascolarctobacterium faecium were higher, while those of Alistipes obesi, Lachnospiraceae PAC000196_s and Coriobacteriaceae_unclassified species were lower in PC patients and in mice transplanted with the feces from these patients. Conclusion In this pilot study, FMT from PC patients was associated with a decrease in visceral fat as compared to FMT from healthy individuals. Some of the differences in fecal microbiota between PC and control samples are common to humans and mice. Further research is required to confirm that feces contain elements involved in metabolic and immune alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Genton
- Clinical Nutrition, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Ozren Stojanovic
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martina Spiljar
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Souad Djaafar
- Clinical Nutrition, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thibaud Koessler
- Oncology, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dutoit
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Translational Research Center for Oncoheamatology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Gaïa
- Genomic Research Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julie Mareschal
- Clinical Nutrition, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew James Macpherson
- Department of Biomedical Research, University Hospital of Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francois Herrmann
- Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Trajkovski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Genomic Research Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Distinct composition and metabolic functions of human gut microbiota are associated with cachexia in lung cancer patients. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:3207-3220. [PMID: 34002024 PMCID: PMC8528809 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia is associated with decreased survival in cancer patients and has a prevalence of up to 80%. The etiology of cachexia is poorly understood, and limited treatment options exist. Here, we investigated the role of the human gut microbiome in cachexia by integrating shotgun metagenomics and plasma metabolomics of 31 lung cancer patients. The cachexia group showed significant differences in the gut microbial composition, functional pathways of the metagenome, and the related plasma metabolites compared to non-cachectic patients. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), methylhistamine, and vitamins were significantly depleted in the plasma of cachexia patients, which was also reflected in the depletion of relevant gut microbiota functional pathways. The enrichment of BCAAs and 3-oxocholic acid in non-cachectic patients were positively correlated with gut microbial species Prevotella copri and Lactobacillus gasseri, respectively. Furthermore, the gut microbiota capacity for lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis was significantly enriched in cachectic patients. The involvement of the gut microbiome in cachexia was further observed in a high-performance machine learning model using solely gut microbial features. Our study demonstrates the links between cachectic host metabolism and specific gut microbial species and functions in a clinical setting, suggesting that the gut microbiota could have an influence on cachexia with possible therapeutic applications.
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39
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de Maria YNLF, Aciole Barbosa D, Menegidio FB, Santos KBNH, Humberto AC, Alencar VC, Silva JFS, Costa de Oliveira R, Batista ML, Nunes LR, Jabes DL. Analysis of mouse faecal dysbiosis, during the development of cachexia, induced by transplantation with Lewis lung carcinoma cells. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167. [PMID: 34596506 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia (CC) is a complex wasting syndrome that significantly affects life quality and life expectancy among cancer patients. Original studies, in which CC was induced in mouse models through inoculation with BaF and C26 tumour cells, demonstrated that CC development correlates with bacterial gut dysbiosis in these animals. In both cases, a common microbial signature was observed, based on the expansion of Enterobacteriaceae in the gut of CC animals. However, these two types of tumours induce unique microbial profiles, suggesting that different CC induction mechanisms significantly impact the outcome of gut dysbiosis. The present study sought to expand the scope of such analyses by characterizing the CC-associated dysbiosis that develops when mice are inoculated with Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells, which constitutes one of the most widely employed mechanisms for CC induction. Interestingly, Enterobacteriaceae expansion is also observed in LLC-induced CC. However, the dysbiosis identified herein displays a more complex pattern, involving representatives from seven different bacterial phyla, which were consistently identified across successive levels of taxonomic hierarchy. These results are supported by a predictive analysis of gene content, which identified a series of functional/structural changes that potentially occur in the gut bacterial population of these animals, providing a complementary and alternative approach to microbiome analyses based solely on taxonomic classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara N L F de Maria
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Brazil
| | - David Aciole Barbosa
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Brazil
| | - Fabiano B Menegidio
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Brazil
| | | | | | - Valquíria C Alencar
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Brazil
| | - Juliana F S Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Brazil
| | | | - Miguel L Batista
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Luiz R Nunes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Brazil
| | - Daniela L Jabes
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Brazil
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40
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Ku H, Kabwe M, Chan HT, Stanton C, Petrovski S, Batinovic S, Tucci J. Novel Drexlerviridae bacteriophage KMI8 with specific lytic activity against Klebsiella michiganensis and its biofilms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257102. [PMID: 34492081 PMCID: PMC8423285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial genus Klebsiella includes the closely related species K. michiganensis, K. oxytoca and K. pneumoniae, which are capable of causing severe disease in humans. In this report we describe the isolation, genomic and functional characterisation of the lytic bacteriophage KMI8 specific for K. michiganensis. KMI8 belongs to the family Drexlerviridae, and has a novel genome which shares very little homology (71.89% identity over a query cover of only 8%) with that of its closest related bacteriophages (Klebsiella bacteriophage LF20 (MW417503.1); Klebsiella bacteriophage 066039 (MW042802.1). KMI8, which possess a putative endosialidase (depolymerase) enzyme, was shown to be capable of degrading mono-biofilms of a strain of K. michiganensis that carried the polysaccharide capsule KL70 locus. This is the first report of a lytic bacteriophage for K. michiganensis, which is capable of breaking down a biofilm of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Ku
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mwila Kabwe
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hiu Tat Chan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra Stanton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve Petrovski
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Batinovic
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Tucci
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Choi SJ, Kim Y, Jeon J, Gwak HJ, Kim M, Kang K, Kim Y, Jeong J, Jung YK, Lee KG, Choi HS, Jung DH, Lee SG, Lee Y, Shin SJ, Jang K, Rho M, Choi D. Association of Microbial Dysbiosis with Gallbladder Diseases Identified by Bile Microbiome Profiling. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e189. [PMID: 34282606 PMCID: PMC8289718 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholecystitis is an important risk factor for gallbladder cancer, but the bile microbiome and its association with gallbladder disease has not been investigated fully. We aimed to analyze the bile microbiome in normal conditions, chronic cholecystitis, and gallbladder cancer, and to identify candidate bacteria that play an important role in gallbladder carcinogenesis. METHODS We performed metagenome sequencing on bile samples of 10 healthy individuals, 10 patients with chronic cholecystitis, and 5 patients with gallbladder cancer, and compared the clinical, radiological, and pathological characteristics of the participants. RESULTS No significant bacterial signal was identified in the normal bile. The predominant dysbiotic bacteria in both chronic cholecystitis and gallbladder cancer were those belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Klebsiella increased significantly in the order of normal, chronic cholecystitis, and gallbladder cancer. Patients with chronic cholecystitis and dysbiotic microbiome patterns had larger gallstones and showed marked epithelial atypia, which are considered as precancerous conditions. CONCLUSION We investigated the bile microbiome in normal, chronic cholecystitis, and gallbladder cancer. We suggest possible roles of Enterobacteriaceae, including Klebsiella, in gallbladder carcinogenesis. Our findings reveal a possible link between a dysbiotic bile microbiome and the development of chronic calculous cholecystitis and gallbladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ji Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jehyun Jeon
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Jin Gwak
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mimi Kim
- Department of Radiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyojin Kang
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yohan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaemin Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Jung
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Geun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Soon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Jung
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Gyu Lee
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yangsoon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Shin
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiseok Jang
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Mina Rho
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dongho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Pancreatic cancer cachexia: three dimensions of a complex syndrome. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1623-1636. [PMID: 33742145 PMCID: PMC8110983 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that is characterised by a loss of skeletal muscle mass, is commonly associated with adipose tissue wasting and malaise, and responds poorly to therapeutic interventions. Although cachexia can affect patients who are severely ill with various malignant or non-malignant conditions, it is particularly common among patients with pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer often leads to the development of cachexia through a combination of distinct factors, which, together, explain its high prevalence and clinical importance in this disease: systemic factors, including metabolic changes and pathogenic signals related to the tumour biology of pancreatic adenocarcinoma; factors resulting from the disruption of the digestive and endocrine functions of the pancreas; and factors related to the close anatomical and functional connection of the pancreas with the gut. In this review, we conceptualise the various insights into the mechanisms underlying pancreatic cancer cachexia according to these three dimensions to expose its particular complexity and the challenges that face clinicians in trying to devise therapeutic interventions.
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Leyrolle Q, Cserjesi R, D G H Mulders M, Zamariola G, Hiel S, Gianfrancesco MA, Portheault D, Amadieu C, Bindels LB, Leclercq S, Rodriguez J, Neyrinck AM, Cani PD, Lanthier N, Trefois P, Bindelle J, Paquot N, Cnop M, Thissen JP, Klein O, Luminet O, Delzenne NM. Prebiotic effect on mood in obese patients is determined by the initial gut microbiota composition: A randomized, controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:289-298. [PMID: 33515740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Metabolic and behavioural diseases, which are often related to obesity, have been associated to alterations of the gut microbiota considered as an interesting therapeutic target. We have analyzed in a cohort of obese patients treated with prebiotic inulin versus placebo the potential link between gut microbiota changes occurring upon intervention and their effect on psychological parameters (mood and cognition). METHODS A randomized, single-blinded, multicentric, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 106 obese patients assigned to two groups: prebiotic versus placebo, who received respectively 16 g/d of native inulin or maltodextrin combined with dietary advice to consume inulin-rich or -poor vegetables for 3 months as well as to restrict caloric intake. Anthropometric measurements, food intake, psychological questionnaires, serum measures, and fecal microbiome sequencing were performed before and after the intervention. RESULTS Inulin supplementation in obese subjects had moderate beneficial effect on emotional competence and cognitive flexibility. However, an exploratory analysis revealed that some patients exhibiting specific microbial signature -elevated Coprococcus levels at baseline- were more prone to benefit from prebiotic supplementation in terms of mood. Positive responders toward inulin intervention in term of mood also displayed worse metabolic and inflammatory profiles at baseline (increased levels of IL-8, insulin resistance and adiposity). CONCLUSION This study shows that inulin intake can be helpful to improve mood in obese subjects exhibiting a specific microbial profile. The present work highlights some microbial, metabolic and inflammatory features (IL-8, insulin resistance) which can predict or mediate the beneficial effects of inulin on behaviour in obesity. Food4gut, clinicaltrial.gov: NCT03852069, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03852069.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Leyrolle
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Renata Cserjesi
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Maria D G H Mulders
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Zamariola
- Research Institute for Psychological Sciences, UCLouvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hiel
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco A Gianfrancesco
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism and Nutrition, GIGA-Inflammation, Infection & Immunity, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Daphné Portheault
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, and Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camille Amadieu
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Leclercq
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Rodriguez
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Laboratory of Hepatogastroenterology, Institut de recherche expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium; Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Trefois
- Medical Imaging Department, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérome Bindelle
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Paquot
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism and Nutrition, GIGA-Inflammation, Infection & Immunity, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, and Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Thissen
- Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique IREC, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Klein
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Research Institute for Psychological Sciences, UCLouvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Ziemons J, Smidt ML, Damink SO, Rensen SS. Gut microbiota and metabolic aspects of cancer cachexia. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 35:101508. [PMID: 33648847 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a metabolic syndrome characterized by unintended weight loss and muscle wasting. It has a strong negative impact on survival. Its underlying mechanisms involve systemic inflammation and insulin resistance, which are known to be influenced by the gut microbiota. Preclinical studies support a role for the gut microbiota in cancer cachexia by demonstrating that cachectic mice display: 1) various gut microbiota composition changes; 2) increased gut permeability and translocation of pro-inflammatory microbial compounds; 3) muscle atrophy-related processes linked to gut microbiota properties; 4) positive effects of microbiota-modulating interventions. Data on the relationships between gut microbiota, insulin resistance, and hepatic/adipose tissue metabolism in cachexia models are lacking. Nevertheless, the available data and existing evidence for the impact of gut microbiota on metabolic aberrations in human obesity urge for exploration of its role in human cancer cachexia. We provide practical recommendations and discuss the challenges for such future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Ziemons
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein L Smidt
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Steven Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, Uniklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sander S Rensen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Cao Z, Zhao K, Jose I, Hoogenraad NJ, Osellame LD. Biomarkers for Cancer Cachexia: A Mini Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4501. [PMID: 33925872 PMCID: PMC8123431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a common condition in many cancer patients, particularly those with advanced disease. Cancer cachexia patients are generally less tolerant to chemotherapies and radiotherapies, largely limiting their treatment options. While the search for treatments of this condition are ongoing, standards for the efficacy of treatments have yet to be developed. Current diagnostic criteria for cancer cachexia are primarily based on loss of body mass and muscle function. However, these criteria are rather limiting, and in time, when weight loss is noticeable, it may be too late for treatment. Consequently, biomarkers for cancer cachexia would be valuable adjuncts to current diagnostic criteria, and for assessing potential treatments. Using high throughput methods such as "omics approaches", a plethora of potential biomarkers have been identified. This article reviews and summarizes current studies of biomarkers for cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (K.Z.); (I.J.); (N.J.H.)
| | - Kening Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (K.Z.); (I.J.); (N.J.H.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Irvin Jose
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (K.Z.); (I.J.); (N.J.H.)
| | - Nick J. Hoogenraad
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (K.Z.); (I.J.); (N.J.H.)
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Laura D. Osellame
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (K.Z.); (I.J.); (N.J.H.)
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
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Zhao J, Huang Y, Yu X. A Narrative Review of Gut-Muscle Axis and Sarcopenia: The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:1263-1273. [PMID: 33880058 PMCID: PMC8053521 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s301141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a multifactorial disease related to aging, chronic inflammation, insufficient nutrition, and physical inactivity. Previous studies have suggested that there is a relationship between sarcopenia and gut microbiota,namely, the gut-muscle axis. The present review highlights that the gut microbiota can affect muscle mass and muscle function from inflammation and immunity,substance and energy metabolism, endocrine and insulin sensitivity, etc., directly or indirectly establishing a connection with sarcopenia, thereby realizing the “gut-muscle axis”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Zhao
- Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqin Huang
- Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Pötgens SA, Thibaut MM, Joudiou N, Sboarina M, Neyrinck AM, Cani PD, Claus SP, Delzenne NM, Bindels LB. Multi-compartment metabolomics and metagenomics reveal major hepatic and intestinal disturbances in cancer cachectic mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:456-475. [PMID: 33599103 PMCID: PMC8061360 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by multiple metabolic dysfunctions. Besides the muscle, other organs such as the liver and the gut microbiota may also contribute to this syndrome. Indeed, the gut microbiota, an important regulator of the host metabolism, is altered in the C26 preclinical model of cancer cachexia. Interventions targeting the gut microbiota have shown benefits, but mechanisms underlying the host-microbiota crosstalk in this context are still poorly understood. METHODS To explore this crosstalk, we combined proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR) metabolomics in multiple compartments with 16S rDNA sequencing. These analyses were complemented by molecular and biochemical analyses, as well as hepatic transcriptomics. RESULTS 1 H-NMR revealed major changes between control (CT) and cachectic (C26) mice in the four analysed compartments (i.e. caecal content, portal vein, liver, and vena cava). More specifically, glucose metabolism pathways in the C26 model were altered with a reduction in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and an activation of the hexosamine pathway, arguing against the existence of a Cori cycle in this model. In parallel, amino acid uptake by the liver, with an up to four-fold accumulation of nine amino acids (q-value <0.05), was mainly used for acute phase response proteins synthesis rather than to fuel the tricarboxylic acid cycle and gluconeogenesis. We also identified a 35% reduction in hepatic carnitine levels (q-value <0.05) and a lower activation of the phosphatidylcholine pathway as potential contributors to the hepatic steatosis present in this model. Our work also reveals a reduction of different beneficial intestinal bacterial activities in cancer cachexia. We found decreased levels of two short-chain fatty acids, acetate and butyrate (72% and 88% reduction in C26 caecal content; q-value <0.001), and a reduction in aromatic amino acid metabolites, which may contribute to the altered intestinal homeostasis in these mice. A member of the Ruminococcaceae family (ASV 2) was identified as the main bacterium responsible for the drop in butyrate. Finally, we report a two-fold intestinal transit acceleration (P-value <0.001) as a key factor shaping the gut microbiota composition and activity in cancer cachexia, which together lead to a faecal loss of proteins and amino acids. CONCLUSIONS Our work highlights new metabolic pathways potentially involved in cancer cachexia and further supports the interest of exploring the gut microbiota composition and activity, as well as intestinal transit, in cancer patients with and without cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Pötgens
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Morgane M Thibaut
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Joudiou
- Nuclear and Electron Spin Technologies Platform (NEST), Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martina Sboarina
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine P Claus
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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The Effects of Pro-, Pre-, and Synbiotics on Muscle Wasting, a Systematic Review-Gut Permeability as Potential Treatment Target. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041115. [PMID: 33805286 PMCID: PMC8065581 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle wasting is a frequently observed, inflammation-driven condition in aging and disease, known as sarcopenia and cachexia. Current treatment strategies target the muscle directly and are often not able to reverse the process. Because a reduced gut function is related to systemic inflammation, this might be an indirect target to ameliorate muscle wasting, by administering pro-, pre-, and synbiotics. Therefore, this review aimed to study the potential of pro-, pre-, and synbiotics to treat muscle wasting and to elucidate which metabolites and mechanisms affect the organ crosstalk in cachexia. Overall, the literature shows that Lactobacillus species pluralis (spp.) and possibly other genera, such as Bifidobacterium, can ameliorate muscle wasting in mouse models. The beneficial effects of Lactobacillus spp. supplementation may be attributed to its potential to improve microbiome balance and to its reported capacity to reduce gut permeability. A subsequent literature search revealed that the reduction of a high gut permeability coincided with improved muscle mass or strength, which shows an association between gut permeability and muscle mass. A possible working mechanism is proposed, involving lactate, butyrate, and reduced inflammation in gut–brain–muscle crosstalk. Thus, reducing gut permeability via Lactobacillus spp. supplementation could be a potential treatment strategy for muscle wasting.
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Neog N, Phukan U, Puzari M, Sharma M, Chetia P. Klebsiella oxytoca and Emerging Nosocomial Infections. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1115-1123. [PMID: 33656584 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella oxytoca is rising as a significant opportunistic pathogen causing nosocomial infections in neonates as well as adults. This pathogen's prevalence varies from 2 to 24%, but outbreaks of infections due to multidrug-resistant strains can be fatal in immunocompromised individuals with comorbidities. Klebsiella oxytoca is responsible for a wide range of ailments from colitis to infective endocarditis, other than the common urinary and respiratory tract infections. The microbe's pathogenicity has been attributed to cytotoxins' production- Tilivalline and Tilimycin, in some intestinal disorders. Klebsiella oxytoca is reported to be resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. Here, we have tried to showcase a brief overview of the emergence of Klebsiella oxytoca in healthcare facilities and the nature of resistance in this species of Klebsiella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul Neog
- Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh Univerity, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Upasana Phukan
- Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh Univerity, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Minakshi Puzari
- Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh Univerity, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Mohan Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh Univerity, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Pankaj Chetia
- Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh Univerity, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India.
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Abstract
A balanced gut microbiota contributes to health, but the mechanisms maintaining homeostasis remain elusive. Microbiota assembly during infancy is governed by competition between species and by environmental factors, termed habitat filters, that determine the range of successful traits within the microbial community. These habitat filters include the diet, host-derived resources, and microbiota-derived metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. Once the microbiota has matured, competition and habitat filtering prevent engraftment of new microbes, thereby providing protection against opportunistic infections. Competition with endogenous Enterobacterales, habitat filtering by short-chain fatty acids, and a host-derived habitat filter, epithelial hypoxia, also contribute to colonization resistance against Salmonella serovars. However, at a high challenge dose, these frank pathogens can overcome colonization resistance by using their virulence factors to trigger intestinal inflammation. In turn, inflammation increases the luminal availability of host-derived resources, such as oxygen, nitrate, tetrathionate, and lactate, thereby creating a state of abnormal habitat filtering that enables the pathogen to overcome growth inhibition by short-chain fatty acids. Thus, studying the process of ecosystem invasion by Salmonella serovars clarifies that colonization resistance can become weakened by disrupting host-mediated habitat filtering. This insight is relevant for understanding how inflammation triggers dysbiosis linked to noncommunicable diseases, conditions in which endogenous Enterobacterales expand in the fecal microbiota using some of the same growth-limiting resources required by Salmonella serovars for ecosystem invasion. In essence, ecosystem invasion by Salmonella serovars suggests that homeostasis and dysbiosis simply represent states where competition and habitat filtering are normal or abnormal, respectively.
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